US2393594A - Operation of internal-combustion engines - Google Patents

Operation of internal-combustion engines Download PDF

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Publication number
US2393594A
US2393594A US401547A US40154741A US2393594A US 2393594 A US2393594 A US 2393594A US 401547 A US401547 A US 401547A US 40154741 A US40154741 A US 40154741A US 2393594 A US2393594 A US 2393594A
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United States
Prior art keywords
ammonium nitrate
combustion engines
solution
internal
internal combustion
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US401547A
Inventor
Clyde O Davis
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Priority to US401547A priority Critical patent/US2393594A/en
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L8/00—Fuels not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
    • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
    • C10L2200/0259—Nitrogen containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
    • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
    • C10L2200/029—Salts, such as carbonates, oxides, hydroxides, percompounds, e.g. peroxides, perborates, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, and silicates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
    • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
    • C10L2200/0295—Water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
    • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
    • C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a novel method for the production and utilization of energy and more particularly to a method for the operation of internal combustion engines.
  • Internal combustion engines are highly efficient sources of mechanical power and can be broadly divided into two classes, those in which both the fuel and oxidant are introduced into the combustion chamber in vaporous form and those into which the fuel is injected in finely divided but non-vaporous form, because of the practical difliculties in vaporizing the fuel.
  • the two foregoing types are represented by the ordinary gasoline engine and the Diesel engine, respectively.
  • the oxygen of the air serves for the combustion of the fuel, since air is generally available free, uncompressed.
  • internal combustion engines are operated in places where there is a deficiency of available air or oxygen, or where at least the supply is limited. Such conditions would hold, for example, in stratosphere flights and on board submarines, and the maintenance at hand of a reservoir of highly combustible fuel might also be undesirable at times, as in wartime use under conditions of exposure to shell fire.
  • the object of the present invention is a novel method of producing and utilizing energy by use of an internal combustion engine.
  • a further object is a method for the operation of internal combustion engines which does not require an extensive supply of gaseous oxidizing agents for the combustion of the fuel.
  • a still further object is a method for the operation of internal combustion engines wherein both fuel and oxidizing agent are introduced in solution form, Additional objects will be disclosed as the invention is described more in detail hereinafter.
  • solutions may be employed according to the invention. I may, for example, dissolve ammonium nitrate in liquid ammonia and use such a solution, the ammonia being burnt in the available oxygen of the ammonium nitrate. Alternatively, I may employ an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate, said solution containing also a dissolved combustible material.
  • the most suitable type of internal combustion engine for use will be one in which the solution is injected in finely divided form. It will be applicable, for example, in the Diesel engine type, whether of the simple compression type or the semi-Diesel type where spark ignition is employed.
  • ammonium nitrate is the principal oxidizing agent present, and is particularly desirable because no solid residue remains after combustion
  • additional oxidants may be used also, such as soluble chromates or dichromates, permanganates, alkali nitrates or nitrites, and the like.
  • Such materials as nitrous oxide may be present also, either in liquid or in vaporous form.
  • the combustible material may vary widely, either as solvent for the amonium nitrate or as additional dissolved material.
  • One of my preferred materials is anhydrous liquid ammonia which is a solvent for ammonium nitrate, forming the so-called Diver's solution.
  • Methyl and ethyl alcohols may likewise be employed as a portion of the solution, mixed with liquid ammonia, if desired.
  • Additional solvents capable of application, as the entire solvent or portion thereof, are pyridine, acetone, formamide, dimethylformamide, and the like.
  • the combustible may also be a dissolved material, especially when aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate are used.
  • the dissolved material may consist of such substances as sugar, urea, diphenylamine, and many others.
  • the present invention is applicable to internal combustion engines generally. It will be understood that this includes not only those engines which employ the reciprocating motion of pis tons, as in the Diesel engine, but also the gas tun-bine type of engine, in which rotary motion and -impel1er vanes are used. I intend the invention to cover the process described when applied to any motor in which the fuel is burnt in the combustion chamber thereof with utilization of the combustion gases.
  • the method of producing and utilizing energy which comprises introducing into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine a solution of ammonium nitrate in liquid ammonia and effecting therein the explosive combustion of said ammonia.
  • a fuel for internal combustion engines comprising ammonium nitrate dissolved in liquid ammonia.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)

