US2362544A - Method of making vessels - Google Patents

Method of making vessels Download PDF

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Publication number
US2362544A
US2362544A US422689A US42268941A US2362544A US 2362544 A US2362544 A US 2362544A US 422689 A US422689 A US 422689A US 42268941 A US42268941 A US 42268941A US 2362544 A US2362544 A US 2362544A
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United States
Prior art keywords
silver
nickel
sheet
sheets
vessels
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US422689A
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Eckberg Arvid Ralph
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Eastman Kodak Co
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21DWORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D51/00Making hollow objects
    • B21D51/16Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
    • B21D51/18Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects vessels, e.g. tubs, vats, tanks, sinks, or the like
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/9335Product by special process
    • Y10S428/939Molten or fused coating
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12465All metal or with adjacent metals having magnetic properties, or preformed fiber orientation coordinate with shape

Definitions

  • This invention relates to material for vessels, and particularly kettles and like apparatus employed in the mixing and heating of gelatin-base emulsions used as light-sensitive coatings on photographic goods such as film, plates and paper, and to the methods of fabricating such vessels in order to obtain the desired results from the special materials which have been found most suitable for such service.
  • the silver is plated on in a plurality of deposits which are entirely flocculent in structure, and having in no way any parallel grain or fiber-like form that would tend to give the silver inherent strength and density. Consequently, minute particles of the silver plating occasionally flake off when the kettle is used or is being cleaned. These particles may become mixed-with the emulsion, and although the latter contains salts of silver in quantity, nevertheless even microscopic specks of pure metallic silver from the plating on the kettle or other parts constitute an impurity and an imperfection that is fully as objectionable as dirt or other foreign matter in the finished sensitized products, especially in motion-picture film.
  • the present invention contemplates a construe.
  • Fig. 1 is a top plan of a jacketed vessel constructed in accordance with this invention
  • Fig. 2 is a vertical section on line 2-2 of Fig. 1;
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 are enlarged sections of details
  • Fig. 5 is a cross section of a bi-metallic billet before rolling
  • Fig. 6 is the same after rolling to the required thickness
  • Figs. '7, 8 and 9 are fragmentary sections of the bimetallic sheets during various stages in the welding operation
  • Fig. 10 is a vertical section, diagrammatic, of a forming operation
  • Fig. 11 is a perspective view of a formed detail.
  • the prime factor in the successful fabrication of vessels which will be satisfactory for the mixing and storage of photographic emulsions is a bimetallic sheet, consisting of a roiled sheet of pure silver suitably attached to a similar sheet of an-' other and preferably tougher metal; so that the two will be inseparable while undergoing any reasonable forming and bending operations, and which may be welded by suitable methods into a lasting and smooth surfaced structure of the requisite strength.
  • silver alon is of low tensile strength and easily bent, although of high duetility, it must be associated with a stronger mate,- rial for the purposes above mentioned.
  • a suitable metal is pure nickel, as it has the required tensile strength, is fairly ductile, is noncorrosive and not easily oxidized, and when properly annealed will stand great deformation without fracture.
  • Material for use as above set forth is preferably mad up in the form of thin billets as indicated in Fig. 5. It has been found that sheets in which the silver Ill and the nickel II are each approximately /2 inch thick may be obtained, up to an area of about 5 square feet. These are heated and hydraulically pressed together with a suitable flux l2 between, and the edges are soldered with a special solder, as indicated at l3. This composite billet is again heated to 1100-1200 F. and passed through suitable rolling apparatus until it has been reduced to a total thickness of M; inch, that is, the silver and the nickel are then each approximately 1*; inch thick.
