US2268384A - Ignition promoter for diesel fuels - Google Patents

Description

Patented Dec. 30, 1941 IGNITION PROMOTER FOR DIESEL FUELS Gould H. Cloud, Linden, and Louis A. Mikeska,

Westfleld, N. J., as'signors to Standard Oil Development Company, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Original application July 21, 1938,

Serial No. 220,500. Divided and this application January 29, 1941, Serial No. 376,472

9 Claims.

This invention has as its chief object the improvement of fuels for use in compression-igni tion engines and relates particularly to the use of novel addition agents for improving the ignition qualities of hydrocarbon fuels when they undergo combustion in such engines of the high speed Diesel type.

In consideration of increasing the power and fuel economy in the operation of compressionignition engines, principally when the hydrocarbon fuel contains insuiiicient amounts of hydrocarbon compounds recognizable as serving these ends by virtue of their suitable ignition qualities, the additions of various oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing organic compounds have been proposed. Hydrocarbon compounds characterized by aromatic hydrocarbons have poor ignition V qualities which give rise to the vibrations manifested by knocking and result in a loss of power.

' A poor ignition quality in a fuel is most frequently exhibited by an excessive ignition lag, in other words, an excessive delay between the beginning of fuel injection into the combustion chamber of an engine and the point at which ignition of the injected fuel sets in.

On the other hand, normal aliphatic hydrocar- I bons have good ignition qualities. Normal cetane, in particular, which serves as a standard of high ignition quality in Diesel fuel rating by recommendation of the S. A. E. Volunteer Group for Compression-Ignition Fuel Research, has a very short ignition lag. The ignition lag of a fuel consisting of cetane and alphamethyl-naphthalene is shortened very nearly in proportion to the increase in the percentage of cetane by Volume in such a blend, and when small amounts of addition agents improve the performance of a fuel in the same respect comparable to the improvement made-by'an increase of about 5% or more of cetane in a blend with alphamethyl-naphthalene, such addition agents have been considered as having commercial significance.

The novel addition agents of this invention are characterized by organic compounds containing a thiocarboxylic acid radical, particularly a dithiocarboxylic acid or thiolic acid radical, and those also containing nitrogen. The solution in liquid hydrocarbon fuels of this type of compounds in small amounts for imparting better ignition qualities to the fuels constitutes a more specific object 01 this invention. I

This is a divisional application of our copending application, Serial No. 220,500, filed July 21, 1938. In this divisional application is particularly claimed the improvement of Diesel fuels by the ignition promoting compounds characterized by containing both a thiocarboxylic acid radical and a nitrogen constituent, as exemplified by thiocarbamates and thiurams.

Classes of compounds which characteristically contain thiocarboxylic acid radicals are: acyl sulfides, xanthates, xanthogenyl sulfides, thioxanthogenyl sulfides, thiocarbamates, and thiurams.

To these classes of compounds, have been assigned some ofthe following structural formulae in which R represents generally organic groups containing hydrogen and carbon, but preferably an alkyl group such as ethyl, propyl, and higher homologous groups, their isomers, and

ole-finic "analogues.

I l. Drnn'oclumoxrllio Acin DERIVATIYES' a) Xanthogenyl and thioaranthogenyl compounds S no c-- s a ROC-S- s n s s a s nocs con H Ethyl S-ethyl xanthato, CH;O C-S 01H;

' H H Bisethylthioxanthogenyl sulfide, 01B; S C-S-S- S C S CzHl (b) Dithiocarbamates S ll It is readily apparent that a common characteristic of all the foregoing active compounds is the thiocarboxylic acid group, and particularly such a group with one or more sulfur atoms attached to a carbonatom which has a double bond linkage to sulfur or oxygen as in dithiocarboxylic acid, thiolic acid, or their derivatives. Accordingly, the monothioand dithio-carboxyl- Tetruetliyl thiurnm sulfide,

ic radicals which may be depicted as occurring in the three configurations:

s o 3 II II co- -CS are considered essential active parts of the compounds which are suitable for the purposes of the present invention, and preferably the compounds should contain only 2 to 3 sulfur atoms in a straight chain linkage, except when'sulfur is interlinked between carbon and nitrogen as in the thiocarbamates.

