US2225447A - Electron discharge device - Google Patents

Electron discharge device Download PDF

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Publication number
US2225447A
US2225447A US294612A US29461239A US2225447A US 2225447 A US2225447 A US 2225447A US 294612 A US294612 A US 294612A US 29461239 A US29461239 A US 29461239A US 2225447 A US2225447 A US 2225447A
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United States
Prior art keywords
gap
electrons
magnetic
tubular
electrodes
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US294612A
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English (en)
Inventor
Andrew V Haeff
Lloyd P Smith
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RCA Corp
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RCA Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to NL61321D priority Critical patent/NL61321C/xx
Application filed by RCA Corp filed Critical RCA Corp
Priority to US294612A priority patent/US2225447A/en
Priority to GB14183/40A priority patent/GB543752A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2225447A publication Critical patent/US2225447A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/10—Magnet systems for directing or deflecting the discharge along a desired path, e.g. a spiral path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/04—Tubes having one or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the modulation produced in the modulator zone is mainly density modulation, e.g. Heaff tube

Definitions

  • the electrons After crossingthe center 'of the gap the electrons are acted upon bya radial force in an opposite direction tending to remove the electrons from the beam.
  • the net effect of the radial components of force is to produce convergence because the accelerated electrons will traverse .the diverging part of the field in a shorter time than the converging part. That is, the electrons will be subjected to -a converging fieldon' the left side 'of the gap for a longer time than to a diverging field of the same strength on the right side.
  • the field increases appreciably during the electron transit time, there may be a divergence of the beam because although the period of dwell within the field on the right hand side is shorter, the electrons experience a greater outward force, during their transit on the right hand side a'scompared with the force toward the center while traversing the field on'the left hand side of the gap.
  • the field is decreasing during transit time, the net result will be to converge the beam more sharply than when a static field is employed. That is, although the electron will dwell within the field at thev right hand side of the gap for a longer period of time than atthe left hand side, the forces on the right hand side are considerably weaker and thus ,the beam will remain focused.
  • the electrons enter a retarding field, that is with the electrode I0 at a higher potential under static conditions, the electrons remain for a longer period of time on the right hand side of the gap than on the left hand side. A divergin effect is produced on the left side but the beam will converge since converging forces on the right side of the gap act for a longer period of time. If the field is being increased, that is the left hand electrode increases in potential, convergence will be even greater. On the other hand if the field is decreasing with the potential on the electrode in decreasing and the potential on the electrode ll increasing in a. positive direction, if the change is rapid enough divergence may result.
  • FIG. 2 The basic principle of our invention is illustrated in Figure 2.
  • the distribution of the magnetic field is similar to that of the electric field.
  • the magnetic field is chosen sufliciently large so that convergence of the beam is produced irrespective of the diverging effect of a rapidly changing electric field.
  • the electric field is represented by the dotted lines and the magneticfield. by the solid lines.
  • Demognetic field of course remains constant although the electric field may change.
  • mag-' netic lens can be effectively used to prevent divrgence from any cause such as space charge and defocusing eflects of electrostatic fields.
  • Magnetic lenses of the type described above have been successfully used for focusing an electron beam in the high frequency inductive output tubes of the type described and claimed in a co-pending application, Serial No. 254,239 filed February 2, 1939, in the name of Andrew V.
  • Figure 4- is schematically shown the longitudinal schematic section of a quarter wave concentric line tank circuit comprising an inner tue bularconductor 20 which may be cylindrical in cross section, and a hollow outer tubular conductor 2
  • a second tubular conductor 24 which may be referred to as the aperture extension is coaxiaLwith the conductor IQ and spaced axially from the conductor 20 to provide a gap 25.
  • are connected by the conducting plate 23. This arrangement provides a quarter. wave concentric tank circuit.
  • the circuit may be made to oscillate vigorously merely by the passage of the charged bodies past the gap.
  • Figure 7 illustrates the configuration of the electric and magnetic fields within the resonant space of the tank circuit when the latter is excited.
  • the dashed lines 29 represent the equipotential surfaces in the gap.