  • the silver As the last part of the rolling is done with the metals practically cold, the silver is very much compressed and densifled so that it will not be inclined to flake.
  • the resulting sheet may be slightly wavy, and if so may be again heated and flattened in suitable rolls. There appears to be no tendency for the two sheets to separate during the rolling and pressing; in fact, this working serves to cause them to adhere more completely, so that the whole becomes, in eflect, a sheet of silver-clad nickel.
  • the rolling has a tendency to homogenize and work harden the silver, leaving it with a tougher and more fibrous structure than it had in the bill't.
  • the sheet (Fig. 6) is then ready for fabricating.
  • Figs. 1 to 4 To construct the vessel shown in Figs. 1 to 4, several sheets may be required, and this involves a welding technique which will be presently described. As nickel and silver have widely dif-' ferent melting points, (approximately 2640 and 1760 F. respectively), it will be apparent that welding presents a number of difliculties. Furthermore, nickel being comparatively hard, the sheets must be annealed at intervals when being bent or formed. The annealing temperature should not exceed 1300 F.
  • heavy metal block B is held in contact with the nickel side of the sheet to carry off excess heat so that it will not accumulate in the nickel and melt too much of the'silver because of the lower melting point of the latter. erator to avoid undue heating of the nickel, so that no nickel will bubble up through the silver and be present as an exposed inclusion in the finished silver surface.
  • This precaution is very important as nickel also may be harmful in contact with emulsion.
  • the resulting fill indicated at It in Fig. 9, may be ground smooth and polished. It is not absolutely necessary to have a metal block in contact with the silver side of the sheet when welding the nickel because of the greater heat conductivity of the silver, although in some cases this may be done as an added precaution.
  • a vessel is illustrated which is of "bath-tub form or non-circular, and therefore presents rather awkward difliculties in fabri-' cation from the composite, silver-nickel sheets.
  • the top flange is simple'to form, as it may be This helps the op- 'weldsat 3i! and 31.
  • the inner vessel 25 is indicated as composed of a main side-and-bottom sheet 26, end sheets 21, all of which have an outstanding flange 28, and the above-described bottom corner pieces 22, with A thick flange reinforcement 32 (Fig. 3) is welded to the nickel sheet at 33, while a similar part 84 is welded at 35 to the upper rim of the jacket 28.
  • the jacket is preferably of non-corrosive material, such as stainless steel or Monel metal.
  • FIG. 4 A typical form of outlet, such as may be provided for a thermometer, is shown in Fig. 4.
  • a ferrule 40 welded to the nickel sheet at 4!, is internally threaded to receive a hollow silver plug 42, the composite sheet being swaged out and belied at 43, so that it may be drawn liquid-tight.
  • a silver pipe 44 may be passed through the jacket 36 and packed between clamp nuts 45.
  • Emulsion vesels are frequently of circular form, with a dished bottom head. These are not illustrated herewith, as they present no unusual difflculties in fabrication, the shell being rolled in the usual manner and the head being heated and formed in a press. The head may be dished by spinning, if properly annealed.
  • the drawings also do not indicate any mixing devices, as either built-in or detachable mixers may be used, and these form no part of this invention.
  • the invention in its broadest aspects is not limited to the construction of kettles or vessels as above described, but may be applied in connection with other apparatus used in the photo-ma terials or chemical industries, such as evaporating trays, stirring paddles, driers, etc.
  • a method of fabricating a vessel in which photographic emulsions are heated and agitated which comprises bonding-sheets of rolled nickel and silver by hot working to produce a bi-metallic sheet of non-granular structure, forming the sheets to required shapes mechanically including suitable anneals, assembling the formed sheets in position, the silver sides being innermost, arcwelding with nickel the edges of the nickel portions, and gas welding with silver the edges of the silver portions.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)

