US2257576A - Art of making vulcanized fiber - Google Patents
Art of making vulcanized fiber Download PDFInfo
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- US2257576A US2257576A US329700A US32970040A US2257576A US 2257576 A US2257576 A US 2257576A US 329700 A US329700 A US 329700A US 32970040 A US32970040 A US 32970040A US 2257576 A US2257576 A US 2257576A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cellulose
- layers
- vulcanized fiber
- ether
- regenerated
- Prior art date
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Links
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title description 35
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 66
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 65
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 50
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 49
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 33
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 description 24
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229920002143 Vulcanized fibre Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 150000002895 organic esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229920002955 Art silk Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000298 Cellophane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DQEFEBPAPFSJLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cellulose propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OCC1OC(OC(=O)CC)C(OC(=O)CC)C(OC(=O)CC)C1OC1C(OC(=O)CC)C(OC(=O)CC)C(OC(=O)CC)C(COC(=O)CC)O1 DQEFEBPAPFSJLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001856 Ethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical compound CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920013673 Kodapak Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001074 Tenite Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMEGJBVQLJJKKX-HOTMZDKISA-N [(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetyloxy-3,4,6-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O)OC(=O)C)O)O SMEGJBVQLJJKKX-HOTMZDKISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940075103 antimony Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000032 aromatic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- VQLYBLABXAHUDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)silane;methyl n-(1h-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1.C=1C=C(F)C=CC=1[Si](C=1C=CC(F)=CC=1)(C)CN1C=NC=N1 VQLYBLABXAHUDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009172 bursting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940106135 cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001727 cellulose butyrate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006218 cellulose propionate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006266 etherification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001249 ethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019325 ethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940070765 laurate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
- D21H27/06—Vegetable or imitation parchment; Glassine paper
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
- D21H19/14—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12
- D21H19/34—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12 comprising cellulose or derivatives thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H5/00—Special paper or cardboard not otherwise provided for
- D21H5/08—Vegetable parchment
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31971—Of carbohydrate
- Y10T428/31975—Of cellulosic next to another carbohydrate
- Y10T428/31978—Cellulosic next to another cellulosic
- Y10T428/31982—Wood or paper
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31971—Of carbohydrate
- Y10T428/31975—Of cellulosic next to another carbohydrate
- Y10T428/31978—Cellulosic next to another cellulosic
- Y10T428/31986—Regenerated or modified
Definitions
- This invention relates to the art of making vulcanized fiber.
- Vulcanizedfiber has heretofore been made on a commercial scale by passing one or more webs or sheets of cellulosic material through a gelatinizing bath of suitable concentration and temperature and then combining and consolidating the treated webs or sheets into one multi-ply web I or sheet by means of suitably applied heat and pressure.
- aqueous solutions of alkalis such as caustic soda, diluteacids such as sulphuric, phosphoric, formic and nitric, and salts ;of zinc, tin, anti- -mony and aluminum, and preferably zine chloride.
- the cellulosic material generally used is an all cotton-cellulose paper, though other cellu' losic materials are mentioned in the chemical literature and are in commercial use.
- the gelatinizing agents serve to chemically hydrate, partially hydrolize or gelatinize the cellulose fiber so that when the treated material is laminated and subjected to heat and pressure, it is caused to coalesce and become indissolubly united into a homogeneous multi-ply sheet.
- the chemical treatment in the making of vulcanized fiber is much more drastic than the conventional merceriz in'g treatment of cellulosic materials such as cotton for the production of a silk-like lustre.
- a hard ened horn-like material results having greatly improved characteristics as compared with the cellulose material originally subjected to the chemical and physical treatment. Its toughness,
- Vulcanized fiber as made by prior art methods has, however, one serious drawback or shortcoming which considerably limits its field of usefulness; it is far from being resistant to moisture. Furthermore, even its desirable characteristics are susceptible of a great deal of improvement.
- An important object of the present invention is to provide a'vulcanized fiber material having greatly improved and enhanced properties as compared with materials ofthis type produced by prior art methods.
