US2402401A - Method and apparatus for dehydrating in the frozen state - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for dehydrating in the frozen state Download PDF

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US2402401A
US2402401A US448407A US44840742A US2402401A US 2402401 A US2402401 A US 2402401A US 448407 A US448407 A US 448407A US 44840742 A US44840742 A US 44840742A US 2402401 A US2402401 A US 2402401A
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dehydrating
water
water vapor
pump
dehydrated
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US448407A
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Kenneth C D Hickman
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Distillation Products Inc
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Distillation Products Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/40—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by drying or kilning; Subsequent reconstitution
    • A23L3/44—Freeze-drying
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
    • A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
    • A23B7/02—Dehydrating; Subsequent reconstitution
    • A23B7/024—Freeze-drying, i.e. cryodessication or lyophilisation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
    • A23L2/02—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation containing fruit or vegetable juices
    • A23L2/08—Concentrating or drying of juices
    • A23L2/12—Concentrating or drying of juices by freezing
    • A23L2/14—Concentrating or drying of juices by freezing and sublimation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B5/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat
    • F26B5/04—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat by evaporation or sublimation of moisture under reduced pressure, e.g. in a vacuum
    • F26B5/06—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat by evaporation or sublimation of moisture under reduced pressure, e.g. in a vacuum the process involving freezing

Definitions

  • This invention has for its object to provide improved procedure and apparatus for the vacuum dehydration of water-containing materials. Another object is to provide improved pro These procedures are expensive and incedure and apparatus for removing water vapor from frozen materials under relatively high vacuum. A still further object is to provide improved procedure and apparatus for the pumping of water vapor from a dehydrating chamber con- I taining materials in the frozen state. Other objects will appear hereinafter.
  • my invention includes evacuating a closed system, which contains the frozen material to be dehydrated, to a pressure sufliciently low that water vapor is rapidly evolved therefrom, introducing into the closed system and into contact with the evolved water vapors a coldaqueous solution and removing spent solution from the closed evacuated system.
  • Fig. 1 a perspective view partly in section of a 5 preferred embodiment of my invention and in Fig. 2 a similar view of two dehydrating machines illustrated in Fig. 1 connected in series in order to conserve ice.
  • reference numeral 2 designates a bank of cylindrical dehydrating tubes which are preferably constructed of heat-com ducting material such as steel or glass, which tubes are provided at one end with removable gas tight caps t and at the other end with an integral closed plate which is attached to conduits 6. These conduits connect with a header 8 which in turn connects to a-main conduit l0 leading to the water vapor removal receptacle l2 which is preferably insulated as illustrated.
  • Numeral ii designates a container or reservoir for ice is which container is suitably insulated and provided with a cover l8.
  • Numeral 20 designates a conduit communicating with reservoir i4 and terminating inside absorbing chamber l2.
  • This conduit is provided with a valve 22 and a spray nozzle 26.
  • Numeral 26 indicates a conduit connected to the base of chamber l2 which leads to a liquid pump 28 which serves to remove liquid 38 from the system.
  • Numeral 32 indicates a conduit connected to I 2 at a point well above the level of liquid so which conduit connects to the intake of gas pump 3s.
  • Fig. 2 letters A and B designate dehydrating units the. same as those illustrated in Fig. 1 and connected in series by conduit 26.
  • This conduit terminates in a. spray nozzle the same as nozzle 24 shown in Fig. l.
  • the construction of the apparatus designated by the letter B is in all respects the same as that designated in letter A and described in detail in connection with Fig. 1. A,
  • caps 4 are removed and the tubes 2 are filled, or preferably partially filled, with material to be dehydrated.
  • the caps t are then replaced'and evacuating pump 34 is put into'operation.
  • This pump should be capable of evacuating the permanent gases in the system to a pressure sufficiently low that water vapor will be rapidly evolved from material being dehydrated. It is preferred that the pump be capable of removing gases to a sufficiently low pressure that the material will be self-frozen in the dehydrating tubes 2 without application of refrigerating means to 1 cause freezing.
  • Ice is introduced into receptacle l4 and a suit able substance such as calcium or sodium chloride, which will form a low temperature solution on contact with ice, is introduced into receptacle [4 and thoroughly mixed with the ice.
