US2398012A - Electrode for electron discharge devices - Google Patents

Description

Patented Apr. 9, 1946 ELECTRODE FOR ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICES Darwin R. Kiser, Emporium, Pa., assignor to Sylvania Electric Products Inc., a co'poration of Massachusetts Original application December 8, 1939, Serial No.

308,180. Divided and this application December 12, 1941, Serial No. 422',641

6 Claims.

This invention relates to methods of makin blackened steel electrodes as used in electron discharge devices, and to the methods of coating the surface of steel parts with a black iron oxide.

It is well-known in the art of electron discharge devices that a blackening of the surfaces of electrodes and other metal parts increases their heat radiating effciency and decreases their secondary electron emission. This increase of heat radiation becomes more and more important where, as inthe case of radio receiving tubes, the trend is towards smaller tube sizes.

Up to the present time, most of the electrodes in electron discharge devices, in particular in radio receiving tubes, have been made of nickel. Recently, iron and steel electrodes have begun to replace the nickel electrodes, but great difficulty has been experienced in utilizing the known methods of blackening nickel electrodes and other nickel parts, in the blackening of steel electrodes or steel parts.

Known methods of blackening the surface of electrodes are practicable for nickel only. One class of methods for blackening nickel electrode surfaces comprises what is known as Carbonizing. In carbonizing, an adherent carbon-coating is deposited on the nickel surface, either by exposure of the surface to a hydrocarbon atmosphere at elevated temperature, or by coating with nel'y divided carbon Suspended in oil. The expos'ure of steel to a hydrocarbon atmosphere at elevated temperature carburizes the steel and changes its ductility and elastic properties in an undesirable manner.

This dificulty is avoided according to the invention by providing a blackened steel electrode which is coated with a stable black iron oxide. Though a nickel electrode coated with a stable black nickel oxide is known, no steel electrode with a black iron oxide coating, which is stable for all the requirements of processing and operating electron discharge devices, e. g. radio receiving tubes and the like, was known prior to this invention.

The new blackened steel electrode for electron discharge devices is produced by exposing its surface to a mixture of CO, 002, Hz, HzO, eventually diluted in N2, at elevated temperature. A mixture of these gases in contact with iron or steel and their oxides causes a reversible reaction, depending on temperature and the proportions of the components of the gas mixture. several iron oxides may be fcrmed on the pure metal surface, or the oxides may be reduced to the pure metal temperature. I have discovered that a black oxide of iron, which is produced in this manner is stable enough to withstand the high requirements of stability which must be met during the production and operation of electron discharge devices, e. g. radio receiving tubes and the like.

The steel parts for radio tubes coated with this black, stable iron oxide, which adheres very firmly to the surface of the steel electrodes, are superior to the ordinary carbonized nickel parts because of the difficulty of carbonizing the nickel parts so that the surface is free from loose carbon particles, which particles frequently result" in noisy operation of the electron discharge devices in which they are used.

It is believed that the 'eaction for obtaining the desi red black iron oxide Fe304 in the gas mixture described above on the surface of the steel electrode takes place as follows. The cleaning of the undesirable, unstable iron oxides in the atmosphere is due to the proper proportions of I-Iz and HzO in the atmosphere, while, simultareously,` the desirable, stable black oxide is produced at the steel surface by the proper proportions of CO and C'O2. The proper temperature and the bestproportions for the gas mixture Were chosen to achieve the desired reaction as a general guide. After the proper region in the reaction diagrams had been found, further experiments and life tests with special electron discharge tubes in which the oxidized steel parts were mounted, gave more accurate limitations as to the temperature range and. furnished indications for a simple and cheap production of the desired proportions of the components of the oxidizing' atmosphere.

Accordingly, it is a principal object of the invention, to provide a blackened steel electrode for electron dscharge devices, which electrode is coated with an iron oxide of the stability needed in the operation of these tubes.

Another object of the invention is to provide a blackened steel electrode for electron discharge devices, which is free from the loose carbon met in carbonized metal electrodes, such as nickel electrodes thus avoiding the noisy operation of the discharge tubes resulting from loose carbon.

Another principal object of the invention is to provide a method, by which steel electrodes can be cleaned from unstable oxides, and coated with a dark, stable iron oxide.

A feature of the invention relates to the elimination of the expensive carbonizing process formerly necessary to obtain blackened electrodes.

