US2215426A

US2215426A - X-ray tube

Info

Publication number: US2215426A
Application number: US266448A
Authority: US
Inventors: Raymond R Machlett
Original assignee: Machlett Laboratories Inc
Current assignee: Machlett Laboratories Inc
Priority date: 1939-04-07
Filing date: 1939-04-07
Publication date: 1940-09-17
Anticipated expiration: 1957-09-17

Description

Sept. 17, 1940.

R. R. M ACHLETT X-RAY TUBE Filed April 7, I939 Patented Sept. 17, 1940 X-RAY TUBE Application April 7, 1939, Serial No. 266,448

3 Claims.

This invention rel-ates to X-ray tubes for therapy and radiographic purposes and is concerned more particularly with a novel X-ray tube which may be operated at high energy values for the prolonged periods required in therapy treatments and may also be utilized to produce X-rays of high quality at unusual efficiency.

In the operation of X-ray tubes for therapy purposes, it is well known that an increase in efiiciency may .be obtained by insulating the focusing cup so that it may be maintained more highly negative than the filament itself. In such a tube, the cup functions in a manner analogous to the grid of a three element electron tube, so that when the tube is operated from unrectified or pulsating rectified generators, the negative bias on the cup permits electrons originating at the filament to reach the anode only when the voltage waves are near their peak values. As a result, the X-rays are of high quality otherwise obtainable only by the use of expensive constant potential generators.

Heretofore X-ray tubes with biased focusing cups, or grids, as they are sometimes called, have commonly been made with spiral filamentsand the cups have been of concentrically symmetrical form, so that a round focal spot is produced on the target face of the anode. This arrangement is satisfactory for therapy at moderate energy.

values, but has definite limitations where high energies are required. Thus, in such a tube of conventional construction, the leads of the spiral filament are supported by a block of insulation which may readily be designed to permit the maintenance of a potential difference of about 3000 volts between the focusing cup and filament without electrical leakage. With such a cathode, the electrons reaching the anode originate almost entirely at the surface of the filament facing the anode and, since the focal spot on the anode is an image of the filament and the electron stream is divergent, the spot is larger than the filament to an extent depending upon the spacing between the anode and cathode. In a tube having a spacing of about 5", a filament spiral of a diameter of about will produce a focal spot about in diameter when a bias voltage of the value above mentioned is applied to the cup.

A focal spot of such a size will continuously withstand about 1.5 kilowatts, if the tungsten target is suitably cooled, but if greater energy is required, a larger focal spot must be employed to permit efiicient cooling. The design of a grid biased round focus cathode to produce such a focal area presents great difiiculties, because if the diameter of the filament spiral is increased,

maintaining it in its initial condition against the electrostatic pull to which it is subjected is a serious problem. Moreover, an increase in the filament spiral size requires an increase in the spacing between the filament and focusing cup and this in turn requires an increase in the biasing voltage. The problem of insulating the cathode assembly to take care of the increased biasing voltage is difiicult of solution as a mac-$ tical matter, so that for the several reasons mentioned, definite limitations are imposed on the energy rating of a biased round focus tube by practical considerations.

X-ray tubes for radiographic use now frequently operate on the line-focus principle and such tubes include a helical filament so disposed with relation to the target surface as to produce a foreshortened focal spot. In such a tube, the

electron stream impinging upon the target is made up of electrons originating at the front of the filament and electrons originating at the rear. The electrons from the front of the filament proceed along divergent lines from the filament to the target, while those from the rear are caused to change direction by the walls of the focusing cup and proceed along lines which converge and cross interior more lightly loaded.

If the focusing cup of such a tube is given a negative bias with respect to the filament, the effect of the cup on bending the path of the electrons is disproportionately increased and, therefore, with a particular cup construction, the desired electron distribution in the focal area can be maintained only with a particular biasing voltage. However, in the operation of such tubes, different anode-cathode voltages are employed in the making of radiographs of different types and in order to obtain X-rays of high quality, it is necessary to adjust the biasingvoltage for each of the different anode-cathode voltages employed.

Any such variation in the biasing voltage results in a distortion'of the focal spot or undesirable electron distribution over the spot. Accordingly,

impossible to obtain both high-quality X-rays and high radiographic efficiency throughout the range of anode-cathode voltages which it may be necessary to use.