  • Valve 22 is then opened and a spray of cold aqueous solution issues from the spray nozzle 24.
  • Water vapor evolved from the material being dehydrated in chambers 2 passes through conduits 6, 8 and I0 into chamber l2. Here the water vapor comes into contact with the cold aqueous liquid sprayed from 2
  • This spent liquid solution is then collected at the base as indicated at 30. when sufllcient liquid has accumulated at 30; valve 36 is opened-and pump 28 is put into operation.
  • the liquid is withdrawn from l2 at a rate such as to maintain a v 02 401 Y ran srs s' ATENT i 3 substantially constant levelat ll.
  • sumcient liquid should not be permitted to accumulate at 30 that its temperature will rise and water vapor be evolved as a consequence. words, the liquid 30 should be withdrawn at a sufllcient speed that its temperature will not be high enough to causeevolution of, water vapor and destruction oi the vacuum.
  • Spent solution withdrawn from pump 28 may still have a rather low temperature and can be used for refrigeration purposes or for preliminary water removal from a material to be dehydrated. The solution can be treated to recover the salt or like constituent for re-use.
  • Pump 34 should be capable of producing a very low pressure in the system such as less than approximately mm. and preferably less than about 3 to 4 mm. When such a pressure is estab-- lished the water vapor will rapidly evolve from the frozen material being dehydrated. Also, lower pressures than those mentioned are advantageous at least in connection with the initial freezing of the material being dehydrated.
  • Pump 34 can be a pump capable of handling water vapor, in which case no provision need be made for preventing water vapor from passing from receptacle I! through conduit 32 into the pump. If the pump is In other i not designed for handling water'vapor it might I be advantageous to place a cold trap in conduit 32 to remove small'amounts of water which may be passing therethrough at the start of the dehydration procedure. After the process has once been established the spray from 24 will eiiectively remove the water vapor from the system and hence prevent it from passing into pump 34.
  • Electors can be used in place of the mechanical pump illustrated.
  • the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 2 is operated in the same way that the apparatus is operated as described in connection with Fig. 1. However, instead of introducing cold brine from the ice into dehydrating apparatus B, the partially spent brine removed from dehydrator A by pump 28 is sprayed into dehydrator B where it at least partially absorbs the moisture from the material contained in the dehydrating tubes 2. This brine containing absorbed moisture is then withdrawn from chamber B by the removal pump 2! as described above.
  • the ice and substance which will form a low temperature solution on contact with ice are suitably proportioned to give a low temperature i. e. substantially below 0 C., to the liquid issuing from 24.
  • Suitable substances for addition to ice to form the low temperature solution are ordinary salt, sodium thiosuliate, calcium chloride, sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride or nitrate and the like.
  • the temperature of the solution is preferably the lowest which can be obtained from such mixtures. However, somewhat higher temperatures operate satisfactorily but are not as emcient.
  • water-containing materials which can be dehydrated are biological products such as blood plasma. antitoxins, and the like; meats and vegetables such as peas, beans, liver, soups; and fruit or fruit juices such as apricots and orange juice.
  • the equipment necessary is of a simple and inexpensive type which can be readily installed in any desired locality and readily dismant'ed and moved when dehydrating procedure in that locality is no longer of interest.
  • the opersupplies of ice and crystalline salts such as calcium and sodium chloride.
  • the invention is inherently independent 01' specialized sources oi vacuum.
  • the equipment can be operated by unskilled labor with a short period of training.
  • An outstanding advantage is that the procedure avoids the necessity of terminating theoperations to remove accumulations of ice or replenish the absorbent as was necessary in the prior methods.
  • the process of removing water vapor from a frozen organic water-containing material which is in a closed system comprises evacuating the closed system to a suillciently low pressure that water vapor is rapidly evolved from the frozen water-containing material, continuously spraying cold aqueous salt solution into the closed system and into contact with the evolved water vapors, but not into contact with the frozen material being dehydrated, continuously withdrawing the spent aqueous salt solution containing the absorbed water vapor from the closed system, introducing the spent solution into a second evacuated dehydrating system containing an organic, water-containing material which is to be less completely dehydrated and withdrawing spent aqueous solution from this second dehydrating system.