Description

Nov. 14, 1944. v K G I Q -Z,362,544
METHOD OF MAKING VESSELS Filed Dec. 12, 1941 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Arvi d RalphEckberg INVENT OR BY mafia/W ATTORNEY Nov. 14, 1944. A. R. ECKBERG' I METHOD OF MAKING VESSELS Filed Dec. 12, 1941 2 Sheets-Sheet Flux Fig. 5.
- Nickel 13 Fl' .6. Silver g Fig. 10.
Arvid Ral h Eckberg INVENTOR ATTORNEY Patented Nov. 14, 1944 mz'rnon or m ne. vEssaLs Arvid Ralph Eckberg, Rochester, N. Y., assignor to Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y., a corporation of New Jersey Application December 12, 1941, Serial No. 422,689
1 Claim. (6129-1483) This invention relates to material for vessels, and particularly kettles and like apparatus employed in the mixing and heating of gelatin-base emulsions used as light-sensitive coatings on photographic goods such as film, plates and paper, and to the methods of fabricating such vessels in order to obtain the desired results from the special materials which have been found most suitable for such service.
In the manufacture of photographic emulsions it is vitally necessary that all vessels, piping, mixing equipment and any other articles with which the emulsions may come in contact be absolutely free from any metallic compounds or foreign particles that might contaminate the sensitive materials in the mixture, and cleaning of such apparatus is highly specialized work of a painstaking nature.
It has been common practice heretofore to fabricate the cooking kettles, mixer blades, etc. of copper and then to electroplate with pure silver all surfaces that will be touched by the emulsion. Piping and fittings are usually made of pure cast or drawn silver, as this has been found to be the only metal suitable for the purpose.
In any plating operation, for instance on the inner surfaces of a vessel, the silver is plated on in a plurality of deposits which are entirely flocculent in structure, and having in no way any parallel grain or fiber-like form that would tend to give the silver inherent strength and density. Consequently, minute particles of the silver plating occasionally flake off when the kettle is used or is being cleaned. These particles may become mixed-with the emulsion, and although the latter contains salts of silver in quantity, nevertheless even microscopic specks of pure metallic silver from the plating on the kettle or other parts constitute an impurity and an imperfection that is fully as objectionable as dirt or other foreign matter in the finished sensitized products, especially in motion-picture film.
It has long been the practice of builders of silv r-lined vessels to attempt a more-or-less makeshift rolling of the plated-on lining, whereby with the use of wood or composition rollers, the silver is to some extent compressed or "ironed down" between successive platings. This does serve to density the plated deposits, but because of the granular structure thereof has a tendency to make the silver very brittle, and it may shed rather large flakes or even break away entirely, leaving the base metal exposed to contact with the emulsion.
The present invention contemplates a construe.
tion wherein electrodeposition of silver is entirely abandoned, and a bimetallic rolled plate is formed to the required shape and then finished by a suitable welding technique that has been developed for this specific purpose. By this method the inherent strength and homogeneity of a rolled sheet is fully preserved, and any flaking off is practically eliminated. The drawings herewith illustrate a specific example of one type of emulsion vessel that may be constructed advantageously from the materials and by the fabricating methods constituting this invention, and also details thereof at different stages. In these drawings:
Fig. 1 is a top plan of a jacketed vessel constructed in accordance with this invention;
Fig. 2 is a vertical section on line 2-2 of Fig. 1;
Figs. 3 and 4 are enlarged sections of details;
Fig. 5 is a cross section of a bi-metallic billet before rolling;
Fig. 6 is the same after rolling to the required thickness;
Figs. '7, 8 and 9 are fragmentary sections of the bimetallic sheets during various stages in the welding operation;
Fig. 10 is a vertical section, diagrammatic, of a forming operation; and
Fig. 11 is a perspective view of a formed detail.
- The basic feature of the present invention, and
the prime factor in the successful fabrication of vessels which will be satisfactory for the mixing and storage of photographic emulsions, is a bimetallic sheet, consisting of a roiled sheet of pure silver suitably attached to a similar sheet of an-' other and preferably tougher metal; so that the two will be inseparable while undergoing any reasonable forming and bending operations, and which may be welded by suitable methods into a lasting and smooth surfaced structure of the requisite strength.
Inasmuch as silver alon is of low tensile strength and easily bent, although of high duetility, it must be associated with a stronger mate,- rial for the purposes above mentioned. Such a suitable metal is pure nickel, as it has the required tensile strength, is fairly ductile, is noncorrosive and not easily oxidized, and when properly annealed will stand great deformation without fracture.
Material for use as above set forth is preferably mad up in the form of thin billets as indicated in Fig. 5. It has been found that sheets in which the silver Ill and the nickel II are each approximately /2 inch thick may be obtained, up to an area of about 5 square feet. These are heated and hydraulically pressed together with a suitable flux l2 between, and the edges are soldered with a special solder, as indicated at l3. This composite billet is again heated to 1100-1200 F. and passed through suitable rolling apparatus until it has been reduced to a total thickness of M; inch, that is, the silver and the nickel are then each approximately 1*; inch thick.
As the last part of the rolling is done with the metals practically cold, the silver is very much compressed and densifled so that it will not be inclined to flake. The resulting sheet may be slightly wavy, and if so may be again heated and flattened in suitable rolls. There appears to be no tendency for the two sheets to separate during the rolling and pressing; in fact, this working serves to cause them to adhere more completely, so that the whole becomes, in eflect, a sheet of silver-clad nickel. The rolling has a tendency to homogenize and work harden the silver, leaving it with a tougher and more fibrous structure than it had in the bill't. The sheet (Fig. 6) is then ready for fabricating.
