US2422477A - Low-temperature heating element - Google Patents
Low-temperature heating element Download PDFInfo
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- US2422477A US2422477A US561391A US56139144A US2422477A US 2422477 A US2422477 A US 2422477A US 561391 A US561391 A US 561391A US 56139144 A US56139144 A US 56139144A US 2422477 A US2422477 A US 2422477A
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- heating element
- beryllium
- electrical resistance
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title description 24
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 19
- DMFGNRRURHSENX-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium copper Chemical compound [Be].[Cu] DMFGNRRURHSENX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 3
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000952 Be alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011491 glass wool Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012811 non-conductive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
- H05B3/56—Heating cables
Definitions
- This invention relates to electrical resistance heating elements and more particularly to such heating elements adapted for low temperature heating ranges approximating 100 to 300 F., and has for its object the provision of a heating element that is characterized by high flexibility and high endurance limit.
- Another object is to provide a flexible heating element for use at "relatively low heating temperatures approximating 300 F., that is characterized by having a high endurance limit and by having a crystal structure resistant to alteration with consequent change in electrical characteristics as a result of flexing.
- Still another object is to provide a flexible electrical resistance heating element for use in electrically heated flying suits, blankets, heating pads, and the like articles of manufacture.
- beryllium-copper alloys of the cold workable-precipitation hardenable type in the solid solution or pure alpha phase when in small section or small diameter, have the unexpected property of flexing without substantial work hardening at relatively low temperatures below about 300 F. down to atmospheric temperatures and that this property along with a favorable electrical resistance adapts these alloys for utilization as high endurance flexible heating elements in such articles of manufacture as elec trically heated flying suits, blankets, heating pads, and the like, to impart to said articles a service life that is greatly in excess of such articles heated with electrical resistance elements comprised of any other type of alloy heretofore employed.
- beryllium-copper alloys of the cold workable-precipitation hardenable type is meant that group of alloys heretofore known in the art containing from .30 to 3.0% beryllium and from small fractional percentages up to 3% of other metals and metalloids which are characterized by being capable of being converted by a high temperature heat-treatment into a solid solution alloy which, after rapid cooling to atmospheric temperatures, is capable of being heat-treated at a lower temperature to precipitation harden.
- Many dverent compositions of beryllium-copper alloys are known that fall within this broad class of alloys, the particular amount of beryllium in the alloys varying somewhat with respect to the kind and amount of associated metal and metalloid present.
- the associated metals and metalloids generally present in such alloys include Fe, Co, Ni, Si, Ag, P.
- the amount of Co or Ni present therein being so low as to have a negligible effect upon the expected phase change a properties of the binary beryllium-copper alloy of the same composition.
- Such 2% beryllium-copper alloys after suitable hot working following casting, in accordance with known prior art methods and final heattreating at temperatures within the range 1400- 1500 F., are converted into the cold workable solid solution phase and by suitable cold working and heat-treating methods also known in the art such material ultimately may' be mechanically deformed into wire, sheet or strip, of the desired diameter or thickness and by a final heat-treat-.
- the 2% Be beryllium-copper alloys flex with little or no strain hardening, with the result that the normal resistance of the alloy to phase changes at temperatures below about 300 F. is not altered by such flexing so that a relatively long seryice life under variable flexing conditions may be obtained from such alloys.
- flexible heating elements comprised of such beryllium-copper alloys in the solid solution phase, may be formed for use with any given electrical load which are characterized predominately by a long life under variable flexing conditions along with a substantially constant electrical resistance characteristic.
- FIG. 1 shows a single conductor comprised of the preferred alloy of the present invention in its heat-treated condition
- Fig. 2 shows a stranded conductor comprised of a plurality of the conductors of Fig. 1;
- Fig. 3 shows the completed heating element of the present invention
- Fig. 4 is a sectional view along plane 4-4 of Fig. 3.
- a beryllium-copper alloy containing Be 1.85%, Co 25% and balance Cu has been found most suitable for the purposes of the present invention.
