US2133802A

US2133802A - Apparatus for calculating the spacing of type for printed matter

Info

Publication number: US2133802A
Application number: US754971A
Authority: US
Inventors: James D Bolongaro
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1934-11-27
Filing date: 1934-11-27
Publication date: 1938-10-18
Anticipated expiration: 1955-10-18

Description

oct'. 18, 1938.

J. D. BOLONGARO APPARATUS FOR CALCULATING THE SPACING OF TYPE FOR PRINTED Filed- Nov. 27, 1934 MATTER 6 SheetsSheet l ATTORNEYS CCL 18, 1938. I* 1, D. BOLONGARO 2,133,802

APPARATUS FOR CALCULATING THE SPACING OF TYPE FOR PRINTED MATTER Filed Nov. 27. '1934 e sheets-sheet 2 4 BY fla-@ew ATTORNEYS Oct. 1s, 1938. q. D. BOLONGARO MATTER APPARATUS FOR CALCULAT'ING THE SPACING OF TYPE FOR PRINTED Filed Nov. 27, 1934 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR J/swfs. BOL ONG/m0 BY p74; im

ATTORNEYS WITN ESS We OCt- 18, l938- J. D. BoLoNGARo Filed Nov. 27, 1954 s sheets-sheet 4 J. D. BOLONGARO Oct, 18,1938.

`APPARATUS FOR CALGULATING THE SPACING OF TYPE FOR PRINTED MATTER Filed Nov. 27, 1984 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR JAMES. So/.ONGARO WITNESS f ATTORNEYS Oct. 18, 1938. J..D. BoLoNc-:ARO

APPARATUS'FOR CALCULATING THE SPACING QF TYPE FOR PRINTED MATTER Filedl NOV. 27. 1934A 6 Sheets-Sheet 6- ATTORNEYS Patented Oct. 18, 1938 UNITED STATES PATENT OFF-ICE James D. Boiongaro, Charlottesville, Va.

Application November 2 7, 1934, Serial No. 754,971

9 Claims.

This invention relates to the art of printing and more particularlyV to a device that may be used in combination with typewriting machines to determine the number of printed lines of a predetermined type and length that the typewritten matter will occupy.

In the printing art it is 'necessary to-predetermine the spacing of the type that will be required to print the subject matter of a typewritten manuscript or other copy, in order properly to make up the printed matter and so that the latter will present a uniform and artistic appearance. This is particularly true in the printing of books, magazines and periodicals which comprise a plurality of successive pages over which the printed matter is to be distributed and which include other matter, such as illustrations, inserts, and the like, which encroach upon the sight" or printing field of the page. In such publications, the pages are of the same size and the printing elds are uniformly dimensioned to receive a predetermined number of printed lines of given lengths. v

It is the object of this invention to provide a novel and simple device to be used in combination with a typewriting machine that will additively give the number of printed lines of a predetermined type and length that the typewritten matter will occupy as the matter is being typed, in order that an editor may be enabled to lay out accurately before printing the amount of printed space that the typewritten manuscript or copy will occupy.

According to my.invention there is provided means in cooperative relation with the carriage or escapement wheel of a typewriter which moves a unit distance corresponding to the unit distance through which the carriage or escapement wheel moves after a type key or space bar has been depressed. Operatively connected to and controlled by such means is a gear member which rotates a corresponding unit distance proportional to the space occupied by a printed letter of predetermined size, said gear being operatively connected to means which operate a counting mechanism when the gear has moved a number of unit distances equivalent to the number of letter spaces contained in a printed line of a predetermined length. v

In the accompanying drawings I have illustrated several preferred embodiments of such apparatus but would have it understood that my invention is not limited to these particular forms.

