US2183091A - Electrolytic cell - Google Patents

Electrolytic cell Download PDF

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Publication number
US2183091A
US2183091A US150622A US15062237A US2183091A US 2183091 A US2183091 A US 2183091A US 150622 A US150622 A US 150622A US 15062237 A US15062237 A US 15062237A US 2183091 A US2183091 A US 2183091A
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container
electrolyte
anode
cathode
electrolytic cell
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Expired - Lifetime
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US150622A
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Claass Anthony Freder Johannes
Lange Cornelis De
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Koninklijke Philips NV
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Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/145—Liquid electrolytic capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S220/00—Receptacles
    • Y10S220/27—Vents

Definitions

  • Our invention relates to electrolytic cells having liquid electrolytes.
  • Electrolytic condensers of the above type are generally made with a container, i. e. cathodecontainer, of a conductive material which also acts as a current supply conductor for the electrolyte, and with an anode, 1 e., the formed electrode, disposed in the center of the container and insulated therefrom.
  • a container i. e. cathodecontainer
  • an anode 1 e., the formed electrode
  • a rather high alternating voltage which, for example, may vary from 30 to 50 volts at 50 cycles per second (half-wave rectification), or at 100 cycles per second (full-Wave rectification), and which results in the passage of a rather high capacitative alternating current.
  • the cathode-container may be, and gen- :m erally is, made very small, which results in a large current density at the surface of the cathode-container.
  • the cathode-container 7 is made of a material, such as aluminum, zinc, aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, etc., which meets the usual requirements, for example, low cost and easy workability even in mass production.
  • the surface thereof in contact with the electrolyte becomes chemically transformed under the iniiuence of the abovementioned high alternating current load and the cathode-container during part of one cycle becomes positive with respect to the electrolyte.
  • a capacity connected in series with that of the anode is produced at the surface of the cathode-container and the total capacity of the condenser is decreased.
  • the series resistance, i. e. loss resistance of the condenser is increased by the presence of this oxide film.
  • the main object of our invention is to prevent t'he production of such an oxide film or at least suppress the harmful eiect thereof, while at the same time retaining all the advantages of an inexpensive cathode-container.
  • the container which is in contact with the electrolyte, of a cheap and easily-workable metal, and provide in contact with the electrolyte and electrically connected to the container, a metallic member of a material which is more precious than that of the container.
  • the current does not ow directly from the electrolyte to the container, but iiows from the electrolyte to the metallic member, and then through the container to an external circuit.
  • the container can be made of a material which is most suitable for ⁇ this purpose, Whereas the metallic member or cathode body as regards its shape and material may be exactly adapted to its particular function, and may be made, for instance, of a very thin sheet of a more precious metal.
  • the cathode body of metals which are novel for this purpose and which entirely meet all the requirements, i. e. chromiumiron or chromium-nickel alloys.
  • ferrochromium is particularly advantageous as it is not attacked by the electrolyte solutions usually employed in this technique, and consequently the cell can be stored for a long time without deterioration.
  • the cathode body which will be neferred to as the cathode, is secured to the container by spot-Welding or riveted thereto with a closed eyelet, whereby at the same time the electric connection is established.
  • a condenser in a particularly advantageous construction of a condenser according to the invention, we arrange the anode in the center of thecontainer and insulated therefrom, and form the cathode 'body of a cylindrical sheet of more precious metal secured to the container by spot-welding, and surrounding the anode symmetrically with respect to the active surface thereof.
  • This construction has the great advantage that the path of current between the anode and the cathode body is very short and consequently'the series resistance is reduced to a minimum.
  • chromed aluminium has the disadvantage that it can only be used when the alternating current density is very low, for instance below 5 milli-amp. (50 cycles per second) per sq. cm.
  • the present invention has the advantage that the function of electrical contact with the electrolyte and the functionof the contact with the supply conductor are entirely separate with the result that both the container and the cathode body can be made with the most favorable shape and of the most suitable material.
