US2337344A - Curing of nongelling photographic emulsions - Google Patents
Curing of nongelling photographic emulsions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2337344A US2337344A US406026A US40602641A US2337344A US 2337344 A US2337344 A US 2337344A US 406026 A US406026 A US 406026A US 40602641 A US40602641 A US 40602641A US 2337344 A US2337344 A US 2337344A
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- US
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- Prior art keywords
- emulsion
- curing
- air
- layer
- photographic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title description 49
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- -1 silver halide salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 5
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- KMZHZAAOEWVPSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydroxypropyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(O)CO KMZHZAAOEWVPSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol Natural products OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000282320 Panthera leo Species 0.000 description 2
- 125000000218 acetic acid group Chemical group C(C)(=O)* 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-METHOXYETHANOL Chemical compound COCCO XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001828 Gelatine Substances 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic acid Chemical class CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001864 baryta Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
- G03C1/74—Applying photosensitive compositions to the base; Drying processes therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
- G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
- G03C1/04—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein with macromolecular additives; with layer-forming substances
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
- Y10S430/136—Coating process making radiation sensitive element
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method of curing a non-gelling photographic emulsion by subjecting a layer of the emulsion to treatment with warm air saturated with water vapor priorto drying it.
- One object of my invention is to provide a method or setting emulsions of the non-gelling type in which a more even film results than where the emulsion coating is directly subjected to drying. Other objects will appear herein.
- a non-gelling photographic emulsion the liquid portion of which is a multicornponent solvent, alter coating as a thin layer on to a support
- a current of warm air having a moisture content of at least 50% saturation.
- After setting the emulsion layer it may be dried such as with warm dry air to form a photographic material of good evenness.
- non-gelling emulsions are as a rule those which employ as the vehicle or carrier water susceptible cellulose derivatives with which a multi-component solvent having a large proportion of Water is used.
- This invention however is not limited only to the water susceptible vehicles,
- the carrier for --the light-sensitive material such as silver halide salts may be far hydrolyzed cellulose acetates (or propionates or mixed esters) such as described and claimed for photographic emulsions in U. S. Patent No. 2,110,491 of Salo.
- my invention involves treatment of a non-gelling light-sensitive emul-' sion, usually in the iorm of a coating upon a supsystem appreciably, such as to near to or below the dew point of the air.
- the current of air which is employed for treating the emulsion layer should be at a temperature between and 150" F. It is preferred that the temperature be at least F. due to the greater quantity or" moisture which is held by air at an elevated temperature. over the surface coated with the emulsion at the rate of 5-30 feet per second.
- the length of time required to cause setting of the emulsion is ordinarily 45 seconds but it may vary from at least 15 seconds up to 300 seconds depending on the various iactors'in the process.
- This invention is particularly adapted to the invention is adapted to the curing of emulsion described and coatings from the emulsions claimed in Lowe and Clarke application Serial No. 402,064 filed of even date, especially containing the amount of lower aliphatic alcohol specified above. For instance an emulsion sprayed upon an aluminum surface as described in that application is satisfactorily cured by this invention.
- the solvents of the non-gelling emulsions which are susceptible to curing by my invention may be 3-component such as alcohol-watercellosolve or they may have more than 3 components such as alcohol-Water-acetone-cellosolve.
- a water-miscible organic solvent having a boiling point more than C. in sufficient amount to pr event blush in the coating prepared therefrom.
- a plasticizer for the cellulose ester- such as 3% of monoacetin or of one of the glycerol ethers as described in Fordyce and Salo application Serial No.,393,664, filed May 15, 1941.