To construct the vessel shown in Figs. 1 to 4, several sheets may be required, and this involves a welding technique which will be presently described. As nickel and silver have widely dif-' ferent melting points, (approximately 2640 and 1760 F. respectively), it will be apparent that welding presents a number of difliculties. Furthermore, nickel being comparatively hard, the sheets must be annealed at intervals when being bent or formed. The annealing temperature should not exceed 1300 F.
Tomake a weld, two of the composite sheets are laid with their edges close together, nickel side uppermost, and the nickel is tack-welded. These welds are then ground smooth, and the remainder of the nickel weld is completed as at I4, Fig. 7, using an electric arc and a nickel electrode with suitable protection against oxidation. After grinding the entire nickel weld smooth, the operator works on the silver side of the sheet, first using a narrow chisel with 9. diamond point and cleans out the silver along the joint, forming a channel as at !5, Fig. 8. Then this channel is filled in with pure silver, using the atomic hydrogen welding process for accurate control. During this welding of the silver, 9. heavy metal block B is held in contact with the nickel side of the sheet to carry off excess heat so that it will not accumulate in the nickel and melt too much of the'silver because of the lower melting point of the latter. erator to avoid undue heating of the nickel, so that no nickel will bubble up through the silver and be present as an exposed inclusion in the finished silver surface. This precaution is very important as nickel also may be harmful in contact with emulsion. The resulting fill, indicated at It in Fig. 9, may be ground smooth and polished. It is not absolutely necessary to have a metal block in contact with the silver side of the sheet when welding the nickel because of the greater heat conductivity of the silver, although in some cases this may be done as an added precaution.
In Figs. 1 and 2 a vessel is illustrated which is of "bath-tub form or non-circular, and therefore presents rather awkward difliculties in fabri-' cation from the composite, silver-nickel sheets. The top flange is simple'to form, as it may be This helps the op- 'weldsat 3i! and 31.
hand-hammered or bent on a bending brake." The bottom corners have been found to be most readily made as follows: A sheet is of suitable size is cut with rounded corners and is laid on a form 20, projecting beyond the sides of the form all around. A rectangular frame member 2| carried by a hydraulic press is then brought down and draws sheet l8 to the contour of the form 2@ as indicated in broken lines Fig. 10. It has been found that two to three anneals are required between partial draws and when com-- pletely drawn the part resembles a dish, see Fig. 11. This piece is then sawed or torch out into quarters 22, as indicated, and each quarter is then used as a bottom corner of the vessel, and is welded to the sides and ends as indicated in Fig. 2.
as emulsion -mixing vessels are usually jacketed, the presentembodiment is thus shown, the inner vessel 25 is indicated as composed of a main side-and-bottom sheet 26, end sheets 21, all of which have an outstanding flange 28, and the above-described bottom corner pieces 22, with A thick flange reinforcement 32 (Fig. 3) is welded to the nickel sheet at 33, while a similar part 84 is welded at 35 to the upper rim of the jacket 28. The jacket is preferably of non-corrosive material, such as stainless steel or Monel metal.
A typical form of outlet, such as may be provided for a thermometer, is shown in Fig. 4. A ferrule 40, welded to the nickel sheet at 4!, is internally threaded to receive a hollow silver plug 42, the composite sheet being swaged out and belied at 43, so that it may be drawn liquid-tight. A silver pipe 44 may be passed through the jacket 36 and packed between clamp nuts 45. These examples of inlets and jacket connections are presented as merely typical, and it is to be understood that many variations are posible in accordance with specific requirements in service.
Emulsion vesels are frequently of circular form, with a dished bottom head. These are not illustrated herewith, as they present no unusual difflculties in fabrication, the shell being rolled in the usual manner and the head being heated and formed in a press. The head may be dished by spinning, if properly annealed. The drawings also do not indicate any mixing devices, as either built-in or detachable mixers may be used, and these form no part of this invention.
The invention in its broadest aspects is not limited to the construction of kettles or vessels as above described, but may be applied in connection with other apparatus used in the photo-ma terials or chemical industries, such as evaporating trays, stirring paddles, driers, etc.
Having now particularly described my invention. what I desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States and what I claim is:
A method of fabricating a vessel in which photographic emulsions are heated and agitated which comprises bonding-sheets of rolled nickel and silver by hot working to produce a bi-metallic sheet of non-granular structure, forming the sheets to required shapes mechanically including suitable anneals, assembling the formed sheets in position, the silver sides being innermost, arcwelding with nickel the edges of the nickel portions, and gas welding with silver the edges of the silver portions.
ARVID RALPH ECKBERG.
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3679086A (en) * 1970-06-03 1972-07-25 Shell Oil Co Liquid storage tank
US4431029A (en) * 1982-01-04 1984-02-14 Satco Div. Of Beco Enterprises, Inc. Method of making shells for swing plate valves

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3679086A (en) * 1970-06-03 1972-07-25 Shell Oil Co Liquid storage tank
US4431029A (en) * 1982-01-04 1984-02-14 Satco Div. Of Beco Enterprises, Inc. Method of making shells for swing plate valves

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