US2171962A - Urine albumin test - Google Patents
Urine albumin test Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2171962A US2171962A US246669A US24666938A US2171962A US 2171962 A US2171962 A US 2171962A US 246669 A US246669 A US 246669A US 24666938 A US24666938 A US 24666938A US 2171962 A US2171962 A US 2171962A
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- Prior art keywords
- urine
- turbidity
- albumin
- test
- reaction unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 title description 37
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title description 27
- 102000009027 Albumins Human genes 0.000 title description 20
- 108010088751 Albumins Proteins 0.000 title description 20
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 15
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 235000019982 sodium hexametaphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 14
- RPAJSBKBKSSMLJ-DFWYDOINSA-N (2s)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O RPAJSBKBKSSMLJ-DFWYDOINSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229960003707 glutamic acid hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 11
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000747 cardiac effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010003210 Arteriosclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutamic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010020772 Hypertension Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000913 Kidney Calculi Diseases 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010029148 Nephrolithiasis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010039587 Scarlet Fever Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000011775 arteriosclerosis disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Substances [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005740 hexametaphosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical class [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011160 magnesium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000008383 nephritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000003068 rheumatic fever Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6803—General methods of protein analysis not limited to specific proteins or families of proteins
- G01N33/6827—Total protein determination, e.g. albumin in urine
Definitions
- My invention permits an accurate test to be made readily even by unskilled persons, with no other apparatus than a test tube, no heat, and the use of no liquid acid, and with little or no chance of material error from the observers personal equation.
- a physician can make the test in the sick-room within a minute, and know at once from his own observation what a patients condition is with respect to albumin in the urine.
- Albumin is likely to occur in many cardiac conditions, in cases of high blood pressure and arteriosclerosis, in nephritis, in cases of kidney stones, in rheumatic fever, in various contagious fevers such for instance as scarlet fever, and in diabetes, to mention but a few; and sometimes the condition may be such that it is not safe to start treatment without a knowledge of the urine-albumin situation, and also not safe either to: move the patient (as in cardiac conditions) or to wait to send a urine sample to a hospital laboratory for test. My test meets these difiiculties.
- the acidulating agent is most conveniently glutamic acid hydrochloride, or (less desirably) oxalic acid; and it is added, conveniently in solid form but permissibly in solution, in. sufficient amount to acidity the diluted urine to a pH at least as'low as pH 4.5.
- the sodium hexametaphosphate which is available on the market under the trade-mark Calgon, reacts with the albumin present in the dilute acidulated urine to produce a turbidity, and eventually a flocculent precipitate, dependent in amount on the quantity of the alubumin present.
- the turbidity produced indicates the amount of albumin, and is readily and accurately determined by comparison with a turbidity chart which shows difierent turbidities within the o tainable range.
- the dextrin or other non albuminous protective colloid which should be added at least as early as is one of the other two reagents, retards the settling out of the precipitate, and thereby lengthens the time during which the turbidity persists as such; as is desirable for the comparison with the turbidity chart.
- the dextrin (or other non-albuminous cold-watersoluble protective colloid) may be omitted, but it is then necessary tomake the comparison of turbidity with the turbidity chart very promptly in order toavoid error by reason of settling of the precipitate to the bottom of the test tube; so that by using the dextrin or other non-albuminous protective colloid, and thus retarding the precipitation so that there is no material change in the turbidity for a period of several minutes, there is less danger of inaccuracy in comparison.
- the reagents usedsodium hexametaphosphate, glutamic acid hydrochloride, and dextrin may all be dry powders and in that form do not react with one another over long periods of time. As a result, they may be put up as a mixture in unitary reaction units, such as ca sules, each of which contains the desired amount of the three reagents for a test.
- the sodium hexametaphosphate and the glutamic acid hydrochloride should be about equal in amount, and the dextrin about one-fiftieth of the sum of the other two. If the test is made on 4 cc. of urine, diluted to 8 cc., there should be at least about 30 mg. of each of the first two reagents if a full-range test is to be made; and I have found desirable amounts in each capsule to be as follows:
- Milligram Sodium hexametaphosphate 50 Glutamic acid hydrochloride 50 Dextrin 2 A number of these capsules may be put into a small bottle, and that bottle put in a small case with a test tube which is marked at the 4 co. and 8 cc. levels. That equipment, together with a turbidity chart, which may be printed on the inside cover of the case, constitutes the entire equipment needed for the test.