Referring to the accompanying drawings:

Fig. 1 is a rear elevation of a Remington type- (Cl. 23S-61) writing machine embodying my invention; Fig. 2 is a section taken on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a partial front elevation and a partial vertical section of my device, through the line 3 3 of Fig. 2; Fig. 4 is a plan view of that portion of my device which is shown in Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a partial front elevation of my device looking along the line 5-5 in Fig. 2; Fig. 6 is an enlarged detail of a portion of my device looking along the line 6-6 of Fig. 2; Fig. 7 isa plan view of an Underwood typewriting machine embodying my invention, the carriage being removed; Fig. 8 is a rear elevation of Fig. 7 showing the carriage in position; Fig'. 9 is a partial vertical section taken on line 9-'9 of Fig. 8; Fig. 10 is a partial front elevation of my device looking along the line Ili-iil of Fig. 7; Fig. 1l is a partial front elevation of my device looking along the line II-II of Fig. 7; and Fig. 12 is a section taken on line I2--I2 of Fig. 10. Referring to Figs. 1 to 6 inclusive, the numeral l indicates the customary base oi.' a Remington typewriting machine having comer pillars 2 af fixed thereto upon which is mounted a top plate I1. Attached to the top plate I1 of the machine are the usual guide rails 5 which have their opposite faces grooved for the reception of antifriction rollers 5. The rollers are likewise received in the oppositely grooved rails l attached to the end bars 3 of the carriage which are provided with bearings to receive a platen shaft 'l on which a rotative cylindrical platen 8 is mounted. 'I'he carriage in this machine comprising the end bars 3 and the rails l is thus mounted for sidewise movement over the top plate I'l of the machine.

Attached to the top plate i1 is the usual bearing 22, in which is journalled shaft 2l having mounted thereon the escapement wheels 26, 21, the space back ratchet 25, and the rack gear 20, the latter meshing with the space rack Il which is attached by means of screws I2 to a frame member Ill pivotally mounted at 9 on the carriage. A pivoted lever not shown is adapted to raise the space rack Il about its pivot 9. disengaging it from the rack gear 20, in order that the carriage may be moved freely from side to side without ail'ecting the other elements in the machine.v

As stated above, the mechanism thus far described constitutes part of the usual equipment of the Remington typewriting machine and further detailed description of the known parts of such machine is deemed unnecessary and only those parts have been shown which cooperate with my device. 'I'he usual operation of the machine .55

- mounted Vthe space rack II, has a tendency to` Sil is in no wise affected by the incorporation of my device therein as will be hereinafter explained.

Extending rearwardly from and supported by the space rack II are rods I3 which support a through. equal distances when the carriage is caused to move horizontally from side to side.

In a Remington machine of the type shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the carriage, upon which is rigidly move in one direction under the tension of a spring member (not shown) mounted on the frame o'f the machine; to rotate gear 'and the escapement wheels 26, 2l but is held in place by an escapement pawl (not shown) which alternately engages teeth in the escapement wheels. 26, 2l. When a type key is released after having typed the desired letter on a sheet of paper mounted on the platen, the escapement pawl; which at this stage holds the carriage in place through engagement with a tooth on the escapementwheel 26, is caused to move about its pivot into the path of rotation of the escapement wheel 2l whose teeth are staggered with respect to the teeth on the escapement wheel 26 as shown in Fig. 1. The carriage is then free to move a portion of a letter space, whereupon it will be stopped by a tooth on the' escapement wheel 2l engaging the escapement pawl. When the next type key is depressed the escapement pawl is moved back into the path of rotation of escapement wheel 26 allowing the carriage to move the remainder of the letter space just before the type bar strikes the paper on the platen. Thus in this machine, thecarriage is allowed to move a portion of one letter space in the direction of pulln of the spring as one type key is returning to its normal position and the remainder of the letter space as another type key is raised to strike. The teeth of the space rack Hand the gear 20 areof suclr a size that each 'one is equal in width to one letter space. Thus as the platen moves through a distance equal to the width of one letter space the rack I l and the gear 2l! move through a space occupied by one tooth. As the rack II moves through a unit distance equal to the space occupied by a typewritten letter, the rack I6 rigidly attached thereto also moves through the same unit distance to rotate the gear 36 through a corresponding unit distance. Gear 36 is similar l ed on its other end a disc 40.' Pivotally attached to the disc di) at 43 is a spring-tensioned pawl 44 adapted to engage" the teeth of a ratchet 4I,

which is mounted on the end of shaft 43, for

. rotation in the same direction that the carriage movesfduring the operation of the machine, but

g of ratchet it without actuating the latter.

