US2160896A - Interlocking mechanism - Google Patents

Description

June 6, 1939.

v C. NORTON ET AL TERLOCKING MECHANISM Filed Aug. 4, 1936 SSheets-Sheet l E N R O T T A June 6, 1939- c. NORTON E-f AL INTERLOCKING MECHANISM 'F-iled Aug; 4, 1936 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 4 v 42 Fla. 5 CW NrJGk flu M INVENTORS ATTORNEY June 6, 1939. c. NORTON El AL INTERLOCKING MECHANISM 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Aug. 4, 1936 W/Um (M I a a H 2 av "E H QQ v5 1, m I I\ mrm 0 Q s INVENTORS ATTORNEY Patented June 6, 1939 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE INTERLO CKING MECHANISM New Jersey Application August 4,

14 Claims.

The invention relates to interlocking mechanism and especially to interlocking mechanism for elevator hatchway doors.

In elevator installations, safety requires the provision of interlock switching mechanism to prevent the operation of the elevator car unless all hatchway doors are locked against opening. In certain elevator installations, especially those in which the elevator car is under the control of a car attendant, in order that service may be expedited, the starting of the car is permitted before a hatchway door in closing reaches fully closed position. This involves closing of the interlock switching mechanism when the door in closing enters a certain zone in advance of fully closed position. The possibility of accidents with such arrangement may be eliminated by preventing the reopening of the door beyond this zone, after it has entered this zone in closing, unless it is first returned to fully closed position. This obviates the opening of the door from the outside while the car is in operation. The present invention is directed to interlocking mechanism of a character to provide this operation.

One feature of the invention is the provision of interlocking mechanism which is of simple construction, cheap to manufacture, and positive and quiet in operation.

Another feature'of the invention is the provision of interlocking mechanism in which the closing of the interlock switch is ,prevented as the door in' closing entersthe zone unless the door is latched against reopening beyond this zone.

The invention involves a latch pivotally mounted, for cooperation with a member operable by door movement, to prevent reopening of the door beyond a predetermined point. in advance of fully closed position, after the door in closing has passed this point, until the door is first moved to fully closed position. The invention also involves an interlock switch operableby said latch to prevent starting of the elevator car unless the door is locked against reopening beyond said point before it reaches fully closed position.

The invention will be described as applied to a sliding hatchway door having toggle arms for locking'the door in fully. closed position, to which arrangement the invention is especially appli: cable. In carrying out the invention according to this arrangement, the member for cooperating with the latch is operably'connected to the toggle to be moved thereby in the door opening and closing movement. The latch is shaped to form a hook and is biased about its pivot to drop the I hook over said member "upon the door reaching 1936, Serial No. 94,142

said predetermined point in closing. This prevents the reopening of the door beyond such point upon any attempt to do so before the door reaches fully closed position. A pawl is pivotally carried by said latch to be engaged by said member upon the opening of the door iromiully closed position and to be moved thereby into position to guide the member past the hook. In closing, this pawl is ineffective until the door reaches fully closed position so that, upon any attempt to reopen the door after the door in closing passes said point but before it reaches fully closed position, the member is caught by the hook, preventing the opening movement of the door beyond that point. The interlock switch is connected to the latch. Thus, unless the latch is effective to lock the door against reopening beyond said point, the interlock switch is open preventing operation of the elevator car.

A general idea of the invention, the mode of carrying it out which is at present preferred, and various features and advantages thereof can be gained from the above statements. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and appended claims.

In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a view in elevation, taken from. the elevator hatchway, of the interlocking mechanism of the present invention applied to a hatchway door;

Figure 2 is an enlarged View of the latch and pawl of the interlocking mechanism of Figure 1;

Figure 3 isan end View of the latch and pawl of Figure 2;

Figure 4 is a schematic view illustrating the position of the latch mechanism when the hatch- Way door is fully closed and locked;

Figure 5 is a view similar to Figure 4 but showing the position of the latch mechanism at a point'within the initial opening movement of the door;

Figure 6 is a view similar to Figure {l but showing the position of the latch mechanism when the door is in wide open position;

Figure '7 is a view similar to Figure 4 but showing the latch mechanism in looking position against opening movement of the door beyond a predetermined point;

Figure 8 is an enlarged view of the, door interlock switch mechanism shown in Figure 1;

Figure 9 is a-view in side elevation of the same with certain parts broken away; and

In-l0 of Figure 9.

