US2146127A - Air conditioning system - Google Patents

Description

Feb. 7, 1939. w R, MILLER I AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Filed Aug. 25, 1935 4 V f /f L2-mm2 023000 l @N mw /0 Patented Feb. 7, 1939 AIB CONDITIONING SYSTEM Wayland R. Miller, Chicago, Ill., assignor to Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company,

Minneapolis, ware Minn., a corporation of Dela- Application August 23, 1935, Serial No. 37,471

(ci. zasm 3 Claims.

'I'he present invention relates to a new method and apparatus for controlling air conditioning systems and its underlying object is the provision of amethod and apparatus for controlling air 5. conditioners in an economical manner.

The present invention contemplates changing or varying the relative amounts of indoor and outdoor or return and fresh air, that are delivered to an air conditioner for conditioning, according to whether the fresh o r outdoor air, or the return or indoor air, requires the least conditioning. It will be readily apparent that under certain conditions wherein an enclosure, such as an auditorium or the like, is suddenly iilled with il people, the temperature and/or humidity thereof may suddenly rise considerably above the temperature and/or humidity of the outdoor air. Under these conditions, it would be more economical to use" all or more outdoor air than inl door air. Similarly, in the evening or under other conditions, it often happens that the outdoor air temperature decreases while the enclosure is still relatively warm. Under` these conditions, it again would be more economical to use all outdoor air or to use more outdoor air than indoor air for conditioning purposes. On the other hand, it will often be the case that the indoor conditions are such that the indoor or return air will require less conditioning than would the outdoor or fresh air. Under such circumstances, it is more economical to utilize all indoor or return air or to utilize more indoor or return air than outdoor or fresh air.

An object of the invention, therefore, is the provision of a novel control system for an air conditioner wherein the relative amounts of indoor and outdoor air supplied to the air conditioner are changed or varied depending upon whether the indoor air or the outdoor air requires the least conditioning. A

A more speciiic object of the invention is the positioning of a damper, which determines the proportions of indoor and outdoor air supplied to an air conditioner, in such position that more outdoor air is supplied thereto when the relative conditions of the indoor and outdoor 'air are such that the outdoor air requires less conditioning than the indoor air.

A further object of the invention is the provision of an air conditioning system wherein means responsive to the conditions within an enclosure and outside thereof not only control the conditioner to maintain desired conditions within the enclosure but also control damper means in such manner as to supply less air from the enclosure and more fresh outdoor air to the conditioner when the relative conditions between the fresh outdoor air and the air within the enclosure are such that the fresh outdoor air requires less conditioning than the air within the 5 enclosure.

A fm'ther object of the invention is the provision oi' a new and novel method of controlling an air conditioner in such manner that the amounts of return air and outdoor air supplied .thereto are varied or increased and decreased in accordance with the relative conditions of the return air and outdoor air in respect to the amount of conditioning required.

Further object of the invention will become apparent from an inspection of thedrawing, the detailed description, and the appended claims.

For a more complete understanding of the invention, reference may be had to the following detailed description and the accompanying single drawing which is a schematic showing of one form which the present invention. may take.

Referring to the single drawing, a space or enclosure to be conditioned is indicated at I0. An air conditioner, herein shown in the form of an air conditioning chamber l I, is associated with thespace or enclosure ll for the purpose of conditioning the air delivered thereto. The air pass. ing through the air conditioning chamber Il is herein shown as conditioned by means of a cooling coil I2 which is supplied with a cooling medium from any suitable source. as indicated by the pipe'- I3, and under the control of an electrically operated valve Il. It is to be understood that this illustration of a cooling coil I2 for the purpose of conditioning the airpassing through the air conditioning chamber Il is illustrative only and that it is immaterial insofar as the present invention is concerned what type of apparatus is utilized for conditioning the air which is delivered to the space or enclosure In.

In the form oi' the invention shown herein, the electrically operated valve I4 is controlled by a thermostat that includes a bimetallic actuating element il. One end of this element I5 is secured to a post II and the other end thereof controls the movements of a contact arm I1. 'lhis contact arm l1 cooperates with a contact Il for the purpose of completing and interrupting a circuit to the electrically operated valve Il. The circuit for this valve Il is as follows: line wire I9, post It, bimetallic element l5, contact arm the enclosure I0 in relation to temperature variations outside the enclosure, this can easily be accomplished by securing the post I6 to a pivoted arm 25. 'I'his pivoted arm 25 is biased in one direction by a suitable spring 25 and is adapted to be moved in the other direction by an outdoor temperature responsive thermostat comprising a bellows 2,1, a controlling bulb 28 and an interconnecting tube 29.