- Another object of importance is to provide a vulcanized fiber material having greater resistv ance to moisture than has previously'been considered possible.
- a further object is to produce such a'product without using expensive materials or chemica or complicated apparatus or procedures.
- Still another object of importance is to greatly enlarge the field of usefulness'of vulcanized fiber materials.
- the invention consists in solubly united and bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the cellulose of the layers.
- paper is to be used in its ordinary significance in the art; namely, as a sheet material formed by papermaking methods or processes from an aqueous suspension containing fibrous material of vegetable origin.
- the term paper as used in this specification is specifically to exclude regenerated cellulose or cellulose derivatives such as the esters and ethers of cellulose.
- the term "regenerated cellulose” is to be used to designate a cellulosic material which was first converted into 1 a viscous solution containing a derivative of cellulose and then reconverted into cellulose by coagulation of the solution.
- organic derivative of, cellulose cellulose ester and cellulose ether are to'be given their usual meaning in the field of cellulose.
- vulcanized fiber is used in the present disclosure to mean a cellulosic material such as paper, which was first treated with a gelatinizing or parchmentizing agent and then subjected to heat and pressure to impart thereto a hardness and density not ordinarily possessed by the untreated material.
- Figure 1 is a view in perspective of a portion of a sheet or web of regenerated cellulose or organic cellulose derivative or mixture of these materials, that may be used in practicing the present invention
- Figure 2 is a similar view of a laminated product consisting of one layer of the material of Figure '1 and one layer of vulcanized fiber;
- Figure 3 is a similar view 01' a. laminated product consisting of layers ofthe material of Figure l and layers of vulcanized fiber, the two sets of layers being arranged in alternating relation-.
- Figure 4 is a similar view of a laminated prodnot, the facing layers being made from the material of Figure 1 and the other layers being made from vulcanized fiber;
- Figure 5 is a similar view of the product of Figure 4 after a coating of varnish or lacquer has been applied to the outer surfaces thereof.
- the raw materials of the presentinvention consist of one or more sheets or webs of paper and one or more sheets or Webs of regenerated cellulose or of an organic derivative of cellulose such as cellulose ester or ether, or of a mixture of two or more of such materials.
- regenerated cellulose designates a cellulosic material'which was first converted into a viscous solution containing a cellulose derivative and then reconverted into cellulose by coagulation of the solution.
- My invention is not restricted to any particular method of producing,
- the regenerated cellulose; the nitrocellulose process, the viscose process and the cuprammonium process are all suitable for my purpose.
- the organic derivative of cellulose may be an ether or an ester of cellulose.
- suitable ethers may be mentioned ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, and benzyl cellulose.
- suitable esters of cellulose may be mentioned the esters of fatty acids such as cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose stearate, cellulose laurate and cellulose palmitate.
- the esters of aromatic acids such as cellulose benzoate as well as certain of the mixed esters are also suitable.
- suitable mixed esters may be mentioned cellulose 'aceto-propionate, cellulose aceto-butyrate and' Similar mixed esters of the higher fatty acids.
- the cellulose ether-esters may be prepared by the physical admixture of a cellulose ether with a cellulose ester, by the esterification of cellulose ethers, or by the etherification of cellulose esters.
- the regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether may be in the form of woven or knitted fabrics of spun fibers as artificial silk, or it may be in the form of sheets or webs such as the material obtainable on the market under the trade-marks Cellophane, Sylphrap, Transparit, Plastacelle, Kodapak, Ethofoil," and Tenite.
- the sheets may each be made entirely of regenerated cellulose; cellulose ester or cellulose ether or a mixture of two or more of these materials.
- lulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether may be in the form of a coating or film on one or both sides of a sheet or web of paper or other fabric. The coating may be applied in various ways.
- a suggested method consists in passing the sheet or web to be coated through a solution of vficose and then through a cellulose-regenerating solu-, tion to deposit the coating or film of regenerated cellulose.
