US2398364A - Method in shaping a solid body against another body - Google Patents
Method in shaping a solid body against another body Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2398364A US2398364A US488559A US48855943A US2398364A US 2398364 A US2398364 A US 2398364A US 488559 A US488559 A US 488559A US 48855943 A US48855943 A US 48855943A US 2398364 A US2398364 A US 2398364A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- shaft
- shaping
- temperature
- bushing
- clearance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/001—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by extrusion or drawing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
- F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
- F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
- F16C33/14—Special methods of manufacture; Running-in
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2220/00—Shaping
- F16C2220/20—Shaping by sintering pulverised material, e.g. powder metallurgy
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2220/00—Shaping
- F16C2220/40—Shaping by deformation without removing material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2220/00—Shaping
- F16C2220/40—Shaping by deformation without removing material
- F16C2220/42—Shaping by deformation without removing material by working of thin walled material such as sheet or tube
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2220/00—Shaping
- F16C2220/40—Shaping by deformation without removing material
- F16C2220/46—Shaping by deformation without removing material by forging
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2223/00—Surface treatments; Hardening; Coating
- F16C2223/02—Mechanical treatment, e.g. finishing
- F16C2223/04—Mechanical treatment, e.g. finishing by sizing, by shaping to final size by small plastic deformation, e.g. by calibrating or coining
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49636—Process for making bearing or component thereof
- Y10T29/49696—Mounting
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/4984—Retaining clearance for motion between assembled parts
- Y10T29/49845—Retaining clearance for motion between assembled parts by deforming interlock
Definitions
- the shape which one desires to give to the body is sometimes such that the same cannot be obtained completely during the pressing operation which usually precedes the sintering or is effected simultaneously therewith since, for example, the body could not then be removed from the press mould.
- the shaping required in this case can often be completed during the calibration particularly as sintered bodies are usually rather porous.
- the object of the present invention is to obtain a certain clearance between a forming body and the formed body at such calibration. This is carried out in such a way that that body which is surrounded by the other body is given a higher temperature, and consequently (at positive coefficient of thermal expansion) has a larger volume in comparison with the latter body than if both of them had the same temperature. If the body in question cannot be heated, or if the possible heating is insufficient to obtain the desired clearance, the temperature difference can be obtained, or increased, by cooling the surrounding body.
- One example of the use of the method is the calibration of self-lubricating bearing bushes produced through powder metallurgy, for example by pressing or hammering around a mandrel.
- the method according to the present invention now makes it possible to use one and the same mandrel as the shaping body during the calibration of bushes with somewhat different inside diameters; Further, by means of the method the shaft for which the bearing is intended can be used as the shaping body or mandrel. It is already known to obtain a clearance by utilizing the thermal expansion, namely by using two materials with very different coefficient. of thermal expansion, such as metal and artificial resin.
- the two elements in the prior instance referred to have the same temperature during the shaping.
- a movement is simultaneously enforced on the sliding elements, said movement is not liable to favour the creation of clearance but, on the contrary, acts in itself to close the existing clearance.
- the present method has for its purpose to restrict said action.
- FIG. 1 and 2 show longitudinal sections through a shaft and a bushing in various steps of the method of this invention.
- the shaft is designated by a, the bushing by b. c is a compressing tool.
- the previously manufactured bushing b is loosely fitted on shaft a, the shaft being heated or the bushing cooled, or both, and a compressing tool 0 is applied for compressing the bushing on the shaft so that the interior surface of the bushing is shaped in conformity with the surface of the shaft.
- the shaft is allowed to have a temperature of 240 C. at the calibration whereas the bush has room temperature 20 C. Should the steel in the shaft not bear heating to such temperature that the temperature of the shaft is 240 C. at the calibration, the required temperature differential may be obtained by cooling the bush.
- the bush may be cooled by carbon dioxide snow and have a. temperature of -20 C. at the shaping, in which case the temperature of the shaft only need amount to 200 C.
- the outside diameter of which ball is somewhat less than the inside diameter of the bush.
- the steel ball is heated in an oil bath, and simultaneously the sintered bush is cooled by carbon dioxide snow. if required.
- the hot ball is quickly inserted into the cool, or possibly cooled, bush, and both are pressed through a calibrating matrix.
- the sintered bush is pressed around the steelball so that the interior surface of the bush becomes spherical.
- a method of applying a separately manufactured solid bushing to a metal shaft comprising loosely fitting said bushing around said shaft, applyin external pressure to said bushing to cause said bushing at its interior surface to be shaped in conformity with the surface of said shaft whilst submitting said shaft and bushing to a temperature differential by applying heat to said shaft to expand same and stress and urge its surface against the inner surface of said bushing during said shaping process, and, on completion of said shaping process, restoring normal temperature and volume of said shaft thereby forming a clearance between said shaft and said bushing.
- a method .of applying a separately manufactured solid bushing to a metal shaft comprising loosely fitting said bushing around said shaft, applying external pressure to said bushing to cause said bushing at its interior surface to be shaped in conformity with the surface of said shaft whilst submitting said shaft and bushing to a temperature difierential by cooling said bushing to contract same and stress and urge its interior surface towards the surface of said shaft during said shaping process, and, on completion of said shaping process, restoring normal temperature and volume of said bushing thereby forming a clearance between said shaft and said bushing.
