US2231713A - Automatic synchronizer - Google Patents

Automatic synchronizer Download PDF

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Publication number
US2231713A
US2231713A US24566738A US2231713A US 2231713 A US2231713 A US 2231713A US 24566738 A US24566738 A US 24566738A US 2231713 A US2231713 A US 2231713A
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discharge
current
tube
sources
circuit
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Finn H Gulliksen
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Priority to JP1731438A priority patent/JPS272074B1/ja
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/40—Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator
    • H02J3/42—Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator with automatic parallel connection when synchronisation is achieved

Definitions

  • My invention relates, in general, to synchronizers and more particularly to automatic synchronizers of the electronic tube type utilizing electrical discharge or gaseous conduction tubes.
  • this thermionic tube synchronizer also had disadvantages which seemed desirable to eliminate. While the power requirements for its operation was of a low value, the device embodied a number of interlocking mechanical relays which operated in a certain predetermined sequence. It is well known that all mechanical relays have certain operating time constants for the reason that there is a time lag between the time current as applied to the operating winding of the relay and the time it takes for the relay to complete its mechanical 45 movement. By means of variable adjustments which were provided in the thermionic tube synchrcnizer, the time constants of the relays could be compensated for. However, it was found that,
  • My invention serves to eliminate all of the mechanical relays found in the thermionic tube type synchronizer, with the exception of a single relay for controlling the energization of the closing coil of the circuit breaker, which results in more satisfactory and more efficient operation of devices of this type, and minimizes the possibility of paralleling two alternating-current systems at an improper time.
  • the object of my invention is to provide an automatic synchronizer of the electrical discharge tube type which will be of simple and economical construction and which will be efiicient and reliable in operation.
  • a more specific object of my invention is to provide for initiating the closing of a circuit breaker or switch for connecting together in parallel two alternating current sources at a point in advance of phase coincidence within predetermined maximum limits of instantaneous frequency difference between the two current sources so that the current sources will actually be connected at substantially zero phase angle displacement.
  • a further object of my invention is to provide for interlocking the electric discharge tubes of my device in such a manner that a closing of the switch for paralleling the two current sources is prevented should the instantaneous frequency difierence between the two current sources exceed a predetermined value.
  • a still further object of my invention is to provide for interlocking the tube circuits of my device in'such a manner that the current flow in the tube circuit which serves to energize the control apparatus, for initiating the closure of the paralleling switch, is permitted only when both of the tubes in the device are simultaneously conductive.
  • Another object of my invention is to provide a novel interlock for a control system by which current is permitted to flow in the control system only when the tubes become conductive in a certain predetermined sequence.
  • Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of an automatic synchronizer embodying the principal features of my invention, and the circuits controlled thereby;
  • Fig. 2 is a graphic representation of the operating characteristics of the synchronizer showing the limits within which the synchronizer will operate.
  • circuit breaker 3 may be of any well known type having a closing coil 4, the energizing current for which may be supplied from any suitable source, such as the battery shown, and controlled by the relay 5.
  • my automatic synchronizer comprises a circuit arrangement in which two tubes of the electrical discharge type are utilized in an interlocking tube circuit arrangement which is described in detail hereinafter, so that the current through the control circuit to initiate the closing of the circuit breaker 3, flows only when certain predetermined values of phase angle difference and frequency difference between the alternating current sources are present.
  • This current which flows in the synchronizer circuit energizes the control relay 5 which, in turn, closes the circuit to the closing coil 4 of the circuit breaker 3.
  • the synchronizer is connected to the two alternating current sources by means of transformers 6 and I, each having a primary winding and a plurality of secondary windings.
  • Control circuit tube A As shown, the secondary windings 8 and 9 of transformers 6 and I are connected in series to the alternating current terminals of the full wave rectifier XIE] which may be of the well known copper oxide type, so that the voltages induced in these windings are directly opposed when the phase angle displacement between the two alternating current sources I and 2 is zero. Accordingly, it will be apparent that the direct-current output of the rectifier X!!! is essentially a pulsating voltage which varies from a minimum of zero when the phase angle diiference or displacement between the two systems is zero, to a maximum when the phase angle displacement between the two systems is at a maximum of 180.