- the chart may be graduated in either or both of two ways, desirably both. That is, it may show the commonly accepted terms as used with present tests for albumin, which are: slight trace, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4+; but the indications of these on the turbidity chart may also bear the corresponding markings in milligrams of albumin per cc.
- the indications just given correspond respectively to approximately 8-10 mg., 12-14 mg., 18-20 mg, 8085 mg, -145 mg., and greater than mg.
- the turbidity chart may contain intermediate indications, of any desired number; but those given are usually sufiicient for a physicians purposes, for fair approximations of any desired intermediate values in milligrams per 100 cc. may readily be determined with sufiicient accuracy by simple interpolation.
- the dilution of the urine before adding the reaction unit is desirable for several reasons.
- the turbidity produced corresponds so closely to the turbidity produced in the test now commonly made with heat and acetic acid that a technician experienced in that test can read the turbidities produced by my test with substantial accuracy even without making actual comparisons with the turbidity chart.
- a process for testing for albumin in urine which consists in diluting a fixed quantity of the urine, and adding to the diluted urine sodium hexametaphosphate and an acidulating agent of the class consisting of glutamic acid hydrochloride and oxalic acid, to produce a turbidity which by comparison with a turbidity chart indicates the quantity of albumin in the urine.
- a process for testing for albumin in urine which consists in diluting to a fixed volume a fixed smaller volume of urine, and adding to the diluted urine a definite quantity of a fixed-proportion mixture containing sodium hexametaphosphate and glutamic acid hydrochloride and dextrin, to produce a turbidity which 'by comparison with a turbidity chart indicates the quantity of albumin in the urine.
- a process for testing for albumin in urine which consists in adding to a fixed quantity of urine, a definite quantity of a fixed-proportion mixture containing sodium hexametaphosphate and glutamic acid by hydrochloride, to produce a turbidity which by comparison with a turbidity chart indicates the quantity of albumin in the urine.
- a protein-precipitant reaction unit which reaction unit contains in solid form sodium hexametaphosphate and an acidulating agent of the class consisting of glutamic acid hydrochloride and oxalic acid.
- a protein-precipitant reaction unit which reaction unit contains in solid form sodium hexametaphosphate and an acidulating agent and a non-albuminous cold-water-soluble protective colloid, said acidulating agent being a member of the class consisting of glutamic acid hydrochloride and oxalic acid.
- a protein-precipitant reaction unit which reaction unit contains in solid form sodium hexametaphosphate and glutamic acid hydrochloride.
- a protein-precipitant reaction unit which reaction unit contains in solid form sodium hexametaphosphate and glutamic acid hydrochloride and dextrin.
- a protein-precipitant reaction unit which reaction unit contains sodium hexametaphosphate and oxalic acid.
- a protein-precipitant reaction unit which reaction unit contains a definite amount of a fixed-proportion mixture of sodium hex-ametaphosphate and oxalic acid.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Description
Patented Sept. 5, 1939 UNITED STATES URINE ALBUMIN T'EST William B. Fortune, Indianapolis, Ind., assignor to Eli Lilly and Company,
Indianapolis, Ind.,
a corporation of Indiana No Drawing. Application December 19, 1938, Serial No. 246,669
7 11 Claims.
It is the object of my invention to provide a simple, rapid, and convenient test for albumin in urine; and one that can readily be-made by a physician in a sick-room without elaborate equipment, without heat, and without the need of other liquid than the urine itself and conveniently some Water, which may be ordinary tap water.
The ordinary procedure for testing for albumin in urine is one that requires technical knowledge, skill, and experience; and that also requires the use both of heat and of a liquid acid. While this can be done in hospitals, even there it involves some technical diihculti-es, and a very considerable chance of error due to the personal equation of the technician; and it is practically impossible for the general physician to use in the ordinary home sick room.
My invention permits an accurate test to be made readily even by unskilled persons, with no other apparatus than a test tube, no heat, and the use of no liquid acid, and with little or no chance of material error from the observers personal equation. A physician can make the test in the sick-room within a minute, and know at once from his own observation what a patients condition is with respect to albumin in the urine.