- thermo change is effected by cooling the body to be shaped sufiiciently to contract it while maintaining the other body at room temperature.
Description
April 1946- N. G. ELFSTRC'jM 4 2,398,364
METHOD IN SHAPING A SOLID BODY AGAINST ANOTHER BODY Filed May 26, 1943 ATTORNEYS Patented Apr. 16, 1946 CFFICE Mn'rnop 1N SHAPING A soup BODY AGAINST ANOTHER BODY Nils Gustaf Elfstrom, Fagersta, Sweden Application May 26, 1943, Serial No. 488,559 In Sweden March 17, 1942 6 Claims. (Cl. 29-1495) Products manufactured through powder metallurgy, i. e, of metal powder by a sintering process, often cannot be obtained with the desired exact dimensions by sintering only, Therefore, the sintered body is usually subjected to a calibration consisting of shaping by pressing or hammering against the resistance of a shaping body. Further, the shape which one desires to give to the body is sometimes such that the same cannot be obtained completely during the pressing operation which usually precedes the sintering or is effected simultaneously therewith since, for example, the body could not then be removed from the press mould. The shaping required in this case can often be completed during the calibration particularly as sintered bodies are usually rather porous.
The object of the present invention is to obtain a certain clearance between a forming body and the formed body at such calibration. This is carried out in such a way that that body which is surrounded by the other body is given a higher temperature, and consequently (at positive coefficient of thermal expansion) has a larger volume in comparison with the latter body than if both of them had the same temperature. If the body in question cannot be heated, or if the possible heating is insufficient to obtain the desired clearance, the temperature difference can be obtained, or increased, by cooling the surrounding body.
One example of the use of the method is the calibration of self-lubricating bearing bushes produced through powder metallurgy, for example by pressing or hammering around a mandrel. The method according to the present invention now makes it possible to use one and the same mandrel as the shaping body during the calibration of bushes with somewhat different inside diameters; Further, by means of the method the shaft for which the bearing is intended can be used as the shaping body or mandrel. It is already known to obtain a clearance by utilizing the thermal expansion, namely by using two materials with very different coefficient. of thermal expansion, such as metal and artificial resin.
However, in contradistinction to the method according to the present invention, the two elements in the prior instance referred to have the same temperature during the shaping. In bearings of the kind in question it is further known to obtain the clearance through a movement enforced on either or both of the sliding elements. However, if in the method according to my invention a movement is simultaneously enforced on the sliding elements, said movement is not liable to favour the creation of clearance but, on the contrary, acts in itself to close the existing clearance. The present method has for its purpose to restrict said action.
The method according to the present invention may be illustrated by the following example and the annexed drawing forming part of this specification.
In the drawing:
- Figs. 1 and 2 show longitudinal sections through a shaft and a bushing in various steps of the method of this invention.
The shaft is designated by a, the bushing by b. c is a compressing tool.
The previously manufactured bushing b is loosely fitted on shaft a, the shaft being heated or the bushing cooled, or both, and a compressing tool 0 is applied for compressing the bushing on the shaft so that the interior surface of the bushing is shaped in conformity with the surface of the shaft. v Y
On completion of the shaping process and restoring of normal temperature and volume of the body or bodies, which had been submitted to a change of temperature, a clearance will have formed between both bodies.
If, for example, in a 15 mm. shaft of steel having the thermal expansion coeflicient 0.000012 a clearance of 0.02 mm. between the shaft and the bearing bush is desired, the shaft is allowed to have a temperature of 240 C. at the calibration whereas the bush has room temperature 20 C. Should the steel in the shaft not bear heating to such temperature that the temperature of the shaft is 240 C. at the calibration, the required temperature differential may be obtained by cooling the bush. For example, the bush may be cooled by carbon dioxide snow and have a. temperature of -20 C. at the shaping, in which case the temperature of the shaft only need amount to 200 C.
The above described possibility of using the shaft itself as a calibrating mandrel has proved particularlyvaluable in the manufacture of selflubrlcating and self-adjusting sliding-friction bearing units consisting of two sliding elements with mutually cooperating spherical sliding surfaces. I have used a sintered hollow cylindric bush of self-lubricating material soaked with oil and a steel ball provided with a. cylindric hole,
the outside diameter of which ball is somewhat less than the inside diameter of the bush. The steel ball is heated in an oil bath, and simultaneously the sintered bush is cooled by carbon dioxide snow. if required. At the calibration the hot ball is quickly inserted into the cool, or possibly cooled, bush, and both are pressed through a calibrating matrix. By this means the sintered bush is pressed around the steelball so that the interior surface of the bush becomes spherical. Thus, the two elements are combined into a unit, and after equalization of the temperature a clearance is obtained between them, the size of which is conditioned by the temperature difference.
Although the cited example applies to products of powder metallurgy, the method may of course equally be used where a clearance is desired between other bodies which can be shaped against one another by a pressing or hammering method.