- Example I A photographic emulsion consisting of silver halide dispersed in a solution of far hydrolyzed cellulose acetate (23-25% acetyl) in a mixture of 50 parts of ethyl alcohol, 50 parts of water, 15 parts of methyl cellosolve and 3 parts of monoacetin and containing small amounts of the usual emulsion addenda such as sensitizers etc. was coated on to a piece of film base at a coverage of about 30 cc. per sq. ft. of surface. A draft of air at a temperature of about F. and nearly saturated with water vapor was blown over the emulsion layer at a velocity of about 10 it. per second. The emulsion stiilcned into a smooth The air-should be passed layer and when dried in warm air gave a more even film than was obtainable by dryingsthroughout in air at room humidity.
- Example II A strip of film base was coated with a photographic emulsion of the same composition as that of Example I, from an immersion hopper at 3 ft. per min. about 30 c. 6. per sq. ft. having been put on. The film was then passed into a vertical tower counter-current to a stream of air at 110 F. and nearly saturated with water vapor. The support was then passed into a section of the tower in which the relative humidity was about 50% until curing was complete.
- Any film support may be employed to which the emulsion will adhere such as paper, either uncoated or with a baryta coating thereon, metals either bare or lacquered, etc., the invention residing in the curing of the emulsion layer after coating upon the support. 7
- non-gelling photographic emulsions those emulsions which are not composed of thermal-reversible gels such as characterizes the gelatine emulsions which are usually employed for making photographic materials.
- a method of setting and curing a non-gelling photographic emulsion which comprises subjecting a layer of the emulsion to treatment with air aliphatic alcohol, water and 5-30% of a watermiscible organic solvent having a boiling point above 110, the latter in sufiicient amount to prevent blush in coatings of the emulsion, which solution contains silver halide in suspension therein which comprises coating a. thin layer of the emulsion on to a supporting surface and subjecting the coating to treatment with air having a temperature of 70-150 F., a moisture saturation of at least 50% which air is moving over the layer at the rate of 5-30 feet per second prior to the drying of the emulsion layer.
- a method of setting and curing a photographic emulsion essentially consisting of a sohaving a temperature of 70-l50 F., a moisture saturation of at least 50% which air is moving over the layer, at the rate of 5-30 feet per second, prior to the drying of theemulsion layer.
- a method of setting and curing a non-gelling photographic emulsion which comprises subjecting a layer of the emulsion to treatment with air having a temperature of 100-150 R, a moisture saturation of at least 50% which air is moving over the layer at the rate of 5-30 feet per second, prior to the drying of the emulsion layer.
- Afmethod of setting and curing a photographic emulsion essentially consisting of a solution of a water-susceptible cellulose ester in a solvent mixture containing 15-50% of a lower lution of a water-susceptible cellulose ester in a solvent mixture containing 15-50% of a lower aliphatic alcohol, water and 5-30% of a watermiscible organic solvent having a boiling point above 110, the latter in sufiicient amount to prevent blush in coatings of the emulsion, which solution contains silver halide in suspension therein which comprises coating a thin layer of the emulsion on to a supporting surface and subjecting the coating to treatment with air having a temperature of 100-150 F., a'moisture saturation of. at least which air is moving over the Y layer at the rate of 5-30 feet per second prior to the drying of the emulsion layer.
- a method of curing a photographic emulsion essentially consisting of a solution of a water-susceptible cellulose acetate having an acetyl content of 23-25% in a solvent mixture containing 15-50% of a lower aliphatic alcohol, Water and 5-30% of a water-miscible organic solvent having a boiling point above 110", the latter in sufficient amount to prevent blush in coatings of the emulsion, which solution contains silver halide in suspension therein which comprises coating a thin layer of the emulsion on to a supporting surface and subjecting the coating to treatment-with air having a temperature of -150 F., a moisture saturation of at least 50% which air is moving over thelayer at the rate of 5-30 feet per second prior to the drying of the emulsion layer.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Description
Patented Dec. 21, 1943 CURING F NONGELLING PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS Winfield Partridge, Jr., Rochester, N. Y., assignor to Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y.,
a corporation of New Jersey No Drawing. Application August 8, 1941,
Serial No. 406,026 I Claims. (Cl. 117-34) This invention relates to a method of curing a non-gelling photographic emulsion by subjecting a layer of the emulsion to treatment with warm air saturated with water vapor priorto drying it.