Mounted adjacent to or integral with the ratchet 4I isaratchet 42 of smaller diameter. A spring- *l tensioned pawl 45 is pivotally mounted at 46 upon.

the supporting plate 3| and is adapted to ride over the teeth of ratchet 42 while the latter is rotating in the same rdirection that the carriage moves during the operation of the machine, but when the carriage is moving in the opposite direction,` the pawl 45 is adapted to engage the teeth in ratchet 42 to prevent rotation of shaft 48.'

Mounted on shaft 48 exteriorly of the supporting plate 3I is a disc 41 and gears 50 and 5I. Gears 66 and 5I are designed to have the same number of teeth that gears 20 and' 36 have. Attached to the supporting plate '3l is a bracket 53 supporting a leaf spring 52 that is adapted to ride on thelteeth of gear 5I to prevent over-running of the shaft 48 so that the gear will revolve through a distance of only one -tooth as the space rack II is moved one letter space by the carriage. Thus, by this arrangement, when the platen 8' is moved in the operating direction through a distance equal to the space occupied by a letter of the particular type used in the machine, gear through the racks I I and I6, and gear 36, shaft 34, disc 40, pawl and ratchet 44, 4l and shaft 48, isl rotated through a unit distance'corresponding to the space occupied by a typewritten letter. In the present instance gears 26, 36, 50 and 5I have twelve teeth so that when they havemade a complete revolution they will have moved a distance corresponding to the 4 space occupied by twelve letters of typewritten type on a sheet of paper.

Rotatably mounted on the disc 4l at 55 so as to be in mesh with gear 50 is an idler gear 54 connecting gear 50 with a gear 56 mounted on a shaft 5'! journalled in the supporting plates 3i, 32. Gear 55 is so designed that one complete revolution thereof corresponds to the number of letter spaces contained in a printed line of a predetermined'length. In order to .arrive at the dimensions ofthe gear 56, it is rst necessary to make an actual countof the letters.'marks and spaces between words (herein called letter spaces) on printed full lines of the medium in which the manuscript is to be printed and to make thatv count over anextended number of such *printed pages, say ten to twenty. From a large number of counted lines, the average number of letter spaces in the lines of such printed pages is obtained. This theoretical 'predetermined printed line gives me a yardstick which, I have found, enables me to determine with almost perfect precision or accuracy the space which will be occupied in the printed medium by a typewritten manuscript. Having determined the average number of letter spaces contained in full lines of the particular magazine or medium in which the manuscript is to be incorporated, the gear is then designed so that onecomplete revoluti mined printed line. `The same principles apply when" the tyi'Jewritteny matter is to be incorporated in a medium havingprinted'typeof a different vkind or having a" sight page of diierent dimensions, the construction of the gear56 de-v pending upon the new predetermined printed line that is obtained. v Attached tothe shaft 5l is a cam 63, .adapted to 'engage and vgradually `depress a. roller 80 extendingfrom the adjacent end of a leverV 8l,V (Figs."3 anda) "plvot'ed at 82 Ion the supporting' plate" 32,jas the geen is rotated during the 'operative 'movement of the platen. As the one" end of4 the'lever '6I is :being thereof corresponds to thel number of letter spaces contained in ysucl'i predeter- 66 supporting end of the lever 6| then returns to.

its starting position under the influence of the spring tensioned arm 65, as the cam reaches the positionl shown in Fig. 3. In this way there is registered in the counting mechanism the number of printed lines of a predetermined type and length vthat the matter typed bythe machine would occupy.

Gear 56 i's interchangeable with other gears, each one of which is so designed that one complete revolution corresponds to a printed line of a predetermined length having letter spaces of a predetermined-type. When it is desired to change gear 56, the bolt 46 which extends throug a guide or slot 49 in the disc 41 and engages the supporting plate 3|, is loosened and the disc is moved counter-clockwise (see Fig. 1) about the shaft 46 so that the gear 54 is disengaged from the gear 56. Gear 56 may then be removed by removing the nut 66 and a new gear 56 put in its place. When the new gear has been positioned on the shaft 51, the disc 41 is moved

clockwiseuntil gears

56 and 54 are in mesh, the disc being then locked in position by tightening the bolt and nut 46.

