US2384576A - Apparatus for forming corrosion resisting films - Google Patents
Apparatus for forming corrosion resisting films Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2384576A US2384576A US489223A US48922343A US2384576A US 2384576 A US2384576 A US 2384576A US 489223 A US489223 A US 489223A US 48922343 A US48922343 A US 48922343A US 2384576 A US2384576 A US 2384576A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- nickel
- filament
- alloys
- metal
- evaporated
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 48
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 23
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 14
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001997 corrosion-resisting alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000897 Babbitt (metal) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001374 Invar Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000556 Monel K-500 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000828 alnico Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001179 chromel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- SRYYCRXKYKWXDQ-PTGKCMAJSA-N success Chemical compound O([C@H]1CCC[C@@H](OC(=O)C[C@H]2[C@@H]3C=C[C@@H]4C[C@H](C[C@H]4[C@@H]3C=C2C(=O)[C@@H]1C)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](C)C1)OC)CC)[C@H]1CC[C@H](N(C)C)[C@@H](C)O1 SRYYCRXKYKWXDQ-PTGKCMAJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
- C23C14/26—Vacuum evaporation by resistance or inductive heating of the source
Definitions
- This invention relates to an apparatus for forming evaporated film.
- the filament preferably formed of tungsten
- the filament is coated with a relatively heavy film of rhodium.
- the rhodium may be deposited by any method desired, but in the now preferred method of coacting the filament, the rhodium is deposited on the tungsten wire by means of an electroplating process.
- the alloys to be evaporated may be formed into small strips or ribbons and suspended from the filament and evaporated by carrying to completion the usual evaporation process.
- the resultant film is not only highly resistant to at-'- mospherio corrosion, but to frictional wear as well. Evaporated films of such alloys are substantially neutral when viewed by reflected light,
- Fig. 1 is a sectional view partly in elevation of the apparatus of the present invention.
- Fig. 2 is a section of the filament of the apparatus of the present invention on an enlarged scale.
- Fig. 3 is a sectional view of an article produced by the apparatus and method of the present invention.
- the apparatus of the present invention is supported by-a suitable base plate I0, which carries the evacuable container shown here as a bell jar i I of glass or other material.
- a vacuum tight seal is formed between the lower edg; of the bell Jar II and the base plate ill by any suitable sealing compound l2.
- the bell jar II is connected by any conventional means such as the conduit l3 to a high vacuum pump shown here diagrammatically at
- the body l5 having the surface to be coated is mounted in a suitable support l8 carried by a stanchion i'l secured at the lower end thereof in the supporting base plate Ill.
- the apparatus just described can be used for evaporating a large. number of materials, although very little, if any, success has been had with the evaporation of nickel and many of the nickel containing corrosion resisting alloys with such an apparatus.
- the nickel as well as the alloys thereof apparently react with the metal of the filament to form low-melting point alloys.
- the melting point of the resultant alloy was less than the evaporationtemperature of the nickel or the alloy to be evaporated, the filament melted and broke at the area contacted by the alloy to be evaporated before the same could be heated to the high temperature necessary to evaporate the same.
- filament metals such as tungsten, platinum, molybdenum and tantalum.
- a sheath of metal having, a boiling point in excess of 4000 C. but less than 4500 C., such as rhodium, nickel and the alloys mentioned can be successfully evaporated through the conventional high vacuum thermal evaporation process.
- nickel and its alloys will also react with a pure rhodium filament, and form alloys having melting points lower than the temperature necessary to evaporate the same, the rhodium appears to inhibit the alloying action with the tungsten.
- nickel bearing stainless steels can also be successfully evaporated when the rhodium coated tungsten filament of the present invention is used as the heating element.
- a number of the stainless steels of th group generally designated as 18-8 steels have been successfully evaporated, as well as steels containing as high as 35% nickel.
- the rhodium may be deposited on the tungsten strand by any conventional process, although the preferred method is depositing the rhodium thereon by means of an electroplating process.
- the film of rhodium should be relatively heavy, that is, a mere flash coating is not thick enough to give the protection desired.
- Films of the alloys mentioned are relatively hard and consequently quite durable. They are quite resistant to frictional wear if the surfaces coated are subjected to a clean-up glow discharge prior to the deposition of the films. Films of nickel and its alloys are highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, and are relatively slow to oxidize. Such films are neutral by reflected as well as transmitted light when the film is semitransparent, and can be advantageously used in many applications in the optical industry.
- an evacuable container means for evacuating said container; and a heatin filament for heating a metal to the evaporation temperature thereof while said metal is supported thereby, said filament comprising a strand of tungsten wire coated with a metal having an evaporation temperature higher than the evaporating temperature of said first-named metal for inhibiting the formation of an alloy of said first-named metal and tungsten.