  • a condenser CI may be connected across the direct-current output terminals of the rectifier.
  • This direct-current output from rectifier XIII is impressed across a resistor RH and accordingly will produce a voltage drop which, as has been explained, will vary from zero to a maximum depending upon the 75 phase angle displacement between the two systems.
  • This voltage drop across RII forms a part of the grid bias for tube A.
  • the rectifier output connections are so arranged that this voltage drop with respect to cathode I I and the grid III of the tube A represents a negative grid bias.
  • Another component of grid bias for tube A is obtained from another rectifier X9 connected to the secondary winding 24 of transformer 6.
  • the direct-current output of this rectifier is impressed across a potentiometer P3, and produces a voltage drop which may be varied by changes in the potentiometer setting.
  • the polarity of this voltage drop is 50 arranged that with respect to cathode and grid of tube A, it represents a positive grid bias.
  • a smoothing condenser C2 may be also connected across the output terminals of this rectifier to function in the same manner and for the same purpose as condenser CI.
  • a grid leak resistor RH! may also be utilized in the grid circuit of tube A as shown.
  • the power supply for inducing a current flow in the discharge circuit of tube A when tube A becomes conductive, is produced by another rectifier X8 which may be connected to the secondary winding I6 of transformer 6.
  • a smoothing condenser C3 may be connected across the output terminals of this rectifier.
  • the characteristics of the electric discharge tubes are such that with a highly negative voltage impressed between the grid I and the cathode II of tube A, the tube remains non-conductive and thus no current can flow in the circuit of the tube.
  • this negative voltage is reduced to a sufiiciently low value, which low value depends upon the inherent characteristics of the tube itself, the tube will become conductive and current will flow through the tube between cathode II and anode I2 and hence in the circuit of tube A.
  • the grid bias between cathode II and grid ID of tube A may be varied so that the tube A can be made to become conductive in advance of synchronism at any selected phase angle displacement which will be independent of any difference in frequency existing between the two alternating-current sources.
  • tube A becomes conductive, current will flow through the discharge circuit thereof which extends from the positive terminal of rectifier X8, through anode I2 and cathode II of tube A, resistor R8, anode I and cathode I3 of tube B (provided tube B is also conductive simultaneously with tube A) the winding of relay 5 and back to the negative terminal of rectifier X8.
  • Control circuit tube B A rectifier X5 having its alternating-current terminals connected to the secondary winding I! of the transformer 6 furnishes one component of age.
  • a condenser C5 may be connected across the direct current output terminals of rectifier X5 to smooth out the alternating-current components of the rectified volt- It will be understood that since the alternating-current terminals of rectifier X5 are connected only to the source I, the direct-current voltage thus obtained will be independent of any phase angle displacement existing between the two alternating-current sources.
  • Another negative component of grid bias of tube B is supplied by the direct-current output of rectifier XI.
  • the alternating-current terminals of rectifier XI are connected to the secondary windings I8 and $9 of transformers 6 and 1, respectively, in the same manner in which the alternating-current connections were made with respect to rectifier XII] hereinbefore described, thus producing across the direct-current output terminals of rectifier XI a pulsating voltage of zero value when the phase angle displacement of the two sources is zero, and of maximum value when the phase angle displacement is
  • This pulsating direct-current output is impressed across resistor R3, thus producing a variable voltage drop which will accordingly vary between values of zero and maximum depending upon the phase angle displacement of the two systems.
  • This resistor R3 is so connected in the grid circuit of tube B that the polarity of the voltage drop obtained across this resistor is such that with respect to grid I4 and cathode I3 of tube B, it represents a negative grid bias.
  • a smoothing condenser CB may be connected across the output terminals of rectifier XI.