Such immediate knowledge is desirable for the physician in many pathological conditions, in order that he may from the beginning conduct his treatment accordingly. Albumin is likely to occur in many cardiac conditions, in cases of high blood pressure and arteriosclerosis, in nephritis, in cases of kidney stones, in rheumatic fever, in various contagious fevers such for instance as scarlet fever, and in diabetes, to mention but a few; and sometimes the condition may be such that it is not safe to start treatment without a knowledge of the urine-albumin situation, and also not safe either to: move the patient (as in cardiac conditions) or to wait to send a urine sample to a hospital laboratory for test. My test meets these difiiculties.
In accordance with my invention, I proceed generally as follows:
I take a fixed quantity of the urine to be tested, say 4 cc., desirably in a test tube bearing a mark indicating that amount. For reasons which will appear, I then desirably dilute the urine to twice its volume, with ordinary tap water if no other is available, as by adding 4 cc. of water if the original amount of urine was 4 cc.; although this dilution step is not one that is essential to my invention. Then I add to the urine, which has preferably been diluted as stated, sodium hexametaphosphate, an acidulating agent which may be carried and even added in solid form, and desirably a non-albuminous cold-water-soluble protective colloid, such as deXtrin-desirably with all of them in solid form, although any of them may be added in solution form. The acidulating agent is most conveniently glutamic acid hydrochloride, or (less desirably) oxalic acid; and it is added, conveniently in solid form but permissibly in solution, in. sufficient amount to acidity the diluted urine to a pH at least as'low as pH 4.5. The sodium hexametaphosphate, which is available on the market under the trade-mark Calgon, reacts with the albumin present in the dilute acidulated urine to produce a turbidity, and eventually a flocculent precipitate, dependent in amount on the quantity of the alubumin present. The turbidity produced indicates the amount of albumin, and is readily and accurately determined by comparison with a turbidity chart which shows difierent turbidities within the o tainable range. The dextrin or other non albuminous protective colloid, which should be added at least as early as is one of the other two reagents, retards the settling out of the precipitate, and thereby lengthens the time during which the turbidity persists as such; as is desirable for the comparison with the turbidity chart. The dextrin (or other non-albuminous cold-watersoluble protective colloid) may be omitted, but it is then necessary tomake the comparison of turbidity with the turbidity chart very promptly in order toavoid error by reason of settling of the precipitate to the bottom of the test tube; so that by using the dextrin or other non-albuminous protective colloid, and thus retarding the precipitation so that there is no material change in the turbidity for a period of several minutes, there is less danger of inaccuracy in comparison.
The reagents usedsodium hexametaphosphate, glutamic acid hydrochloride, and dextrinmay all be dry powders and in that form do not react with one another over long periods of time. As a result, they may be put up as a mixture in unitary reaction units, such as ca sules, each of which contains the desired amount of the three reagents for a test. The sodium hexametaphosphate and the glutamic acid hydrochloride should be about equal in amount, and the dextrin about one-fiftieth of the sum of the other two. If the test is made on 4 cc. of urine, diluted to 8 cc., there should be at least about 30 mg. of each of the first two reagents if a full-range test is to be made; and I have found desirable amounts in each capsule to be as follows:
Milligram Sodium hexametaphosphate 50 Glutamic acid hydrochloride 50 Dextrin 2 A number of these capsules may be put into a small bottle, and that bottle put in a small case with a test tube which is marked at the 4 co. and 8 cc. levels. That equipment, together with a turbidity chart, which may be printed on the inside cover of the case, constitutes the entire equipment needed for the test.
To make the test, the physician merely needs to put enough of the patients urine in the test tube to reach the 4 cc. level, add tap water to the 8 cc. level, empty the contents of one capsule into the test tube, shake, and compare the turbidity which is immediately produced with the turbidity chart to determine what the albumin content is. The chart may be graduated in either or both of two ways, desirably both. That is, it may show the commonly accepted terms as used with present tests for albumin, which are: slight trace, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4+; but the indications of these on the turbidity chart may also bear the corresponding markings in milligrams of albumin per cc. of urine, in which case the indications just given correspond respectively to approximately 8-10 mg., 12-14 mg., 18-20 mg, 8085 mg, -145 mg., and greater than mg. If desired, the turbidity chart may contain intermediate indications, of any desired number; but those given are usually sufiicient for a physicians purposes, for fair approximations of any desired intermediate values in milligrams per 100 cc. may readily be determined with sufiicient accuracy by simple interpolation.