Another feature of' the invention relates'to a by a proper control of the Components and the combined cleaning and oxidizing procedure which may be used in the manufacture of parts used in the radio tube industry.

An object of the inventicn relates to the process whereby the regions in the reaction diagrams of CO-CO2 and Hz--HzO mixtures with iron and its oxides are speciallychoser so as to produce the desired black stable oxide coating.

Another feature of the invention relates to practical method, in which the desired propertions of the Components of the cleaning and oxidizing gas mixture may be obtained.

In the drawing, Fig. 1 represents in diagrammatic form a' typical layout' of apparatus for practicing the invention.

Figs. 2 and 3 are curve diagrams explanatory of the invention.

While up to several years ago-practically all I metal parts mounted in electron discharge tubes were deoxidized (or reduced) by ring in hydro.- gen, a, controlled atmosphere substantially composed of CO, 002, I-Iz, HzO and Na is used today for this purpose, because it can be obtained from various raw gases at low cost. For the purpose of reducing oxidized metal surfaces it is essential to have a high ratio of CO to CO2 and of Ha to HzO. In cracking the raw gases (preferably natural gas if available), by incomplete combustion in the presence of a catalyzer it is possible to increase the Hz and CO percentage of the combustion products which should be high for the purpose of reducing. The combustion gases from such a gas Cracker are piped into a cleaning furnace, and the oxidized metal parts which have to be reduced are fired at the proper temperature in the presence of this atmosphere which is artificially enriched in H2 and CO.

Referring to the drawing, there is shown in schematic form a, gas inlet I, and an air inlet 2, which are provided with suitable flow meters and valves 3, leading to an air-gas mixer 4, of any well-known Construction. The mixer 4 feeds the atmosphere controller 5 which may consist of any well-known form of gas-cracking apparatus containing a suitable catalyser well-known' in the gas-cracking art. By means of the valves 3, the ratio of gas-to-air may be adjustecl and therefore, the degree of combustion of the mixture in the controller 5 may be regulated. The mixture of the combustion products from the controller 5 may then be passed through a suitable cooling arrangement 6 from which they pass to the reducing furnace consisting of a mufe T, surrounded by a heater 8 of either the gas or electric type. The muflie 1 is preferably horizontal as shown and connected to the controller 5 at the inlet ends 9, IO. Muffle 'I is provided with an inclined inlet Il and an inclined outlet l2 preferably surrounded by a waterjacket I3. An endless conveyor belt !4 carrying the metal parts to be blackened passes through the furnace in the direction of the arrow. Preferably, the inlet and outlet ends of the furnace are provided with exhaust pipes or vents !5, !6. Preferably, the gas inlet I is connected to a source of natural gases although any raw gas such as referred to in "Industrial Electric Heating" by N. F. Stensel, page 216 (John Wiley & Sons, 1933) may be employed. I

The above-described equipment may be used to obtain the mixture of the combustion products from the cracker, which will clean up the unstable iron oxides and produce the stable oxide. By making the combustion of the raw gas more complete, it is theoretically possible to decrease the ratio of CO to COz to such an extent that the region of the stable iron oxide Fes04 in the reaction diagram Figure 2 is obtained. There are. however, several reasons why the combustion cannot be made complete. This would in the first place decrease the Hz Component required for cleaning up the unstable oxides. Furthermore, the temperatures reached by complete or nearly complete combustion are so high that they endanger the life of the combustion chamber.

In order to obtain a gas mixture in which the proportions of Hz to (Hz-i-HzO) is in the region above 50% to 60%, and the proportion of CO to (C0+CO2) below 30% or even below 15%, which from inspection of Figures 2 and 3 is the region for obtaining the desired oxide surface on steel at temperatures between 750 C. and 11:30- C., the hydrogen content has to be kept high, and the combustion ratio should not be too high. In Fig. 2, the ordina-tes represent percentage of CO in the mixture (CO+CO2) while in Fig. 3, the ordinates represent percentage of H in the mixture (H2+H2O). The region of the diagrams above the curves is the region in which the iron oxides are reduced to iron. The region below all the curves is that in which iron or iron oxides 'eact to form the stable iron oxide Feaol. The region between the two curve branches open at the right side and meeting at about 52 92 CQ ior 570 C. (Fig. 2) is the region for which the iron oxde is stable in contact with the atmosphere. The dotted parts of the curves in both figures indicate that the exact location of the equilibrium curves" is not known. It will .be understood of coursethat the "equilibrium curves" represented by the dotted portions are qualitative only, although for all practical purposes in the manufacture of radio receiving tubes, the general range as illustrated in Figs, 2 and 3, can beused to practical advantage.

