US2128346A - Bar screen scraper - Google Patents

Description

Aug. 30, 1938. R. E. BRIGGS BAR SCREEN SCRAPER Filed Aug. 16, 1934 s Sheets-Sheet 1 EQBEQT E. BEKEGS Aug. 30, 1938. R. EJBRIGGS 2,128,346

I BAR SCREEN SCRAPER Filed Aug. 16, 1934 s Sheets-Sheet 2 5y 7 '7) I 4 v I Aug. 30, 1938. R. E. BRIGGS 2,128,346

POBEPT E-BPIGGS,

Patented Aug. so, 1938 2,128,346

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE BAR SCREEN SCRAPER Robert E. Briggs, Columbus, Ohio, assignor to The Jeffrey Manufacturing Company, a corporation of Ohio Application August 16, 1934, Serial No. 740,159

14 Claims. (01. 210-176) This invention relates to apparatus for removto be mounted upon the supporting frame D. Also ing solid refuse or trash from a stream of water, can'ied upon said frame D is a driving means E such as a sewage'stream, preliminary to the passfor driving of said rake or scraper C. ing of said water to settling tanks. 'I'he screen A is formed by a pair of spaced One object of the invention is to provide in the side plates Ill, l which are adapted to be fixed above mentioned class of apparatus a rake or to the side walls of the concrete tank or trough scraper which is adapted to operate to clean the II intowhich the screen A projects, by lugs l0 screen of said apparatus efficiently. which project inwardly thereof and fit into verti- Another and important object of the invention cal slots l I extending upwardly from the bottom is to provide for an interleaving of the teeth of of plates III, II]. Said lugs may be threaded to 10 a rake or scraper and the screen bars of a screen receive nuts l3. Between the side plates I0, ID, of the above mentioned type at a position in adand perpendicular thereto, extend the lateral vance of an area on said screen at which refuse spacing and supporting bars l2 which may be tends to collect or pile up. welded to said side plates I0, I!) at their ends Another object of the invention is to provide and thereby be rigidly attached thereto. Also bein an apparatus of the class above described, a tween said side plates Ill, l0, and parallel thererake for cleaning the screen bars of a screen and with, extend a plurality of screen bars l3 having spring cam means for urging the rake teeth in spaced downward extensions l2 (Fig. 3) carried interleaving relation with said screen bars adupon said lateral bars I2 and rigidly attached J'acent the bottom of the screen where refuse thereto, as by welding. Each of said screen bars tends to collect, for the purpose of yieldingly 13 preferably comprises an upstanding plate maintaining said interleaving relation. Spaced apart from the next spaced screen bar Other objects of the invention will appear herewhereby a screen is formed. Said bars l2 not inafter, the novel features and combinations only give rigidity to the screen bars but also keep In the drawings: large piece of material between two of them tends Fig. 1 is a front elevational view of the device to spread them apart and move them adj cent embodying my invention, illustrating the assothe next bars. Said bars l2 therefore maintain ciated tank or trough in section; the screen bars l3 in proper spaced relation to do Fig. 2 is a side elevational view of the device in provide proper alignment thereof forthe ready 30 Fig. 1, illustrating the several floor levels in secpassage of the teeth of the rake or scraper theretiOn; through and prevent increased friction between Fig. 3 is' an enlarged detail view showing the the rake or scraper teeth and said screen bars. construction of my device adjacent the refuse Adjacent the bottom wall of the tank or trough 35. collecting or bottom portion thereof and taken II and set with its upper face in alignment with along the line 3-3 of Fig. 4, looking in the directhe upper face of said lower wall is a plate l4. 131011 of the arrows; Said plate is held rigid in the concrete forming Fig. 4 is a sectional view taken along the line the bottom-wall of tank or trough II by adhesion 6-4 of Fig. 3, looking in the direction of the...of the lower face of said. plate with the adjacent arrows; d concrete. The screen bars l3 of the screen A, 40