It will be readily seen upon an inspection of the drawing .that an increase in outdoor temperature `causes expansion of bellows 21 against the biasing action of spring 25 so that contact arm I1 is moved in a direction away from the contact I8. A highertemperature is therefore required in the enclosure Ill before the contact arm I1 engages the contact I8 to energize the electrically operated valve I4 and permitthe ilow of cooling fluid to the cooling coil I2. On the other hand, a decrease in the outdoor temperature results in a contraction of the bellows 21 under the action of the biasing spring 25 so that contact arm I1 is moved towards the contact I5 whereby a lower temperature is maintained within the enclosure I0. If desired, suitable stops 30 and 3l may be lprovided to limit the adjustment of the contact arm I1 by the bellows 21 so that adjustment of the indoor thermostat only takes place throughout a predetermined range of outdoor temperature. This adjustment of the indoor thermostat by the outdoor thermostat may be such as to maintain a predetermined constant differential between the indoors and outdoors except as limited by the stops 30 and 3l, or may be arranged so that a variable differential is maintained between these temperatures.

As in the case of the cooling coil I2, the manner in which the air conditioner II is controlled is immaterial insofar as the broader aspects of the present invention 'are concerned. The control of the cooling coil valve I4 could well be by the indoor temperature alone or byany other condition within the enclosure III and, in turn, sucha controller could likewise be inuenced in its operation in responseA to any desired change in outdoor conditions.

Air is delivered to the air conditioning chamber II by means of a return air duct 35 and a fresh air duct 35. The relative amounts of fresh air and return air delivered to the air conditioning chamberv II are determined by the position of a damper 31. 'I'his damper 31 is herein shown as mounted upon a shaft 35 which is further provided with a crank arm 39'. This crank-arm 35 is connected to the crank arm 40 of a suitable electric motor means 4I by means of a cable 42 andV pulleys 43. With the parts in the position shown, all fresh air is being delivered to the air conditioning chamber II and'no return air is being delivered thereto. through angular degrees in a clockwise direction, then all return air is delivered to the air conditioning chamber II and no fresh air is de-.

livered thereto. For any intermediate rposition of the damper 31, corresponding proportions `of fresh Vand return air are delivered to this air conditioning chamber II. It will be understood that a suitable blower may be utilizedto induce the iiow of air through the conditioner, enclosure, and associated ducts.

The controllingmotor 4I for the damper 31 is herein shown as of the type that is controlled by a double-circuit switching mechanism. 'I'his Y double-circuit switching mechanism comprises a contact arm 45 and a cooperating pair of con- If the damper 31 is actuated tacts 45 and 41 which are alternately engaged thereby upon oscillation thereof. With the parts in the position shown, the contact arm 45 is engaging the contact 45 and the damper 31 has completely closed off the supply of return air to the air conditioning chamber II. If the contact arm 45 should now be moved into engagement with the contact 41, a circuit as follows is completed to the motor 4I: line wire 45, contact arm 45, contact 41, wire 49, motor 4I, and line wire 50. The motor 4I thereupon rotates its crank 40 in a counter-clockwise direction thereby permitting movement of damper 31 in a clockwise direction whereby the amount of fresh air delivered to the air conditioning chamber I I is reduced and the amount of return air delivered thereto is increased. This motor 4I may be of any of theV well-known types usual in the art and particu-' larly may be of the type which moves to a deilnitew given position upon closure of a circuit thereto or of the type which moves in a certain direction so long as such circuit is completed-thereto. In the former case, the damper 31 is operatedvbetween one of two positions wherein either all of the return air or all of the fresh air is prevented from entering the air conditioning chamber II. In the latter case, the proportions of return air and fresh air are minutely varied. If the contact arm 45v should now be moved back; into engagement with contact 45, a circuit for motor 4I is established as follows: line wire 45, contact arm 45, contact 45, wire 5I, motor 4I, and line wire 50. The crank arm 40 now revolves in a clockwise direction-and the damper 31 isv moved in a counter-clockwise direction so as to increase the amount of fresh air and reduce the amount of return air delivered to the air conditioning chamber I I. Y

This switching mechanism,.,which is comprised by the switch arm 45 and cooperating contacts 45 and 41, may be controlled in accordance with the relative .indoor and outdoor conditions in any desirable manner. 'I'he contact arm 45 is herein shown as connected tothe armature 55 of an electro-magnetic relay through the medium of a piece of insulating material 55. This armature 55 is pivoted as indicated at 51 and is provided with a pair of legs 5B and 59 with which electromagnetic windings 60 and 5I, respectively, cooperate. Energization of electromagnetic winding 50 is controlled in accordance with the conditions oi' the outside atmosphere, whereas energization of the electromagnetic winding 5I is controlled in accordance with variations in the atmosphere within the enclosure Ill.