  • rectifiers X2 and X3 are connected to secondary windings 20 and 2
  • Smoothing condensers C1 and C8 may be connected in the output circuits of reotifiers X2 and X3. It will be seen that the direct-current outputs of rectifiers X2 and X3 are impressed across resistors RI and R2, respectively, and are further connected to rectifier X4.
  • the direct-current output terminals of rectifier X4 are connected in the grid circuit of tube B and thus furnish a positive component of grid bias for tube B which will be proportional to any voltage difference existing between the two systems at zero phase angle displacement. Without such a voltage compensator, the negative grid bias of tube B might not be lowered sufliciently to allow tube B to become conductive even though other prerequisites of phase angle displacement and frequency difierence between the .two systems had been met.
  • Still another component of grid bias for tube B is the voltage drop across the combination of resistor R6 and the variable potentiometer PI.
  • This component of grid bias as will now be explained is a function of the frequency difference between the two sources to be paralleled and hence renders tube B conductive at a time when the frequency difference is below a predetermined value.
  • resistor R4 is connected in series with resistor R3 across the direct current output terminals of rectifier XI, the voltage drop across R4 will also vary from zero to a maximum once per second for each cycle per second difference in frequency between the two systems to be paralleled.
  • a condenser C9 is connected across resistor R4 to be charged with the beat voltage and will attain a maximum value proportional to the voltage drop across R4 when such drop is also at maximum value. As this beat voltage is decreasing towards its zero value, the voltage drop across R4 is also decreasing.
  • the potential applied to condenser C9 now being higher than that across R4, condenser C9 will discharge through the combination of resistor R6 and variable potentiometer PI. Such a discharge produces a voltage drop across potentiometer PI and resistor R6 which is connected in the grid circuit of tube B.
  • the current from condenser C9 flows through R6 and PI in such a direction as to produce a component of positive grid bias.
  • a grid leak resistor R1 may be used in the grid circuit of tube B.
  • the electrical discharge device B is similar to discharge device A, and as heretofore explained in reference to operation of the device A, will not become conductive while a high negative voltage exists between cathode l3 and grid I4. When this grid voltage is reduced to a sufiiciently low value, device B will become conductive and current will flow between cathode I3 and anode I5 and hence in the discharge circuit of device B.
  • the power supply for energizing the discharg 5o circuit of device B consists of another rectifier X! which has its alternating-current terminals connected to the secondary winding 22 of transformer 6.
  • Condenser C4 may be connected across this rectifier to smooth out alternating current components of rectified voltage.
  • the component of grid bias consisting of the voltage drop across resistor R6 and potentiometer PI will vary between values of zero and maximum at a rate equal to the beat frequency of the two systems to be paralleled. It is evident then that with this component of grid bias in combination with those grid biases obtained from the voltage drop across potentiometer P2, resistor R3 and rectifier X4, the total grid bias of device B can be so varied as to make device B conductive at a point in advance of synchronism within predetermined limits of frequency difference between the systems.
  • An automatic synchronizer should not operate to energize the closing coil of a paralleling switch or breaker unless the instantaneous frequency difference between the two systems to be paralleled is less than a predetermined lock-out value. This will prevent paralleling alternating-current generators which are running at too great a speed differential. Also, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that in order for the two systems to be parallel at substantially the exact instant of zero phase angle displacement between the voltages of the two systems, allowance will have to be made for the time constants inherent in the closing mechanisms employed to parallel the alternating-current sources. This means that such closing mechanisms should be energized at a point in advance of phase coincidence and within predetermined safe limits of instantaneous frequency difference between the two systems. It will be evident that from the following description, my invention meets both of these requirements.
  • My automatic synchronizer operates as follows. Assuming that it is desired to parallel the two alternating-current systems, the apparatus is connected to both systems in a circuit arrangement as shown. As has been already explained tube A will become conductive at a time in advance of synchronism which is proportional to the phase angle displacement between the two systems, and tube B will become conductive at a time in advance of synchronism which is proportional to the frequency diiference between the two systems. When tubes A and B are simultaneously conductive, the control relay 5 will be energized and will operate to effect the closure of the circuit break- This may be illustrated by Fig.