- the coating may be applied to the sheet or web in the form of a solution by dipping, brushing, roll coating or spraying.
- the layers that are to be formed into the laminated product of the invention are. subjected to the action of a gelatinizing agent, such as zinc chloride or sulphuric acid, as in the prior art methods of making vulcanized fiber.
- a gelatinizing agent such as zinc chloride or sulphuric acid
- Figure 2 is illustrated a slab of material consisting of two layers of thicknesses, one layer being made from vulcanized fiber and the other from regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether, or a mixture of two or more of these materials.
- This product may be made by passing 1 a web of paper and a web of materialcomposed of regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether or of a mixture of two or more of to enable it to be combined with the gelatinized layer of regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether.
- the product of Figure 3 consists of a number 0! layers or thicknesses, certain of the layers being made from vulcanized fiber and the others being made from regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester, cellulose ether or a mixture of two or more of The layers are arranged in alternating relationships.
- Figure 4 is illustrated a slab of material, the body portion of which is made from vulcanized fiber and the facing layers of which are made from regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester, cellulose ether or a mixture of two or more of these materials.
- the layers may be united in the manner previously mentioned.
- FIG 5 is shown the product of Figure 4 after its surface layers have been given a coating of varnish or lacquer.
- Any suitable varnish or lacquer may be employed.
- coating materials containing synthetic resins and/or cellulose esters which are available on the market.
- a vulcanized fiber product By incorporating in a vulcanized fiber product one or more sheets or layers made of regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester, cellulose ether or of a mixture of two or more of these materials, I have found it possible greatly to enhance the desirable characteristics of vulcanized fiber as well as to reduce to a minimum its shortcomings. Not only does the product of, this invention have greater dielectric strength than had previously been considered possible, but its bursting strength, tensile strength and tearing strength have been greatly increased. The product resists bending stresses to a remarkable degree and willnot crack or break even when severely bent. Furthermore, it has a greatly increased moisture resistance and its surface finish is greatly improved. At a result of its improved surface finish, only one coating of varnish or lacquer is necessaryto completely cover its surface. The completeness with which one coating closes the surface pores is evidenced by the fact that a tacky material such as unvulcanized rubber can be readily stripped ofl'.
- a laminated product consisting of one or more layers of vulcanized fiber and one or more layers of a cellulosic material selected from thegroup consisting of regenerated cellulose, an organic ester of cellulose and a cellulose ether, all the layers being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
- a laminated product consisting of one or more layers of vulcanized fiber and one or more layers of regenerated cellulose, all the layers being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
- a laminated product consisting of one or more layers of vulcanized fiber and one or more layers of viscose, all the layers being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
- a laminated product consisting of one or more layers of vulcanized fiber and one or more layers of cellulose acetate, all the layers being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
- a laminated product consisting of one or more layers of vulcanized fiber and one or more layers of a cellulose ether, all the layers being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
- a laminated product comprising a body portion of vulcanized fiber and a facing layer of a cellulosic material selected from the group consisting of regenerated cellulose, an organic ester of cellulose and a cellulose ether, said facing layer and said body portion being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
- a laminated product comprising a body portion of vulcanized fiber and a facing layer of regenerated cellulose bonded to said body portion by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the regenerated cellulose.
- a laminated product comprising a body portion of vulcanized fiber and a facing layer of viscose bonded to said body portion by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the viscose.
- a laminated product comprising a body portion of vulcanized fiber and a facing layer of cellulose acetate bonded to said body portion by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the cellulose acetate.
- a laminated product comprising a body portion of vulcanized fiber and a facing layer of a cellulose ether bonded to said body portion by a chemically hydratedcellulose derived from the cellulose ether.
- a laminated product consisting of a number of layers of vulcanized fiber and a number of layers of a material selected from the group consisting of regeneratecl cellulose, an organic ester of cellulose and a cellulose ether, said layers being arranged in alternating relationship and being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
- a laminated product consisting of a number of layers of vulcanized fiber and a number of layers of regenerated cellulose, said-layers being arranged in alternating relationship and being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
- a laminated product consisting of a number of layers of vulcanized fiber and a number of layers of viscose, said layers being arranged in alternating relationship and being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the viscose.