- This alloy in its solution-annealed condition normally has an electrical resistance of about 60 ohms per circular mil foot at a wire size of 003-.004 inch diameter.
- a flexible electrical resistance element for heating devices of the type described is preferably formed of a plurality of wires A of about the above diameter (.003 to .004 inch) twisted together helically to form an electrically conductive strand of the desired electrical resistance, which strand is helically wound upon a, flexible glass wool or flber core B of small diameter and held in helically wound position thereon by means of a flexible cover sheath C comprised of non-conductive material such as a vinyl resin (a ecu-polymerization product of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate).
- a vinyl resin a ecu-polymerization product of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate
- a strand B comprised of 10 wires (.003" diameter) has an electrical resistance of about 1.3 ohms per linear foot, whereas a strand B comprised of only 6 wires (.003" diameter) has an electrical resistance of 2.3 ohms per linear foot.
- a strand comprised ofl2 wires (.003" diameter) has an electrical resistance of 12 ohms per linear foot.
- the spacing between the turns of the helically wound strand may be varied widely without essential departure from the present invention as one skilled in the art will recognize.
- a flexible electrical resistance element for low temperature service use below about 300 F. said element consisting of at least one small diameter conductor composed of a berylliumcopper alloy of the cold workable-precipitation hardenable type, said alloy being in the solutionannealed condition.
- a flexible electrical resistance element for low temperature service use below about 300 F. said heating element consisting of a plurality of small diameter conductors helically twisted together to form a strand, each said conductor consisting of a beryllium-copper alloy of the cold workable-precipitation hardenable type in the solution-annealed condition.
- a flexible heating element for electrically heated flying suits, blankets, pads and the like, said heating element. consisting of a plurality of small diameter conductors hellcally twisted together to form a strand, said strand being helically wound on a flexible electrically non-conductive core and covered with an electrically non-conductive sheath, said conductor consisting of a beryllium-copper alloy of the cold workable-precipitation hardenable type in the solution-annealed condition.
Description
June 17, 1947. a DRIVER 2,422,477
LOW TEMPERATURE HEATING ELEMENT Filed Nov. 1, 1944 IN VEN TOR. W716 ur 8.. fink-er Patented June 17, 1947 UNITED STATES PATENT oFi-"lcs LOW-TEMPERATURE HEATING ELEMENT Wilbur B. Driver, East Orange, N. 1., assignor to Wilbur B; Driver Company, Newark, N. 1., acorporation of New Jersey ApplicatlonNovember 1, 1944, Serial No. 561,391
3 Claims. 1
This invention relates to electrical resistance heating elements and more particularly to such heating elements adapted for low temperature heating ranges approximating 100 to 300 F., and has for its object the provision of a heating element that is characterized by high flexibility and high endurance limit.
Another object is to provide a flexible heating element for use at "relatively low heating temperatures approximating 300 F., that is characterized by having a high endurance limit and by having a crystal structure resistant to alteration with consequent change in electrical characteristics as a result of flexing.
Still another object is to provide a flexible electrical resistance heating element for use in electrically heated flying suits, blankets, heating pads, and the like articles of manufacture.
Gther objects and advantages will be apparent as the invention ismore fully hereinafter disclosed.
In accordance with these objects, I have discovered that beryllium-copper alloys of the cold workable-precipitation hardenable type in the solid solution or pure alpha phase, when in small section or small diameter, have the unexpected property of flexing without substantial work hardening at relatively low temperatures below about 300 F. down to atmospheric temperatures and that this property along with a favorable electrical resistance adapts these alloys for utilization as high endurance flexible heating elements in such articles of manufacture as elec trically heated flying suits, blankets, heating pads, and the like, to impart to said articles a service life that is greatly in excess of such articles heated with electrical resistance elements comprised of any other type of alloy heretofore employed.