`liinergization ofthe electromagnetic coil 5I is controlled by resistance means responsive toontdoor conditions. This resistance means takes the form of two separate variable resistance controllers, one responsive to outdoor relative humidity and the other responsive to outdoor dry bulb temperature. The outdoor relative humidity variable resistance controller includes a variable resistance 65 and a cooperating contact arm 55, which is -pivoted at 51. A relative humidity responsive element, herein shown as positioned in the fresh air inlet duct 35, takes the form of a plurality ofstrands of human hair 55 which have one of their ends-secured, as by a cable 55 while the other ends thereof are connected to the contact arm 55, as by a cable 1li. A suitable tension spring 1I serves Yto maintain the humidity responsive element 55 taut and to place the proper tension thereon. It will be evident that upon an increase in the relative humidity of the outdoor fresh air, the element 68 will expand whereupon the spring 1| will move the contact arm 66 upwardly along the resistance 65. Similarly, upon a decrease in the relative humidity of the outdoor air, the element 68 will contract whereupon the 'contact arm 66 will be moved downwardly along resistance 65.

The outdoor dry-bulb temperature responsive resistance controller comprises a resistance 13 and a cooperating contact arm 14 which is controlled by a bimetallic element 15 disposed within the fresh air inlet duct 36.

These two resistance elements 65 and 13, in series, control the energization of electromagnetic coil 60. If desired, a manually operable rheostat 16 may also be provided for additionally controlling the energization of electromagnetic coil 60. The circuit for electromagnetic coil 60 is then as follows: line wire 11, wire 18, rheostat 16, wire 19, contact arm 66, resistance 65, wire 88, bimetallic element 15, resistance 13, wire 8|, electromagnetic coil 68 and wire 82 to line wire 83.

Similarly, electromagnetic coil 6| is controlled by resistance means comprising an indoor or return air dry-bulb temperature responsive controller of the variable resistance type and an indoor or return air relative humidity responsive controller of the variable resistance type. The indoor relative humidity responsive controller includes a resistance 85 and a cooperating contact arm 86 which is pivoted at 81. The relative humidity responsive element comprises a plurality of strands of human hair 88 which have one of their ends secured Vs indicated at 89 whereas the other ends thereof are connected to the contact arm 86 as indicated at 90. A suitable spring 9| serves to place the relative humidity responsive element 88 under the proper bias or tension.

The indoor or return air responsive resistance controller comprises a resistance 82, a cooperating contact arm 93 and a controlling bimetallic element 94.

These two variable resistances 85 and 92, in series, control the energization of electromagnetic coil 6 l, a rheostat 95 being included in the circuit, if desired, for adjustment purposes. The circuit for electromagnetic coil 6| is therefore as follows: line wire 11, wire 81, resistance 92 contact arm 93, bimetallic element 94, wire 88, resistance 85, contact arm 86, wire 99, rheostat 85, wire |00, electromagnetic coil 6| and wire |0| to line wire 83.

It will now be evident that if the outdoor conditions are such that electromagnetic coil 66 is energized more highly than electromagnetic coil 6 I, then the switch arm 45 will move to the position shown wherein it engages contact 46. On the other hand, if the indoor conditions are such in respect to the outdoor conditions that electromagnetic coil 6| is energized more highly than electromagnetic coil 60, then switch arm 45 will move into engagement with contact 41.