  • the process of dehydrating a biological product which is in the frozen state and which is in a closed system comprises evacuating the closed system to a pressure below 4 mm. of mercury, introducing a cold aqueous solution obtained by mixing ice with calcium chloride into the closed system but not in contact with the frozen material being dehydrated so that the introduced cold aqueous solution and the evolved water vapors are brought into contact with each other at below 4 mm. of mercury and removing spent aqueous solution containing the absorbed water vapors from the closed evacuated system.
  • Apparatus for dehydrating water-containing materials comprising in combination a closed system including a dehydrating chamber, means for evacuating the closed system, a receptacle for mixing ice with a salt, means for introducing the resultant cold aqueous solution from the receptacle into the closed system, means for exposinga large surface area or the introduced solution into contact with the vapors evolved from the material being dehydrated, which exposing means is positioned in the closed system so that the cold aqueous solution does not come into contact with the material being dehydrated and so that the evolved water vapors and the cold aqueous solution are brought into contact at about the same pressure as that pressure to which the material to be dehydrated is subjected and means for removing spent aqueous solution from the closed system.

Description

June 18,1946. K c KM 2,402,401
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DEHYDRATING IN THE FROZEN STATE Filed June 25, 1942 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 KENNETH C.D. HICKMAN INVENTOR BY W ATTORNEYS June 18, 1946 c I N 2,402,401
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DEHYDRATING IN THE FROZEN STATE Filed June 25, 1942 2 Shee't s-Sheet 2 KENNETH C.D. HICKMIN INVENTOR BY W A ATTORNEYS I atented June 18, 1
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR D a ING IN THE FROZEN STATE Application June 25, 1942, Serial No. 448,407
4 Claims. (Cl. 34-5) 1 This invention relates to improved procedure for the vacuum dehydration of water-containing materials and apparatus for practicing such a process.
It is known to subject water-containing materials to dehydration at low pressures. See, for instance, Flosdort 2,225,627 and Reichel Reissue 20,969. The procedure involves removal of water vapor at low pressures, usually 3 to 4 mm. of mercury when dehydrating from the frozen state. The procedure requires very low pressures since if the pressure is allowed to rise the material will melt causing undesirable changes therein, and
This invention has for its object to provide improved procedure and apparatus for the vacuum dehydration of water-containing materials. Another object is to provide improved pro These procedures are expensive and incedure and apparatus for removing water vapor from frozen materials under relatively high vacuum. A still further object is to provide improved procedure and apparatus for the pumping of water vapor from a dehydrating chamber con- I taining materials in the frozen state. Other objects will appear hereinafter.
These and other objects are accomplished by my invention which includes evacuating a closed system, which contains the frozen material to be dehydrated, to a pressure sufliciently low that water vapor is rapidly evolved therefrom, introducing into the closed system and into contact with the evolved water vapors a coldaqueous solution and removing spent solution from the closed evacuated system.
In the following description I have given several 01 the preferred embodiments of my invention, but it is to be understood that these are set forth for the purpose of illustration. and not in limitation thereof.
In the accompanying drawings wherein like numbers refer to like partsI have illustrated in Fig. 1 a perspective view partly in section of a 5 preferred embodiment of my invention and in Fig. 2 a similar view of two dehydrating machines illustrated in Fig. 1 connected in series in order to conserve ice.
Referring to Fig. 1 reference numeral 2 designates a bank of cylindrical dehydrating tubes which are preferably constructed of heat-com ducting material such as steel or glass, which tubes are provided at one end with removable gas tight caps t and at the other end with an integral closed plate which is attached to conduits 6. These conduits connect with a header 8 which in turn connects to a-main conduit l0 leading to the water vapor removal receptacle l2 which is preferably insulated as illustrated. j Numeral ii designates a container or reservoir for ice is which container is suitably insulated and provided with a cover l8. Numeral 20 designates a conduit communicating with reservoir i4 and terminating inside absorbing chamber l2. This conduit is provided with a valve 22 and a spray nozzle 26. Numeral 26 indicates a conduit connected to the base of chamber l2 which leads to a liquid pump 28 which serves to remove liquid 38 from the system. Numeral 32 indicates a conduit connected to I 2 at a point well above the level of liquid so which conduit connects to the intake of gas pump 3s.
Referring to Fig. 2 letters A and B designate dehydrating units the. same as those illustrated in Fig. 1 and connected in series by conduit 26.
