US2359587A - Alkaline detergents - Google Patents
Alkaline detergents Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2359587A US2359587A US467792A US46779242A US2359587A US 2359587 A US2359587 A US 2359587A US 467792 A US467792 A US 467792A US 46779242 A US46779242 A US 46779242A US 2359587 A US2359587 A US 2359587A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tin
- sodium
- alkali
- metal
- zinc
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 title description 25
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 35
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 20
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 235000019795 sodium metasilicate Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- 239000011686 zinc sulphate Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000009529 zinc sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 229960001922 sodium perborate Drugs 0.000 description 8
- YKLJGMBLPUQQOI-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;oxidooxy(oxo)borane Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]OB=O YKLJGMBLPUQQOI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc nitrate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000282979 Alces alces Species 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052910 alkali metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- VSGNNIFQASZAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium acetate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O VSGNNIFQASZAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001639 calcium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005147 calcium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011092 calcium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001622 calcium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 1
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005028 tinplate Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
- C11D3/3942—Inorganic per-compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/14—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions
- C23G1/16—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions using inhibitors
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to alkaline detergents for cleaning tin, the detergent containing a combination of corrosion inhibiting agents.
- My alkaline detergent composition is useful in all cases where a highly alkaline detergent is required. In the fabrication of tin plate or articles made therefrom, it is often necessary to apply grease in th forming operations. This may be removed by the use of a highl alkaline cleaning solution in accordance with the present invention without attacking the tin.
- the detergent composition may be used in the wash ing of dairy equipment, milk cans and bakery pans.
- detergent compositions containing large proportions of alkali-metal metasilicate, for example sodium metasilicate, and also substantial amounts of caustic, for example sodium or potassium hydroxide may be used for cleaning tin while preventing corrosion thereof.
- the composition contains certain combinations of inhibiting agents.
- the addition of the sodium hydroxide or other caustic to the sodium metasilicate increases the alkalinity of the composition, thereb rendering it even more effective in cleaning than a composition containing sodium metasilicate alone.
- the increased alkalinity imparted to the composition by the sodium hydroxide increases the tendency of the tin to corrode.
- my detergent composition contains three corrosion inhibiting agents.
- One of the inhibiting agents is an alkalimetal perborate, for example sodium perborate.
- a second inhibiting agent is a water-soluble salt of zinc, for example zinc sulphate.
- the third inhibiting agent is a water-soluble salt of calcium, for example calcium chloride.
- a specific example of my detergent composition is:
- EXAMPLE Per cent Sodium metasilicate 5 Sodium hydroxide 33 Sodium perborate 1 Zinc sulphate 2 Calcium chloride 2 This composition has been tested to determine its corrosion effect on tin.
- a 1% aqueous solution of the detergent composition was made up and strips of tin were immersed in the solution for one hour, while maintaining the solution at boiling temperature (100 0.). The tin strips were weighed before and after immersion and the loss in weight determined. It was found that the loss in weight using the detergent of the example was 0.1 mg., the orignal tin strip weighing approximately 5 grams. This small loss in weight under the conditions of test shows that the combination of inhibiting agents effective- 1y inhibited the corrosion of the tin.
- the alkali-metal silicate for example sodium metasilicate, may be any organic compound.
- the alkali-metal silicate for example sodium metasilicate.
- the alkali-metal hydroxide for example sodium hydroxide
- the alkali-metal perborate for example sodium perborate, constitutes about 3 to 20%, preferably from about 5 to 15% or more specifically from about 7 to 12% of the composition.
- the water-soluble salts of zinc and calcium are each used in amounts of at least about 1% and may constitute or even higher percentages of the composition. Preferably each is between about 2% and 7%.
- the total of the zinc salt and the calcium salt is from about 2 to 10% or even higher but preferably between about 3% and 7%.
- a detergent composition such as given in the example.
- the detergent composition is dissolved in water to form a solution of a strength between of 1% and 3%, preferably a 1% solution.
- the articles may be boiled in the cleaning solution for an hour, if need be, without corroding the tin.
- the corresponding potassium salts may be used to replace or partially replace the sodium metasilicate, sodium hydroxide or sodium perborate.
- I may use any other water-soluble zinc salt and in place of calcium chloride
- I may use any other water-soluble calcium salt, since the action of inhibiting corrosion depends upon the metal of the inhibiting agent rather than upon any particular salt of the metal.
- I may, for example, use zinc chloride, zinc nitrate or zinc acetate in place of zinc sulphate and I may use calcium nitrate, calcium acetate or calcium bromide in place of calcium chloride.
- agents which aid in the cleaning operation such as soap, casein, defiocculating agents, wetting agents, abrasives and the like, may be added to the detergent composition containing alkali-metal metasilicate, alkali-metal hydroxide, alkali-metal perborate, a water-soluble zinc salt and a water-soluble calcium salt.