Description

Patented Jan. 2, i946 OPERATION OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES Clyde 0. Davis, Woodbury, N. J., assignor to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing.
Application July 8, 1941,
Serial No. 401,547
V 2 Claims.
This invention relates to a novel method for the production and utilization of energy and more particularly to a method for the operation of internal combustion engines.
Internal combustion engines are highly efficient sources of mechanical power and can be broadly divided into two classes, those in which both the fuel and oxidant are introduced into the combustion chamber in vaporous form and those into which the fuel is injected in finely divided but non-vaporous form, because of the practical difliculties in vaporizing the fuel. The two foregoing types are represented by the ordinary gasoline engine and the Diesel engine, respectively. With such engines, the oxygen of the air serves for the combustion of the fuel, since air is generally available free, uncompressed. In ceitain cases, however, internal combustion engines are operated in places where there is a deficiency of available air or oxygen, or where at least the supply is limited. Such conditions would hold, for example, in stratosphere flights and on board submarines, and the maintenance at hand of a reservoir of highly combustible fuel might also be undesirable at times, as in wartime use under conditions of exposure to shell fire.
The object of the present invention is a novel method of producing and utilizing energy by use of an internal combustion engine. A further object is a method for the operation of internal combustion engines which does not require an extensive supply of gaseous oxidizing agents for the combustion of the fuel. A still further object is a method for the operation of internal combustion engines wherein both fuel and oxidizing agent are introduced in solution form, Additional objects will be disclosed as the invention is described more in detail hereinafter.
I have found that the foregoing objects are obtained when I introduce into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine a solution comprising ammonium nitrate and an oxidizable material and bring about the combustion of the oxidizable material therein. Several types of solutions may be employed according to the invention. I may, for example, dissolve ammonium nitrate in liquid ammonia and use such a solution, the ammonia being burnt in the available oxygen of the ammonium nitrate. Alternatively, I may employ an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate, said solution containing also a dissolved combustible material. While such solutions are the ones that will preferably be employed, my invention contemplates the use of any ammonium nitrate solution, whatever the solvent, where an oxidizable material is present either as solvent or as an additional solute. It will be apparent that additional oxidizing agents may be present also, along with the ammonium nitrate.
Since the dissolved ammonium nitrate is a very considerable part of the combustion'mixture and since other dissolved solids may be present also, it will be apparent that the most suitable type of internal combustion engine for use will be one in which the solution is injected in finely divided form. It will be applicable, for example, in the Diesel engine type, whether of the simple compression type or the semi-Diesel type where spark ignition is employed.
While ammonium nitrate is the principal oxidizing agent present, and is particularly desirable because no solid residue remains after combustion, additional oxidants may be used also, such as soluble chromates or dichromates, permanganates, alkali nitrates or nitrites, and the like. Such materials as nitrous oxide may be present also, either in liquid or in vaporous form.
Likewise, the combustible material may vary widely, either as solvent for the amonium nitrate or as additional dissolved material. One of my preferred materials is anhydrous liquid ammonia which is a solvent for ammonium nitrate, forming the so-called Diver's solution. Methyl and ethyl alcohols may likewise be employed as a portion of the solution, mixed with liquid ammonia, if desired. Additional solvents capable of application, as the entire solvent or portion thereof, are pyridine, acetone, formamide, dimethylformamide, and the like, The combustible may also be a dissolved material, especially when aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate are used. The dissolved material may consist of such substances as sugar, urea, diphenylamine, and many others. I
It will be understood that various additional materials, which esentially are neither oxidants nor combustible materials, may be desirable additions under certain conditions, as combustion accelerants or retardants. knock suppressants, ignition point depressants, and the like.
Various blends of combustible and oxidizing agent were applied successfully in a 4-cycle vertical type Diesel engine. These included a 91-19 solution, by weight, of ammonium nitrate in liquid ammonia, an -20 ammonium nitrateammonia mixture blended with methyl alcohol in various proportions, a 50-50 blend of dimethylformamide and the vforegoing Diver's solution.
together with a small amount or ethyl nitrate, ammonium nitrate dissolved in dimethyltormamide in a 30-70 ratio, and others.
The present invention is applicable to internal combustion engines generally. It will be understood that this includes not only those engines which employ the reciprocating motion of pis tons, as in the Diesel engine, but also the gas tun-bine type of engine, in which rotary motion and -impel1er vanes are used. I intend the invention to cover the process described when applied to any motor in which the fuel is burnt in the combustion chamber thereof with utilization of the combustion gases.
The invention has been described in its essentials in the foregoing. It will be understood, however, that various departures may be made from the details of compositions and operation without going outside the scope of the invention. I intend to be limited therefore only by the following patent claims.
I claim:
1. The method of producing and utilizing energy, which comprises introducing into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine a solution of ammonium nitrate in liquid ammonia and effecting therein the explosive combustion of said ammonia. v
2. A fuel for internal combustion engines comprising ammonium nitrate dissolved in liquid ammonia.
CLYDE 0. DAVIS.
US401547A 1941-07-08 1941-07-08 Operation of internal-combustion engines Expired - Lifetime US2393594A (en)