  • tubes A and B in order for the synchronizer to function properly, tubes A and B must be simultaneously conducting current and must have been rendered conductive in a certain sequence.
  • tube B When the frequency difference and the phase angle displacement both exceed the maximum limit selected, tube B will become conductive and pass current through its discharge circuit, but as previously explained tube A is prevented from becoming conductive. This results from the fact that when the current is flowing through resistor R8 in the discharge circuit of tube B, a. voltage drop will be produced which, as can be seen, forms a part of the total grid bias of tube A. This voltage drop increases the negative bias of this tube, thus preventing the grid of this tube from reaching a sufliciently low negative value to allow it to become conductive.
  • This difference in charging and discharging rates produces a constantly decreasing voltage across the condenser CIO and also across the anode I5 and negative lead of rectifier X1, and functions to lower the voltage between these two points to a value below the arc drop of the tube, thereby making this tube non-conductive again and ready for further control by the grid bias which is proportional to the frequency difference.
  • tubes A and B will both pass current through their respective discharge circuits and control relay 5 will be energized.
  • the circuit thus completed for energizing the control relay extends from the negative terminal of rectifier X8, through the coil of relay 5, cathode I3 and anode I5 of tube B, resistor R8 and cathode I I and anode I2 of tube A to the positive terminal of rectifier X8.
  • a system of electrical control the combination of a pair of electrical discharge devices, the anode cathode terminals of said devices being connected in series, interconnected discharge circuits for said devices, electro-responsive means disposed in one of said discharge circuits, a source of current for said discharge circuits to energize said electro-responsive means, and a grid control system for each of said devices including means for producing grid bias to render said devices conductive, a part of said grid system of one of said devices including an impedance connected in the discharge circuit of the other device whereby said current flows only when said devices become conductive in a predetermined sequence.
  • a paralleling switch and means for initiating the closing of said paralleling switch at a phase displacement in advance of phase coincidence proportional to the frequency difference between the said current sources comprising an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the phase angle displacement between the voltages of the said sources, and an electrical dis charge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the frequency difference between the said sources, said discharge devices being so electrically interconnected as to prevent closing of said paralleling switch while either of said discharge devices remains non-conductive.
  • a paralleling switch and means for initiating the closing of said paralleling switch at a phase displacement in advance of phase coincidence proportional to the frequency difference between the said current sources comprising an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the phase angle displacement between the voltages of the said sources, an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the frequency difference between the said sources, a discharge circuit for each of said discharge devices, and a source of current for said discharge circuits, said discharge circuits being so interlocked as to permit the flow of said current only when said discharge devices become conductive in a predetermined sequence.
  • a paralleling switch and means for initiating the closing of said paralleling switch at a phase displacement in advance of phase coincidence proportional to the frequency difference between the said current sources comprising an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional tothe phase angle displacement between the voltages of the said sources, an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the frequency difference between the said sources, a discharge circuit for each of said discharge devices, and electro-responsive means disposed in one of said discharge circuits for controlling the operation of the paralleling switch,
  • said electro-responsive means being energized only when both of said discharge devices are simultaneously conducting current.
  • a paralleling switch responsive to control potentials proportional to the phase angle displacement between the voltages of the sources, an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the frequency difference between said sources, a discharge circuit for each of said discharge devices, and relay means disposed in one of said discharge circuits operable to close said paralleling switch only when both of said discharge devices are simultaneously conducting current.
  • a paralleling switch and means for initiating the closing of said paralleling switch at a phase displacement in advance of phase coincidence proportional to the frequency difference between the said current sources comprising an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the phase angle displacement between the voltages of the said sources, an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the frequency difference between the said sources, interconnected discharge circuits for said discharge devices, and electro-responsive means disposed in said discharge circuit operable to effect the closing of the paralleling switch, only when current flows simultaneously in both of said discharge circuits.