  • the condenser shown in the drawing comprises a cup-shaped container i, for instance ci' aluminum, provided on its closed end with a protuberance I2 having a venthole i3.
  • an anode 3 in the form of a starshaped sheet of nlm-forming metal, such as aluminum, tantalum or the like, supported from a stem l and provided with an elcctrolyticallyformed oxide lm.
  • Stem l is supported from a member 6 of hard insulating material, for instance Bakelite, by riveting over its end at 'I, whereas a gasket 9 of ins ⁇ u1ating material is provided between member 6 and the corrugated surface of a flanged portion 5 of stem 4 to provide a liquid-tight seal.
  • the ends of container I are spun over the edge of member 6 with the interposition of gasket 9 to form a liquid-tight seal, whereas a lug I'I soldered to container VI serves as a cathode terminal, and a lug 8 riveted to stem 4 at 'I serves as an anode terminal.
  • Member 6 is provided with an externallythreaded projecting portion 20, which serves in the usual manner to secure thecondenser to a panel.
  • Container I is filled to a level above the top of anode 3 with a suitable electrolyte 2, for instance an aqueous solutionhof borax and boric acid.
  • a suitable electrolyte 2 for instance an aqueous solutionhof borax and boric acid.
  • venting means consist of a band II of elastic material, such as rubber, which normally closes vent hole Il.
  • a metal cap Il provided with a vent hole I5 is secured to the top of container I and forms a space within which is disposed a suitable absorbent material I6, such as sawdust, which serves to absorb any of the electrolyte which may be carried out throug vent hole I3 by the vented gases.
  • the condenser is of a more or less standard construction. However, if further means are not provided an oxide lm will be formed upon the inner surface o1 container I, which will deleteriously aifect the operation of the condenser.
  • a cathode body III in the form of a partial cylinder of a thin strip of a more precious metal fixed to container I at 2
  • Body I0 may be made of materials such as rust proof steel, gold or platinum in foil-form. However, as has been stated, we prefer to make this body of a chromium-iron or chromium-nickel alloy.
  • An electrolytic cell comprising a container of an easily-worked nlm-forming metal, an anode within said container, an electrolyte, said container serving as a current-supply conductor for the electrolyte, and a strip-shaped contact member of a more precious metal than the container metal and electrically connected to the container, said member substantially completely encircling the anode and extending laterally at least over the middle portion thereof.
  • An electrolytic cell comprising a cup-shaped container of an easily-worked film-forming metal, an anode within said container, a liquid electrolyte within said container, said container serving as a current-supply conductor for the electrolyte, and a cylindrical-shaped strip of a more precious metal than the container metal and electrically connected to the container, said strip substantially completely encircling the anode and extending laterally at least over the middle portion thereof.
  • An electrolytic cell comprising a container of an easily-worked film-forming metal, an anode within said container, an electrolyte within said container, said container serving as a currentsupply conductor for the electrolyte, and a stripshaped contact member of ferro-chromium alloy electrically connected to the container, said member substantially completely encircling the anode and extending laterally at least over the middle portion thereof.
  • An electrolytic cell comprising a container of an easily-worked film-forming metal, an anode arranged within said container, an electrolyte within said container, said container serving as a current-supply conductor for the electrolyte, and a strip-shaped contact member of a more precious metal than the container metal and spotaraacer welded to the container, said member substantially completely encircling the anode and extending laterally at least over the middle portion thereof.
  • An electrolytic cell comprising a container of an easily-worked film-forming metal, an anode arranged within said container, an electrolyte within said container, said container serving as a current-supply conductor for the electrolyte, and a strip-shaped contact member of a chromium-nickel alloy connected to the container, said member substantially completely encircling the-anode and extending laterally at least over the middle portion thereof.