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Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2559605A (en) * 1941-01-23 1951-07-10 Drouilly Eugene Justin Fuel mixture for internal-combustion engines
US2583533A (en) * 1945-04-17 1952-01-29 Hiensch Johannes Nathanael Method of destroying patterns
US2636342A (en) * 1949-01-04 1953-04-28 Phillips Petroleum Co Method for increasing the thrust of jet engines by the use of rapidly decomposable nitrogen compounds
US2943450A (en) * 1959-07-20 1960-07-05 Corwin D Willson Chemo-kinetic engines
US2944385A (en) * 1958-05-19 1960-07-12 Commercial Solvents Corp Stable monopropellants
US2958182A (en) * 1958-05-19 1960-11-01 Commercial Solvents Corp Stable propellants
US2978864A (en) * 1958-05-19 1961-04-11 Commercial Solvents Corp Ammonium nitrate explosives
US2992912A (en) * 1961-07-18 Ammonium nitrate explosive composition
US3024594A (en) * 1949-03-03 1962-03-13 Kellogg M W Co Propellants for rocket motors
US3024595A (en) * 1959-01-07 1962-03-13 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Method of rocket propulsion using liquid ammonia and ammonium perchlorate
US3091559A (en) * 1963-05-28 Ammonium nitrate explosive
US3093522A (en) * 1959-01-14 1963-06-11 Commercial Solvents Corp Liquid fuels for reaction motors
US3094443A (en) * 1963-06-18 Table iv
US3113518A (en) * 1960-08-11 1963-12-10 Dow Chemical Co Container for explosive materials
US3124495A (en) * 1964-03-10 Explosive compositions
US3139029A (en) * 1960-08-11 1964-06-30 Dow Chemical Co Explosives and method of blasting
US4631096A (en) * 1984-10-01 1986-12-23 Deutsche Forschungs-Und Versuchsanstalt Fur Luft-Und Raumfahrt E.V. High energy materials containing metastable helium, a process for producing same and applications thereof
EP0420581A1 (en) * 1989-09-27 1991-04-03 KIRSTEN Inc. Additive for hydrocarbon fuels
WO2011091335A2 (en) * 2010-01-22 2011-07-28 Nhthree Llc Ammonia salt fuel system
US20130312315A1 (en) * 2012-05-24 2013-11-28 Yuri Alexandrovich Ivanov Alternative universal fuel and production method thereof
US20150361926A1 (en) * 2013-01-23 2015-12-17 Richard Eckhardt Increased diesel engine efficiency by using nitrous oxide as a fuel additive
EP4017947A4 (en) * 2019-08-21 2023-07-26 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation An improved ammonia based fuel for engines
WO2023247902A1 (en) * 2022-06-23 2023-12-28 Veryone Ammonia-based fuel for a compression engine, containing a combustion-enhancing additive
FR3140091A1 (en) * 2022-09-27 2024-03-29 Totalenergies Onetech Ammonia-based fuel or fuel composition comprising a nitrate additive