This conduit terminates in a. spray nozzle the same as nozzle 24 shown in Fig. l. The construction of the apparatus designated by the letter B is in all respects the same as that designated in letter A and described in detail in connection with Fig. 1. A,
In operating the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 1, caps 4 are removed and the tubes 2 are filled, or preferably partially filled, with material to be dehydrated. The caps t are then replaced'and evacuating pump 34 is put into'operation. This pump should be capable of evacuating the permanent gases in the system to a pressure sufficiently low that water vapor will be rapidly evolved from material being dehydrated. It is preferred that the pump be capable of removing gases to a sufficiently low pressure that the material will be self-frozen in the dehydrating tubes 2 without application of refrigerating means to 1 cause freezing.
Ice is introduced into receptacle l4 and a suit able substance such as calcium or sodium chloride, which will form a low temperature solution on contact with ice, is introduced into receptacle [4 and thoroughly mixed with the ice. Valve 22 is then opened and a spray of cold aqueous solution issues from the spray nozzle 24. Water vapor evolved from the material being dehydrated in chambers 2 passes through conduits 6, 8 and I0 into chamber l2. Here the water vapor comes into contact with the cold aqueous liquid sprayed from 2| and becomes absorbed and condensed therein. This spent liquid solution is then collected at the base as indicated at 30. when sufllcient liquid has accumulated at 30; valve 36 is opened-and pump 28 is put into operation. The liquid is withdrawn from l2 at a rate such as to maintain a v 02 401 Y ran srs s' ATENT i 3 substantially constant levelat ll. However, sumcient liquid should not be permitted to accumulate at 30 that its temperature will rise and water vapor be evolved as a consequence. words, the liquid 30 should be withdrawn at a sufllcient speed that its temperature will not be high enough to causeevolution of, water vapor and destruction oi the vacuum., Spent solution withdrawn from pump 28 may still have a rather low temperature and can be used for refrigeration purposes or for preliminary water removal from a material to be dehydrated. The solution can be treated to recover the salt or like constituent for re-use.
Pump 34 should be capable of producing a very low pressure in the system such as less than approximately mm. and preferably less than about 3 to 4 mm. When such a pressure is estab-- lished the water vapor will rapidly evolve from the frozen material being dehydrated. Also, lower pressures than those mentioned are advantageous at least in connection with the initial freezing of the material being dehydrated. Pump 34 can be a pump capable of handling water vapor, in which case no provision need be made for preventing water vapor from passing from receptacle I! through conduit 32 into the pump. If the pump is In other i not designed for handling water'vapor it might I be advantageous to place a cold trap in conduit 32 to remove small'amounts of water which may be passing therethrough at the start of the dehydration procedure. After the process has once been established the spray from 24 will eiiectively remove the water vapor from the system and hence prevent it from passing into pump 34. Electors can be used in place of the mechanical pump illustrated.
The apparatus illustrated in Fig. 2 is operated in the same way that the apparatus is operated as described in connection with Fig. 1. However, instead of introducing cold brine from the ice into dehydrating apparatus B, the partially spent brine removed from dehydrator A by pump 28 is sprayed into dehydrator B where it at least partially absorbs the moisture from the material contained in the dehydrating tubes 2. This brine containing absorbed moisture is then withdrawn from chamber B by the removal pump 2! as described above.
The ice and substance which will form a low temperature solution on contact with ice are suitably proportioned to give a low temperature i. e. substantially below 0 C., to the liquid issuing from 24. Suitable substances for addition to ice to form the low temperature solution are ordinary salt, sodium thiosuliate, calcium chloride, sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride or nitrate and the like. The temperature of the solution is preferably the lowest which can be obtained from such mixtures. However, somewhat higher temperatures operate satisfactorily but are not as emcient.
Examples of water-containing materials which can be dehydrated are biological products such as blood plasma. antitoxins, and the like; meats and vegetables such as peas, beans, liver, soups; and fruit or fruit juices such as apricots and orange juice.
The advantages of my invention will be readily appreciated. The equipment necessary is of a simple and inexpensive type which can be readily installed in any desired locality and readily dismant'ed and moved when dehydrating procedure in that locality is no longer of interest. The opersupplies of ice and crystalline salts such as calcium and sodium chloride. The invention is inherently independent 01' specialized sources oi vacuum. The equipment can be operated by unskilled labor with a short period of training. An outstanding advantage is that the procedure avoids the necessity of terminating theoperations to remove accumulations of ice or replenish the absorbent as was necessary in the prior methods.