- the present invention deals only with alkaline detergents which are to be used in cleaning tin.
- An alkaline detergent for cleaning tin comprising by weight about 30 to 90% alkalimetal metasilicate, about 5 to alkali-metal hydroxide, about 3 to 20% alkali-metal perborate, about 1 to 10% of a water-soluble zinc salt and about 1 to 10% of a water-soluble calcium salt.
- An alkaline detergent for cleaning tin comprising by weight about 40 to alkalimetal metasilicate, about 20 to 40% alkali-metal hydroxide, about 5 to 15% alkali-metal perborate, about 2 to 7% of a water-soluble zinc salt and about 2 to 7% of a water-soluble calcium salt.
- An alkaline detergent for cleaning tin comprising by weight about 30 to alkali-metal metasilicate, about 5 to 55% alkali-metal hydroxide, about 3 to 20% alkali-metal perborate, about 1 to 10% zinc sulphate and about 1 to 10% calcium chloride.
- An alkaline detergent for cleaning tin comprising by weight about 30 to 90% sodium metasilicate, about 5 to 55% sodium hydroxide, about 3 to 20% sodium perborate, about 1 to 10% of a water-soluble zinc salt and about 1 to 10% of a water-soluble calcium salt.
- An alkaline detergent for cleaning tin comprising by weight about 40 to 60% sodium metasilicate, about 20 to 40% sodium hydroxide, about 5 to 15% sodium perborate, about 1 to 10% zinc sulphate and about 1 to 10% calcium chloride.
Description
252. COMPOSITIONS.
Patented Oct. 3, 1944 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE No Drawing. Application December 3, 1942, Serial No. 467,792
5 Claims.
This invention relates generally to alkaline detergents for cleaning tin, the detergent containing a combination of corrosion inhibiting agents.
It is a well known fact that many highly alkaline detergents, while performing excellently as cleaners, can not be used for cleaning tin, since the alkalies corrode and dissolve the tin quite readily.
My alkaline detergent composition is useful in all cases where a highly alkaline detergent is required. In the fabrication of tin plate or articles made therefrom, it is often necessary to apply grease in th forming operations. This may be removed by the use of a highl alkaline cleaning solution in accordance with the present invention without attacking the tin. The detergent composition may be used in the wash ing of dairy equipment, milk cans and bakery pans.
I have found that detergent compositions containing large proportions of alkali-metal metasilicate, for example sodium metasilicate, and also substantial amounts of caustic, for example sodium or potassium hydroxide, may be used for cleaning tin while preventing corrosion thereof. provided that the composition contains certain combinations of inhibiting agents. The addition of the sodium hydroxide or other caustic to the sodium metasilicate increases the alkalinity of the composition, thereb rendering it even more effective in cleaning than a composition containing sodium metasilicate alone. However, the increased alkalinity imparted to the composition by the sodium hydroxide increases the tendency of the tin to corrode. It is essential in order to inhibit the corrosion of tin by this strongly alkaline detergent to use a combination of inhibiting agents, as will be pointed out more particularly hereinafter, because it has been found that neither of the inhibiting agents taken singly will efiectively inhibit the corrosion of tin. In addition to sodium metasilicate and sodium hydroxide or equivalent substances, my detergent composition contains three corrosion inhibiting agents. One of the inhibiting agents is an alkalimetal perborate, for example sodium perborate. A second inhibiting agent is a water-soluble salt of zinc, for example zinc sulphate. The third inhibiting agent is a water-soluble salt of calcium, for example calcium chloride.
A specific example of my detergent composition is:
EXAMPLE Per cent Sodium metasilicate 5 Sodium hydroxide 33 Sodium perborate 1 Zinc sulphate 2 Calcium chloride 2 This composition has been tested to determine its corrosion effect on tin. A 1% aqueous solution of the detergent composition was made up and strips of tin were immersed in the solution for one hour, while maintaining the solution at boiling temperature (100 0.). The tin strips were weighed before and after immersion and the loss in weight determined. It was found that the loss in weight using the detergent of the example was 0.1 mg., the orignal tin strip weighing approximately 5 grams. This small loss in weight under the conditions of test shows that the combination of inhibiting agents effective- 1y inhibited the corrosion of the tin.
While the combination of zinc sulphate and calcium chloride when added to sodium metasilicate, sodium hydroxide and sodium perborate is effective in inhibiting corrosion of tin, I have found that neither zinc sulphate nor calcium chloride when added alone to a detergent containing sodium metasilicate, sodium hydroxide and sodium perborate will effectively inhibit the corrosion of tin. This is shown by the following.
table, giving the results obtained b testing in the same manner as described in connection with the example:
It will be seen from the table that the loss in weight when using zinc sulphate alone was 7.1 mg, whereas the loss in weight when using calcium chloride alone was 11.8 mg. Thi is in contrast to the loss of only 0.1 mg. when using both zinc sulphate and calcium chloride as given in the example.