  • An electrolytic cell comprising a container of an easily-Worked nlm-forming metal, an anode arranged within said container, an electrolyte within said container, said container serving as a current-supply conductor for the electrolyte, and a strip-shaped contact member electrically connected to the containerand consisting of an alloy of chromium, carbon, silicon, manganese and iron, said member substantially completely encircling the anode and Vextending laterally at 10 least over the middle portion thereof.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)

Description

Dec. 12, 1939.
A. F. P. J. CLAASSEN ET AL ELECTROLYTIC CELL Filed June 25, 1937 jv VEA/Taps Patented Dec. 12, 1939 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE ELECTROLYTIC CELL Application June 26,
1937, serial No. 150,622
In Germany July 20, 1936 6 Claims.
Our invention relates to electrolytic cells having liquid electrolytes.
We shall describe our invention in connection with wet electrolytic condenser, however it is not limited thereto but is equally applicable to other types of electrolytic cells having liquid electrolytes.
Electrolytic condensers of the above type are generally made with a container, i. e. cathodecontainer, of a conductive material which also acts as a current supply conductor for the electrolyte, and with an anode, 1 e., the formed electrode, disposed in the center of the container and insulated therefrom. To obtain the highest possible capacity per unit volume, the anode is given a large active surface area per unit volume, for instance by giving it a profiled surface and/or by chemically or eleotrochemically roughening or etching thesurface. If such a condenser is used as a smoothing condenser, there is generally superposed upon the direct-current voltage, a rather high alternating voltage which, for example, may vary from 30 to 50 volts at 50 cycles per second (half-wave rectification), or at 100 cycles per second (full-Wave rectification), and which results in the passage of a rather high capacitative alternating current. Furthermore, because of the very small size of the anode, the cathode-container may be, and gen- :m erally is, made very small, which results in a large current density at the surface of the cathode-container.
With such condensers, however, difficulties arise, particularly when the cathode-container 7;; is made of a material, such as aluminum, zinc, aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, etc., which meets the usual requirements, for example, low cost and easy workability even in mass production.
More particularly, when using cathode-containers of such materials the surface thereof in contact with the electrolyte becomes chemically transformed under the iniiuence of the abovementioned high alternating current load and the cathode-container during part of one cycle becomes positive with respect to the electrolyte. As a result of this, a capacity connected in series with that of the anode is produced at the surface of the cathode-container and the total capacity of the condenser is decreased. Furthermore, the series resistance, i. e. loss resistance of the condenser, is increased by the presence of this oxide film.
The above condition deleteriously affects the electrical properties of the condenser, and due particularly to the high current density resulting from the compact construction of such condensers, this forming process proceeds very rapidly and consequently the harmful oxide film is produced after the condenser has been in operation only a very short time. This oxide nlm is also produced on the cathode-container by repeated switching on and off, i. e. by the socalled switching effect.
The main object of our invention is to prevent t'he production of such an oxide film or at least suppress the harmful eiect thereof, while at the same time retaining all the advantages of an inexpensive cathode-container.
According to the invention, we form the container, which is in contact with the electrolyte, of a cheap and easily-workable metal, and provide in contact with the electrolyte and electrically connected to the container, a metallic member of a material which is more precious than that of the container.
The expression more precious as used herein and in the claims, is to be understood to mean a material which is anodically polarized, i. e. formed less strongly than the material of the cathode-container.
In a condenser according to the invention, the current does not ow directly from the electrolyte to the container, but iiows from the electrolyte to the metallic member, and then through the container to an external circuit. Thus the connections for the external circuit are maintained in the usual manner, and the container can be made of a material which is most suitable for `this purpose, Whereas the metallic member or cathode body as regards its shape and material may be exactly adapted to its particular function, and may be made, for instance, of a very thin sheet of a more precious metal.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, we form the cathode body of metals which are novel for this purpose and which entirely meet all the requirements, i. e. chromiumiron or chromium-nickel alloys.
The use of ferrochromium is particularly advantageous as it is not attacked by the electrolyte solutions usually employed in this technique, and consequently the cell can be stored for a long time without deterioration.