Fig. 5 is an enlarged perspective view of the through which the raw refuse-containing fluid as lower portion of my invention showing the rake received from a sewer is adapted to flow, as indior scraper interleaved with the extension of the cated by the arrows in Fig. 2, are extended from screen. i an inclined position where they form said screen The invention here involved relates primarily to a substantially horizontal position above the 45 to an improvement in the material handling applate M where they form extensions [5. The paratus disclosed in my co-pending application, said extensions ii are welded adjacent their bot- Serial No. 701,548 filed December 8, 1933. tom edges to the top of said plate l4 whereby Referring'particularly to Figs. 1 and 2 of the they are prevented from spreading, thus being drawings, the apparatus comprises a screen A maintained in proper alignment to receive the 50 adapted to be partially submerged in a tank or teeth of the rake or scraper C. Said plate also trough into which the liquid, such as sewage, is holds the extensions down against any tendency to pass before entering a settling tank. The guide thereof to move upwardly. tracks B are provided with draft chains carrying The side plates ill, H), which are of greater 5; the rake or scraper C, which tracks B are adapted depth than the screen bars l3 adjacent the being set forth in the appended claims. them properly spaced when, as for example, a 25- screen portion A, are reduced in depth adjacent said plate M to a depth equal of said screen bars l3. Said side plates l0, ID are also welded adjacent their bottom edges to said plate l4. Saidextensions I5 and the side plates l9, l8 preferably project beyond the end of the plate l4 and are tapered at I6 to meet the bottom wall of the tank or through guide and to guide the refuse from the refuse laden stream on to the screen A. Brackets I5 are provided to extend over the two side screen bar extensions and are attached to the side wall of the tank or trough H. brackets I5 prevent any tendency for the extensions |5 to. pull the plate M from its anchorage with the bottom of said tank or trough The upper portion of said screen A is rigidly attached to the concrete supporting floor ll of said tank or trough by the channel member ll welded to said screen A and buried in said floor l1, and is formed rigid with the curve plate l8, as by welding. Said plate I8 is carried by the frame D and has a discharge lip IQ for discharging refuse on the floor II, or, if desired, on a conveyor belt or into refuse receptacles or a grinder. If the refuse is discharged on the floor the liquid portion and small particlesthereof may return to the sewer stream through drain l8 in floor I'I.

The curved guide tracks. B are formed by a pair of spaced angle members 20, 20 which are bent upon themselves to form a substantially U- shaped guide track for the continuous rake or scraper carrying draft chains 2|, 2|. Said angle members 28, 20 are mounted upon the face plates 22, 22, as by welding. The open side of theguide channels formed by said angle members 29, 29 are provided with the welded retainer plates 23, 23 to retain said chains 2|, 2| in their tracks. Said tracks B are mounted and supported on the frame D and, if desired, may be attached at intervals to the side walls of the tank or trough I. The continuous chains 2|, 2| are adapted to be driven by sprockets 24, 24 mounted on the shaft 25 carried insuitable bearings upon the frame D. Said shaft 25 is adapted to be driven from the motor 26 by driving means E, through the speed reduction device 21 and the sprocket and chain means 28. A chain tensioning device 29 may be provided for said sprocket and chain device 28.

Also carried upon the frame D-is a scraper cleaning mechanism comprising a transverse bar 38 carried on the arms 3|, 3| pivoted to said frame D at 32 and weighted by the counterweight 33 on the lever 34 to maintain said cross bar 3|! in wiping contact with the rake or scraper C during themovement thereof past the discharge lip l9. The frame D may also be provided with a ladder 35'to provide ready access to the. driving mechanism E.

The construction of'the rake or scraper C is best illustrated in Figs. 3, 4 and 5 andcomprises a central angle member 36 carried between the laterally-spaced brackets 31, 31 having the arms 38, 38 pivoted to the oppositely-disposed, inwardly-projecting bolts 39, 39 extending through journal bearings 40,40 on said arms 38, 38, said bolts 39, 39 being carried upon the oppositelydisposed plates 4|, 4|, which plates are carried by the extended link bolts 42, 42 of the chains 2|, 2|. The link bolts 42, 42 are each provided with a pair of spaced nuts 43, 43 for adjustably positioning the plates 4|, 4|. provided with inwardly-projecting stop lugs 44, 44 to limit the movement of the arms 38, 38 about These Said plates 4|, 4| are their pivot points 39, 39 in one direction of movement and with the lugs 45, 45 to limit the pivotal movement of said arms 38, 38 in another direction of movement. The brackets 31, 31 are preferably made integral with the arms 38, 38 and are attached to the angle member 36 as by the bolts and nuts 46, 46. Rigidly attached to the angle member 36 is a rake or scraper plate 41 provided with the lateral shoulders 48, 48 extending to each side of the angle member 36 and provided adjacent the bottom thereof with the projecting teeth 49. As best illustrated in Fig. 4, said teeth 49 have appreciable length and in normal operation are intended to project completely through the screen bars l3 of the screen A. Said teeth 49, however, are shorter than the side plates l9, It! thus allowing for the lateral bars I2 to be attachedto the projections l2 on the screen bars l3 and to said side plates |0, I0 and yet provide clearance of said teeth 49 when they are fully interleaved with the screen bars.