In my detergent composition, the alkali-metal silicate, for example sodium metasilicate, may
' amount to about 30 to 90% by weight of the entire composition but is preferably from about 40 to 60%. The alkali-metal hydroxide, for example sodium hydroxide, is between about and 55% and preferably between about 20 and 40%. The higher proportions of sodium hydroxide are used where very high alkalinity is desired, in order to more effectively clean the tin. The alkali-metal perborate, for example sodium perborate, constitutes about 3 to 20%, preferably from about 5 to 15% or more specifically from about 7 to 12% of the composition. The water-soluble salts of zinc and calcium are each used in amounts of at least about 1% and may constitute or even higher percentages of the composition. Preferably each is between about 2% and 7%. The total of the zinc salt and the calcium salt is from about 2 to 10% or even higher but preferably between about 3% and 7%.
For washing bakery pans or milk cans, I may use a detergent composition such as given in the example. The detergent composition is dissolved in water to form a solution of a strength between of 1% and 3%, preferably a 1% solution. The articles may be boiled in the cleaning solution for an hour, if need be, without corroding the tin.
The corresponding potassium salts may be used to replace or partially replace the sodium metasilicate, sodium hydroxide or sodium perborate. In place of zinc sulphate, I may use any other water-soluble zinc salt and in place of calcium chloride I may use any other water-soluble calcium salt, since the action of inhibiting corrosion depends upon the metal of the inhibiting agent rather than upon any particular salt of the metal. I may, for example, use zinc chloride, zinc nitrate or zinc acetate in place of zinc sulphate and I may use calcium nitrate, calcium acetate or calcium bromide in place of calcium chloride.
Other agents which aid in the cleaning operation, such as soap, casein, defiocculating agents, wetting agents, abrasives and the like, may be added to the detergent composition containing alkali-metal metasilicate, alkali-metal hydroxide, alkali-metal perborate, a water-soluble zinc salt and a water-soluble calcium salt.
The present invention deals only with alkaline detergents which are to be used in cleaning tin. The combination of inhibiting agents of the example, which have been shown by tests to inhibit the corrosion of tin, have been tested in a similar manner in cleaning aluminum. It has been found that this detergent composition, although effective in inhibiting corrosion of tin, is not effective in inhibiting corrosion of aluminum.
The invention is not liimted to the preferred examples, which have been given merely for illustrative purposes, or to the preferred proportions, but may be otherwise embodied or practiced within the scope of the following claims.
I claim:
1. An alkaline detergent for cleaning tin, comprising by weight about 30 to 90% alkalimetal metasilicate, about 5 to alkali-metal hydroxide, about 3 to 20% alkali-metal perborate, about 1 to 10% of a water-soluble zinc salt and about 1 to 10% of a water-soluble calcium salt.
2. An alkaline detergent for cleaning tin, comprising by weight about 40 to alkalimetal metasilicate, about 20 to 40% alkali-metal hydroxide, about 5 to 15% alkali-metal perborate, about 2 to 7% of a water-soluble zinc salt and about 2 to 7% of a water-soluble calcium salt.
3. An alkaline detergent for cleaning tin, comprising by weight about 30 to alkali-metal metasilicate, about 5 to 55% alkali-metal hydroxide, about 3 to 20% alkali-metal perborate, about 1 to 10% zinc sulphate and about 1 to 10% calcium chloride.
4. An alkaline detergent for cleaning tin, comprising by weight about 30 to 90% sodium metasilicate, about 5 to 55% sodium hydroxide, about 3 to 20% sodium perborate, about 1 to 10% of a water-soluble zinc salt and about 1 to 10% of a water-soluble calcium salt.
5. An alkaline detergent for cleaning tin, comprising by weight about 40 to 60% sodium metasilicate, about 20 to 40% sodium hydroxide, about 5 to 15% sodium perborate, about 1 to 10% zinc sulphate and about 1 to 10% calcium chloride.
CHARLES SCHWARTZ.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US467792A US2359587A (en) | 1942-12-03 | 1942-12-03 | Alkaline detergents |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US467792A US2359587A (en) | 1942-12-03 | 1942-12-03 | Alkaline detergents |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2359587A true US2359587A (en) | 1944-10-03 |
Family
ID=23857200
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US467792A Expired - Lifetime US2359587A (en) | 1942-12-03 | 1942-12-03 | Alkaline detergents |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2359587A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2977313A (en) * | 1956-05-22 | 1961-03-28 | Hagan Chemicals & Controls Inc | Method of cleansing, sterilizing, and preventing corrosion in base exchange and cation exchange systems and products used therein |
-
1942
- 1942-12-03 US US467792A patent/US2359587A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2977313A (en) * | 1956-05-22 | 1961-03-28 | Hagan Chemicals & Controls Inc | Method of cleansing, sterilizing, and preventing corrosion in base exchange and cation exchange systems and products used therein |
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