Figure 10 is a section taken along the line Referring to Figure 1, the numeral 28 designates a hatchway door arranged to slide horizontally of the door opening. Toggle arms 2| and 22 are provided for operating the door and for looking it in closed position. Toggle arm 2| is pivotally mounted at 23 on the hatchway door and pivotally connected at 24 to one end of toggle arm 22. The other end of arm 22 is pivotally mounted at 25 on a bracket 26 mounted on a back plate 2'! secured to hatchway wall 28 at one side of the doorway. The toggle arms are proportioned so that they are in horizontal alignment when the door is fully closed and thus constitute a dead center lock against the opening of the door. I

A suitable handle 30 is secured to toggle arm 2|, for manually breaking the toggle and opening the hatchway door from within the elevator car. The door is moved to closed position by a door closer and check device 3| pivotally supported on a bracket 35 mounted on back plate 21. The piston rod 34 of this device is attached to a clevis 33 which is pivotally connected at 29 to an extension 32 of toggle arm 22.

Additional mechanism is provided to lock the door and to prevent reopening thereof when the door in closing is within a certain predetermined limit of travel in advance of fully closed position. Referring also to Figures 2 to '7, such mechanism comprises a latch 38 pivotally mounted on a lug 46 of bracket 26 and a catch pin 36 mounted on clevis 33 for cooperation with the latch. Latch 38 comprises two outer plates 48, preferably of steel, and an intermediate plate 4|, preferably of a sound deadening material such as leather, secured together as by rivets 42. A bronze bushing 44 having an integral flange 35 extends through plates 40 at the lower ends thereof, the flange being clamped between the plates to hold the bushing in place. A bolt M, supported by lug 46, extends through bushing 44 to provide the pivotal support for the latch. The latch is formed to provide two cams 48 anl 50, offset by a shoulder 5|. Gain 48 and shoulder 5! form a notch 52. As shown in Figure 2, leather plate M extends beyond plates 40 to form cam 48 and a portion of cam 58 adjacent the notch. Cams 48 and 50 will be hereinafter referred to as the inner and outer cams respectively.

Latch 38 is biased by its own weight into position in abutment with catch pin 36, inner cam 50 resting on the pin, as shown in Figure 4, when the door is in closed position. The catch pin, upon operation of the toggle arms to open and close the door. is swung about pivot 25. Inner cam 48 and outer cam 50 are shaped to conform to the contour of door travel movement of the catch pin. The manner in which the catch pin cooperates with the cams and notch 52, upon movement of the toggle arms to operate the door, will be described later.

Pivoted at 54 on latch 38 is a pawl 53 having a depending shoe portion 58. The shoe portion 58 is provided with an arcuate edge 55, one end of which is flattened at 51. The pawl is biased by its own weight into the position shown in Figures 2, 4 and 6. When the door is fully closed and locked, the pawl hangs freely about pivot 54 with arcuate edge 55 positioned above the catch pin 36, which is positioned to the left of the vertical centerline of pivot 54 as shown in Figure 4. Movement of the pawl in a counterclockwise direction about pivot 54 is limited by a stop pin 56 secured to latch 38. When the pawl is moved into engagement with the stop pin, the arcuate edge 55 spans notch 52 of the latch and overlaps and extends beyond outer cam 50, see Figure 5. The pawl cooperates with the catch pin to lift the latch upon opening of the door and to permit the latch to drop into locking position upon closing of the door, as will be described hereinafter.

The casing 68 of an interlock switch 6! is also mounted on back plate 21 at one side of the doorway. Referring also to Figures 8, 9 and 10, the interlock switch comprises a pair of stationary contacts 82 adapted to be engaged by a pair of movable contacts 63. Stationary contacts 62 are secured to contact supports 64 mounted on an insulating base 65 within casing 60. Movable contacts 63 comprising leaf springs 56 having contact points secured thereto are carried by an insulating hub 61 pivotally mounted on a shank 38 secured to casing 60. The leaf springs are secured at their upper ends to projections 10 of the hub 61 as by screws II, which also support a bridging connector 12. Contacts 62 are arranged to be bridged by contacts 63, as shown in Figure 10, when hub 61 moves counterclockwise about shank 68, and the contacts are disengaged upon clockwise movement of the hub.