  • the electric field does not penetrate very far inside the open end of the inner conducting member 20 or inside the conductor 24, but is confined effectively to the space defined approximately by the limiting equipotential lines 29 shown in thefigures. and inside the conductor 24 is essential field free, therefore no work will be done on a charge moving inside the inner conductor '20 by the electric field until the charge reaches the gap 25. If.
  • the charge traverses the gap at the instant when the electric force is in the direction from Him 24, the charge will be decelerated, its energy being given up to the tank circuit.
  • a charge crossing the gap during the opposite half cycle when the field is reversed will be accelerated and absorb energy from the circuit. If, however, the number of charges traversing the gap during the first half cycle is greater than during the second, the net eifect will be that energy is supplied to the tank circuit. d
  • the tank circuit may be excited by passing groups of electrons at the proper frequency across the gap between-the conductors 20 and 24.
  • the motion of the electrons in the interior of the inner conductor 20 has no effect on the current in the tank circuit.
  • high frequency electromagnetic fields, which will .be generated within the resonating space of the tank circuit penetrate but a short distance inside the conductor 20 and conductor 24 which act as a screen electrode so that the electrons will be influenced by these fields only during their passage across .the gap.
  • FIG 8 is shown schematically in section an electrode arrangement ofa tube embodying and operating on the principle described above.
  • Mounted within the inner conductor 20 is a convventional cathode 30 and a'grid 3
  • a collector electrode 32 may be placed beyond the screening electrode or aperture extension 24'.
  • the phase of this voltage at or near resonance will be such as to-decelerate electrons traversing,,,the gap during the half period of maidmiim'intens'ity of the electron current in the stream.
  • the energy lost by the electrons is transformed by the tank circuit into the energy of the electromagnetic field within the resonating space between the inner and outer conductors and then 7 may be conveyed to the useful load by means of The space inside .the inner conductor 20' If a high I a coupling loop such as, for example, 33 extending through an aperture in the outer tubular conductor 2
  • the current collecting electrode 32 can be operated at a much lower potential than the conductors 20 and 24 and in order to obtain a high emciency it is usually operated at a potential just sufiicient to collect all decelerated electrons.
  • an electrostatic or magnetic focusing of the electron stream can be utilized to prevent electrons from impinging on the high potential electrodes 20 or 24. Thus these electrodes will not dissipate energy and all of the power generatedin the tube will be supplied by the low voltage collector power supply.
  • a beam tube of the type described and embodying our present invention is shown in Figure 9.
  • the evacuated envelope 40 contains within it the cathode 4
  • a beam of electrons is directed from the cathode to the collector electrode'43.
  • the concentric line tank circuit comprises the inner tubular members 46 and 41 spaced axially to provide a gap between their ends.
  • the outer concentric tubular member 48 is electrically connected to the inner tubular members by the end discs or plates 49 and 50.
  • the gap between the two inner coaxial cylinders is positioned between the electrodes 44 and 45.
  • the magnetic circuit of ferromagnetic material includes the tubular members 5
  • the tubular members of magnetic material forming the lens system are encased by means of highly conductive material 46' and 41' electrically connected to and forming part ofthe inner tubular coaxial members so that 0 the ferromagnetic material is completely shielded from the high frequency fields.
  • the electron beam which originates at cathode 4i is.accelerated and focused by the control grid 42 and accelerat ing electrode 44, being finally collected at the col-- lecting electrode 43.
  • the lens formed by members ti and 52 prevents divergence oi the beam caused by electrodes 62 and M.
  • the lens formed by the gap between tubular magnetic members 52 and 53 compensates for the divergence caused by the electric field across the gap 55.
  • the circuit arrangements and voltage sources 15 are also disclosed.
  • the leads 6i and 62 connected to the source of voltage 60 provide'heating current to the heater (not shown) of cathode 4!.
  • and lead connected to the control electrode 42 forms with the 20 bridging member 64 a Lecher wire system.
  • the input circuit is connected to a driver by means of the loop 55.
  • the tank circuit is maintained at a positive potential by means of the conductor 66 which is electrically connected to the source of as supply 61.
  • Voltage is supplied to the collector from voltage source 58, the collector being maintained at a lower potential than the tank circuit.
  • the accelerating electrode 45 is connected electrically by conductor $5 to the positive side of St) voltage source 61.
  • the load is connected to the tank circuit by means of the loop 69 extending within and coupled to the outer tubular member 48. I i