According to a further embodiment of the invention, the cathode body, which will be neferred to as the cathode, is secured to the container by spot-Welding or riveted thereto with a closed eyelet, whereby at the same time the electric connection is established.
In a particularly advantageous construction of a condenser according to the invention, we arrange the anode in the center of thecontainer and insulated therefrom, and form the cathode 'body of a cylindrical sheet of more precious metal secured to the container by spot-welding, and surrounding the anode symmetrically with respect to the active surface thereof. This construction has the great advantage that the path of current between the anode and the cathode body is very short and consequently'the series resistance is reduced to a minimum.
We are aware that it has been proposed to form the cathode of an electrolytic cell of a material which is unattacked by the electrolyte, for instance gold or graphite, or to form the inner surface of the container itself of a material which is unattacked by the electrolye, such as chromed aluminum. Such constructions, however, have the disadvantage that the selection of the material for the container is govemed by other factors than cheapness and easy workability. On the other hand, if a cathode insulated from the container is used, the container cannot be used as a current-supply conductor.
Furthermore, chromed aluminium has the disadvantage that it can only be used when the alternating current density is very low, for instance below 5 milli-amp. (50 cycles per second) per sq. cm. Compared with the use of chromed aluminum, the present invention has the advantage that the function of electrical contact with the electrolyte and the functionof the contact with the supply conductor are entirely separate with the result that both the container and the cathode body can be made with the most favorable shape and of the most suitable material.
In order that .the invention may be clearly understood and readily carried into effect, we shall describe the same in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which the single iigure is a sectionized side view of an electrclytic condenser embodying theinvention.
The condenser shown in the drawing comprises a cup-shaped container i, for instance ci' aluminum, provided on its closed end with a protuberance I2 having a venthole i3. Within the container is an anode 3 in the form of a starshaped sheet of nlm-forming metal, such as aluminum, tantalum or the like, supported from a stem l and provided with an elcctrolyticallyformed oxide lm. Stem l is supported from a member 6 of hard insulating material, for instance Bakelite, by riveting over its end at 'I, whereas a gasket 9 of ins`u1ating material is provided between member 6 and the corrugated surface of a flanged portion 5 of stem 4 to provide a liquid-tight seal. The ends of container I are spun over the edge of member 6 with the interposition of gasket 9 to form a liquid-tight seal, whereas a lug I'I soldered to container VI serves as a cathode terminal, and a lug 8 riveted to stem 4 at 'I serves as an anode terminal.
Member 6 is provided with an externallythreaded projecting portion 20, which serves in the usual manner to secure thecondenser to a panel.
Container I is filled to a level above the top of anode 3 with a suitable electrolyte 2, for instance an aqueous solutionhof borax and boric acid.
To provide for the escape of gases developed within the container during operation, venting means are provided which consist of a band II of elastic material, such as rubber, which normally closes vent hole Il. A metal cap Il provided with a vent hole I5 is secured to the top of container I and forms a space within which is disposed a suitable absorbent material I6, such as sawdust, which serves to absorb any of the electrolyte which may be carried out throug vent hole I3 by the vented gases.
It will be noted that up to this point the condenser is of a more or less standard construction. However, if further means are not provided an oxide lm will be formed upon the inner surface o1 container I, which will deleteriously aifect the operation of the condenser.
In accordance with the invention, we provide within the electrolyte a cathode body III in the form of a partial cylinder of a thin strip of a more precious metal fixed to container I at 2| by means of spot-welding. It is advantageous to use a partial cylinder as shown in the drawing, as we can start from a fiat strip which we bend to the desired curvation. Body I0 may be made of materials such as rust proof steel, gold or platinum in foil-form. However, as has been stated, we prefer to make this body of a chromium-iron or chromium-nickel alloy. For example, very good results are obtained when using an alloy consisting substantially of 20% chromium and nickel, or an alloy comprising 24% to 26% chromium, 0.10%-0.20% carbon, 0.25% silicon, 0.20% manganese, and the remainder iron.