Operation Assuming that the range of both the indoor and outdoor relative humidity responsive controllers is from 30% to 60% and the range of the indoor and outdoor dry bulb temperature responsive controllers is from '70 to 90 F., as indicated on the drawing, then with the parts in the position shown, the indoor and outdoor relative humidities Aare both substantially 45%, while the outdoor dry bulb temperature is substantially and the indoor dry bulb tempera- ,energized than electromagnetic coil 6| ture is substantially 90. Under these conditions, electromagnetic coil 60 is more highly since about equal amounts of the resistances 65 and 85 are respectively in circuit with the electromagnetic coils 60 and 6| Whereas only a portion of the resistance 13 is in circuit with the electromagnetic coil .60 and all, or substantially all, of the resistance 82 is in circuit with electromagnetic coil 6|. As a result, contact arm 45 is engaged with contact 46, as shown, and the damper 31 is in such position that all fresh air is being delivered to the air conditioning chamber It will be evident that it is more economical to l condition the fresh air than the return air under this set of conditions since, while their relative humidities are equal, the indoor air temperature is substantially higher than the outdoor air temperature. Now, if either the outdoor relative humidity or the outdoor dry bulb temperature should increase, or if either the indoor relative humidity or the indoor dry bulb temperature should decrease, or if any of these things happen, the energization of electromagnetic coil 6|) will decrease and the energization of electromagnetic coil 6| will increase. When the energization of electromagnetic coil 6| becomes higher than that of electromagnetic coil 60, then contact arm 45 will engage contact 41 to cause movement of damper 31 in a clockwise direction. This movement will either be a complete movement to a vertical position or a partial movement depending upon the type of motor 4| employed.

With the temperature of the enclosure at 909, the contact arm I1 is engaging the contact |8 so that cooling coil valve I4 is open and a cooling action is taking place in the enclosure. This will gradually cause a reduction in the enclosure temperature.- As explained above, when this enclosure temperature has been reduced suillciently, the contact arm 45 will engage contact 41 to cause movement of damper 31 towards the position in which some or all return air is utilized and less or no fresh air.

Now if a large group of people should enter the enclosure I0, the relative humidity thereof will undoubtedly rise. This rise in relative humidity may well be sufficient to cause all of the resistance to be placed in circuit with electromagnetic coil 6| Under these conditions, if the outdoor temperature and relative humidity are not too high, electromagnetic coil 60 will again become more highly energized than electromagnetic coil 6| so that the amount of fresh air furnished to the air conditioner will be increased and the amount of return air furnished thereto will be decreased. This operation is desirable since by reason of the inux of people into enclosure I0, the outdoor air is now, at least temporarily, more economical to condition than the indoor air.

It will readily be appreciated how the relative conditions between the indoor air and outdoor air can fluctuate under various conditions of operation and occupancy and it willbe clear thatthe system of the present invention operates to utilize indoor orl outdoor air, depending upon which requires the least conditioning.

The rheostats 16 and 96 may-be utilized for initial adjustment or they may singly be utilized to provide a bias, as it were. so that either more outdoor air or more indoor air will be admitted to the conditioner Il even when" the conditions of both the indoor and outdoor air are equal, insofar as the amount of conditioning required is concerned. For example, it might Vbe desirable to 4 v include a part of the resistance of rheostat 95 in circuit with the electromagnetic coil 6I so that more or all fresh air would be utilized in the case the fresh air and outdoor air required equal conditioning or substantially equal conditioning. This for the reason that it would probably be better tovutilize fresh air than return air so long as substantially the same amount of conditioning is required in either case.

As is well known, even when the damper 31 is in position to prevent flow of indoor or outdoor air to the conditioning chamber Il, there is sufficient leakage therearound to enable the controllers located in the fresh air duct 38 and return air duct 35 to properly respond to the desired conditions.

While the invention has been shown as applied to a system wherein both outdoor relative humidbasis for the selection of the indoor and outdoory air. Further, it will be evident, that many changes can be made in the details of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof and I am therefore to be limited only in view of the appended claims.

I claim:

1. An air conditioning system for an enclosure, comprising, in combination, air conditioning means, damper' means controlling the supply of fresh air and return air to be delivered to said air conditioning means, means for operating said damper means, including oppositely acting magnetic means, variable resistance means in circuit with one of said magnetic means, means responsive to thev condition of the fresh air for varying said resistance means, variable resistance means in circuit with the other of said magnetic means, and means responsive to the condition of the fresh air for varying said last mentioned resistance means, the arrangement being such that when the fresh air needs less conditioning than the return air the damper means is operated to admit more fresh air and when the return air needs less conditioning than the fresh air the damper'means is operated to admit more return air.

2. An air conditioning system for an enclosure, comprising, in combination, air conditioning means, damper means controlling the supply of fresh air and r'eturn air to be delivered to said air conditioning means, a pair of opposed magnetic devices, switching means controlled thereby, motor means in control of said damper means controlled bysaid switching means, variable resistance means in control of the energization of one of said magnetic devices, means controlled by the condition of the air in said enclosure for adjusting said variable resistance means, variable resistance means in control of the energization' of the other of said devices, and means controlled by the condition of the fresh air for adjusting said last Amentioned variable resistance means.