The dilution of the urine before adding the reaction unit is desirable for several reasons. First, such dilution prevents the precipitation, or causes the re-solution, of salts such as calcium or magnesium carbonates, which may be present in the urine. Second, the dilution spreads out the turbidity over a larger range, and facilitates comparison. with the turbidity chart; and the turbidity chart I prefer is graduated on the basis of the diluted urine, although one can be used which is graduated on the basis of undiluted urine. Third, by diluting the urine, and using the quantities of reagents indicated, the turbidity produced corresponds so closely to the turbidity produced in the test now commonly made with heat and acetic acid that a technician experienced in that test can read the turbidities produced by my test with substantial accuracy even without making actual comparisons with the turbidity chart.
I claim as my invention:
1. A process for testing for albumin in urine, which consists in diluting a fixed quantity of the urine, and adding to the diluted urine sodium hexametaphosphate and an acidulating agent of the class consisting of glutamic acid hydrochloride and oxalic acid, to produce a turbidity which by comparison with a turbidity chart indicates the quantity of albumin in the urine.
2. A process for testing for albumin in urine,
which consists in adding to a fixed quantity of urine sodium hexametaphosphate and an acidulating agent of the class consisting of glutamic acid hydrochloride and oxalic acid, to produce a turbidity which by comparison with a turbidity chart indicates the quantity of albumin in the urine.
3. A process for testing for albumin in urine as set forth in claim 2, in which a non-albuminous 'cold-water-soluble protective colloid is added to the urine at least as early as is one of the other two reagents.
4. A process for testing for albumin in urine, which consists in diluting to a fixed volume a fixed smaller volume of urine, and adding to the diluted urine a definite quantity of a fixed-proportion mixture containing sodium hexametaphosphate and glutamic acid hydrochloride and dextrin, to produce a turbidity which 'by comparison with a turbidity chart indicates the quantity of albumin in the urine.
5. A process for testing for albumin in urine, which consists in adding to a fixed quantity of urine, a definite quantity of a fixed-proportion mixture containing sodium hexametaphosphate and glutamic acid by hydrochloride, to produce a turbidity which by comparison with a turbidity chart indicates the quantity of albumin in the urine.
6. A protein-precipitant reaction unit, which reaction unit contains in solid form sodium hexametaphosphate and an acidulating agent of the class consisting of glutamic acid hydrochloride and oxalic acid.
7. A protein-precipitant reaction unit, which reaction unit contains in solid form sodium hexametaphosphate and an acidulating agent and a non-albuminous cold-water-soluble protective colloid, said acidulating agent being a member of the class consisting of glutamic acid hydrochloride and oxalic acid.
8. A protein-precipitant reaction unit, which reaction unit contains in solid form sodium hexametaphosphate and glutamic acid hydrochloride.
9. A protein-precipitant reaction unit, which reaction unit contains in solid form sodium hexametaphosphate and glutamic acid hydrochloride and dextrin.
10. A protein-precipitant reaction unit, which reaction unit contains sodium hexametaphosphate and oxalic acid.
11. A protein-precipitant reaction unit, which reaction unit contains a definite amount of a fixed-proportion mixture of sodium hex-ametaphosphate and oxalic acid.
WILLIAM B. FORTUNE.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US246669A US2171962A (en) | 1938-12-19 | 1938-12-19 | Urine albumin test |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US246669A US2171962A (en) | 1938-12-19 | 1938-12-19 | Urine albumin test |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2171962A true US2171962A (en) | 1939-09-05 |
Family
ID=22931680
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US246669A Expired - Lifetime US2171962A (en) | 1938-12-19 | 1938-12-19 | Urine albumin test |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2171962A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2509140A (en) * | 1948-03-02 | 1950-05-23 | Miles Lab | Test reagent composition |
| US2564247A (en) * | 1947-08-18 | 1951-08-14 | Richard M Carson | Method of testing urine to determine pregnancy |
| US2577978A (en) * | 1949-02-04 | 1951-12-11 | Miles Lab | Diagnostic composition |
-
1938
- 1938-12-19 US US246669A patent/US2171962A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2564247A (en) * | 1947-08-18 | 1951-08-14 | Richard M Carson | Method of testing urine to determine pregnancy |
| US2509140A (en) * | 1948-03-02 | 1950-05-23 | Miles Lab | Test reagent composition |
| US2577978A (en) * | 1949-02-04 | 1951-12-11 | Miles Lab | Diagnostic composition |
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