US2184143A

US2184143A - Variable pitch propeller mechanism

Info

Publication number: US2184143A
Application number: US755031A
Authority: US
Inventors: Walter S Hoover
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1934-11-27
Filing date: 1934-11-27
Publication date: 1939-12-19
Anticipated expiration: 1956-12-19

Description

.R E V O O H S w VARIABLE PITCH PROPELLER MECHANISM Original Filed Nov. 27, 1934 8 Sheets-Sheet 1 umuw IN VEN TOR.

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VARIABLE PITCH PROPELLER MECHANISM Original Filed Nov. 27, 1934 8 Sheets-Sheet 2 7 INVENTOR. m 5, We;

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Dec. 19, 1939. w. s. HOOVER 2,184,143

VARIABLE PITCH PROPELLER MECHANISM Original Fil ed Nov. 27, 1934 8 Sheets-Sheet 3 1 INVENTOR.

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VARIABLE PITCH PROPELLER MECHANISM Original Filed Nov. 27, 1934 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR- A TTORINEYS.

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VARIABLE PITCH PROPELLER MECHANISM Original Filed Nov. 2'7, 1934 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 lNVENTO Wea 7 m0 Dec. 19, 1939. w. s. HOOVER VARIABLE PITCH PROPELLER MECHANISM Original Filed Nov. 27, 1934 8 Sheets-Sheet 7 INVENTOR. m 6. new

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mi fl, 51 w. s. HOOVER VARIABLE PITCH PROPELLER NEOHANISM 8 Sheets-Sheet 8 Original Filed Nov. 27, 1934 INVENTOR ATTORNEY lid application November 27, 1934, Serial No. 155,031 Renewed September 15, 19 36 6 Claims.

This invention relates to improvements in variable pitch propeller mechanism, of the general type disclosed in my Patent 1,972,486, issued September i, 1934.

In the aforementioned patent there is disclosed an hydraulic mechanism for manually and/or automatically eil'ecting the pitch setting of the propeller blades in accordance with the motor load conditions incident to the maneuverability of air-craft.

In accordance with the present invention, novel means are provided for transmitting the force developed by the hydraulic unit to the propeller blades in a manner to prevent hunting of .the motor which is characteristic of the automatically controlled variable pitch propeller mechanisms heretofore proposed.

In accordance with the present invention, the medium through which the hydraulic force is transmitted is self-locking and yet eliminates friction loss, thus rendering it highly emcient,

and in addition provides a high reduction ratio between the source of power and the blades.

It is another object of the invention to provide mechanism which shall be adapted to effect a change in the setting of the propeller pitch angle in a smooth and steady manner thereby preventing abrupt changes in motor operation and cons: quent severe stress on the operating parts.

Still another object of the invention is the provision of semi-automatic means for manually controlling the adjustment for pitch setting through the medium of electrical control of the hydraulic unit which, when released,- restores automatic control. 7

Still a further object of the invention is the provision of manual control means for the hydraulic operating mechanism which may be readily substituted for the fully automatic or semi-automatic control mechanism.

These and other objects of, the invention will become more apparent from a consideration of the accompanying drawings constituting a part hereof in which like reference characters designate like parts and in which: I

Fig. 1 is a front elevational view of a variable pitch propeller unit embodying the principles of this invention, having its front cover removed;

Fig, 2 a cross-sectional view thereof taken along the line 2-2, Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 a side elevational view partially in section of the structure shown in Figs. 1 and 2;

Fig. 4 a-sectional elevational view taken on the line tl, Fig. 3;

Fig. 5 a side elevation partially in section of a portion of the propeller hub unit illustrating a modified form of hydraulic rotor;

Fig. 6 a rear view with the housing shown in Fig. 5 partly cut away;

Fig. 7 a plan view of the blade operating annulus diagrammatically illustrating the mounting of the internal counterweights on the blades;

Fig. 8 a cross-sectional view partially in elevation of an electro-magnetically actuated control valve;

Fig. 9 a plan view of the pressure and relief tubes with control valve and governor arms;

Fig. 10 a cross-section of the tube of Fig. 9 taken on line Ill-l0, Fig. 9;

Fig. 11 a plan view of the roller bearing for the blade anchorage shown in Fig. 3; and

Fig. 12 a diagrammatic showing of the oil pressure system and its connection to the engine and pitch adjusting unit.