  • a paralleling switch responsive to control potentials proportional to the phase angle displacement between the voltages of the said sources, an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the frequency difference between the said sources, a discharge circuit for each of said discharge devices, a source of current for each of said devices, and electro-responsive means disposed in one of said discharge circuits for energizing said closing coil of said paralleling switch at a phase displacement in advance of phase coincidence proportional to the frequency difierence between the current sources, said discharge circuits being so interlocked as to permit energization of said electro-responsive means only when said discharge devices are simultaneously conducting current.
  • a paralleling switch responsive to control potentials proportional to the phase angle displacement between the voltages of the said sources, an electric discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the frequency difference between the said sources, a discharge circuit for each of said discharge devices, a source of current for said discharge circuits, electro-responsive means disposed in one of said discharge circuits for energizing said closing coil of said paralleling switch at a phase displacement in advance of phase coincidence proportional to the frequency difierence between the current sources, and means for varying the advanced angle at which said electro-responsive means is energized, said discharge circuits being so interlocked as to permit energization of said electro-responsive means only when both of said discharge devices are simultaneously conducting current.
  • a paralleling switch and means for initiating the closing of said paralleling switching at a phase displacement in advance of phase coincidence proportional to the frequency difference between the said current sources comprising an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the phase angle displacement between the voltages of the said sources, and an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the frequency difference between the said sources and proportional to the diilerence in voltages between the said sources at zero phase angle displacement, said discharge devices being so electrically interconnected as to prevent closing of said paralleling switch while either of said discharge devices remain non-conductive.
  • a paralleling switch responsive to control potentials proportional to the phase angle displacement between the voltages of the said sources
  • an electrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the frequency difference between the said sources and proportional to the difference in voltages between the said sources at zero phase angle displacement
  • a discharge circuit for each of said discharge devices a source of current for each of said discharge circuits
  • electro-responsive means disposed in one of said discharge circuits for energizing said closing coil of said paralleling switch at a phase displacement in advance of phase coincidence proportional to the frequency difference between the current sources, said dis charge circuits being so interlocked as to permit energization of said electro-responsive means only when said discharge devices are simultaneously conducting current.
  • a system of electrical control the combination of a first and second electrical discharge device, discharge circuits for each of said devices, the discharge circuit of said first discharge device including an electro-responsive means and the anode-cathode terminals of said second discharge device in series circuit relation therewith, a source of potential for producing a flow of current, in said discharge circuits when said discharge devices become conductive, and a grid circuit for each of said discharge devices, said grid circuit of said first discharge device including as a part thereof potential drop means connected in the discharge circuit of said second discharge device and being effective to so control the grid bias of the first discharge device as to render it non-conductive and thereby ineffective to energize said electro-responsive means in the event that the second discharge device is rendered conductive before the first discharge device is rendered conductive.
  • a control circuit in combination, a control circuit, a pair of electrical discharge devices having their anode-cathode terminals connected in series circuit relation in said control circuit and including an impedance connected therebetween, discharge circuits for said devices, a source of current for said devices, and a grid system including means for producing grid bias to render said devices conductive, the grid circuit of one of said devicesand the discharge circuit of the other device including said impedance as an element thereof, said impedance being effective in response to the flow of current in the discharge circuit of said other device before the said one device becomes conductive to prevent said one device from becoming conductive.
  • a plurality of eelctrical discharge devices grid circuits for each of said discharge devices including sources of voltage tocontrol the grid bias and thereby the conductivity of said devices, electrically interconnected discharge circuits for said devices arranged so that the discharge circuit of one of said devices extends through another of said devices, an impedance connected in the grid circuit of one of said devices and also in the discharge circuit of the other, said impedance being effective by the voltage drop thereacross in response to current flow in the discharge circuit of said other device to so control the grid bias of the device in whose grid circuit it is connected as to prevent said device from becoming conductive in response to the other device being rendered conductive first, whereby said devices may be only rendered conductive at the same time by rendering them separately conductive in a predetermined order.