The contacts of switch 6| are arranged to be operated as the doors are opened and closed. An operating arm 13 is keyed to the hub by means of a disc 14, the disc having a pair of clips 15 which extend through suitable apertures in the arm. Disc M is clamped against the hub by screws 11, arm 13 being clamped between nuts 16 on the ends of the screws. Arm [3 is outside a cover plate 80 which is secured to casing 68. The cover plate is provided with a slot 8| to permit pivotal movement of the arm. A roller 82 is mounted at the end of arm 13 for cooperation with a cam slot 84 formed in a weighted cam plate 85 pivotally mounted as at 86 to the cover plate 80. The cam slot is shaped so that, upon movement of the cam plate about its pivot, arm 13 is swung about its pivot to operate the contacts. When roller 82 rides on the high point 83 of the cam slot as shown in Figure 8, the roller arm is caused to assume a position compressing contacts 63 against contacts 62 as shown in Figure 10. Upon movement of the cam plate in either direction from this position, the roller is cammed in a direction to swing arm 13 clockwise and thus effect the disengagement of contacts 63 from contacts 62. The cam plate is connected to latch 38 to be operated thereby. This connection is by a link 81 pivotally secured to the cam plate at 88 and to the latch at 90. Contacts 62 are connected in the starting circuit for the elevator car and are arranged to be bridged by contacts 63 to permit starting of the car only when the hatchway door is locked.

In operation:

When the toggle is broken to unlock the hatchway door, toggle arm 22 swings upwardly about pivot 25, raising the catch pin 36 from the position shown in Figure 4 into engagement with the arcuate edge 55 of pawl 33. As the door is opened. the catch pin continues its upward movement, lifting the pawl. This causes latch 38 to swing counterclockwise about its pivot. At the same time the pawl swings counterclockwise about its pivot on the latch until it strikes the stop pin 56. At this time the vertical centerline of the catch pin, due to the movement of the latch and pin, is to the right of the vertical centerline of the pivot for the pawl. Thus, after the pawl strikes the stop pin, the catch pin slides along the arcuate edge of the pawl. As the edge of the pawl is now at a small angle with respect to the direction of movement of the catch pin, friction between the pawl and pin and wear are minimized. As the catch pin slides along the arcuate edge of the pawl, it acts, due to the contour of this edge, to continue to swing the latch about its pivot until the end of the edge is reached, the position indicated in Figure 5. Upon further movement, the catch pin disengages the pawl. The pawl there.- upon swings back about its pivot under the action of gravity into the position shown in Figure 6, and the latch drops downwardly until its outer cam 50 strikes the catch pin. Cam 50 being of leather at this point, deadens any noise due to the dropping of the latch. Upon continued movement of the door to fully open position, the catch pin slides along cam 50 into the position shown in Figure 6. As the cam is shaped to conform to the arc of door travel movement of the catch pin, the latch is maintained in the position to which it dropped upon the pin leaving the pawl.

Coincidentally with this door opening movement of the latch about its pivot, cam plate 85 is lifted about its pivot 86 through the interconnection of link 81. As this movement takes place, camming surface 9| of the cam slot acts on roller 82 to force arm 13 clockwise about its pivot to effeet the separation of contacts 62 from contacts 63, whereby the starting circuit of the car is broken. The cam slot is shaped so that'the dropping of the latch onto pin 36 and the consequent dropping of the cam plate as the catch pin leaves the pawl causes insufficient movement of the cam plate to effect the reengagement of contacts 63 with contacts 62. As the latch is held in raised position by the catch pin after the pin leaves the pawl, the contacts of the switch are maintained open as the door continues its movement to fully open position.