  • the magnetic lens tubular members 51' and 52' are separated 45 for providing a gap registering with the gap between tubular members 46' and 41'.
  • These electromagnetic members are coupled to the coil 59' by means of legs 12.
  • the tubular electrode 46' has adjacent and surrounding it the magnetic tubular member 14 coupled magnetically with the coil 16 by leg 15.
  • the magnetic lens within the electrode 46' and adjacent the cathode and grid can 55 be regulated independently or the magnetic lens at the gap 13 to provide the focusing desired.
  • magnets could of course be permanent magnets instead of magnets and 16.
  • a rod 10 maintained at cathode potential for causing the electron beam to be spread and to prevent -secondaries from leaving the collector electrode and going back to the tubular member 41'.
  • prevents electrons from leaving the interior of as the collector 43' through the aperture through which the rod 10 extends. This feature is covered in the co-pending application of Andrew V. Haefl,
  • Figure 11 is shown an arrangement whereby the output electrical circuit and magnetic lens are entirely contained within the glass envelope of the tube.
  • the grid, cathode and collector are 75 arranged in the manner similar to that in the assess? magnet 59' to pass through the glass walls at d and at e, the overlapping areas d and e 01 internal and external magnetic material being made large enough to keep the reluctance through the glass relatively low.
  • a-mal5 terial of high electric conductivity is used on the surface of magnetic material to prevent high frequency losses.
  • FIG. 12 we show the application of our invention-to an electron discharge device utilizing a plurality of beams focused by a system of lenses formed by the grid-like structure 01' copper coated magnetic material as shown.
  • Each of the beams is approximately rectangular in cross section, originating from the rectangular cathodes 80 controlled by control electrodes 8'! and passing through the reduced grid-like portions 85' and. 86' of the members 85 and 86 and collected'by collector electrode 82 provided with rectangular shaped pockets 83 registering with the beams.
  • the magnetic circuit for energizing the lens is common to all the lenses and coincides with the discs 96 and 9
  • the part 89 of the electrical circuit is-made of non-magnetic material so that the magnetic circuit is completed through the permanent magnets 92 and 93 in contact with the discs 81 and 90, the portions of magnetic ma- 0 terial 90 and 9! completing the magnetic circuit with the permanent magnets.
  • An electron discharge device having a pair of conducting members separated by a gap, a conducting member connected to said pairoi conducting members for forming an oscillating tank circuit, means for projecting a stream of electrons across said gap, magneticmans adjacent said conducting members and having a 7 gap registering with the gap between the conducting members for providing a. magnetic lens at said gap, means for modulating saidstream of electrons prior to its passage across said gap and a collecting electrode for collecting electrons v or c o-axial tubular electrodes spaced axially to '5 provide a gap between the tubular electrodes,
  • tubular'members or magnetic material closely adjacent said axially spaced tubular electrodes and provided with a gap registering with the gap between said axially spwed tubular electrodes to provide a magnetic lens at said gap, means for projecting electrons axially oi. said coaxial tubular electrodes across said gap, means for collecting electrons passing through said tubular electrodes, and a sheath of non-magnetic material or high electrical conductivity around said tubular members of magnetic material.
  • An electron discharge device having a pair of coaxial tubular electrodes spaced axially to provide a gap between the tubular electrodes, tu-
  • bular members or magnetic material closely adjacent said axially spaced tubular electrodes and provided with a gap registering with the gap between said axially spaced tubular electrodes to provide a magnetic lens at said gap, means for Q5 projecting electrons axially or said coaxial tubular electrodes across said gap and means for collecting electrons passing through said tubular members, and a solenoid magnetically coupled to said tubular members of magnetic material.
  • An electron discharge device having a oath-- ode for supplying electrons, a collector electrode spaced from said cathode for receiving said elec- I trons, means including a pair of coaxial tubular members spaced axially to provide a gap be- 35 tween said tubular members, said tubular members being so positioned-between the cathode and collector electrode so that electrons moving from the cathode to the collector electrode will pass axially through the tubular members across said between the axially spaced tubular members to provide a magnetic lens at said gap.
  • An electron discharge device including a quarter wave concentric line output tank circuit 50 having a pair of coaxial tubularmembers spaced axially to form a gap and a concentric outer tubular member connected by a conducting plate at each end to one of said tubular members, a cathode and grid positioned adjacent the end or one 5 or said pair or coaxial tubular members for supplying electrons axially of said coaxial tubular members across said gap and a collecting electrode adjacent the end of the other coaxial tubular member for receiving the electrons from 60 the cathode, means including tubular members or magnetic material spaced.