The present invention is accordingly directed to the provision of a novel X-ray tube which may be operated for the prolonged periods required for therapy treatments at energy values greatly in excess of those permissible with tubes as heretofore constructed and may also be operated with its focusing cup biased so as to produce X-rays of high quality. The new tube is also useful for radiographic purposes and, when so used, produces high-quality X-rays without loss of radiographic efliciency.

These results are obtained with the new tube by the use of a plurality of helical filaments of similar size and a focusing cup in which the filaments are mounted, the cup being so formed as to direct the electron streams from the filaments upon contiguous areas on the target face of the anode. The cup has surfaces so disposed with relation to the filaments as to block and prevent the emission of electrons from the rear thereof, and a negative bias may be applied to the cup to cause the production of X-rays of high quality only. In therapy treatments, the number of filaments used depends. on the energy values to be employed and since those values are ordinarily high, at least two filaments are usually operated for that purpose. For radiographic use, one filament is sufiicient. Since in all cases, the spacing between the cup and the filament or filaments is relatively small, the bias voltage required is correspondingly small and no difliculty is presented in insulating the cup and maintaining the desired bias on it.

For a better understanding of the invention, reference may be made to the accompanying drawing, in which Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section through an X-ray tube constructed in accordance with the invention;

' of the tube.

The tube shown in Fig. 1 comprises an evacuated envelope H) of glass or other suitable material, this envelope, in the construction illustrated, having re-entrant end portions I l and I2. An anode I3 is mounted to lie along the axis of the tube at one end and has a shank Hi which projects out through the end portion II and is sealed by a suitable sealing sleeve I5. The anode, which is ordinarily of copper, is provided with a target disk 16 of tungsten embedded in the inclined face thereof in the usual manner. This anode will ordinarily be cooled by the circulation of a cooling liquid through pass-ages and a coil therein, in the usual manner.

Aligned with the anode at the other end of the tube is the cathode which comprises a split metallic tube I! mounted on the closed re-entrant end portion I2 and held in place by clamping rings I8. At the inner end of the tube is a focusing cup [9 of electro-conductive material, such as a suitable metal, this cup having a front face formed in two planes intersecting at the center of the face to form a re-entrant angle. In each of the planes adjacent the line of intersection is a recess 29a, 20b, and these recesses are formed extends inwardly. The recesses, which lie parallel, extend across the face of the cup from edge to edge and at the end of each recess is a shield 2| welded or otherwise suitably secured in position.

Leading from the recesses through the body of the cup are passages 22, and a block or plate 23 of insulation, such as a ceramic material, is secured to the rear face of that portion of the cup which lies within the tube [1. The plate 23 has openings therethrough in line with the passages 22 and other openings through which pass screws 24 threaded into the body of the cup. Spacing collars 25 mounted on the screws space the plate 23 from the rear face of the cup.

Within each

recess

20a, 20b is a filament 26 which is of fine wire wound helically to form an extended coil. Each end of each filament coil is attached to a lead 21 and the leads extend through the passages 22 in spaced relation to the walls thereof. The leads also pass through bushings 28 in the ceramic plate 23 and their fit in the bushings is such that the portions of the leads within the passages and the filaments are kept out of electrical contact with the cup. Two leads 2'! connected to similar ends of the filaments are connected by a metal strip 29 which is connected by a wire 30 lying within the tube H to a lead-in wire 3| sealed through the wall of a neck 32 formed. as an outward extension from the re-entrant end portion I2 of the envelope. The other ends of the filaments are connected by

wires

33, 34 to lead-in

wires

35, 36 also sealed through the wall of the neck 32 and lying on either side of the lead-in wire 3|. A fourth lead-in wire 31, which is sealed through another neck 38 extending outwardly from the re-entrant portion [2, is connected by a strip 39 to the metallic sleeve l 1 and provides a means by which the focusing cup may be maintained more highly negative than the filaments during operation.

As shown in Fig. 5, current may be supplied to the filaments 26a, 26b through the lead-in

wires

35, 36, the lead-in wire 3| serving as a common return. If desired, a suitable switching device ments may be employed, in which event, appropriate electrical connections similar to those described will be employed so that the filaments may be used singly or in various combinations.