Upon door closing movement from fully open position, the catch pin slides down outer cam 50, maintaining the latch in raised position. When the end of this camming surface is reached, the latch drops its shoulder over the catch pin. As this movement takes place, the pawl'strikes the pin and is moved clockwiseabout its pivot into the position shown in Figure '7. The dropping of the latch is stopped by the engagement of inner cam 48 with the catch pin. Cam 48 being of leather at this point deadens any noise incident to this operation. The latch, upon dropping, releases cam plate 85 for downward movement about its pivot. This movement brings the high point 83 of the cam slot into reengagement with the switch roller, moving arm 13 counterclockwise and effecting the bridging of contacts 62 by contacts 63 to enable operation of the elevator car. As the door continues its movement to fully closed position, the catch pin continues moving downwardly, sliding along inner cam 48. As the cam is shaped to conform to the arc of door travel movement of the pin, the contacts of the switch are maintained closed during this remaining movement of the door. As the pin moves downwardly, it urges the pawl clockwise about its pivot until a point is reached where it releases the pawl. This takes place just as the door is fully closed and the toggle levers straighten to lock the door. Upon being released, the pawl returns to the position shown in Figure 4,, the flattened end 51 of the arcuate edge thereof cooperating with the catch pin to limit its counterclockwise movement.

The shoulder 5| of latch 38 is arranged to drop over pin 36in the door closing movement when the door 'reaches a point say four inches from fully closed position. After the door has reached this point in its closing movement, it cannot be reopened until after it has been moved to fully closed position. Any attempt to do so causes pin 36 to catch in notch 52, preventing opening of the door beyond the four inch point. The closing of the interlock switch as the door reaches the four inch point in closing permits the car to be started before the door reaches fully closed position. As cam 68 is shaped so as to maintain latch 38 in the same position during movement of pin 36 along the cam surface, any attempt to reopen the door within the four inch zone cannot delay the car nor can it interfere with the functioning of the switch as a safety device, as the door is locked against opening beyond the four inch point. Once the door has reached fully closed position, it cannot be operated from the outside due to the lock provided by the straightened toggle arms. However, the door may be opened from the inside by the car attendant if he desires, owing to the fact that the pawl has swung into position over pin 38 as indicated in Figure 4.

The arrangement of the link connection between the latch and interlock switch is such that, in the event of disconnection of the link, the cam plate drops by gravity, bringing camming surface 92 of its cam slot into engagement with the switch roller. This moves arm 13 in a direction to cause the separation of contacts 62 and 63 and thus prevent operation of the car. Should the latch stick when the door is closing so that its shoulder does not fall over the catch pin, the switch contacts are held open, preventing the starting of the car.

As many changes could be made in the above construction and many apparently widely different embodiments of this invention could be made without departing from the scope thereof, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

What is claimed is:

1. In an elevator installation; a hatchway closure; operating means for said closure; a latch mounted on a stationary pivot; and means movable by said operating means for cooperating with said latch to prevent reopening of said closure beyond a predetermined point in advance of fully closed position, after said closure in closing has passed said point, until said closure is first moved to fully closed position.

2. In an elevator installation; a hatchway closure; a toggle for locking said closure in fully closed position; means for operating said toggle to unlock said closure and to operate said closure; a latch mounted on a stationary pivot adjacent the opening closed by said closure, said latch being provided with a notch; and a member connected to said toggle for cooperating with said notch to prevent reopening of said closure beyond a predetermined point in advance of fully closed position, after said closure in closing has passed said point, until said closure is first moved to fully closed position.

Y 3. In an elevator installation; a hatchway closure; a toggle for locking said closure in fully closed position; means for operating said toggle to unlock said closure and to move said closure to open and closed positions; a latch mounted on a stationary pivot adjacent the opening closed by said closure, said latch being provided with a catch; a member connected to said toggle for cooperating with said catch to prevent reopening of said closure beyond a predetermined point in advance of fully closed position, after said closure in closing has passed said point, until said closure is first moved to fully closed position; and means for lifting said latch to move said catch out of cooperative relationship with said member when said closure is moved in the opening direction from fully closed position.

i. In an elevator installation; a hatchway door; an arm pivotally mounted at one side of said door, said arm being operable upon movement of said door; means for moving said door to its opened and closed positions; a pin connected to said arm; a latch mounted on a stationary pivot adjacent said arm, said latch being provided with a notch for cooperating with said pin to lock said door against reversal of closing movement beyond a predetermined point in advance of fully closed position; and a pawl pivotally mounted on said latch for preventing cooperation of said pin with said notch when said door is opened from fully closed position.