While we have described our invention with reference to specific examples and specific applications, we do not Wish to be limited thereto, but desire the appended claims to be construed as broadly as permissible in view of the prior art.
What we claim is:
l. An electrolytic cell comprising a container of an easily-worked nlm-forming metal, an anode within said container, an electrolyte, said container serving as a current-supply conductor for the electrolyte, and a strip-shaped contact member of a more precious metal than the container metal and electrically connected to the container, said member substantially completely encircling the anode and extending laterally at least over the middle portion thereof.
2. An electrolytic cell comprising a cup-shaped container of an easily-worked film-forming metal, an anode within said container, a liquid electrolyte within said container, said container serving as a current-supply conductor for the electrolyte, and a cylindrical-shaped strip of a more precious metal than the container metal and electrically connected to the container, said strip substantially completely encircling the anode and extending laterally at least over the middle portion thereof.
3. An electrolytic cell comprising a container of an easily-worked film-forming metal, an anode within said container, an electrolyte within said container, said container serving as a currentsupply conductor for the electrolyte, and a stripshaped contact member of ferro-chromium alloy electrically connected to the container, said member substantially completely encircling the anode and extending laterally at least over the middle portion thereof. l
4. An electrolytic cell comprising a container of an easily-worked film-forming metal, an anode arranged within said container, an electrolyte within said container, said container serving as a current-supply conductor for the electrolyte, and a strip-shaped contact member of a more precious metal than the container metal and spotaraacer welded to the container, said member substantially completely encircling the anode and extending laterally at least over the middle portion thereof. Y
5. An electrolytic cell comprising a container of an easily-worked film-forming metal, an anode arranged within said container, an electrolyte within said container, said container serving as a current-supply conductor for the electrolyte, and a strip-shaped contact member of a chromium-nickel alloy connected to the container, said member substantially completely encircling the-anode and extending laterally at least over the middle portion thereof.
6. An electrolytic cell comprising a container of an easily-Worked nlm-forming metal, an anode arranged within said container, an electrolyte within said container, said container serving as a current-supply conductor for the electrolyte, and a strip-shaped contact member electrically connected to the containerand consisting of an alloy of chromium, carbon, silicon, manganese and iron, said member substantially completely encircling the anode and Vextending laterally at 10 least over the middle portion thereof.
ANTHONY FREDERIK PETER JOHANNES CLAASSEN CORNELIS DE LANGE.
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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2569925A (en) * 1948-12-30 1951-10-02 Cornell Dubilier Electric Terminal block for electrolytic capacitors
US2662995A (en) * 1950-08-25 1953-12-15 Lilienfeld Julius Edgar Electrolytic capacitor and method of forming the electrodes thereof
DE925330C (en) * 1950-08-29 1955-03-17 Gen Electric Process for the electrolytic etching of tantalum
US2940021A (en) * 1957-04-26 1960-06-07 Plessey Co Ltd Electrolytic capacitors
US3463969A (en) * 1967-07-25 1969-08-26 Aerovox Corp Pressure vented electrolytic capacitor
US3524112A (en) * 1967-02-14 1970-08-11 Wicon Kondensatorfabrik Copenh Gas emitting structure for an electrolytic circuit component

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2569925A (en) * 1948-12-30 1951-10-02 Cornell Dubilier Electric Terminal block for electrolytic capacitors
US2662995A (en) * 1950-08-25 1953-12-15 Lilienfeld Julius Edgar Electrolytic capacitor and method of forming the electrodes thereof
DE925330C (en) * 1950-08-29 1955-03-17 Gen Electric Process for the electrolytic etching of tantalum
US2940021A (en) * 1957-04-26 1960-06-07 Plessey Co Ltd Electrolytic capacitors
US3524112A (en) * 1967-02-14 1970-08-11 Wicon Kondensatorfabrik Copenh Gas emitting structure for an electrolytic circuit component
US3463969A (en) * 1967-07-25 1969-08-26 Aerovox Corp Pressure vented electrolytic capacitor

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