Having now described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
1. In a method of forming a unit of an outer body and an inner body, both contacting each other with their interior and exterior surfaces, respectively, said inner body adapted to be moved within said outer body, the steps of loosely fitting said outer body of solid material around said inner body, employing said inner body as a core or mandrel and applying external pressure to cause said outer body at its contacting surface to assume the shape of the contacting surface of said inner body whilst submitting said bodies to a temperature differential by applying to at least one of said bodies a temperature change to keep said outer body at a lower temperature than said inner body and to cause a volume change of said body submitted to said temperature change so as to stress and urge the contacting surface of said body towards the contacting surface of the other of said bodies and, on completion of the shaping process and equalization of the temperature of said bodies, to re move said contacting surfaces from one another and cause a clearance therebetween.
2. A method of applying a separately manufactured solid bushing to a metal shaft, comprising loosely fitting said bushing around said shaft, applyin external pressure to said bushing to cause said bushing at its interior surface to be shaped in conformity with the surface of said shaft whilst submitting said shaft and bushing to a temperature differential by applying heat to said shaft to expand same and stress and urge its surface against the inner surface of said bushing during said shaping process, and, on completion of said shaping process, restoring normal temperature and volume of said shaft thereby forming a clearance between said shaft and said bushing.
3. A method .of applying a separately manufactured solid bushing to a metal shaft, comprising loosely fitting said bushing around said shaft, applying external pressure to said bushing to cause said bushing at its interior surface to be shaped in conformity with the surface of said shaft whilst submitting said shaft and bushing to a temperature difierential by cooling said bushing to contract same and stress and urge its interior surface towards the surface of said shaft during said shaping process, and, on completion of said shaping process, restoring normal temperature and volume of said bushing thereby forming a clearance between said shaft and said bushing.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said temperature change is effected by heating the body serving as a mandrel to such an extent as to cause expansion thereof while maintaining the other body at room temperature.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the temperature change is effected by cooling the body to be shaped sufiiciently to contract it while maintaining the other body at room temperature.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the temperature change is efiected by cooling the body to be shaped and heating the other body.
NILS GUSTAF ELFSTROM.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE2398364X | 1942-03-17 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US2398364A true US2398364A (en) | 1946-04-16 |
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ID=20425527
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US488559A Expired - Lifetime US2398364A (en) | 1942-03-17 | 1943-05-26 | Method in shaping a solid body against another body |
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Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2541160A (en) * | 1944-12-30 | 1951-02-13 | Lewis R Heim | Method of making and assembling bearings and the like |
US2632235A (en) * | 1947-09-20 | 1953-03-24 | Caterpillar Tractor Co | Method of forming valve guides |
US2641828A (en) * | 1949-01-03 | 1953-06-16 | Baldwin Co | Aligning and freeing bearings |
US2649651A (en) * | 1947-12-22 | 1953-08-25 | Thomspon Products Inc | Method of forming a composite bearing |
US2728975A (en) * | 1949-12-27 | 1956-01-03 | Potter Lee Russell | Method for making two piece rod end bearings |
US2796769A (en) * | 1953-02-05 | 1957-06-25 | Gratzmuller Jean Louis | Crank-shaft and the corresponding crank-case |
US3004323A (en) * | 1956-12-28 | 1961-10-17 | Roulements A Aiguilles Soc Sa | Process of manufacturing bearings and bearings resulting therefrom |
US3092901A (en) * | 1958-01-07 | 1963-06-11 | Sharples Corp | Process for encasing an object |
US3269739A (en) * | 1963-07-01 | 1966-08-30 | Harry M Bramberry | Piston ring construction |
US4901421A (en) * | 1988-02-01 | 1990-02-20 | Ohi Seisakusho Co., Ltd. | Method of assembling seat slide device |
-
1943
- 1943-05-26 US US488559A patent/US2398364A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2541160A (en) * | 1944-12-30 | 1951-02-13 | Lewis R Heim | Method of making and assembling bearings and the like |
US2632235A (en) * | 1947-09-20 | 1953-03-24 | Caterpillar Tractor Co | Method of forming valve guides |
US2649651A (en) * | 1947-12-22 | 1953-08-25 | Thomspon Products Inc | Method of forming a composite bearing |
US2641828A (en) * | 1949-01-03 | 1953-06-16 | Baldwin Co | Aligning and freeing bearings |
US2728975A (en) * | 1949-12-27 | 1956-01-03 | Potter Lee Russell | Method for making two piece rod end bearings |
US2796769A (en) * | 1953-02-05 | 1957-06-25 | Gratzmuller Jean Louis | Crank-shaft and the corresponding crank-case |
US3004323A (en) * | 1956-12-28 | 1961-10-17 | Roulements A Aiguilles Soc Sa | Process of manufacturing bearings and bearings resulting therefrom |
US3092901A (en) * | 1958-01-07 | 1963-06-11 | Sharples Corp | Process for encasing an object |
US3269739A (en) * | 1963-07-01 | 1966-08-30 | Harry M Bramberry | Piston ring construction |
US4901421A (en) * | 1988-02-01 | 1990-02-20 | Ohi Seisakusho Co., Ltd. | Method of assembling seat slide device |
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