5. In an elevator installation; a sliding hatchway door; a pair of toggle arms for locking the door in fully closed position; a pin movable with one of said toggle arms; a latch mounted on a stationary pivot and biased to cooperate with said pin, said latch having a shoulder; means for breaking the toggle and opening the door; means operable by said pin, upon opening of said door from fully closed position, for moving said latch about its pivot into position Where said pin clears said shoulder; and means for closing said door, said latch, upon said door reaching a predetermined point in its closing movement, dropping to hook said shoulder over said pin, said pin engaging and moving said latch moving means out of the way as said latch drops and maintaining it out of the way until the door reaches fully closed position and the toggle arms straighten to lock said door, said pin acting, upon an attempt to reopen the door after the latch has fallen but before said door reaches fully closed position, to engage said shoulder and thus prevent the door being reopened beyond said predetermined point until it has first returned to fully closed position.

5. In an elevator installation; a hatchway having a door opening therein; a sliding door for closing said opening; a pair of toggle arms for locking the door in fully closed position; a pin connected to one of said toggle arms; a latch mounted on a stationary pivot and biased about its pivot for engaging said pin, said latch having a shoulder; a pawl pivotally mounted on said latch in the path of movement of said pin in the door opening operation; means for breaking the toggle and opening the door, said pin, upon movement of said one toggle in the unlocking and opening of said door, engaging said paWl and swinging it about its pivot until it by-passes said shoulder, thereby permitting said pin to pass said shoulder in the opening of the door from fully closed position; and means for closing said door, said latch, upon the door reaching a pre determined point in its closing movement, dropping its shoulder over said pin, said pin engaging and moving said pawl out of the way as said latch drops and maintaining it out of the way until the door reaches fully closed position and the toggle arms straighten to lock said door at which point it releases said pawl which swings back into position in the path of movement of said pin, said pin acting, upon an attempt to reopen the door after the latch has fallen but before said pawl drops back in place, to engage said shoulder and thus prevent the door being reopened beyond said predetermined point until it has first been returned to fully closed position.

'7. In an elevator installation; a hatchway having a door opening therein; a sliding door for closing said opening; a pair of toggle arms, one arm pivotally mounted on the hatchway wall and the other pivotally connected to said door, said toggle arms being in horizontal alignment when the door is closed for locking the door; a pin connected to said one toggle arm; a latch pivotally mounted on the hatchway wall and biased about its pivot for engaging said pin, said latch having a notch for cooperating with said pin to prevent reopening said door in closing beyond a predetermined point in advance of fully closed position; a pawl pivotally mounted on said latch in the path of movement of said pin in the door opening operation; a stop on said latch for said pawl; means for breaking the toggle to unlock said door and for opening the door, said pin, upon movement of said one toggle in the unlocking and opening of said door, engaging said paWl and swinging it about its pivot until it engages said stop, in which position it spans said notch, thereby permitting said pin to pass by said notch in the opening of the door from fully closed position, said pin leaving said pawl after passing said notch, permitting said latch to engage said pin; and means for closing said door, said latch, upon the door reaching said predetermined point in its closing movement, dropping into position where said pin is in said notch, said pin engaging and moving said pawl out of the way as said latch drops and maintaining it out of the way until the door reaches fully closed position and the toggle arms straighten to lock said door at which point it releases said pawl which swings back into position in the path of movement of said pin, said pin moving into said notch upon an attempt to reopen the door before said pawl drops back in place, thereby preventing reopening of the door beyond said predetermined point until it has first been returned to fully closed position.

8. In an elevator installation; a hatchway door; a toggle for locking said door in fully closed position; means for operating said toggle to unlock said door and to open and close said door; a catch member operated by said toggle upon movement of said door; a latch pivotally mounted adjacent the opening closed by said door for co-l operation with said member, said latch acting to latch over said member, upon the door in closing reaching a predetermined point in advance of fully closed position, to prevent reopening of said door past said point until it is first moved to fully closed position; an interlock switch; and means connecting said interlock switch to said latch to be closed thereby upon operation of said latch to latch over said catch member.