Gear 54 may also be replaced with another gear if the one then on the machine d oes not properly connect gear. 56 with thenew gear 56. In replacing gear 54, the bolt andnut 46 are flrst removed to release the disc 41. 'Ihe gears 56 and 5| and the disc 41 are then removed from the shaft 46. Disc 41 is then replaced by another disc carrying a new gear 54 so positioned thereon that it .will mesh .with gear 56 when the latter is replaced in the shaft 46. 'I'he bolt and nut 46 are then replaced to hold the disc 41 in position against the plate 3| wherein the -new gear 54 meshes with gears 66 and 56. Thus by changing the arrangement of the gears the device may be used to count letter spaces of typewritten matter of a predetermined type in terms of printed lines of various types and lengths. j

Operatively attached to the shaft 51 by the coupling member 6461s a shaft 59 slidably supported at its other end by ah bearing in the end of a bracket 12. A disc 66 is mounted on the end of shaft 59, the disc having suitable legends thereon for dierent positions of the cam 63, for example the legends V4, V2, V4 will indicate that the cam hasrotated through 180, or 270 with its shaft 51 when in the position occupied by the arrow in Fig. 5, the latter lindicating that thev cam is at its starting position as shown in Fig. 3. Attached to the outer end of shaft 59 is a knurled hand nut 61 by which the operator may rotate shaft 59 to bring the cam 63 and gear 56 to their starting positions when the device is about to be used or when itis desired that a short typewritten line shall occupy a single printed line. In the latter case. the counter 66 is caused to operate bracket 12 is a lever 69 whose free end 1| normally rests on a flange of a hub 66 mountedon the shaft 69 as shown in Fig. 2. When the knurled nut 61 is pushed to the rear, the hub 66 moves therewith allowing the free end of lever 69 to drop between the disc 66 and the hub 66. A notch 13 in the free end of lever 69 is adapted to engage the shaft 59. In this position of the lever 69, the hub 66 serves as a stop to prevent

Athe shafts

51 and 59 from returning to their normal positions, under pressure of spring 6| whenever gear 56 meshes with gear 54, until lever 69 is tilted about its support 16 to disengage the notched end 1| from the shaft-59 and clear the hub 66.

The supporting plates l3|, 32 ,are suitably mounted on a bracket 36 attached to the base of the machine and are maintained in spaced relation by the sleeves- 33.

In Figs. 'l to 12 inclusive,l there is shown another embodiment of my invention in combination with an Underwood typewriting machine having the usual carriage slidably mounted on the longitudinal rods 66 and provided with bearings to receive a platen shaft on which a rotatable cylindrical platen 66 is mounted. Attached to ends 61 of the usual pivoted supporting arms is the space rack 66 which is adapted to ride on the gear 69 rotatably mounted on a shaft 96 journalled ln the bearing 9| (Fig. 7).. AA toothed escapement wheel 92 carrying a spring-tensionedl pawl 93v is mounted on the shaft 96, the pawl being adapted to engage the rotatably mounted gear 69 when' thecarriage is moving in one direction under the pull of member 94 attached at 95 to the carriage and adapted to be wound about a spring tensioned reel 96 rotatably supported on a bracket'91 mounted on the frame 96. When the carriage is moving in the opposite di' rection against the pull of member 94, the pawl 99 is adapted to ride over the teeth of the gear 69 without imparting motion to the shaft 96 and the escapement wheel 92 which is prevented from rotating in that direction by an escapement pawl (not shown) The mechanism thus far described constitutes part of the usual equipment of the Underwood typewriting machine and further detailed description of the machine is deemed unnecessary and only such parts have been shown as cooperate with the parts of my improved attachment.

Attached to the end of shaft 96 is a hub V| 66 having a disc |66 xedly attached at its outer end. A spring tensioned pawl |69 is pivotally mounted at |61 on the disc |66 and adapted to engage the teeth of a ratchet ||6 mounted on the shaft. |6| to move the ratchet through an angular distance equal to that moved through by the gear 69 and the escapement wheel 92 when the carriage, in the operation of the machina' l only one direction by the pawl.l By this arrangement the ratchet ||6 may be rotated by the disc |43 without rotating shaft 96 as will be hereinafter explained. The shaft |6| is-journalled in the supporting plates I|62, |66 whichare held in spaced relation by .sleeves |64 and are supported on a bracket |66 mounted on the frame of the machine by screws |65 which threadedly engage said bracket. A spur gear having the f same number of teethas the ratchets I0 and 89 is also mounted'on the shaft i0 I.