Also carried by the angle member 36 and rigidly attached thereto, as by welding, is a. reinforcing weighting'bar 58, the principal function of which is to add weight to said rake or scraper C to maintain the above mentioned interleaving relation when said rake or scraper is carrying refuse during its upward movement.

The guide tracks B are preferably provided with the cam members 5| which are adapted to lift the rake C, as it reaches its downward position, from the pins 45, 45 upon which the arms 38, 38 thereof normally rest during the downward travel of said rake or scraperC, to a position adjacent the projecting stop lugs 44, 44. Said cams 5| rotate said rake or scraper C by virtue of engagement of the lateral shoulders 48, 48 with the upper portion of said cams 5|.

The cams 5| are terminated when the gravitational force on the rake or scraper C is effective to draw the arms 38, 38 against the stop lugs 44, 44 rather than tending to move said arms 38, 38 towards the stop lugs 45, 45. By virtue of this arrangement a shock, otherwise incident to the rotation of the rake or scraper C about the axes 39, 39 as the arms 38, 38 of said scraper C move from stops 45, 45 to stops 44, 44 incident to the moving of the chains 2|, 2| around the lower bend of the guide tracks B, is effective prevented.

It' is to be particularly noted that due to the .horizontal extensions l5 of the screen bars I 3,

l3, the interleaving of said bars and the teeth 49 of the rake or scraper C takes place at a position appreciably in advance of the area. on said screen A at which refuse or solid matter tends to accumulate. Theconcentrated area of accumulation will be adjacent the curved portion of said screen A designated by'the character G in Figs. 2, 3 and 5. By virtue of the above mentioned interleaving of said teeth 49 and the screen bars |3 in advance of the area ofconcentration of refuse, it has been discovered that prior tendencies for the teeth 49 to ride over the screen A rake or scraper C thereacross. As illustrated by the dotted line representations of the rake or scraper C, in Fig. 3, the teeth 49 thereof first begin to interleave with the extensions l5 at an upstream position well in advance of the area of-accumulation G, and slightly downstream of the brackets I whereby the lake or scraper teeth clear said brackets l5 yet are fully interleaved with the extensions |5 before reaching the accumulated refuse area. The position at which the first interleaving takes place is indicated by the dotted line representation of the rake or scraper C at the left of Fig. 3 and a full interleaved position with the tips of teeth 49 riding on the plate I4 is illustrated in the second dotted line representation of said rake or scraper. A position of the rake or scraper C intermediate the positions indicated by the dotted line representations of Fig. 3 is seen in Fig. 5 at which position the teeth tips are just coming into contact with the plate l4. The elongated construction of the teeth 49 whereby they project rearwardly beyond the screen bars I3 is also effective to clean said screen A efficiently, for any refuse or foreign matter that may be caught between the screen bars I3 will be effectively drawnout by said rake or scraper C which, as may be noted from Fig. 3, forms an obtuse angle with said screen bars l3.

It has been discovered, however, that sometimes due to a heavy accumulation of refuse at the area G or to the accumulation of large pieces of fibrous material at said area, there may be a tendency for the teeth of said rake or Scraper C to be disengaged from their interleaving relation with said screen bars l3. To prevent this disengagement except under conditions of unusual load as, for example, when a large piece of solid matter like a rock or brick is found on said screen A, the leaf- spring cams 52, 52 are provided and carried on the lower angle members 20, 28

of the guide tracks B to maintain yieldingly the interleaving relation of saidteeth 49 and said screen bars l3. Said cams 52, 52 are adjustably attached to the bottoms of the guide tracks B as by the brackets 53, 53. provided with the elongated slots 54 through which extend fastening bolts provided with nuts. By loosening the nuts of said bolts, the position of said bracket 53 may be adjusted and thereby adjust the position of the cam 52 relative to said screen A. The forward end of the cam 52 is looped back on itself to form a U and provides a. bearing surface 55 adapted to bear against the lower face of said lower angle member 28 and to be freely movable with respect thereto.