The effectiveness of compounds containing an active thiocarboxylic acid radical in raising the cetane number of a hydrocarbon fuel is illustrated by the following tabulated results from comparative tests on a sample of an unmodified fuel oil and on samples of the same fuel oil modified by small amounts of these compounds.

The proportion of the ignition quality improving agent to be added to the hydrocarbon fuel may range from a fraction of one percent to the limit of solubility in the fuel, but preferably from about .025 to 5% A gas oil boiling from about 400 F. to 700 F., 0r 750 F., or, in general, having a suitable boiling range for use as a fuel in Diesel type engines may be used as the hydro- Under some circumstances, a more carbon fuel. narrowly cut fraction such as one distilling from about 400 F. to 600 F. or from 500 F, to 700 F may be used. Ordinarily, the hydrocarbon fuel may be said to have a boiling range above that of gasoline.

This invention makes commercially feasible the preparation of Diesel fuels giving satisfactory engine performance from crude oils, gas oils, and residual fuels having low pour points, low A, P. I. gravities, and high heat values, such as those procured from naphthene base, asphalt base, mixed base stocks by the addition of active compounds, described, in small quantities. The burning qualities of gas oils from paraffin crudes are also enhanced by these novel addition agents.

Small quantities of the novel addition agents of this invention may be used for adapting various mixtures of hydrocarbons for use as Diesel fuels, including recycle stock from a cracking operation, non-paraflinic extracts, oils from destructive distillations of pyrobituminous and asphaltic materials, mixtures of these with one another or with crude petroleum fractions. Other agents for enhancing various other qualities without detracting substantially from the ignition qualities of the fuel may be admixed, such as, oiliness agents, sludge disperser-s, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, anti oxidants, viscosity improvers, pour-depressants, and gum solvents. Also, other promoters of ignition qualities may be admixed.

It is not intended that this invention be limited to the specific examples which are given merely for the sake of illustration. It is desired to claim all the novelty inherent in the invention in the appended claims as broadly as the prior art permits.

We claim:

1. A fuel for compression-ignition engines of the Diesel type, comprising essentially a hydrocarbon fuel and a small amount of about'1% to about 5% of an organic compound containing an active thiocarboxylic acid radical and nitrogen for imparting better ignition qualities to the fuel.

2 A fuel for compression-ignition engines of the Diesel type, comprising essentially a hydrocarbon fuel and a small amount of about 1% to about 5% of an organic compound containing an active dithiocarboxylic acid radical with sulfur interlinked between carbon and nitrogen for imparting better ignition qualities to the fuel.

3. A fuel for compression-ignition engines of the Diesel type, comprising essentially a hydrocarbon fuel and a small amount of about 1% to about 5% of a dithiocarbamate for imparting better ignition qualities to the fuel.

a. A fuel for compression-ignition engines of the Diesel type, comprising essentially a hydrocarbon fuel and a small amount of about 1% to about 5% of diethyl ammonium diethyl dithiocarbamate for imparting better ignition qualities to the fuel.

5. An improved Diesel fuel oil containing, in sufiicient amount to decrease the ignition delay period of the oil, a compound having the formula:

s s I] ll R2Nos-sc-Nm wherein R and R are hydrocarbon radicals.

6. An improved Diesel fuel oil containing tetramethyl thiuram disulfide in suiiicient amount to decrease the ignition delay period of the fuel.

'7. The method of accelerating ignition of a hydrocarbon Diesel fuel in a Diesel type compression-ignition engine, which comprises admixing with the fuel prior to its ignition in the engine a minor proportion of about 1% to about 5% of a compound containing a thiocarboxylic radical and nitrogen in the group:

s iuN-c-s wherein R2 represents hydrocarbon radicals, to impart better ignition qualities to the fuel.

8. The method described in claim 7, in which said compound containing a thiocarboxylic radical and nitrogen is a dithiocarbamate.

9. The method described in "claim '7 in which said compound containing a thiocarboxylic radical and nitrogen is a thiuram sulfide.

GOULD H. CLOUD. LOUIS A. MIKESKA.