With reference to Figs. 1 to 4 inclusive of the drawings, the numeral I generally designates a propeller hub casting or forging having oppositely disposed hollow extensions 2 for mounting the propeller blade anchorages. While for the purpose of illustration a hub design for two :1 blades is shown, it is obvious that the invention is applicable to propeller mountings employing any number of adjustable blades.

In Fig. 3 the blade root 3 is shown provided with a buttress thread i to receive an annulus 5 on which is mounted oppositely disposed counterweights t,,the counterweights being at right angles to the face of the blades as is diagrammatically shown in Fig. 7 of the drawings. The function of the counterweights t is to partly counter-balance the magnitudes of centrifugal torsion'moments which act on the geometrical mass of the blade to assume lines of exact radii from the nearest centerline tending to flattenout the pitch in the plane of rotation. For example, in a propeller operating at 2,100 R. P. M. with the centrifugal torsion at about 4,000 inch pounds for each blade, the employment of internal counterweights t, while inefiective to entirely balance-out the centrifugal torsion because of space limitations, will reduce the magnitude of centrifugal torsion moments about 1,500 inch pounds for each blade. The weights are positioned at approximately 45 from the crank shaft centerline when the blades are adjusted for normal operation.

A sleeve 'l, Fig. 3, having a flange 8 houses a series of roller bearings 9 and H), the bearings 9 having their axes parallel to the axis of the blade to take up the angular thrust of the blade and the remaining bearings ll] are radially disposed to take up the centrifugal thrust of the blade. Roller bearings II are provided at the .of the thrust members, the roller races requiring precision in their tolerances. The short leg of the L-shaped races is adapted to flex slightly under load to make up any discrepancies in the tolerances of successive bearings, thus equalizing the load over a series of stack bearings.

The propeller blade anchorages as above 'described are actuated to vary the pitch setting by subjecting the annulus 5 in which they are mounted to angular movement, this being accomplished by a worm I2, Fig. 2, having tooth engagement with a roller |3 that is mounted in an ofi-set portion M of the member 5. The

teeth of the roller |3 are annular and the worm I2 is of the I-Iindley type, the face of the worm being slightly concave to conform to the are on which the tooh extremity of the roller l3 travels. Roller I3 is anti-frictionally mounted by balls l5, one of which fits into a hemispherical seat in .the projecting portion l4, and the other ball is held in place by an adjustable cavity in a screw I6.

The worm I2 is mounted on a shaft having a pinion l8 that interacts with the teeth of a ring gear l9 which is actuated by a fluid niotor generally designated by the numeral 2|].

The worm shaft I1 is anti-frictionally mounted by bearings 2| and 22, and a U-shape packing 23 prevents leakage of fluid from the hydraulic unit 20 through the gear teeth.

The hydraulic unit 20 comprises a rotor 24 having

flanges

25 and 26 which in cooperation with

housing walls

21 and 28 form leak pressure cavities 29 and 30, the

flange walls

25 and 26 being of rigid mechanical construction to prevent distortion and to permit of proper sealing of the housing and rotor by gaskets 3|. The leak pressure cavities 29 and 30 are adapted to counteract the internal pressure of the rotor by building up pressure due to the slippage of fluid by the pressure differential between the inner and oute faces of the flanged wall. The pressure on bo sides of the

flanged walls

25 and 26 is substantially balanced by the leak pressure balancing leaks 32 extending through movable vanes 33 and through

flange walls

25 and 26, this lead being shown in dotted lines in Fig. 2 and is more clearly shown in Fig. 4 of the drawings.

With reference to Fig. 4, the hydraulic unit embodies a pair of stationary abutments 34 which are secured to the housing 21 by cap bolts 35 or in any other suitable manner, these stationary abutments cooperating with the movable vanes 33 that are attached by dowel pins 36 to the

flange walls

25 and 26 of the rotor, the vanes 33 cooperating with the fixed abutments to be relatively movable by fluid pressure which is supplied through a pressure lead'l communicating with an annular lead 38 having ported openings 39. The pressure is released through a duplicate annular lead 39a communica ing with the 'by separate switches.

ported opening 49, the annular leads being more clearly shown in Fig. 2.