In normal operation when the rake or scraper C is in proper interleaving relation with the screen bars |3 of the screen A, the lateral shoulders 48, 48 of said screen A do not come in contact with the lower surface of said cams 52, 52. However, should the accumulated refuse at said area G, or at any area along said screen A opposite the earns 52, 52, tend to disengage said teeth 49 from said screen bars l3, said cams 52, 52 will be effective to maintain yieldingly this interleaving relation. However, saidinterleaving relation is not positively maintained by said cams 52, 52 and, should a large particle of material require the disengagement thereof to prevent damage to-the rake or scraper C, said cams 52, 52'will yield and allow said disengagement.

The combination of the screen A with the horizontally-extending projections on the screen bars l3 and the cooperating leaf- spring cams 52, 52 is very effective to provide and maintain a proper interleaving of the teeth 49 of the said rake or scraper C with the screen bars l3 of the screen A to remove effectively anyrefuse or solid matter accumulated on said screen A-or lodged between the screen bars 13 thereof and yet provide for the disengagement of said rake or scraper C from said screen A should said disengagement become necessary to prevent damage to the rake or scraper, or to the screen A.

In the operation of my device, the driving mechanism is effective to drive the draft chains 2|, 2| in the guide tracks B, either continuously, intermittently, as by the means disclosed in my above mentioned application, or at the will of an operator, as by manual control. The chains 2 I, 2| and guide tracks B carry the rake or scraper C downwardly along the upper portion of the guide tracks B, with the arms 38, 38 of said rake or scraper C resting against stop lugs 45, 45. As the rake vor scraper C reaches cams 5|, 5| the shoulders 48, 48 thereof ride upon the top sur-. face of said cams 5|, 5| and arms 38, 38 are pivoted about pivots 39, 39 in their movement toward stop lugs 44, 44. Cams 5|, 5| terminate when said rake or scraper C has reached a position in which the force of gravity acting thereon is effective to maintain arms 38, 38 adjacent said stop lugs 44, 44. Cams 5|, 5|, thus prevent any shock to chains 2|, 2| incident to the movement of rake or scraper C from a position where arms 38, 38 rest against stop lugs 45, 45 to a position where they rest against stop lugs 44, 44.

As the rake or scraper C moves downwardly around the lower curved surface of the guide tracks B, the teeth 49 thereof interleave with the extensions |5 of the screen bars |3 forming screen A. This interleaving takes place at a position wellv in advance of the area G on said screen at which the greater amount of solid matter tends to accumulate, thus providing for the.

proper interleaving of the rake or scraper teeth before they are called upon to do any work, and at a position where there is little possibility of any accumulated refuse which might prevent said interleaving. In normal operation the weight of the rake or scraper C is effective to maintain the interleaved relation thereof with the screen bars of the screen even when there is a large accumulation of refuse on said screen A, particularly at area G. However, if this accumulation is very heavy, or is of a particular kind of material,

such as fibrous material, it may tend to disen- I gage said teeth from said screen bars. Leafspring cams 52, 52 are effective upon a slight lifting of the rake or scraper C from the screen A, to contact the shoulders 48, 48 of said rake or scraper to maintain yieldingly said interleaved relation, but are adapted to yield and allow actual disengagement of the teeth from said screen bars should some extreme condition require such action to prevent damage to the rake or scraper or to any other part of the device.

As the rake or scraper C moves upwardly along the screen A, the teeth-49 project entirely through the screen bars I3 of the screen A and thus pull out any material caught between adjacent bars, as well as removing any refuse accumulated on the surface of said screen.

As the rake or scraper C approaches the curved plate I8, it is tilted about its axes 39, 39 by the engagement of teeth 49 with a plate at the top of said screen A whereby the teeth 49 disengage the screen bars l3 and slide across the curved device, not shown, such as a traveling belt conveyo'r, receptacle or grinder, or on the floor If.

Incident to the discharge of said refuse, the

rake or scraper cleaner bar 88 wipes across the face of the rake or scraper and removes downwardly any refuse which tends to adhere thereto. sprocket wheels 24, 24 and again moved down the upper track of the guide tracks B.