  • a pair of electrical discharge devices, discharge circuits for said devices said discharge circuits being electrically interconnected so that the discharge circuit of one of said devices extends through both of said devices in series circuit relation, grid control circuits for controlling the conductivity of said devices by means of grid bias, one of said grid circuits including an impedance which is also connected in each discharge circuit intermediate the said devices, said impedance being effective in response to the flow of current in the discharge circuit of one of said devices to produce a grid bias on the device in whose grid control circuit it is connected to prevent said device from being rendered conductive in response to the said other device being rendered conductive first.
  • a synchronizing device for paralleling alternating current sources within preselected maximum values of phase-angle and frequency differentials, the combination of an electrical dis-- charge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the phase angle displacement be tween the voltages of the said sources, an elecrical discharge device responsive to control potentials proportional to the frequency difference between te said sources, interconnected discharge c"cui.ts for said devices, and e1ectro-responsive means disposed in the discharge circuit of the said device which is responsive .to control potentials proportional to said phase angle displacement, said electro-responsive means being energized only when both discharge devices are simultaneously conducting current.
  • a synchronizer for controlling the closing operation of a circuit breaker to parallel alternatine current sources within preselected lirnits of frequency and phase angle differentials between said sources, the combination of first and second discharge devices having their anodecathode terminals connected in series circuit relation and including an impedance connected in series between said devices, said first device being responsive to control circuit potentials proportional to the phase angle differential and including said impedance as a part of said control circuit, said second device being responsive to control circuit potentials proportional to the said frequency differential, interconnected discharge circuits for said devices, and electro-responsive means disposed in said discharge circuit of said first device for initiating the closure of said circuit breaker, said impedance being included in the discharge circuit of said second device and effective to prevent said first device from becoming conductive to energize said electro-responsive means while current is flowing in the discharge circuit of said second device.
  • an electro responsive control switch for controlling the energization of said control switch, electrically interconnected discharge circuits for said devices, means operative when connected to said sources for controlling the conductivity of one device in accordance with the phase angle displacement of the voltages thereof, and means operative when connected to said sources for controlling the conductivity of the other device in accordance with the frequency difference between the sources, said devices being connected in series circuit relation through their electrically interconnected discharge circuits to effect energization of the control switch only in response to both of said devices becoming conductive at the same time.
  • a combination of first and second discharge devices having their anodecathode terminals connected in series circuit relation and including an impedance connected in series between said devices, said first device being responsive to grid control potentials -1 prising in series, said impedance, an adjustable positive bias, a pulsating negative bias variable between zero and maximum values in accord ance with the phase angle displacement between said sources, said second device being responsive to grid control potential comprising in series an adjustable negative potential, a positive potential to compensate for differences in voltage values between said sources when said sources are in phase with each other, a.
  • Synchronizing apparatus for controlling the closing operation of a connecting device to parallel alternating current sources comprising in combination a first and second electrical discharge device, interconnected discharge circuits for said devices, means disposed in the discharge circuit of said first device and operable in response to current fiow in the discharge circuit of said first device to initiate the closing operation of said connecting device, control potentials responsive to the phase angle displacement between said sources for rendering said first device conductive, and control potentials responsive to the difference in frequencies between said sources for rendering said second device conl1,
  • said devices being operable when simultaneously conductive within preselected limits of phase angle and frequency differential to produce a flow of current in the discharge circuit of said first device and thereby initiate the closing of said connecting device.
  • a synchronizer for closing a circuit breaker to parallel alternating current sources within preselected limits of phase angle displacement and differences in frequency between said sources comprising first and second discharge devices, grid control means responsive to phase angle displacement for rendering said first discharge device conductive, grid control means responsive to frequency differential for rendering said second discharge device conductive, and a control relay the operation of which is effected when both of said discharge devices are rendered conductive at the same time.

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2777075A (en) * 1954-03-24 1957-01-08 Westinghouse Electric Corp Synchronizing apparatus

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6339920B1 (en) * 1999-08-27 2002-01-22 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Rotation-resisting wire rope

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2777075A (en) * 1954-03-24 1957-01-08 Westinghouse Electric Corp Synchronizing apparatus

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