By the term beryllium-copper alloys of the cold workable-precipitation hardenable type" is meant that group of alloys heretofore known in the art containing from .30 to 3.0% beryllium and from small fractional percentages up to 3% of other metals and metalloids which are characterized by being capable of being converted by a high temperature heat-treatment into a solid solution alloy which, after rapid cooling to atmospheric temperatures, is capable of being heat-treated at a lower temperature to precipitation harden. Many diilerent compositions of beryllium-copper alloys are known that fall within this broad class of alloys, the particular amount of beryllium in the alloys varying somewhat with respect to the kind and amount of associated metal and metalloid present. The associated metals and metalloids generally present in such alloys include Fe, Co, Ni, Si, Ag, P.
' referred to as the 2% Be alloy, the amount of Co or Ni present therein being so low as to have a negligible effect upon the expected phase change a properties of the binary beryllium-copper alloy of the same composition.
Such 2% beryllium-copper alloys after suitable hot working following casting, in accordance with known prior art methods and final heattreating at temperatures within the range 1400- 1500 F., are converted into the cold workable solid solution phase and by suitable cold working and heat-treating methods also known in the art such material ultimately may' be mechanically deformed into wire, sheet or strip, of the desired diameter or thickness and by a final heat-treat-.
ment at a temperature within the range 1400- 1500 F. followed by rapid cooling may be converted interiorly into the solid solution phase for precipitation hardening heat-treatment Within the temperature range 350 to 550 F.
Heretofore in the art it has been recognized that solid solution alloys of the type obtained in the 2% Be beryllium-copper alloys, after heattreatment at 14001500 F. and quenching, are essentially unstable alloys and that the phase changes that occur in such alloys are time-temperature reactions which normally are accelerated by cold working strains. Beryllium-copper alloys in this condition, for example, have been found to be relatively stable at atmospheric temperatures and stable against phase changes at temperatures below about 300 F., but on cold working have been found to strain harden so rapidly that a percent reduction in area approximating is about the maximum that may be applied thereto between solution-anneals at 1400- 1500 F. to reconvert the cold worked metal to the unstrained solidsolution phase. It is recognized generally that with increase in strain hardening the temperature of precipitation hardening decreases until at about 60% reductionin area precipitation hardening normally occurs in the cold worked metal at the usual temperatures reached during cold working, thereby hardening the metal sufficient to require solution-annealing before further cold working may be practiced.
However, I have discovered that at temperatures within the range atmospheric to about 300 F., the 2% Be beryllium-copper alloys flex with little or no strain hardening, with the result that the normal resistance of the alloy to phase changes at temperatures below about 300 F. is not altered by such flexing so that a relatively long seryice life under variable flexing conditions may be obtained from such alloys.
Accordingly, by appropriate selection of wire diameter and length with respect to its electrical resistance, flexible heating elements comprised of such beryllium-copper alloys in the solid solution phase, may be formed for use with any given electrical load which are characterized predominately by a long life under variable flexing conditions along with a substantially constant electrical resistance characteristic.
One specific example of such heating element is illustrated in the attached drawings, wherein- Fig. 1 shows a single conductor comprised of the preferred alloy of the present invention in its heat-treated condition;
Fig. 2 shows a stranded conductor comprised of a plurality of the conductors of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 shows the completed heating element of the present invention; and
Fig. 4 is a sectional view along plane 4-4 of Fig. 3.
As a specific example of the preferred alloy composition for the conductor a of Fig. 1 of the present invention, but not as a limitation of the same, a beryllium-copper alloy containing Be 1.85%, Co 25% and balance Cu, has been found most suitable for the purposes of the present invention. This alloy in its solution-annealed condition normally has an electrical resistance of about 60 ohms per circular mil foot at a wire size of 003-.004 inch diameter.
Experimental tests have shown that this wire product withstands flexing in opposite directions alternately over a bend approximating a 90 angle at a rate of 60 cycles per minute, such alternate bends per minute for a length of time approximating 125 hours, or a total of 500,000 bends before fracture with less than change in resistance. Th closest total number of bends by any other wire heretofore proposed for such service use under comparable test conditions was 25,00050,000 bends.
Electrical resistant tests on the beryllium-copper wire showed no variation or change in electrical resistance for 125 hours and thereafter only a small change up until shortly before the wire failed in the test in contrast to a relatively large and continuously increasing change in electrical resistance in all other such conductor wires subjected to the same test.