- an evacuable container means for evacuating said container; and a heating filament for heating a nickel bearing metal to the evaporation temperature thereof while said metal is supported thereby, said filament comprising a strand of tungsten wire coated with a metal having a boiling point in excess of 4000" C. but less than 4500 C.
- an evacuable container means for evacuating said container; and a heating filament for heating a metal to the evaporation temperature thereof while said metal is supported thereby, said filament comprising a strand of tungsten wire having an outer surface of rhodium.
- an evacuable container comprising a heating element of a metal having a relatively high melting temperature coated with a relatively thick film of rhodium.
Description
Sept. 11, 1945. J. E. swoPE, JR 2,384,576
APPARATUS FOR FORMING CORROSION RESISTING FILMS Filed May 31, 1943 I I I, I, I
z I I JOE E. SWOPE JR. INVENTOR.
BY AJM ATTORNEYS Patented Sept. 11, 1945 APPARATUS FOR FORIVIING CORROSIO RESISTING FILMS Joe E. Swope, Jr., Rochester, N. Y., assignor to Bausch & Lomb Optical Company, Rochester, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application May 31, 1943, Serial No. 489,223 4 Claims. (oral-12.2)
This invention relates to an apparatus for forming evaporated film.
It has long been desired to form evaporated films of nickel and certain nickel containing corrosion resisting alloys, as the films of nickel and alloys containing the same are very durable and highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion. This metal and alloys of the same have been difllcult to evaporate, for if suspended over a conventional heating filament, generally formed of tungsten, they apparently alloyed with the tungsten and formed low melting point alloys. This caused the portion of the filament contacted by the alloy being evaporated to melt at a temperature below the evaporating temperature of the same, and the filament would break before the alloy could be completely evaporated.
Filaments of high melting point metals other than tungsten have also been tried without suc-- cess. It has been found that the alloys mentioned seemingly react with filaments of molybdenum, tantalum, platinum and rhodium in a manner similar to their reaction with tungsten.
Attempts have also been made to evaporate such alloys from various containers, such as carbon crucibles or the like, but it was found that it was difilcult to heat the nickel andthe alloys to the necessary high temperature and furthermore, the materials of the crucibles apparently contaminated the alloys to be evaporated and anonhomogeneous film resulted.
I have found that if .the filament is protected by a sheath of metal having an evaporation temperature higher than the alloy to be evaporated, such as rhodium, many nickel containing corrosion resisting alloys can be successfully evaporated.
In the preferred manner of carrying out the present invention, the filament, preferably formed of tungsten, is coated with a relatively heavy film of rhodium. The rhodium may be deposited by any method desired, but in the now preferred method of coacting the filament, the rhodium is deposited on the tungsten wire by means of an electroplating process.
The alloys to be evaporated may be formed into small strips or ribbons and suspended from the filament and evaporated by carrying to completion the usual evaporation process. The resultant film is not only highly resistant to at-'- mospherio corrosion, but to frictional wear as well. Evaporated films of such alloys are substantially neutral when viewed by reflected light,
as well as transmitted light when the film is semitransparent, and for that reason they can be used in many applications in the optical art.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will appear from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawin; in which:
Fig. 1 is a sectional view partly in elevation of the apparatus of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a section of the filament of the apparatus of the present invention on an enlarged scale.
Fig. 3 is a sectional view of an article produced by the apparatus and method of the present invention. i
The apparatus of the present invention, referring now to the drawings, is supported by-a suitable base plate I0, which carries the evacuable container shown here as a bell jar i I of glass or other material. A vacuum tight seal is formed between the lower edg; of the bell Jar II and the base plate ill by any suitable sealing compound l2. The bell jar II is connected by any conventional means such as the conduit l3 to a high vacuum pump shown here diagrammatically at The body l5 having the surface to be coated is mounted in a suitable support l8 carried by a stanchion i'l secured at the lower end thereof in the supporting base plate Ill. The body l5, when mounted in the support I6, is superimposed over a filament 18, although the body to be coated may be placed at one side of or even underneath the filament if desired, as the position of the body'is determined by convenience. Lead wires I9 and 20, passed through insulated vacuum tight seals 2| and 22, fixed in the base plate it, connect the heating filament [8 to a surface current which has not been shown in the drawing.
The apparatus just described can be used for evaporating a large. number of materials, although very little, if any, success has been had with the evaporation of nickel and many of the nickel containing corrosion resisting alloys with such an apparatus. The nickel as well as the alloys thereof apparently react with the metal of the filament to form low-melting point alloys. As
the melting point of the resultant alloy was less than the evaporationtemperature of the nickel or the alloy to be evaporated, the filament melted and broke at the area contacted by the alloy to be evaporated before the same could be heated to the high temperature necessary to evaporate the same. This has been true of filament metals such as tungsten, platinum, molybdenum and tantalum.