In order to obtain the necessary proportions of the components of the gas mixture, I have found that it is satisfactory to add about 4% of air to the gas mixture obtained by comparatively incomplete combustion, and that the oxygen so added will, under the conditions in the firing furnace, oxidize enough of the CO to CO2, so as to yield the desirable low CO content, while the ormation of water from the admitted air and the hydrogen present in the mixture is not large enough to prevent the cleaning up of the undesirable stable oxides. This is probably due to a. catalytic action in the firing furnace in combination with the tendency of water to dissociate at higher temperatures.

The air to natural gas ratio introduced in the mixing chamber should be so adjusted, that the combustion gases, after leaving the Cracker, contain (as compared With the total atmosphere containing up to N2), about '7% H2, 6% CO and 8% 002. It is not feasible to specify the mixing ratio of natural gas and air in the combustion chamber, because the resulting atmosphere after combustion depends to a certain extent on the kind and condition of the catalyst used for increasing the Ha and. CO contents of the resulting atmosphere.

The above description for obtaining the desired atmosphere relates of course, only to that feature of the invention, which deals with a simple method of obtaining the required atmosphere from the combustion of raw gases which are essentially composed of methane and other hydrocarbon ases.

The atmosphere with the proper proportions oi the Components may, according to the invention,

aseaoa be obtained in any suitable manner, say by mixing the bottled gases in the proper proportion, or by adding e. g., the proper amount of COz, and water vapor to some of the raw gases, which do already contain the desired components only.

If this is being done, it is advisable to add a large percentage of nitrogen, so as to make it up to 80% of the mixture, in order to keep the running speeds and temperatures near the usual firing specifications, as this will assist in keeping the regular production schedule unchanged.

I have found that running speeds of the conveyor belt of about to per minute and a firing temperature of about 1140 C. gives about the best results in the particular furnace used in our production.

Any ring temperature between 750 C. and 1200 C. and p'oportions of the components of the controlled atmosphere which falls between 30% and less for the ratio CO to (CO+CO2) and between 50% and higher for the ratio Hz to (Hz-, H2O) and any desirable proportion of nitrogen is considered to be within the scope of the invention. It will be understood of course that the invention is not limited to any particular character of surface for the steel parts that are acted on in the furnace although it is preferable to employ sand-blasted steel. While the invention is applicable to blacken'ng of any of the steel metal parts of a radio receiving tube, it is particularly advantageous when applied to the blackening of the well-known "cage" ele'ctrodes or "plate" electrodes of radio receiving tubes generally. While in the foregoing, the desired stable oxide is preferably obtained by means of an atmosphere which contains above CO (Fig. 2) and 50% I-Iz (Fig. 3). It is possible to obtain a satisfactory stable oxide by employing less than 15% CO (Fig. 2) and less than 10% Ha (Fig. 3) by cooling the atmosphere entering the inlets 9 and |0 to a suitably lower temperature for example by a refrigerator, in which event the temperature within the furnace should be of the order of 1150 C. or even higher (corresponding to the lower temperature of the cooled atmosphere) thus inoreasing the combustion ratio in the furnace resulting in a decrease of the Hz content.

This application is a division of application Serial No. 308,180, filed December 8, 1939, issued as Patent No. 2,269,943.

What I claim is:

1. A metal part such as an e-lectrode for use within an electron discharge tube consisting of steel having a firmly adherent coating of a black stable iron oxide, the surface of the steel being substantially free from carburization.

2. A metal part according to claim 1 in which the blackened surface is substantially free from loose carbon particles and unstable iron oxides.

3. A metal part according to claim 1 wherein the black iron oxide is stable during the temperatures normally used in processing and operating electron discharge devices of the radio receiving tube type.

4. A metal part according to claim 1 in which the oxide is mainly Fe304.

5. An electrode for radio tubes comprising a steel body having its surface free from unstable iron oxides and having a black coating of FeaOu.

6. An electrode i'or use within a radio receiving tube, consisting of steel having a firmly adherent coating of a black stable iron oxide the ductility of the coated steel being substantially the same as the uncoated steel.

DARWIN R. KISER.

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