  • An electron discharge 70 collecting electrode for receiving the beam of electrons, a pair or coaxial tubular electrodes axially spaced to provide a gap-and surround ing-the discharge path between the. cathode and anode whereby electrons-from the cathode to 75 the anode traverse the gap between said pair at said gap.
  • a device including means lorprovidlng a beam of electrons and a I of coaxial tubular electrodes and an accelerating electrode surrounding the path of the beam between the cathodeand the gap, tubular members of magnetic material positioned closely adjacent the tubular electrodesand provided with 5 gaps registering with the accelerating electrode and with the gap between the coaxial tubular electrodes to provide a pair of electron lenses for said accelerating electrode and at said gap.
  • An electron discharge device having an en- 10 -ve1ope containing a cathode and grid for providing a source of modulated electrons,- and.
  • An electron discharge device having an envelope containing a cathode and grid for providing a modulated stream of electrons, a collector electrode for receiving said electrons, and a quarter wave concentric line tank circuithavihg a pair of coaxial tubular members spaced axially to provide a gap surrounding said envelope and the discharge path between the cathode and collector electrode, and positioned so that the gap between the tubular members is intermediate Y the cathode and collector electrode, an accelerating electrode adjacent said grid and tubular members of magnetic material adjacent and. coaxial with said coaxial tubular members and having a gap registering with the gap between the coaxial tubular members and a gap adjacent the accelerating electrode for providing a mag-' netic lens at said' gap and for said accelerating electrode.
  • An electron discharge device provided-with means for providing a projected beam of electrons, a collector electrode for receiving said electrons, a pair of tubular coaxial electrodes spaced axially to provide a gap and surrounding .50 the discharge path of said beam and positioned between said electron beam supplying means and the collector electrode, and tubular members of magnetic material adjacent thetubular electrodes and surrounding the discharge path and having a gap registering with the gap between the tubular electrodes and a gap adjacent the beam supplying means whereby a pair of electron lenses is provided for maintaining the beam of electrons focused during operation of the co tube.
  • An electron discharge device provided with means for providing a projected beam of electrons, a collector electrode for receiving said electrons, a pair of tubular coaxial electrodes spaced axially to provide a gap and surrounding the discharge path of said beam and positioned between said electron beam supplying means and the collector electrode, and tubular members of magnetic material surrounding the discharge to path adjacent the tubular electrodes and having a gap registering with the gap between the tubular electrodes and a gap adjacent the beam supplying means whereby a pairi of electron lenses is provided for maintaining a beam of 7 electrons focused during operation of the tube, and solenoid means operably associated. with the magnetic tubular member for individually controlling the magnetic field produced at each gap between the tubular members'of magnetic material.
  • An electron discharge device including a cathode and a grid for providing a modulated stream of electrons, a collector for receiving said electrons a quarter wave concentric line tank circuit'having a pair of coaxial tubular electrodes spaced axially to provide a gap and sur- 12.
  • An electron discharge device having a pin-- rality of beam supplying means for supplying a plurality of parallel beams and means for 001- lectingsaid beams, tubular electrodes provided with a plurality of apertures registering with said beams and spaced to provide a gap through which said beams are projected, magnetic means surrounding said apertures and having a gap registering with the gap between the tubular members, extensions from said magnetic means and permanent U-shaped magnets cooperating with said extensions to provide a magnetic ctr cuit whereby a magnetic field is produced at said gaps to provide a magnetic lens for said beams of electrons.
  • An electron discharge device having an envelope containing a cathode and a grid for providing a source of modulated electrons, a collector for receiving said electrons and a quar ter wave concentric line tank circuit having a pair of coaxial tubular members spaced axially to provide a gap and surrounding the discharge path between the cathode and collector electrode and positioned so that the p between the ular electrodes is intermediate the cathode and collector electrode, -magnetic means adjacent and coaxial with the coaxial tubular electrodes and having a gap registering with the 8.
  • tubular electrodes for providing a magnetic/lens at saidzgap, and radial extensions connected to said magnetic means extending to the interior surface or the envelope, and a permanent electromagnet of tubular shape surrounding the exterior-oi said envelope and posi tioned to complete a magnetic circuit through said extensions on said magnetic means.