The flow of fluid is controlled through valve mechanism generally designated by the numeral 4| which regulates the flow from a port 42 in the side of the propeller hub shaft to a flow cavity 43 which surrounds a relief pipe 44 by which the fluid is returned to the pressure source. The flow cavity 43 communicates with a tube 45 that extends to a valve chamber 46, Fig. 3, from which it flows through a ported passage 4'! to passage 48 of the pressure lead 37, Figs. 2 and 4.

Ported passages 41 and 41a are controlled by a slide valve 49, Figs. 3, 8 and 10, the valve being of spool shape and hollow in the center to balance the pressure on its outer flange. Valve 49 is actuated by a governor to control the flow of pressure to one side of the vanes 33 and simultaneously relieve the pressure on the opposite side. The governor comprises shafts 50 having governor arms 5|, Figs. 1 and 3, which are responsive to centrifugal force produced by rotation of the hub to actuate their respective shafts 50 which bring about the movement of the slide or spool valve 49 through connecting links 5|a, Figs. 3, 8 and 10. 3 that when valve 49 is moved in the direction where it uncovers the port 41 on the outside of its end flange, itwill simultaneously uncover the other port 41a on the inside of the opposite flange (Fig. 3) thus relieving the pressure on one side of vane 33 through the inner tube or pipe 44.

Valve 49 is controllable manually for synchronizing the pitch setting of a plurality of pro peller units by actuating governor arms 5| independently of the centrifugal force that tends to spread them, such control being effected through a pair of electrical solenoids 52 that are elec-v trically connected through lead wires 53 with collector rings 54 mounted on the rear of the hydraulic rotor, current being supplied to the collector ring through brushes 55 connected to a source of electrical energy such as a battery. The control is effected by means of a push button switch which, when held depressed by the operator, will energize solenoids 52 thereby drawing out the governor arms 5| to produce the de 'sirable adjustment of the valve 49 that causes actuation of the movable vanes of the hydraulic unit to produce a desirable pitch setting. When thebutton switch is released, solenoids 52 will be deenergized and governor arms 5| will assume the position they'would have for the particular revolutions of the propeller shaft at the time of such release.

The mechanism may also be entirely manually controlled by means of the structure shown in Fig. 8 wherein the governor arms 5| are removed from their shafts 50 and a movable armature 56 is mounted on one of said shafts. The armature is actuated by

solenoids

51 and 58 which are wired to collector rings 54 Fig. 3 and controlled The valve 49 shown in Fig. 8 is biased by coil springs 59 to a normal position of pitch setting. Valve 49 is provided with an axially extending finger 49a having a notch 49b which is engaged by a lever 59a mounted to be movable with shaft 56 in response to angular movement of the armature 56. It will be noted as viewed in Fig. 8 of the drawings that the valve 49 has flanged ends which control the ported ducts 41 and 41a for directing the fluid pressure to the hydraulic actuator for effecting a forward or reverse pitch setting, the dimensions of the It will be apparent from Fig.

valve flanges and ports being such that it requires but a very slight movement of the valve to establish communication of the ducts M and Ma with the source of fluid in the valve chamber between the flanged ends of the valve 49. By energizing one of the solenoids with one of the'switches the valve it will route the actuating fluid to set the pitch of the blades to forward position, and by energizing the other of the solenoids the fluid m will be routed to reverse the pitch setting of the blade thus affording an all-manual control without any change of the blade actuating mechanism.

A modified form of hydraulic unit or motor is m shown in Figs. 5 and 6 of the drawings, and consists of a movable housing member 60 which carries the movable vanes ti that cooperate with stationary abutments 62 secured to a sleeve 63 .by bolts Ma. Sleeve 63 is keyed to a stationary gm hub portion 63 by a key iii, Fig. 5. The numeral Ma designates an annular pressure lead having ported openings therein. The operation of this type in whichthe outer housing is movable instead of the inner part as in Fig. 4, is the same- Etd as that of the operation of the structure of Fig. 4, the fluid pressure and relief passages being the same as is readily apparent from comparison of the two figures, the primary aim of the cylinder housing being to prevent distortion due to the an oil pressures used.

Fig. 9 shows in detail the relief tube M and the pressure tube t5, one end of the relief tube til being provided with a plug 65 that fits in the counterbored portion of the propeller hub shaft pg M, a screw plug t'l interacting with threads pro vided in the end of shaft lit to hold the supply tubes it and it in position.