Thus the carriage, towhich is rigidly attached the space rack 88, has a tendency to move in one direction `under the tension of member, 941:0

rotate the gear 89 and throughA fthev pawl 93 rotate the escapement wheel 92, shaft 90, hub |00, disc |08, and through pawl |09 rotate ratchet H0, shaft |0|, and gear It is held in place, however, by an escapement pawl (not shown) through the space occupied by one tooth when the carriage moves through a distance equal to the space occupied by a typewritten letter. In other words, as the carriage moves throughv a unit distance equal to a letter` space these elements move through corresponding unit distances.

Meshed with gear I is a spur gear ||2 (Fig. 9) munted on a shaft I3 journalled on the supporting plates |02, |03. Also mountedon shaft,||3, intermediate the supporting plates |02, |03, is a miter gear ||4 in mesh with a miter gear ||5 mounted on the end of a shaft ||6I rotatably supported in the bearings |21, |20 (Fig. 7) mounted between` the supporting plates |02, |03. A

`miter gear is mounted on the other end of shaft ||6 in mesh with a miter gear- ||8 mounted` on the shaft I I9 vrotatably supported by the plates |02, |03. Mounted on a shaft -||9 exteriorlyhof the supporting plate |03 is a spur gear |20. Gear ||2 is by this arrangement operatively connected to gear |20. The spur gears II2, |20 and miter gears I4, II5, |I1 and I8 have the same number of teeth so that movement by any one will rotate the others a similar amount about their respective shafts. In the present instance they have more teeth than gear III 'so that they move through angular unit distances smaller than that of gear |||.v By this construction gear |20 moves through a unit distance proportional tothe unit distance travelled by the carriagey in moving through the space occupied by one letter type.

Rotatably mounted on a stud shaft |22 -attached to a disc |23, is a spur gear I2| connecting gear |20 with a spur gear |30.A The disc |23 which supports the gear I2|, is movably mounted on the shaft ||9 but is ordinarily held in a predetermined position thereon by a screw |24 which extends through' a slot |25 in the disc |23 and is in threaded engagement with the supporting plate |03. A washer |26 is provided between the head of the screw |24 and the disc |23 to provide a larger surface contact between these parts. Gear |30 is mounted on a'shaft |3| rotatably and slidably supported by the supporting plates |02, |03 and by a bearing |32 in the end of abracket |33 mounted by screws |34 on the frame of the machine. Gear |30 is so designed that one complete revolution. corresponds to the number of letter spaces .contained in a predetermined printed line. Thus, for example, if gear |20, which moves a unit distance corresponding to the distance travelled by the carriage in moving a letter' space, is caused` to move twenty unit distances, gear |30 will move twenty unit distances corresponding t'o the space occupied by twenty letters of a predetermined print. If gear |30 is designed for a printed line having twenty letter spaces of the predetermined print, it will make one complete revolution while gear |20 is moving through twenty unit distances. The manner Ain which the dimensions ofthe gear i3d-are determined in order that, such gear may be used for counting lines for a particular printed medium, is the same as that described with respect to gear 56.

A disc |43 is fixed to the forward end of shaft |3|, the disc having suitable legends thereon in a manner similar to disc 66 of the Remington machine above described to indicate the angular position of cam |36. The disc |43 may also be rotated by hand to 'bring the cam |36 to its starting position or to rotate the cam to register a printed line even though the typewritten line has ended as in the case where a paragraph has ended or a short typewritten line is to occupy a single printed line as in the case of dialogue.