What I claim is:
1. The process of removing water vapor from a frozen organic water-containing material which is in a closed system, which process comprises evacuating the closed system to a suillciently low pressure that water vapor is rapidly evolved from the frozen water-containing material, continuously spraying cold aqueous salt solution into the closed system and into contact with the evolved water vapors, but not into contact with the frozen material being dehydrated, continuously withdrawing the spent aqueous salt solution containing the absorbed water vapor from the closed system, introducing the spent solution into a second evacuated dehydrating system containing an organic, water-containing material which is to be less completely dehydrated and withdrawing spent aqueous solution from this second dehydrating system.
2. The process oi dehydrating an organic water-containing material which is in the frozen contact with the frozen material being dehydrated so that the introduced cold aqueous solution and the evolved water vapors are brought into contact with each other at below 4 mm. oi
mercury and removing spent aqueous solution containing the absorbed water vapor from the closed evacuated system.
3. The process of dehydrating a biological product which is in the frozen state and which is in a closed system which process comprises evacuating the closed system to a pressure below 4 mm. of mercury, introducing a cold aqueous solution obtained by mixing ice with calcium chloride into the closed system but not in contact with the frozen material being dehydrated so that the introduced cold aqueous solution and the evolved water vapors are brought into contact with each other at below 4 mm. of mercury and removing spent aqueous solution containing the absorbed water vapors from the closed evacuated system.
4. Apparatus for dehydrating water-containing materials comprising in combination a closed system including a dehydrating chamber, means for evacuating the closed system, a receptacle for mixing ice with a salt, means for introducing the resultant cold aqueous solution from the receptacle into the closed system, means for exposinga large surface area or the introduced solution into contact with the vapors evolved from the material being dehydrated, which exposing means is positioned in the closed system so that the cold aqueous solution does not come into contact with the material being dehydrated and so that the evolved water vapors and the cold aqueous solution are brought into contact at about the same pressure as that pressure to which the material to be dehydrated is subjected and means for removing spent aqueous solution from the closed system.
KENNE'I'H C. D. HICKMAN.
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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2515098A (en) * 1945-08-01 1950-07-11 Chain Belt Co Continuous low-temperature dehydration
US2634590A (en) * 1950-02-28 1953-04-14 Melville W Beardsley Method and means for cooling produce by use of reduced pressure
US2665750A (en) * 1948-04-03 1954-01-12 Niagara Blower Co Vacuum concentrator
DE1274508B (en) * 1963-03-29 1968-08-01 Sec N V Seffinga Engineering C Freeze dryer for liquids
DE1285953B (en) * 1960-11-18 1968-12-19 Fmc Corp Drying process for frozen goods and vacuum freeze drying chamber for carrying out the process
US4608764A (en) * 1984-05-19 1986-09-02 Glatt Maschinen-Und Apparatebau Ag Process of drying a particulate material and apparatus for implementing the process
US6470592B2 (en) * 2000-10-30 2002-10-29 Kyowa Vacuum Engineering, Ltd. Method and apparatus for freeze-drying of foods, medicaments, etc.

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2515098A (en) * 1945-08-01 1950-07-11 Chain Belt Co Continuous low-temperature dehydration
US2665750A (en) * 1948-04-03 1954-01-12 Niagara Blower Co Vacuum concentrator
US2634590A (en) * 1950-02-28 1953-04-14 Melville W Beardsley Method and means for cooling produce by use of reduced pressure
DE1285953B (en) * 1960-11-18 1968-12-19 Fmc Corp Drying process for frozen goods and vacuum freeze drying chamber for carrying out the process
DE1274508B (en) * 1963-03-29 1968-08-01 Sec N V Seffinga Engineering C Freeze dryer for liquids
US4608764A (en) * 1984-05-19 1986-09-02 Glatt Maschinen-Und Apparatebau Ag Process of drying a particulate material and apparatus for implementing the process
US6470592B2 (en) * 2000-10-30 2002-10-29 Kyowa Vacuum Engineering, Ltd. Method and apparatus for freeze-drying of foods, medicaments, etc.

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