3- An air conditioning system for an enclosure, comprising, in combination, means for conditioning. air .to be delivered to the enclosure fo maintaining the condition of the air in the enclosure at desired values, damper means controlling the supply of fresh air and return air .to be delivered to ther air conditioning means for conditioning thereby,- electric motor airl conditioning f anais? means for operating said damper means, iirst variable resistance mea means responsive to the condition of the fresh air for varying said first resistance means, second variable resistance means, means responsive to the condition of the Y return air for varying said second resistance means, and means for connecting said variable resistance means with said electric motor means to operate the damper means to admit more fresh air when the fresh air needs less conditioning than the return air and to admit more return air when the return air needs less -conditioning than the fresh air.

4. An air conditioning system for an enclosure, comprising in combination, air conditioning means for conditioning air to he delivered to the enclosure for maintaining the condition of the air in the enclosure at desired values, damper means controlling the supply of fresh air and return air to be delivered to the air conditioning means for conditioning thereby, electric motor .means for operating said damper means, means including oppositely acting electrical means for controlling the operation of said electric motor means, ilrst variable resistance means, means responsive to the condition of the fresh air for varying said ilrst resistance means, second variable resistance means, means responsive to the condition of the return air for varying said second resistance means, and means for connecting said variable resistance means with said oppositely acting electrical means to operate the damper means to admit more fresh air when the fresh air needs less conditioning than the return air and to admit more return air when the return' air needs less conditioning than the fresh air.

5. An air conditioning system for an enclosure, comprising, in combination, air conditioning means for conditioning air to be delivered to the enclosure for maintaining the condition of the air inthe enclosure at desired values, damper means controlling the supply of fresh air and return air to be delivered to the air conditioning means for conditioning thereby, electric motor means for operating said damper means, first variable resistance means, means responsive to the dry bulb temperature of the fresh air for 'varying said first resistance means, second variable resistance means, means responsive to the relative humidity of the fresh air for varying said second resistance means, and means including means for connecting said variable resistance means to said electric motor means to operate said damper means to -decrease the supply of fresh air when the cumulative eifect of the dry bulb temperature and relative humidity increases to a value indicating that the fresh air needs more conditioning than the return air.

6- An air conditioning system for an enclosure, comprising, in combination, air conditioning means for conditioning-air to be delivered to the enclosure for maintaining the condition of the air in the enclosure at desired values, damper means controlling the supply of fresh air and return air to be delivered to the air conditioning Amidity of the fresh air for varying said first resistance means, second variable resistance means, means responsive to the dry bulb temperature and the relative humidity ofthe return air for varying said second resistance means, and

means for connecting said variable resistance means with said electric motor means to operate the damper means to admit more fresh air when the cumulative effects of the dry bulb temperature and relative humidity of the fresh air and of the return air indicate that the fresh air needs less conditioning than the return air and to admit more return air when the cumulative effects of the dry bulb temperature and the relative humidity of the fresh air and of return air indicate that the return air needs less conditioning than the fresh air.

7. An air conditioning system for an enclosure, comprising, in combination, air conditioning means for conditioning air to be delivered to the enclosure for maintaining the condition of the air in the enclosure at desired values, damper means controlling the supply of fresh air and return air to be delivered to the air conditioning means for conditioning thereby, means for operating said damper means, first control means operated in accordance with the dry bulb temperature of the fresh air, second control means operated in accordance with the relative humidity of the fresh air, and means controlled by both of said control means to operate said damper operating means to decrease the supply of fresh air when the cumulative eifect of the dry bulb temperature and relative humidity increases to a value indicating that the fresh air needs more conditioning than the return air.

8. An air conditioning system for an enclosure, comprising, in combination, air conditioning means for conditioning air to be delivered to the enclosure for maintaining the condition of the air in the enclosure at desired values, damper means controlling the supply of fresh air and return air to be delivered to the air conditioning means for conditioning thereby, means for operating said damper means, rst control means operated in accordance with the drybulb temperature of the fresh air, second control means operated in accordance with the relative humidity of the fresh air, third control means operated in accordance with the dry bulb temperature of the return air, fourth control means operated in accordance with the relative humidity of the return air, and means controlled by all of said control means to operate said damper operating means to admit more fresh air when the cumulative effects of the dry bulb temperature and relative humidity of the fresh air and of the return air indicate that the fresh air-needs less conditioning than the return air and to admit more return air when the cumulative effects of the dry bulb temperature -and the relative humidity of the fresh air and of the return air indicate that the return air needs less conditioning than the fresh air.

WAYLAND R. MILLER.

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