In a-manner simuar to that described with regard to the changing of

gears

54 and 56 on the Remington machine the respective gears I2| and |30 may be changed so that the device will count the matter typed by the machine in terms of printed hues, of other types and lengths. I

11ans.. according .to the structures described. when the escapement pawl in either the Remington or Underwood typewriting machines allows the carriage to move through a distance equal 'to thespace occupied by a typewritten" letter. after f a.type key or the space bar has been operated, there is caused to move through a corresponding unit distance a gear (gear I in the Remington machine and gear |20 in the Underwood machine) which is operatively connected either to the carriage, as in the Remington machine, or to the 'escapement wheel, as in the case of the Underwood machine. This gear, which is operatively connected to a second gear (gear 56 in the Remington machlne'and gear I 30 in the Underwood machine) causes the latter to move a corresponding unit distance proportional to the space occupied by a letter of printed type.

The second` gear is so designed that it makes a complete revolution when it has moved lthrough a number of unit distances corresponding to the number of spaces of type contained in a predetermined printed line. In bothmachines there is mounted on the same shaft with the second gear, a cam which is so designed that when the second gear makes a complete revolution it causes a counting vmechanism operatively connected thereto, to operate. Thus there is registered in the counting device, as the matter to be printed is being typed, the number of lines of print of a predetermined length and type that the typewritten matter will occupy.

From the foregoing it will be seen that my invention makes it possible for authors who typewrite their own manuscripts, and for printing or publishing houses where matter to be printed is first put in typewritten form, to know as soon as the manuscript is typewritten how many printed lines of a given length and-type, the manuscript will require. Placing this information in the hands of an editor will save him much time and trouble in laying out the magazine or periodical as he `.can plan it just as he would like to have it without being subjected to the necessity of rearrangement and modification when the copy is returned from the printer.

while I have illustrated and described two embodiments of my invention in combination with a Remington and an Underwood typewriting machine, it will be understood that it can be used in combination with any typewriting machine and that'various changes in the form, construction and arrangement of the several parts may be resorted to withoutv departing from the spirit and scope of my invention; hence I do not wish to limit myself strictly to the structure herein set forth. Y

What is claimed is:

l. In'a machine for printing on a siu'face characters of a predetermined type in lines of a predetermined length, the combination with mechanism for advancing said surface through character space distances during the printing operation of the machine, of means controlled by such mechanism and arranged to move through unit distances as said surface is advanced through the character space distances in the printing operation of the machine, translating mechanism connected to said first named means and operable to translate the unit movements of said first named means during the advancing.movements of said mechanism into the number of lines which the matter being printed will occupy in a different medium having predetermined lines of a different type and length than the lines of characters being printed, means operable to modify the action of said translating mechanism to include in lsuch matter, means intermediate said first mentioned mechanism and said translating mechanism for 4enabling the latter to be actuated by said modifying means while said surface is at rest, and a counting mechanism operatively connected to said translating mechanism and said modifying means and arranged to register the number of lines of the different type.

l 2. In a machine for printing on a surface characters of a predetermined type in lines of a predetermined length, the combination with mechanism for moving said surface through character space distances during the printing operation, of

cooperating instrumentalities operatively connected to.such mechanism and including means adapted to translate the unit movements of said surface as it is advanced during the printing operation into the number of lines which the matter being printed will occupy in a diiferent medium having predetermined lines of a different type and length than the lines of characters being printed, means operable to modify the action of said translating means to include in such line count the spacings which will appear in the different medium after paragraph endings of such matter, means intermediate said mechanism and said translating means for enabling the latter to be actuated by said modifying means while said surface is at rest and a counter con- I nected to said translating means and said moditying means andarranged to register the total number of lines of the different type.

3. 'I'he combination with a typewriting ma` chine,'of mechanism for calculating the number of lines of a predetermined length and of a second size of type that the typewritten matter will occupy in a diiferent medium comprising, cooperating instrumentalities operatively connected to the typewriter mechanism and including means adapted to translate the number of letter spaces produced by depressing the type keys and spaceof lines off. a predetermined length and of a second size of type that the typewritten matter will occupy in a different medium comprising, cooperating instrumentalities operatively connected to the` typewriter mechanism and including means adapted to translate the number of letter spaces produced by depressing the type keys and space bar in the operation of the typewriter into the number of predetermined lines of said second size of type that the matter being typed will occupy in the diiferent medium and including co-acting mechanism operable to modify the action of 'said translating means to4 include in said line count spacigs other than those spaces which will be occupied by the printed characters and which will appear in the printed iield of thel different medium, means intermediate the typewriter mechanism and said translating means for enabling the latter to be actuated by said coacting mechanism while the type keys and space bar of the typewriter are at rest, a counter connected to said translating means for regisincluded inA said coacting mechanism for interrupting the coactive relation of said mechanism without affecting the operation of the typewriter.