Referring to the drawings, a flexible electrical resistance element for heating devices of the type described, is preferably formed of a plurality of wires A of about the above diameter (.003 to .004 inch) twisted together helically to form an electrically conductive strand of the desired electrical resistance, which strand is helically wound upon a, flexible glass wool or flber core B of small diameter and held in helically wound position thereon by means of a flexible cover sheath C comprised of non-conductive material such as a vinyl resin (a ecu-polymerization product of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate). In such a construction of the heating element the flexibility of the helical winding of the flexible strand of wire on the flexible core normally tends to lower the flexing angle on the strand, increasing thereby the normal life expectancy of the wire many times over that established by the above noted test on the individual wire before stranding.
As specific examples of this construction, a strand B comprised of 10 wires (.003" diameter) has an electrical resistance of about 1.3 ohms per linear foot, whereas a strand B comprised of only 6 wires (.003" diameter) has an electrical resistance of 2.3 ohms per linear foot. A strand comprised ofl2 wires (.003" diameter) has an electrical resistance of 12 ohms per linear foot. The spacing between the turns of the helically wound strand may be varied widely without essential departure from the present invention as one skilled in the art will recognize.
It is believed apparent to those skilled in the art of beryllium-copper alloys that many of the alloys may evidence flexing without substantial work hardening at temperatures somewhat higher or somewhat lower than 300 F. due to the retardant and accelerating eflects of the alloy constituents present therein on the phase changes and ratio thereof. Cobalt, for example, lowers materially the heat-treating temperatures of the binary alloy, whereas nickel does not lower such heat-treating temperature to the same extent.
Having herelnabove described the present invention generically and specifically, it is believed apparent to any one skilled in the art that the same may be widely varied without essential departure therefrom and all such modifications and departures therefrom ar contemplated as may fall within the scope of the following claims.
What I claim is:
1. A flexible electrical resistance element for low temperature service use below about 300 F., said element consisting of at least one small diameter conductor composed of a berylliumcopper alloy of the cold workable-precipitation hardenable type, said alloy being in the solutionannealed condition.
2. A flexible electrical resistance element for low temperature service use below about 300 F., said heating element consisting of a plurality of small diameter conductors helically twisted together to form a strand, each said conductor consisting of a beryllium-copper alloy of the cold workable-precipitation hardenable type in the solution-annealed condition.
3. A flexible heating element for electrically heated flying suits, blankets, pads and the like, said heating element. consisting of a plurality of small diameter conductors hellcally twisted together to form a strand, said strand being helically wound on a flexible electrically non-conductive core and covered with an electrically non-conductive sheath, said conductor consisting of a beryllium-copper alloy of the cold workable-precipitation hardenable type in the solution-annealed condition.
WILBUR B. DRIVER.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in th( flle of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 729,171 Herrgott May 26, 1903 1,170,811 Hay, et a1. Feb. 8, 1916 1,847,929 Dahl Mar. 1, 1932 1,959,154 Bremer May 15, 1934 OTHER REFERENCES Donachies, The Role of Beryllium Copper as an Engineering Material," Sept. 13, 1944, 6 sheets.