Heretolore in the making of photosensitive products the usual practice has been to coat the support with thin layer of a photographic emulsion usually of the gelling type, and to then chill it to gel the emulsion prior to dryingit. With emulsions of the non-gelling type, the chilling is ineffective and may Well be omitted.
One object of my invention is to provide a method or setting emulsions of the non-gelling type in which a more even film results than where the emulsion coating is directly subjected to drying. Other objects will appear herein.
I have found that a non-gelling photographic emulsion, the liquid portion of which is a multicornponent solvent, alter coating as a thin layer on to a support can be set by treating it with a current of warm air having a moisture content of at least 50% saturation. After setting the emulsion layer, it may be dried such as with warm dry air to form a photographic material of good evenness. v
The non-gelling emulsions are as a rule those which employ as the vehicle or carrier water susceptible cellulose derivatives with which a multi-component solvent having a large proportion of Water is used. This invention however is not limited only to the water susceptible vehicles,
as vehicles which may be developable in organic solutions could be used. The carrier for --the light-sensitive material such as silver halide salts may be far hydrolyzed cellulose acetates (or propionates or mixed esters) such as described and claimed for photographic emulsions in U. S. Patent No. 2,110,491 of Salo.
In its broadest aspects, my invention involves treatment of a non-gelling light-sensitive emul-' sion, usually in the iorm of a coating upon a supsystem appreciably, such as to near to or below the dew point of the air.
The current of air which is employed for treating the emulsion layer should be at a temperature between and 150" F. It is preferred that the temperature be at least F. due to the greater quantity or" moisture which is held by air at an elevated temperature. over the surface coated with the emulsion at the rate of 5-30 feet per second. The length of time required to cause setting of the emulsion is ordinarily 45 seconds but it may vary from at least 15 seconds up to 300 seconds depending on the various iactors'in the process.
This invention is particularly adapted to the invention is adapted to the curing of emulsion described and coatings from the emulsions claimed in Lowe and Clarke application Serial No. 402,064 filed of even date, especially containing the amount of lower aliphatic alcohol specified above. For instance an emulsion sprayed upon an aluminum surface as described in that application is satisfactorily cured by this invention.
The solvents of the non-gelling emulsions which are susceptible to curing by my invention may be 3-component such as alcohol-watercellosolve or they may have more than 3 components such as alcohol-Water-acetone-cellosolve. As pointed out in the Lowe and Clarke application there should always be preSent in these emulsions a water-miscible organic solvent having a boiling point more than C. in sufficient amount to pr event blush in the coating prepared therefrom. It is also preferable to have present in the emulsion a small proportion of a plasticizer for the cellulose ester-such as 3% of monoacetin or of one of the glycerol ethers as described in Fordyce and Salo application Serial No.,393,664, filed May 15, 1941.
The following examples illustrate m invention:
Example I A photographic emulsion consisting of silver halide dispersed in a solution of far hydrolyzed cellulose acetate (23-25% acetyl) in a mixture of 50 parts of ethyl alcohol, 50 parts of water, 15 parts of methyl cellosolve and 3 parts of monoacetin and containing small amounts of the usual emulsion addenda such as sensitizers etc. was coated on to a piece of film base at a coverage of about 30 cc. per sq. ft. of surface. A draft of air at a temperature of about F. and nearly saturated with water vapor was blown over the emulsion layer at a velocity of about 10 it. per second. The emulsion stiilcned into a smooth The air-should be passed layer and when dried in warm air gave a more even film than was obtainable by dryingsthroughout in air at room humidity.
Example II A strip of film base was coated with a photographic emulsion of the same composition as that of Example I, from an immersion hopper at 3 ft. per min. about 30 c. 6. per sq. ft. having been put on. The film was then passed into a vertical tower counter-current to a stream of air at 110 F. and nearly saturated with water vapor. The support was then passed into a section of the tower in which the relative humidity was about 50% until curing was complete.