- a laminated product consisting of a number of layers of vulcanized fiber and a number of layers of cellulose acetate, said layers being arranged in altemating relationship and being bonded together by a. chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the cellulose acetate.
- a laminated product consisting of a number of layers of vulcanized fiber and a number of layers of a cellulose ether, said layers being arranged in alternating relationship and being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the cellulose ether.
Description
P 1941 J. ROBINSON 2,257,576
ART OF MAKING VULCANIZED FIBER Filed April 15, 1940 SHEET 0F PEGENERATED CELLULOSE 0/? ORGAN/C DERIVATIVE 0F ('ELLULOSE Fig. 1
mes 0F lesasusmrsu CELL ULOSE 0/? OAGAN/C DERIVATIVE 0F CELLULOJE A YER OF REGENERA r50 CELLULOSE 0R ORGAN/C ,LAXER 0F WLCANIZED FIBRE D 'R/VAT/VE OFCELLULOSE 4 Fig. 2
LAYERS 0F VULCAN/ZED FIBRE ms or 1256mm r50 csuuzos: 0R ORGAN/C DERIVATIVE orceuuzass rnva 0F mews/10R Lncbusk Fig; 5 LA YA s 0 LAYERS 0F PECFENEPATED VUL CAN/ZED CELL UL 05E 0/? ORGA N/C FIBRE DERIVATIVE 0F CELLULOSE Fig. 3
. INVENTOR. Jay Robinson ATTORNEYA Patented Sept. 30, 1941 2,257,576 r ART or MAKING vnLcAmzEn mm 1 Jay Robinson, Newark, Del., assignor to National Vulcanized Fibre Company, Wilmington, Del.,'- a corporation of Delaware Application April 15, 1940, Serial No. 329,700
15 Claims.
This invention relates to the art of making vulcanized fiber.
Vulcanizedfiber has heretofore been made on a commercial scale by passing one or more webs or sheets of cellulosic material through a gelatinizing bath of suitable concentration and temperature and then combining and consolidating the treated webs or sheets into one multi-ply web I or sheet by means of suitably applied heat and pressure. Among the various gelatinizing agents that have been used or suggested may be mentioned aqueous solutions of alkalis such as caustic soda, diluteacids such as sulphuric, phosphoric, formic and nitric, and salts ;of zinc, tin, anti- -mony and aluminum, and preferably zine chloride. The cellulosic material generally used is an all cotton-cellulose paper, though other cellu' losic materials are mentioned in the chemical literature and are in commercial use.
The gelatinizing agents serve to chemically hydrate, partially hydrolize or gelatinize the cellulose fiber so that when the treated material is laminated and subjected to heat and pressure, it is caused to coalesce and become indissolubly united into a homogeneous multi-ply sheet. At this point, it should be noted that the chemical treatment in the making of vulcanized fiber is much more drastic than the conventional merceriz in'g treatment of cellulosic materials such as cotton for the production of a silk-like lustre. By leaching and puring ou the gelatinizing agent and subsequently drying the sheet, a hard ened horn-like material results having greatly improved characteristics as compared with the cellulose material originally subjected to the chemical and physical treatment. Its toughness,
hardness, elasticity, fiexibiliw or pliability, dielectric strength and the fact that it is oil-proof,
.impervious to organic solvents and fairly resistant to mineral acids render it eminently suitable for many purposes, both mechanical and electrical. Vulcanized fiber as made by prior art methods has, however, one serious drawback or shortcoming which considerably limits its field of usefulness; it is far from being resistant to moisture. Furthermore, even its desirable characteristics are susceptible of a great deal of improvement.
An important object of the present invention is to provide a'vulcanized fiber material having greatly improved and enhanced properties as compared with materials ofthis type produced by prior art methods.