A. S. F. M., Metals Handbook 1939. (See Div. 3, p, 1344.)
A. S. F. M., Age Hardenin of Metals" (pages 118-122), published by The Society for Metals,
Oct. 2'7, 1939. (Copy in Div. 3.)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US561391A US2422477A (en) | 1944-11-01 | 1944-11-01 | Low-temperature heating element |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US561391A US2422477A (en) | 1944-11-01 | 1944-11-01 | Low-temperature heating element |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2422477A true US2422477A (en) | 1947-06-17 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US561391A Expired - Lifetime US2422477A (en) | 1944-11-01 | 1944-11-01 | Low-temperature heating element |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2422477A (en) |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3150969A (en) * | 1962-12-17 | 1964-09-29 | Brush Beryllium Co | Beryllium-bronze alloy |
| US3240635A (en) * | 1962-05-17 | 1966-03-15 | Lindsay Wire Weaving Co | Wire cloth and wire belts for use in paper making machines and method of making such wire cloth and wire belts |
| US3420986A (en) * | 1965-12-21 | 1969-01-07 | Schwarzkopf Dev Co | Electric multiphase tubular heating structure having hollow refractory conductors and all terminals at one structure end |
| US4537810A (en) * | 1982-12-21 | 1985-08-27 | Kurt Held | Metallic endless press band having an embossed surface for use in double band presses in the manufacture of laminates |
| US5358589A (en) * | 1992-04-02 | 1994-10-25 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Lining of organism deposit-inhibiting structure |
| US5388319A (en) * | 1992-03-24 | 1995-02-14 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Method for making organism deposit-inhibiting pipe |
| US5415836A (en) * | 1991-04-16 | 1995-05-16 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Antifouling structure and method |
| US5423631A (en) * | 1992-03-24 | 1995-06-13 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Antifouling structures |
| WO1998031195A1 (en) * | 1997-01-07 | 1998-07-16 | Nota Bene Ltd. | A heating cable and a method of making it |
| US6144018A (en) * | 1993-02-08 | 2000-11-07 | Heizer; Glenwood Franklin | Heating cable |
| US6630044B1 (en) * | 1999-01-13 | 2003-10-07 | Goran Boling | Method and wire element for retreading a tire |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US729171A (en) * | 1902-08-12 | 1903-05-26 | Joseph Michel Camille Herrgott | Electric heating fabric. |
| US1170811A (en) * | 1914-03-14 | 1916-02-08 | Charles E Hay | Electrical resistance. |
| US1847929A (en) * | 1930-07-31 | 1932-03-01 | Gen Electric | Copper alloys |
| US1959154A (en) * | 1933-12-14 | 1934-05-15 | Electroloy Company Inc | Resistance welding electrode |
-
1944
- 1944-11-01 US US561391A patent/US2422477A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US729171A (en) * | 1902-08-12 | 1903-05-26 | Joseph Michel Camille Herrgott | Electric heating fabric. |
| US1170811A (en) * | 1914-03-14 | 1916-02-08 | Charles E Hay | Electrical resistance. |
| US1847929A (en) * | 1930-07-31 | 1932-03-01 | Gen Electric | Copper alloys |
| US1959154A (en) * | 1933-12-14 | 1934-05-15 | Electroloy Company Inc | Resistance welding electrode |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3240635A (en) * | 1962-05-17 | 1966-03-15 | Lindsay Wire Weaving Co | Wire cloth and wire belts for use in paper making machines and method of making such wire cloth and wire belts |
| US3150969A (en) * | 1962-12-17 | 1964-09-29 | Brush Beryllium Co | Beryllium-bronze alloy |
| US3420986A (en) * | 1965-12-21 | 1969-01-07 | Schwarzkopf Dev Co | Electric multiphase tubular heating structure having hollow refractory conductors and all terminals at one structure end |
| US4537810A (en) * | 1982-12-21 | 1985-08-27 | Kurt Held | Metallic endless press band having an embossed surface for use in double band presses in the manufacture of laminates |
| US5415836A (en) * | 1991-04-16 | 1995-05-16 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Antifouling structure and method |
| US5388319A (en) * | 1992-03-24 | 1995-02-14 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Method for making organism deposit-inhibiting pipe |
| US5423631A (en) * | 1992-03-24 | 1995-06-13 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Antifouling structures |
| US5358589A (en) * | 1992-04-02 | 1994-10-25 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Lining of organism deposit-inhibiting structure |
| US6144018A (en) * | 1993-02-08 | 2000-11-07 | Heizer; Glenwood Franklin | Heating cable |
| WO1998031195A1 (en) * | 1997-01-07 | 1998-07-16 | Nota Bene Ltd. | A heating cable and a method of making it |
| US6630044B1 (en) * | 1999-01-13 | 2003-10-07 | Goran Boling | Method and wire element for retreading a tire |
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