The pressure tube ib has a threaded portion fit that cooperates with threads of the hub casting, and a screw plug 65 is provided to render valve W accessible. Governor 'arms M are shown attached to the end of the tube-like structure and are operatively connected to valve it to adjust'the latter in response to variation in the motor speeds.

Fig. 12 diagrammatically illustrates a system for the development of oil pressure in a conventional motor by ,the use of auxiliary equipment which functions to develop pressure in excess of the engine pressures while maintaining lower pressure on .the oil used for lubricating the engine parts. In FFgrlZ the numeral iii) designates a gear pump having a conduit ill leading to a main tank ii and a conduit it that delivers fluid W under pressure to chamber it from which it is distributed at high pressure through conduit it to the hydraulic propeller unit generally designated by the numeral it. Pump ta delivers the oil to chamber it at a pressure in excess of the m maximum pressure required for actuating the hydraulic propeller unit, and chamber it is provided with a relief valve 113a having adjustable means for setting the valve to maintain a predetermined oil pressure in chamber 13 as, for ex- 65 ample, 200 pounds, so that the pressure delivered through conduits it to the hydraulic pitch setting unit will always be at 200 pounds, or whatever pressure is desired. The balance of the fluid delivered by pump b9 passes from chamber 13 70 through conduit 13b to a chamber 13c which is provided with a relief or blow-off valve lid to maintain a predetermined pressure, such as 75 pounds, in the tank We. The lubricating fluid is delivered to the engine by conduit 13c from m chamber lite and the fluid, after passing through hill the parts of the engine to be lubricated, is returned to the engine sump T8, the blow-ofi and leak from chamber 130 and the engine being shown by dot-and-dash lines. The drain or return flow from the hydraulic propeller unit is' shown as passing out the off-set of the crank shaft at the portion designated by the numeral ii. The oil from the enginesump is returned to the scavenging side 80 of pump 69 which returns it to the main tank ii.

The operation of the above described variable pitch propeller mechanism is briefly as follows: Assuming the blade roots to be mounted for rotary movement as hereinabove described, that is, in the bearing set up shown in Fig. 3 with the counterweighted annuli 5 in cooperative engagement with the worms it through rollers [3, the pitch of the propeller blades in the absence of manual control will be entirely determined by the operation of the governor arms 5! which respond to the centrifugal force produced by the speeds of the motor. As the governor arms 5| move angularly on their shafts 5|], the valve t9 controlling the flow of fluid under pressure to the rotary abutments of the hydraulic unit will be actuated to open and close the ported passages M and lla, thereby subjecting the movable vanes or abutments of the hydraulic unit to pressure on one side and relieving the pressure on the opposite side causing the rotor portion Zllto rotate which, through ring gear [9, actuates pinion l8 and connected worm shaft [2 causing the annuli 5 to move angularly to effect the change in pitch setting.

As previously stated, the worm drive is a selflocking device which prevents hunting of the motor due to leakage of pressure or slippage of the mechanical linkage, and yet through the roller engagement of the worm with the annuli substantially all friction is eliminated. Further, by means of the worm drive, a high reduction ratio between the fan blade and hydraulic rotor is attainable so that excessive fluid pressuresare not required to operate the pitch setting mechanisms.

In the modification of hydraulic unit shown in Figs. 5 and 6, the same principle of operation is present, the only difference in the construction being the rotary movement of the housing instead of the inner member. If it is desirable to use the manual control as in starting, the operator energizes the circuit of solenoids 52 which actuate the governor arms 5| to effect a change of setting'of valve and a consequent movement of the rotary abutments to change the pitch angle.

When the manual control switch is released, the solenoids 52 will be deenergized and governor arms M will be released to the position which they would normally assume for the particular engine speed at such time.

If the all-manual control is employed asin the construction shown in Fig. 8, the governor arms El are dispensed with and solenoids are provided to actuate valve M for controlling the application of pressure to the face of the movable vanes. One of the solenoids will move the valve actuating armature 55 to forward position of pitch setting and the other to reverse pitch setting, and when both electrical circuits are deenergized, the valve will assume the position in which the blades will be disposed for a given operating condition. In the exercise ofthe manual control thesolenoid circuits will remain energized only so long as the operator makes contact with push button or other control switch.

It is apparent from the foregoing description of this invention that variable pitch propeller mechanism operating on the hydraulic principle and embodying the principles herein disclosed provide efiicient means for propeller blade adjustment within a compact space with mechanical devices that are compact and not of excessive weight.