Another object of importance is to provide a vulcanized fiber material having greater resistv ance to moisture than has previously'been considered possible.
A further object is to produce such a'product without using expensive materials or chemica or complicated apparatus or procedures.
Still another object of importance is to greatly enlarge the field of usefulness'of vulcanized fiber materials.
In its very essence, the invention consists in solubly united and bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the cellulose of the layers.
In the following description, the term paper" is to be used in its ordinary significance in the art; namely, as a sheet material formed by papermaking methods or processes from an aqueous suspension containing fibrous material of vegetable origin. The term paper as used in this specification is specifically to exclude regenerated cellulose or cellulose derivatives such as the esters and ethers of cellulose. The term "regenerated cellulose" is to be used to designate a cellulosic material which was first converted into 1 a viscous solution containing a derivative of cellulose and then reconverted into cellulose by coagulation of the solution.
The terms organic derivative of, cellulose," cellulose ester and cellulose ether are to'be given their usual meaning in the field of cellulose.
The term vulcanized fiber" is used in the present disclosure to mean a cellulosic material such as paper, which was first treated with a gelatinizing or parchmentizing agent and then subjected to heat and pressure to impart thereto a hardness and density not ordinarily possessed by the untreated material.
Referring. now briefly to the drawing:
Figure 1 is a view in perspective of a portion of a sheet or web of regenerated cellulose or organic cellulose derivative or mixture of these materials, that may be used in practicing the present invention;
Figure 2 is a similar view of a laminated product consisting of one layer of the material of Figure '1 and one layer of vulcanized fiber;
Figure 3 is a similar view 01' a. laminated product consisting of layers ofthe material of Figure l and layers of vulcanized fiber, the two sets of layers being arranged in alternating relation-.
ship Figure 4 is a similar view of a laminated prodnot, the facing layers being made from the material of Figure 1 and the other layers being made from vulcanized fiber; and
Figure 5 is a similar view of the product of Figure 4 after a coating of varnish or lacquer has been applied to the outer surfaces thereof.
The raw materials of the presentinvention consist of one or more sheets or webs of paper and one or more sheets or Webs of regenerated cellulose or of an organic derivative of cellulose such as cellulose ester or ether, or of a mixture of two or more of such materials. As previously stated, regenerated cellulose designates a cellulosic material'which was first converted into a viscous solution containing a cellulose derivative and then reconverted into cellulose by coagulation of the solution. My invention is not restricted to any particular method of producing,
the regenerated cellulose; the nitrocellulose process, the viscose process and the cuprammonium process are all suitable for my purpose.
As has been stated, the organic derivative of cellulose may be an ether or an ester of cellulose. As examples of suitable ethers may be mentioned ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, and benzyl cellulose. As examples of suitable esters of cellulose may be mentioned the esters of fatty acids such as cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose stearate, cellulose laurate and cellulose palmitate. The esters of aromatic acids such as cellulose benzoate as well as certain of the mixed esters are also suitable. Among the suitable mixed esters may be mentioned cellulose 'aceto-propionate, cellulose aceto-butyrate and' Similar mixed esters of the higher fatty acids. Mixed cellulose ethers as well as the cellulose ether-esters are also suitable. The cellulose ether-esters may be prepared by the physical admixture of a cellulose ether with a cellulose ester, by the esterification of cellulose ethers, or by the etherification of cellulose esters.
The regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether may be in the form of woven or knitted fabrics of spun fibers as artificial silk, or it may be in the form of sheets or webs such as the material obtainable on the market under the trade-marks Cellophane, Sylphrap, Transparit, Plastacelle, Kodapak, Ethofoil," and Tenite. The sheets may each be made entirely of regenerated cellulose; cellulose ester or cellulose ether or a mixture of two or more of these materials. lulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether may be in the form of a coating or film on one or both sides of a sheet or web of paper or other fabric. The coating may be applied in various ways. For instance, in the case of regenerated cellulose a suggested method consists in passing the sheet or web to be coated through a solution of vficose and then through a cellulose-regenerating solu-, tion to deposit the coating or film of regenerated cellulose. In the case of a cellulose ester or ether, the coating may be applied to the sheet or web in the form of a solution by dipping, brushing, roll coating or spraying.