-with a sheath of metal having, a boiling point in excess of 4000 C. but less than 4500 C., such as rhodium, nickel and the alloys mentioned can be successfully evaporated through the conventional high vacuum thermal evaporation process. Although nickel and its alloys will also react with a pure rhodium filament, and form alloys having melting points lower than the temperature necessary to evaporate the same, the rhodium appears to inhibit the alloying action with the tungsten.
Excellent results have been obtained with substantially pure nickel as well as the nickel containing corrosion resisting alloys such as are sold under the following trade-names: Inconel, containing approximately 79.5% nickel, 13% chromium, and 6.5% iron; Nichrome V, comprising substantially 80% nickel and 20% chromium; Chromel, comprising 60-70% nickel, and 15-19% chromium; K-Monel of approximately 66% nickel, 29% copper, and 2.75% aluminum; Invar, containing 36% nickel and 64% iron; Alnico, containing 20% nickel, 63% iron, 12% aluminum, and cobalt; Nichrome, containing 60% nickel, chromium, and approximately 25% iron. It has also been found that certain of the so-called nickel bearing stainless steels can also be successfully evaporated when the rhodium coated tungsten filament of the present invention is used as the heating element. A number of the stainless steels of th group generally designated as 18-8 steels have been successfully evaporated, as well as steels containing as high as 35% nickel.
The rhodium may be deposited on the tungsten strand by any conventional process, although the preferred method is depositing the rhodium thereon by means of an electroplating process. The film of rhodium should be relatively heavy, that is, a mere flash coating is not thick enough to give the protection desired.
Films of the alloys mentioned are relatively hard and consequently quite durable. They are quite resistant to frictional wear if the surfaces coated are subjected to a clean-up glow discharge prior to the deposition of the films. Films of nickel and its alloys are highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, and are relatively slow to oxidize. Such films are neutral by reflected as well as transmitted light when the film is semitransparent, and can be advantageously used in many applications in the optical industry.
,While certain preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereby but is susceptible of changes in form and detail within the scope of the appended claims.
I claim:
1. In an apparatus of the type described, an evacuable container; means for evacuating said container; and a heatin filament for heating a metal to the evaporation temperature thereof while said metal is supported thereby, said filament comprising a strand of tungsten wire coated with a metal having an evaporation temperature higher than the evaporating temperature of said first-named metal for inhibiting the formation of an alloy of said first-named metal and tungsten.
2. In an apparatus of the type described, an evacuable container; means for evacuating said container; and a heating filament for heating a nickel bearing metal to the evaporation temperature thereof while said metal is supported thereby, said filament comprising a strand of tungsten wire coated with a metal having a boiling point in excess of 4000" C. but less than 4500 C.
3. In an apparatus of the type described, an evacuable container; means for evacuating said container; and a heating filament for heating a metal to the evaporation temperature thereof while said metal is supported thereby, said filament comprising a strand of tungsten wire having an outer surface of rhodium.
4. In an apparatus of the type described, an evacuable container; means for evacuating said container; and means for evaporating a metal to cause the same to distill within said evacuated container, said means comprising a heating element of a metal having a relatively high melting temperature coated with a relatively thick film of rhodium.
JOE E. SWOPE, Ja.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US489223A US2384576A (en) | 1943-05-31 | 1943-05-31 | Apparatus for forming corrosion resisting films |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US489223A US2384576A (en) | 1943-05-31 | 1943-05-31 | Apparatus for forming corrosion resisting films |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2384576A true US2384576A (en) | 1945-09-11 |
Family
ID=23942925
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US489223A Expired - Lifetime US2384576A (en) | 1943-05-31 | 1943-05-31 | Apparatus for forming corrosion resisting films |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2384576A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2724663A (en) * | 1952-10-23 | 1955-11-22 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Plural metal vapor coating |
| US2866065A (en) * | 1957-02-26 | 1958-12-23 | Bulova Res And Dev Lab Inc | Signalling device for vacuum evaporation system |
| US2975075A (en) * | 1956-02-17 | 1961-03-14 | Norman C Beese | Method of evaporating metals |
-
1943
- 1943-05-31 US US489223A patent/US2384576A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2724663A (en) * | 1952-10-23 | 1955-11-22 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Plural metal vapor coating |
| US2975075A (en) * | 1956-02-17 | 1961-03-14 | Norman C Beese | Method of evaporating metals |
| US2866065A (en) * | 1957-02-26 | 1958-12-23 | Bulova Res And Dev Lab Inc | Signalling device for vacuum evaporation system |
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