9. In an elevator installation; a sliding hatchway door; a toggle for locking said door in fully closed position; means for breaking the toggle and operating said door; a catch member operable by said toggle; a pivoted latch having a shoulder, said latch being biased into position to hook said shoulder over said catch member in the closing of said door after said door has reached a predetermined point to prevent reopening of said door after it has passed said point until it returns to fully closed position; an interlock switch; means connecting said interlock switch to said latch to be. closed when said shoulder is hooked over said catch member as the door reaches said predetermined point in closing; and means operable by said catch member upon opening of said door from fully closed position for moving said latch about its pivot into position where said catch member clears said shoulder, thereby enabling the door to be fully opened, said latch acting through said connecting means during said movement about its pivot to effect the opening of said switch.

10. In an elevator installation; a sliding hatchway door; a toggle for locking said door in fully closed position; means for breaking the toggle and operating said door; a catch member operable by said toggle; a pivoted latch having a shoulder, said latch being biased to drop into position hooking said shoulder over said catch member in the closing of saiddoor after said door has reached a predetermined point to prevent reopening of said door after it has passed said point until it returns to fully closed position; an interlock switch; means connecting said interlock switch to said latch to be closed when said shoulder is hooked over said catch member as the door reaches said predetermined point in closing; and means operable by said catch member upon opening of said door from fully closed position for moving said latch about its pivot into position Where such catch member clears said shoulder, thereby enabling the door to be fully opened, said latch acting through said connecting means during said movement about its pivot to effect the opening of said switch, said catch member cooperating with said latch to maintain said switch open after said shoulder is cleared in the opening of said door and to maintain said switch closed after said shoulder is hooked over said member in the closing of said door.

11. In an elevator installation; a sliding hatchway door; a toggle for locking said door in fully closed position; means for breaking said toggle and ope-rating said door; a pin operable by said toggle; a pivoted latch having two cams offset by a shoulder, said latch being biased to engage said pin, and said cams being of the contour of door travel movement of said pin; an interlock switch; means connecting said interlock switch to said latch to be operated thereby; and means operable by said pin, upon. opening of said door from fully closed position, for moving said latch about its pivot into position where said pin clears said shoulder to permit full opening of the door, said latch acting through said connection-during such pivotal movement to open said switch, said a pin cooperating with one of said cams during the remainder of the door opening operation after clearing said shoulder and during door closing movement until the door reaches a predetermined point in closing to maintain said latch in the position to which it is moved by said latch moving means, said latch, upon said door reaching said predetermined point in closing, dropping to engage its other cam with said pin and thereby hook said shoulder over said pin, said latch during such movement acting through said connecting means to close said switch, said pin cooperating with said other cam during the remainder of the door closing operation and upon any attempt to reopen the doorbefore it reaches fully closed position to maintain said latch in the position into which it has dropped, said pin engaging said shoulder upon an attempt to reopen the door to prevent opening movement beyond said predetermined point until the door has first been moved to fully closed position.

12. In an elevator installation; a hatchway door; a toggle for locking the door in closed position; means for operating said toggle to unlock said door and for operating the door; a latch; a member operable upon movement of said toggle for cooperating with said latch to lock the door against reversal of closing movement beyond a predetermined zone in advance of fully closed position; a switch; and means connecting said switch to said latch to cause said switch to be closed, as said door in closing enters said zone, upon cooperation of said latch with such member to lock the door against such reversal, said connecting means acting to hold said switch open in the event of failure of said latch tocooperate with said member within said zone in the closing of said door.

13. In an elevator installation; a hatchway door; a toggle for locking said door in closed position; means for breaking said toggle and operating said door; latching means operable upon said door reaching a predetermined point in closing to prevent reopening of the door beyond said point unless it is first returned to fully closed position; an interlock switch, said switch having an operating roller on a pivoted operating arm; a pivoted member having a cam slot therein for operating said arm through said roller; and means connecting said member to said latching means to operate said switch when said door in closing reaches said predetermined point. I

14. In an elevator installation; a hatchway door; a toggle for locking said door in closed position; means for breaking said toggle and operating said door; latching means operable upon said door reaching a predetermined point in closing to prevent reopening of the door beyond said point unless it is first returned to fully closed position; an interlock switch, said switch having an operating roller on a pivoted operating arm; a pivoted member having a cam slot therein for operating said arm through said roller; and means connecting said member to said latching means to be operated thereby, the contour of said slot being such as to cause said arm to close said switch when the door is latched by said latching means and to open said switch upon a predetermined amount of movement of said member in either direction about its pivot.

CLIFFORD NORTON. PHILIP KARMEL.

Images