While only one particular arrangement of the frame D, screen A and guide tracks B, has been illustrated and described in this particular'application to which my improved construction has been applied, it is obvious that the spring leaf cams may be applied to any of the guide tracks disclosed in my above mentioned co-pending application and that the extensions l5 of the screen bars may be applied to any of the screens disclosed in saidv application.

While in the preferred form the horizontal extensions |5 of the screen bars [3 are formed by bending each screen bar adjacent the area G and thus forming each screen bar I3 from a single bar of material, said extensions may be formed by the welding of the horizontal portions thereof to the upwardly-inclined portions thereof adjacent the.area G. This latter construction may particularly be employed when the screen A has been previously constructed without the horizon tal extensions iii of the screen bars l3.

In the construction of the device, the screen A is fabricated with the plate It and channel bar l1 welded thereto. In building the tank or trough H and the floor I'I, excavations are provided to receive said plate l4 and channel bar I1.

Threaded lugs H) are anchored integral withthe side walls of said trough or tank when it is constructed. The screen A is lowered vertically into place with the notches II registering with the lugs ID. The extensions I5 project beyond the plate M- at I6 and at this point may rest on the bottom of the tank or trough adjacent an edge of the excavation which is below the piate M. This extension at l6 thus helps properly place the screen while grout is poured into the excavation below plate M to fill it and anchor said plate I4 to the bottom of said tank or trough. The floor I'I being excavated to receive the channel I1 is also filled with grout to anchor said channel, after the screen A is in place.

As this application is for an improvement of the material handling apparatus disclosed in my co-pending application Serial No. 701,548 filed December 8, 1933, the claims are, in general, restricted to features not shown or described in said co-pending application. It is to be distinctly understood, however, that the patentable subject matter disclosed but not claimed in this application is not dedicated to the public but is claimed in said co-pending application. Purely as illustrative, and not as exhaustive, it may be stated the claims of said co-pending application cover the general construction of the guide tracks herein disclosed, the general relation of said guide tracks to the screen, the rake cleaning mechanism, the shock preventing cams mounted on the guide tracks, the combination of the screen with a floor plate, the particular discharge plate construction for the screen, the lateral spacing and supporting bars for the screen bars, the particular mounting of the rake on the conveyor chains, as well as numerous other structural details and combinations of elements not herein specifically claimed.

Obviously those skilled in the art may make various changes in the details and arrangement of parts without departing from the spirit. and scope of the invention as defined by' the claims hereto appended, and I wish therefore not to be The rake or scraper'C is then carried aroundnation with a screen having screen bars through which refuse carrying liquid is to be passed, a pivoted scraper provided with teeth adapted to interleave with said bars as said scraper moves relatively to said screen, and stationary yieldable cam means to maintain yieldingly said interleaved relation.

2. In a liquid screening apparatus, the combination with a screenhaving upwardly-extending screen bars through which refuse carrying liquid is to be passed, spaced draft guides adjacent the edges of ,said screen on the up-stream side thereof, draft means carried in said draft guides, a toothed scraper carried between said draft means, and cam means adapted to maintain an interleaving relation between the teeth of said scraper andsaidscreen bars as said scraper moves upwardly along the face of said screen, said cam means comprising spring leaves attached to said draft guides.

3. In a liquid sceening apparatus, the combination with a screen having upwardly-extending screen bars through which refuse carrying liquid is to be passed, spaced draft guides adjacent the edges of said screen on the up-stream side thereof, draft means carried in said draft guides, a toothed scraper carried between said draft means, and cam means adapted to maintain an interleaving relation between the teeth of said scraper and said screen bars as said scraper moves upwardly along the face of said screen, said cam means comprising spring leaves attached at one end thereof to said draft guides.

4. In a liquid screening apparatus, the com-' bination with a screen having upwardly-extending screen bars through which refuse carrying liquid is to be passed, spaced draft guides adjacent the edges of said screen on the up-stream side thereof, draft-means carried in said draft guides, a toothed scraper carried between said draft means, and cammeans adapted to maintain an interleaving relation between the teeth of said scraper and said screen bars as said scraper moves upwardly along the face of said screen, said cam means comprising spring leaves attached at one end thereof to said draft guides and loosely bearing against said guides at their other ends.