The layers that are to be formed into the laminated product of the invention are. subjected to the action of a gelatinizing agent, such as zinc chloride or sulphuric acid, as in the prior art methods of making vulcanized fiber. For a description of several suitable prior methods, reference is hereby made to Shoemaker Patent No.
As a variation, the regenerated cel- L these materials.
1,675,667 issued July 3, 1928, to The National Vulcanized Fibre Company, the assignee of the present invention, and to an article by F. L. Simons in the May and June 1930 issues of Cellulose entitled Vulcanized fibre." The gelatinized layers are then superposed and combined by means of heat and pressure, leached of gelatinizing agent and finally dried also in the manner previously practiced in the art of making vulcanized fiber.
In Figure l, I have shown a single layer or thickness of regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether, or a mixture of two or more of these materials, that may be used in making the laminated product of the invention.
In Figure 2 is illustrated a slab of material consisting of two layers of thicknesses, one layer being made from vulcanized fiber and the other from regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether, or a mixture of two or more of these materials. This product may be made by passing 1 a web of paper and a web of materialcomposed of regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether or of a mixture of two or more of to enable it to be combined with the gelatinized layer of regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester or cellulose ether.
The product of Figure 3 consists of a number 0! layers or thicknesses, certain of the layers being made from vulcanized fiber and the others being made from regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester, cellulose ether or a mixture of two or more of The layers are arranged in alternating relationships.
In Figure 4 is illustrated a slab of material, the body portion of which is made from vulcanized fiber and the facing layers of which are made from regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester, cellulose ether or a mixture of two or more of these materials. The layers may be united in the manner previously mentioned.
In Figure 5 is shown the product of Figure 4 after its surface layers have been given a coating of varnish or lacquer. Any suitable varnish or lacquer may be employed. Among the many varnishes or lacquers that may be used may be mentioned coating materials containing synthetic resins and/or cellulose esters which are available on the market.
By incorporating in a vulcanized fiber product one or more sheets or layers made of regenerated cellulose, cellulose ester, cellulose ether or of a mixture of two or more of these materials, I have found it possible greatly to enhance the desirable characteristics of vulcanized fiber as well as to reduce to a minimum its shortcomings. Not only does the product of, this invention have greater dielectric strength than had previously been considered possible, but its bursting strength, tensile strength and tearing strength have been greatly increased. The product resists bending stresses to a remarkable degree and willnot crack or break even when severely bent. Furthermore, it has a greatly increased moisture resistance and its surface finish is greatly improved. At a result of its improved surface finish, only one coating of varnish or lacquer is necessaryto completely cover its surface. The completeness with which one coating closes the surface pores is evidenced by the fact that a tacky material such as unvulcanized rubber can be readily stripped ofl'.
The foregoing description embodies the essential and distinctive thought which characterizes my invention. It is to be understood, however, that the disclosure is intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive, and that no limitations are to be imported which are not required by the language of the appended claims or the state of the prior art.
The present application is a continuation in part of application Serial No. 68,671 filed March 13, 1936.
I claim:
1. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product consisting of one or more layers of vulcanized fiber and one or more layers of a cellulosic material selected from thegroup consisting of regenerated cellulose, an organic ester of cellulose and a cellulose ether, all the layers being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
2. As an article ofmanufacture, a laminated product consisting of one or more layers of vulcanized fiber and one or more layers of regenerated cellulose, all the layers being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
3. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product consisting of one or more layers of vulcanized fiber and one or more layers of viscose, all the layers being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
4. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product consisting of one or more layers of vulcanized fiber and one or more layers of cellulose acetate, all the layers being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
5. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product consisting of one or more layers of vulcanized fiber and one or more layers of a cellulose ether, all the layers being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
6. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product comprising a body portion of vulcanized fiber and a facing layer of a cellulosic material selected from the group consisting of regenerated cellulose, an organic ester of cellulose and a cellulose ether, said facing layer and said body portion being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
7. As an articl of manufacture, a laminated product comprising a body portion of vulcanized fiber and a facing layer of regenerated cellulose bonded to said body portion by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the regenerated cellulose.