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3124495A (en) * 1964-03-10 Explosive compositions
US3094443A (en) * 1963-06-18 Table iv
US2992912A (en) * 1961-07-18 Ammonium nitrate explosive composition
US3091559A (en) * 1963-05-28 Ammonium nitrate explosive
US2559605A (en) * 1941-01-23 1951-07-10 Drouilly Eugene Justin Fuel mixture for internal-combustion engines
US2583533A (en) * 1945-04-17 1952-01-29 Hiensch Johannes Nathanael Method of destroying patterns
US2636342A (en) * 1949-01-04 1953-04-28 Phillips Petroleum Co Method for increasing the thrust of jet engines by the use of rapidly decomposable nitrogen compounds
US3024594A (en) * 1949-03-03 1962-03-13 Kellogg M W Co Propellants for rocket motors
US2944385A (en) * 1958-05-19 1960-07-12 Commercial Solvents Corp Stable monopropellants
US2958182A (en) * 1958-05-19 1960-11-01 Commercial Solvents Corp Stable propellants
US2978864A (en) * 1958-05-19 1961-04-11 Commercial Solvents Corp Ammonium nitrate explosives
US3024595A (en) * 1959-01-07 1962-03-13 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Method of rocket propulsion using liquid ammonia and ammonium perchlorate
US3093522A (en) * 1959-01-14 1963-06-11 Commercial Solvents Corp Liquid fuels for reaction motors
US2943450A (en) * 1959-07-20 1960-07-05 Corwin D Willson Chemo-kinetic engines
US3113518A (en) * 1960-08-11 1963-12-10 Dow Chemical Co Container for explosive materials
US3139029A (en) * 1960-08-11 1964-06-30 Dow Chemical Co Explosives and method of blasting
US4631096A (en) * 1984-10-01 1986-12-23 Deutsche Forschungs-Und Versuchsanstalt Fur Luft-Und Raumfahrt E.V. High energy materials containing metastable helium, a process for producing same and applications thereof
EP0420581A1 (en) * 1989-09-27 1991-04-03 KIRSTEN Inc. Additive for hydrocarbon fuels
US20110197500A1 (en) * 2010-01-22 2011-08-18 Ganley Jason C Ammonia salt fuel system
WO2011091335A2 (en) * 2010-01-22 2011-07-28 Nhthree Llc Ammonia salt fuel system
WO2011091335A3 (en) * 2010-01-22 2011-12-29 Nhthree Llc Ammonia salt fuel system
US20130312315A1 (en) * 2012-05-24 2013-11-28 Yuri Alexandrovich Ivanov Alternative universal fuel and production method thereof
US20150361926A1 (en) * 2013-01-23 2015-12-17 Richard Eckhardt Increased diesel engine efficiency by using nitrous oxide as a fuel additive
EP4017947A4 (en) * 2019-08-21 2023-07-26 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation An improved ammonia based fuel for engines
WO2023247902A1 (en) * 2022-06-23 2023-12-28 Veryone Ammonia-based fuel for a compression engine, containing a combustion-enhancing additive
FR3137105A1 (en) * 2022-06-23 2023-12-29 Veryone Ammonia-based compression engine fuel containing a combustion improvement additive.
US11859146B1 (en) 2022-06-23 2024-01-02 Veryone Ammonia-based fuel for compression engines containing a combustion enhancement additive
FR3140091A1 (en) * 2022-09-27 2024-03-29 Totalenergies Onetech Ammonia-based fuel or fuel composition comprising a nitrate additive

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