In the operation of the tube, the walls of the focusing cup adjacent each filament direct the electron stream therefrom upon the target face of the anode and the cup is so formed that, when both filaments are functioning, the focal areas produced are contiguous, as indicated at 40a, 40b. Also, the geometrical relations of the filaments and target face are such that each focal spot is foreshortened in accordance with the line-focus principle. Consequently, if the tube is to be used for radiographic purposes, the advantages of linefocus construction are obtained.

By employing a number of long helical filaments, each with its own focusing groove in the new tube, each filament produces a focal area of band form on the anode and by the use of a suitable number of filaments of the same or difierent shapes, any desired focal area may be obtained. This effect is secured without increasing the bias voltage required for efficiency in at an energy value greatly in excess of that permissible with the spiral filaments heretofore employed. Also, the focal area may be given any desired configuration and when the tube is employed for industrial radiography, a focal area can be obtained which will give the minimum projected focal size for maximum loading capacity under the conditions of operation.

It is to be noted that the new tube does not involve merely the use of the biased focusing cup with a cathode of conventional line-focus design. If it were desired to increase the focal area with such a filament, the normal approach to the problem would be to increase the size of the filament and widen the groove in the focusing cup. This, however, would be impractical because, with the normal spacing between the filament and the sides of the focusing groove, a voltage of 10,000 volts or more would have to be applied to the focusing cup in order to secure an appreciable biasing efiect and it would be impossible, or at least extremely diificult as a practical matter, to provide the internal insulation in the cathode assembly which would be required if such a high voltage were used.

With the new construction, the surfaces of the exposed walls of that portion of the focusing cup which is of rectangular shape are brought sufficiently close to the filament as substantially to block electrons originating from the rear surface of the filament. As a result, excessive biasing voltages are not required and, accordingly, no serious problem in insulating the cup is presented. Also, no difficulty arises with respect to electron distribution, as above pointed out. The total focal area on the target face required for the use of high energy values may, therefore, be obtained without sacrificing other advantages and, in a tube for radiographic purposes, the line-focus principle may be employed without sacrifice in the quality of the X-rays or in the radiographic efficiency.

I claim:

1. An X-ray tube suitable for continuous operation for prolonged periods as in therapy treatments which comprises an evacuated envelope containing an anode having a target face formed throughout of a single metal and a cathode, the cathode including at least two parallel helical filaments of the same size, a focusing cup mounted within the envelope and provided with recesses in which the cathode filaments lie, the walls of the recesses being so formed as to direct the electron streams from the filaments upon contiguous areas on the target face of the anode to provide a symmetrical focal spot of substantially twice the size produced by either filament acting alone, means for supplying heating current to either of the filaments alone or to both filaments simultaneously, and insulating mounting for the cup, and a lead electrically connected to the cup and extending through the wall of the envelope by which the cup may be maintained at a potential negative to the filaments during operation of the tube.

2. An X-ray tube suitable for continuous operation for prolonged periods as in therapy treatments which comprises an evacuated envelope and a cathode, the cathode including at least two parallel helical filaments of the same size, a focusing cup mounted within the envelope and provided with recesses in which the cathode fila- L ments lie, the walls of the recesses being so formed as to direct the electron streams from the filaments upon adjacent nonoverlapping areas on the target face of the anode, means for supplying heating current to either of the filaments alone or to both filaments simultaneously, and means for maintaining the focusing cup at a potential negative to the filaments during operation of the tube.

3. An X-ray tube suitable for continuous operl ation for prolonged periods as in therapy treatments which comprises an evacuatedenvelope and a cathode, the cathode including at least two parallel helical filaments of the same size, a focusing cup mounted within the envelope and provided with recesses in which lie the cathode filaments, the walls of the recesses being so formed as to direct the electron streams from the filaments upon adjacent nonoverlapping areas on the target face of the anode, means for supplying heating current to either of the filaments alone or to both filaments simultaneously, and means for maintaining the focusing cup at a potential negative to the filaments during operation of the tube, the filaments lying within the recesses in such proximity to the walls thereof that when said filaments are in operation, the said walls block electrons originating at the rear surfaces of the filaments.

RAYMOND R. MACHLE'IT.