5. In a liquid screening apparatus, the combination with a screen having upwardly-extending screen bars through which refuse carrying liquid is to be passed, spaced draft guides adjacent the edges of said screen on the up-stream-side thereof, draft means carried in said draft guides, a toothed scraper carried between said draft means, and cam means adapted to maintain an interleaving relation between the teeth of said scraper and said screen bars as said scraper moves upwardly along the face of said screen, said cam means comprisingcurved spring leaves adjustably attached to said draft guides.

6-. In a liquid screening apparatus, the combination with a toothed scraper, of means for guiding said scraper, draft means for moving said scraper, a screen having screen bars adapted to be interleaved with the scraper teeth, said bars having a non-screening substantially horizontal portion and a rectilinear inclined portion, means preventing-a flow of liquid through said non-screening portion, said scraper being guided by said guide means to interleave said teeth with the horizontal portion of said screen bars as said scraper is moved across said screen.

7. In a liquid screening apparatus, the combination with a toothed scraper, of means for guiding said scraper, draft means for moving said scraper, a screen having screen bars forming a screening area and adapted to be interleaved with the scraper teeth, said screen bars extending beyond said screening area and approaching a horizontal non-screening position, said scraper being guided by said guide means to.

interleave said scraper teeth and screen bars adjacent the horizontal position of said bars,

and stationary yieldable cam means adapted to maintain said interleaved relation.

8. In a liquid screening apparatus, the combination with a screen through which refuse carrying liquid is to be passed, spaced scraper guides positioned adjacent said screen, a pivoted scraper carried by said guides and adapted to move over said screen to remove the accumulated refuse,

and yielding cams carried by said guides adapted yieldingly to maintain said scraper in refuse removing relation with said screen.

9. A screen adapted to remove refuse from a refuse carrying fluid comprising spaced screen bars each having an upwardly inclined screening portion, a substantially horizontal non-screening portion constructed and arranged to form a guide for a rake, means constructed to prevent a flow of fluid through said non-screening portion, and a smooth concave curved portion connecting the inclined portion and the horizontal portion and forming a refuse accumulating area.

10. In a liquid screening apparatus, the combination with a trough,,of a screen adapted to remove refuse from liquid passing through said trough, a portion of 'said screen being rectilinearly inclined upwardly through said, trough and another portion being parallel with the bottom of said trough and being attached to a plate parallel therewith, a rake adapted to interleave with both portions of said screen, and means for moving said rake relative to said screen.

11. In a liquid screening apparatuathe combination with a screen, of a rake adapted to be moved with respect, thereto, draft means for moving said rake, and cam means adapted to maintain said rake in operative relation with said screen, said cam means being adjustably mounted at one end by a bracket having a pair of elongated slots, and bolts extending through said slots and into said guide means.

12. In a liquid screening apparatus, the comb nation with a screen, of a rake adapted to be moved with respect thereto, draft means for said rake, and cam means adapted to maintain said rake in operative relation with said screen, said cam means being rigidly secured at one end and non-rigidly secured at the other end, said nonrigidly secured end having sliding contact with a surface. r v

13. In a liquid screening apparatus, the combination with a screen formed by rectilinear upwardly extending screen bars through which refuse carrying liquid is to be passed, of horizontal extensions on atleast some of said screen bars adjacent the bottoms thereof which form a concave upper surface forming a refuse accumulation area beyond which said extensions project-upstream, a rake having teeth adapted to interleave with said bars, guide means for said rake whereby saidinterleaving begins with said extensions upstream of said refuse accumulation area, said rake teeth having sufllcientlength to extend through said bars, and a plate positioned below said extensions for sufficient distance that the rake teethride on the top surface thereof until said refuse accumulation area is reached whereupon they project through said screen.

14. In a liquid screening apparatus, the combination with a screen formed by rectilinear upwardly extending screen bars through which refuse carrying liquid is to be passed, of horizontal extensions on at least some of said screen bars' adjacent the bottoms thereof which form a concave upper surface forming a refuse accumulation area beyondwhich said extensions project upstream, means preventing a flow of liquid between said horizontal extension, a rake having teeth adapted to interleave with said bars, guide means for said rake whereby said interleaving begins with said extensions upstream of said refuse accumulation area.

ROBERT E. BRIGGS.

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