By mounting the hydraulic unit or rotor at the rear of the hub more compactness and a shorter design is obtainable.

Although one embodiment of the invention has been herein illustrated and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made in the details of construction and in the arrangement of the cooperating parts without departing from the principles herein set forth.

I claim:

1. A hydraulic unit controlling the pitch setting of variable pitch propeller blades comprising ahub structure, blade anchorages mounted therein, a double acting vane type hydraulic actuator operatively connected to the blade anchorages to render them simultaneously movable, said actuator communicating with a source of fluid pressure, valve means controlling the application of fluid pressure to said actuator, said means being normally biased to maintain the valve in one position of its operation, electromagnetic means for moving said valve means in the other positions of its operation, said valve and electromagnetic means being carried by said hub structure and means for energizing said electromagnetic means to render said valve means operative to increase or decrease the pitch setting oi the propeller blades comprising, electrical contacts movable with said hub and electrically connected to said electromagnetic means, and means for supplying a source of electrical energy to said movable contacts.

2. A variable pitch propeller mechanism comprising a hub structure, blade anchorages mounted for rotary movement therein, screw shafts having, gear tooth engagement with said anchorages, fluid pressure mechanism for simultaneously actuating the screw shafts and control means for said fluid pressure mechanism mounted in said hub and rotatable therewith to adjust the pitch setting of the blade anchorages in response to the speed of the hub, said fluid pressure mechanism comprising a housing having a plurality of stationary abutments, and a rotor having movable abutments, said rotor being geared to the screw shafts and said control means consisting of a speed responsive device and a slide valve connected to a source of fluid pressure and to the space between the stationary and movable abutments, said slide valve being actuated by the speed responsive device to actuate the rotor in accordance with desired changes in the pitch setting of the blade anchorage members.

3. A hydraulic unit for changing the pitch setting of variable pitch propeller blades comprising a hub structure, a plurality of blade anchorage members rotatably mounted therein, a

double acting vane type hydraulic actuator geared to the blade anchorages to render them simultaneously movable, a conduit for supplying fluid pressure to said hydraulic actuator from a source remote from said propeller valve means for controlling the application of fluid pressure to said actuator, means for operating the control valve comprising a, movable armature normally biased to maintain the valve in one position of its operation, electromagnetic actuating means for said armature, said valve, armature and electromagnetic means being carried by said hub structure, and means for selectively energizing said electromagnetic means to increase or decrease the pitch setting of the blades comprising, electrical contacts movable with said hub and electrically connected to said electromagnetic means, and means for supplying a source of electrical energy to said movable contacts.

4. A variable pitch propeller mechanism comprising a hub structure and blades movably mounted therein, a double-acting vaned type of fluid motor, mounted on the propeller hub, connected with the blades for changing the pitch of the blades, a conduit for supplying fluid under pressure to said motor from a source remote from said hub, a valve controlling the application of said fluid to'actuate said motor, and electro-magnetic means for actuating said valve, said means comprising electrical contacts movable with said hub and electrically connected to said electromagnetic means, and means for supplying a source of electrical energy to said movable contacts.

5. A variable pitch propeller mechanism comprising a hub structure and blades movably mounted therein, a double-acting vaned type of fluid motor, mounted on the propeller hub, connected with the blades for changing the pitch of the blades, a conduit for supplying fluid under pressure to said motor from a source remote from said hub, a valve in said hub controlling the application of said fluid to actuate said motor, electromagnetic means for actuating said valve, contact rings on said hub, stationary brushes in constant engagement with said rings and connected to a source of electrical energy, and electrical conduits connecting said rings and electro-magnetic valve actuating means.

6. A variable pitch propeller mechanism comprising a hub structure and blades movably mounted therein, a fluid motor mounted on the propeller hub connected with the blades for changing the pitch of the blades, a conduit for supplying fluid under pressure to said motor from a source remote from said hub, a valve in said hub controlling the application of said fluid to actuate said motor, a governor having movable weights mounted in and rotatable with said hub structure, said weights being responsive to the speed of the propeller hub to actuate said fluid controlling valve, electromagnetic means for actuating the governor weights to actuate the fluid control valve at the will of the operator, said electromagnetic means having electrical connection with a current collecting means mounted on the hub structure and rotatable therewith, and means for supplying a source of electrical energy to said current collecting means.

WALTER S. HOOVER.