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  • Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
US294612A 1939-09-13 1939-09-13 Electron discharge device Expired - Lifetime US2225447A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL61321D NL61321C (is") 1939-09-13
US294612A US2225447A (en) 1939-09-13 1939-09-13 Electron discharge device
GB14183/40A GB543752A (en) 1939-09-13 1940-09-13 Improvements in electron discharge devices

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US294612A US2225447A (en) 1939-09-13 1939-09-13 Electron discharge device

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Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2421043A (en) * 1940-06-28 1947-05-27 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Detector of modulated carrier frequencies
US2425657A (en) * 1941-04-17 1947-08-12 Rca Corp Short-wave apparatus
US2428554A (en) * 1942-12-03 1947-10-07 Westinghouse Electric Corp Ultra high frequency oscillation generator
US2437279A (en) * 1942-09-23 1948-03-09 Raytheon Mfg Co High-power microwave discharge tube
US2440089A (en) * 1942-08-18 1948-04-20 Rca Corp Electron discharge device employing cavity resonators
US2452272A (en) * 1944-10-28 1948-10-26 Philco Corp Magnetron
US2454970A (en) * 1943-10-16 1948-11-30 Gen Electric Ultra high frequency electric discharge device
US2460141A (en) * 1946-06-04 1949-01-25 Gen Electric Electric discharge device
US2468440A (en) * 1945-01-04 1949-04-26 Harries John Henry Owen Electron tube
US2481026A (en) * 1944-08-15 1949-09-06 Rca Corp Ultra high frequency electron discharge device having elongated electrodes
US2528138A (en) * 1941-01-18 1950-10-31 Rca Corp High-frequency electron discharge device
US2707758A (en) * 1950-12-19 1955-05-03 Sperry Corp Travelling wave tube
US2829299A (en) * 1949-08-12 1958-04-01 Int Standard Electric Corp Electron discharge devices
US2909702A (en) * 1948-10-01 1959-10-20 Siemens Ag Discharge vessel cooled by radiation
US2925508A (en) * 1955-07-28 1960-02-16 Sperry Rand Corp Electron beam focusing structure
US2991391A (en) * 1957-07-24 1961-07-04 Varian Associates Electron beam discharge apparatus
US2991382A (en) * 1958-03-20 1961-07-04 Nippon Electric Co Electron beam tube focusing device
US3950710A (en) * 1970-12-17 1976-04-13 The Bendix Corporation Wide band, in-line, microwave amplifier
US4072877A (en) * 1976-07-30 1978-02-07 English Electric Valve Co., Ltd. Travelling wave tubes
US6084353A (en) * 1997-06-03 2000-07-04 Communications And Power Industries, Inc. Coaxial inductive output tube having an annular output cavity
US20050200283A1 (en) * 2004-02-27 2005-09-15 E2V Technologies Limited Electron beam tubes
CN117580238A (zh) * 2024-01-16 2024-02-20 合肥国家实验室 磁透镜

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2421043A (en) * 1940-06-28 1947-05-27 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Detector of modulated carrier frequencies
US2528138A (en) * 1941-01-18 1950-10-31 Rca Corp High-frequency electron discharge device
US2425657A (en) * 1941-04-17 1947-08-12 Rca Corp Short-wave apparatus
US2440089A (en) * 1942-08-18 1948-04-20 Rca Corp Electron discharge device employing cavity resonators
US2437279A (en) * 1942-09-23 1948-03-09 Raytheon Mfg Co High-power microwave discharge tube
US2428554A (en) * 1942-12-03 1947-10-07 Westinghouse Electric Corp Ultra high frequency oscillation generator
US2454970A (en) * 1943-10-16 1948-11-30 Gen Electric Ultra high frequency electric discharge device
US2481026A (en) * 1944-08-15 1949-09-06 Rca Corp Ultra high frequency electron discharge device having elongated electrodes
US2452272A (en) * 1944-10-28 1948-10-26 Philco Corp Magnetron
US2468440A (en) * 1945-01-04 1949-04-26 Harries John Henry Owen Electron tube
US2460141A (en) * 1946-06-04 1949-01-25 Gen Electric Electric discharge device
US2909702A (en) * 1948-10-01 1959-10-20 Siemens Ag Discharge vessel cooled by radiation
US2829299A (en) * 1949-08-12 1958-04-01 Int Standard Electric Corp Electron discharge devices
US2707758A (en) * 1950-12-19 1955-05-03 Sperry Corp Travelling wave tube
US2925508A (en) * 1955-07-28 1960-02-16 Sperry Rand Corp Electron beam focusing structure
US2991391A (en) * 1957-07-24 1961-07-04 Varian Associates Electron beam discharge apparatus
US2991382A (en) * 1958-03-20 1961-07-04 Nippon Electric Co Electron beam tube focusing device
US3950710A (en) * 1970-12-17 1976-04-13 The Bendix Corporation Wide band, in-line, microwave amplifier
US4072877A (en) * 1976-07-30 1978-02-07 English Electric Valve Co., Ltd. Travelling wave tubes
US6084353A (en) * 1997-06-03 2000-07-04 Communications And Power Industries, Inc. Coaxial inductive output tube having an annular output cavity
US20050200283A1 (en) * 2004-02-27 2005-09-15 E2V Technologies Limited Electron beam tubes
WO2005083735A3 (en) * 2004-02-27 2005-10-20 E2V Tech Uk Ltd Electron beam tubes
US7187130B2 (en) 2004-02-27 2007-03-06 E2V Technologies (Uk) Limited Electron beam tubes including a vacuum envelope seal and having a metallized balance ring
CN117580238A (zh) * 2024-01-16 2024-02-20 合肥国家实验室 磁透镜
CN117580238B (zh) * 2024-01-16 2024-06-07 合肥国家实验室 磁透镜

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NL61321C (is")
GB543752A (en) 1942-03-11

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