Any film support may be employed to which the emulsion will adhere such as paper, either uncoated or with a baryta coating thereon, metals either bare or lacquered, etc., the invention residing in the curing of the emulsion layer after coating upon the support. 7
By the term non-gelling photographic emulsions is meant those emulsions which are not composed of thermal-reversible gels such as characterizes the gelatine emulsions which are usually employed for making photographic materials.
I claim: v
1. A method of setting and curing a non-gelling photographic emulsion which comprises subjecting a layer of the emulsion to treatment with air aliphatic alcohol, water and 5-30% of a watermiscible organic solvent having a boiling point above 110, the latter in sufiicient amount to prevent blush in coatings of the emulsion, which solution contains silver halide in suspension therein which comprises coating a. thin layer of the emulsion on to a supporting surface and subjecting the coating to treatment with air having a temperature of 70-150 F., a moisture saturation of at least 50% which air is moving over the layer at the rate of 5-30 feet per second prior to the drying of the emulsion layer.
4. A method of setting and curing a photographic emulsion essentially consisting of a sohaving a temperature of 70-l50 F., a moisture saturation of at least 50% which air is moving over the layer, at the rate of 5-30 feet per second, prior to the drying of theemulsion layer.
2. A method of setting and curing a non-gelling photographic emulsion which comprises subjecting a layer of the emulsion to treatment with air having a temperature of 100-150 R, a moisture saturation of at least 50% which air is moving over the layer at the rate of 5-30 feet per second, prior to the drying of the emulsion layer.
3. Afmethod of setting and curing a photographic emulsion essentially consisting of a solution of a water-susceptible cellulose ester in a solvent mixture containing 15-50% of a lower lution of a water-susceptible cellulose ester in a solvent mixture containing 15-50% of a lower aliphatic alcohol, water and 5-30% of a watermiscible organic solvent having a boiling point above 110, the latter in sufiicient amount to prevent blush in coatings of the emulsion, which solution contains silver halide in suspension therein which comprises coating a thin layer of the emulsion on to a supporting surface and subjecting the coating to treatment with air having a temperature of 100-150 F., a'moisture saturation of. at least which air is moving over the Y layer at the rate of 5-30 feet per second prior to the drying of the emulsion layer.
5. A method of curing a photographic emulsion essentially consisting of a solution of a water-susceptible cellulose acetate having an acetyl content of 23-25% in a solvent mixture containing 15-50% of a lower aliphatic alcohol, Water and 5-30% of a water-miscible organic solvent having a boiling point above 110", the latter in sufficient amount to prevent blush in coatings of the emulsion, which solution contains silver halide in suspension therein which comprises coating a thin layer of the emulsion on to a supporting surface and subjecting the coating to treatment-with air having a temperature of -150 F., a moisture saturation of at least 50% which air is moving over thelayer at the rate of 5-30 feet per second prior to the drying of the emulsion layer.
- WINFIELD PARTRIDGE, JR.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US406026A US2337344A (en) | 1941-08-08 | 1941-08-08 | Curing of nongelling photographic emulsions |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US406026A US2337344A (en) | 1941-08-08 | 1941-08-08 | Curing of nongelling photographic emulsions |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2337344A true US2337344A (en) | 1943-12-21 |
Family
ID=23606242
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US406026A Expired - Lifetime US2337344A (en) | 1941-08-08 | 1941-08-08 | Curing of nongelling photographic emulsions |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2337344A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3516843A (en) * | 1962-09-26 | 1970-06-23 | Benjamin A Knowlton Jr | Diazo paper sensitizing process |
-
1941
- 1941-08-08 US US406026A patent/US2337344A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3516843A (en) * | 1962-09-26 | 1970-06-23 | Benjamin A Knowlton Jr | Diazo paper sensitizing process |
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