. 8. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product comprising a body portion of vulcanized fiber and a facing layer of viscose bonded to said body portion by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the viscose.
.9. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product comprising a body portion of vulcanized fiber and a facing layer of cellulose acetate bonded to said body portion by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the cellulose acetate.
10. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product comprising a body portion of vulcanized fiber and a facing layer of a cellulose ether bonded to said body portion by a chemically hydratedcellulose derived from the cellulose ether.
11. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product consisting of a number of layers of vulcanized fiber and a number of layers of a material selected from the group consisting of regeneratecl cellulose, an organic ester of cellulose and a cellulose ether, said layers being arranged in alternating relationship and being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
12. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product consisting of a number of layers of vulcanized fiber and a number of layers of regenerated cellulose, said-layers being arranged in alternating relationship and being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the bonded layers.
' 13. As an articl of manufacture, a laminated product consisting of a number of layers of vulcanized fiber and a number of layers of viscose, said layers being arranged in alternating relationship and being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the viscose.
14. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product consisting of a number of layers of vulcanized fiber and a number of layers of cellulose acetate, said layers being arranged in altemating relationship and being bonded together by a. chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the cellulose acetate.
15. As an article of manufacture, a laminated product consisting of a number of layers of vulcanized fiber and a number of layers of a cellulose ether, said layers being arranged in alternating relationship and being bonded together by a chemically hydrated cellulose derived from the cellulose ether.
JAY ROBINSON.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US329700A US2257576A (en) | 1940-04-15 | 1940-04-15 | Art of making vulcanized fiber |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US329700A US2257576A (en) | 1940-04-15 | 1940-04-15 | Art of making vulcanized fiber |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US2257576A true US2257576A (en) | 1941-09-30 |
Family
ID=23286603
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US329700A Expired - Lifetime US2257576A (en) | 1940-04-15 | 1940-04-15 | Art of making vulcanized fiber |
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US (1) | US2257576A (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2522627A (en) * | 1948-03-04 | 1950-09-19 | Courtaulds Ltd | Manufacture of sheets or webs of fibrous textile materials |
US2788626A (en) * | 1952-08-16 | 1957-04-16 | Jesse R Crossan | Apparatus for working sheet material |
US3189515A (en) * | 1961-10-05 | 1965-06-15 | Taylor Corp | Vulcanized fibre |
US3657035A (en) * | 1969-07-23 | 1972-04-18 | Nylonge Corp | Water absorbent web and its production |
WO2017071859A1 (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2017-05-04 | Neenah Gessner Gmbh | Grinding disks, in particular cutting disks, manufacturing methods therefor |
-
1940
- 1940-04-15 US US329700A patent/US2257576A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2522627A (en) * | 1948-03-04 | 1950-09-19 | Courtaulds Ltd | Manufacture of sheets or webs of fibrous textile materials |
US2788626A (en) * | 1952-08-16 | 1957-04-16 | Jesse R Crossan | Apparatus for working sheet material |
US3189515A (en) * | 1961-10-05 | 1965-06-15 | Taylor Corp | Vulcanized fibre |
US3657035A (en) * | 1969-07-23 | 1972-04-18 | Nylonge Corp | Water absorbent web and its production |
WO2017071859A1 (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2017-05-04 | Neenah Gessner Gmbh | Grinding disks, in particular cutting disks, manufacturing methods therefor |
DE102015221294B3 (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2017-05-04 | Neenah Gessner Gmbh | Grinding wheels, in particular cutting wheels, and manufacturing method therefor |
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