5. The combination with a typewriting machine', of mechanism for calculating the number of lines of a predetermined length and of a second size of type that the typewritten matter will occupy in a different medium comprising, a gear operatively connected with the typewriter for moving through unit distances as the platen advances through character space distances during the printing operation, a second gear conf nected to said first-named gear and adapted to move through unit distances proportional to the spaces occupied by the characters of said second type ias the platenis advancing, a counter, means intermediate said 'second-named gear and said counter for intermittently operating the latter every time said second-named gear has moved through a number of unit distances equivalent to the number of letter spaces in a predetermined line of said second type and co-acting mechanism connected with said intermediate means and operable to modify the action of such meansl to include in said line count the spacings which will appear in the different medium after paragraph endings of such matter.

6. The combination with a typewriting machinefof mechanism for calculating the number of lines of a predetermined length and of a second size of type'that the typewritten matter will occupy in a different medium comprising, a gear operatively connected with the typewriter for moving through unit distances as the platen advances through character space distances during I the printing operation, a second gear connected to said rst-named gear so. as to move relative to the latter during the advancing movement of the platen and being so designed that one complete revolution thereof corresponds to thetotal number of spaces in a predetermined line of said second type, a counter, means intermediate said second-named gear and said counter for intermittently operating the latter every time said second-named gear makes a complete revolution and co-acting mechanism connected with said second-named gear and operable to modify the action of such gear to` include in said line count the spacings which will appear in the different medium after paragraph endings of such matter.

7. The-combination with a typewriting machine, of mechanism for calculating the number of lines of a predetermined length and of a second size of type that the typewritten matter will occupy in a different medium comprising, a gear operatively connected with the typewriter for moving through unit distances as the platen advances through character space distances during the printing operation, a second gear connectedi to said rst-named gear and adapted to move through unit distances proportional to the spaces occupied by the characters of said second type as the platen is advancing, a shaft supporting said second-named gear and a cam which is xedly secured thereto, a counter, means intermediate said counter and said cam andcooperating .with the latter to cause said counter to register every time said second-named gear has moved through a number of unit distances equivalent to the number of letter spaces in a predetermined line ofI said second type and co-acting mechanism connected with said second-named gear and operable to modify said line count to include the spacings 4which will appear in the diiferent me-A dium after paragraph endings of such matter.

8. The combination with a typewriting machine, of mechanism for calculating the number of lines of a predetermined length and of a second size of type that the typewritten matter will occupy in a diierent medium comprising, cooperating instrumentalities operatively connected to the typewriter mechanism and adapted to translate the number of letter spaces produced by depressing the type keys and space bar in the operation of the typewriter into the number of predetermined lines of said second type that the matter. being typed will occupy in the different medium, said cooperating instrumentalities including a counter arranged to register the number of lines of said second type and means connected with said counter and operable to actuate the latter independently to count letter' spaces in terms of-lines of said second type and co-acting with said instrumentalities to modify said line count to include the spacings which will appear in the different medium after paragraph endings of such matter.

9. In a machine for printing on a surface characters of a predetermined type in lines of a predetermined length, -the combination with mech.- anism for moving said surface through character space distances during the printing operation, of means controlled by such mechanism and arrangedvto move through unit distances as said surface is advanced through the character space distances, cooperating instrumentalities operatively connected to said first-named means and operable to translate. the unit movements of said rst-named means into the number of lines which the `matter being printed will occupy in a different medium having predetermined lines of a different type and length than the lines of characters being printed, said instrumentalities including a counting device arranged to register the number of lines of the diierent type, and indicatingmeans separate from said counting device 'and connected to said instrumentalities, said indicating means being operable by said instrul mentalities to visually indicate to the operator JAMES D. B OLONGARO.