US2118669A - Method of treating wells - Google Patents

Method of treating wells Download PDF

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US2118669A
US2118669A US159515A US15951537A US2118669A US 2118669 A US2118669 A US 2118669A US 159515 A US159515 A US 159515A US 15951537 A US15951537 A US 15951537A US 2118669 A US2118669 A US 2118669A
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well
formation
well bore
electrolyte
stratum
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US159515A
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John J Grebe
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Dow Chemical Co
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Dow Chemical Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/50—Compositions for plastering borehole walls, i.e. compositions for temporary consolidation of borehole walls
    • C09K8/504—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
    • C09K8/5045—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing inorganic compounds

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  • the invention relates to the treatment of wells. It more particularly concerns an improved method of consolidating and rendering impermeable certain portions of the formation penetrated or traversed by the bore of a well.
  • the principal object of the invention is to provide a method of rendering substantially impermeable to fluids any permeable portion of an earth formation penetrated by a well bore.
  • Another object is to provide a method of treating an oil or gas well penetrating a hard water or brine bearing stratum to selectively shut off infiltration of brine or hard water without affecting the flow of oil or gas to the well.
  • Another object is to provide a method of treating the formation adjacent to a well bore to produce therein a consolidating solid deposit or sheath preventing caving, sloughing, or shifting of the earth or rock.
  • I introduce into the well bore and the formation to be treated an aqueous electrolyte containing a heavy metal ion, which can be deposited out when subjected to electrolysis, and then pass an electric current through such electrolyte in the formation between a cathode in the well bore adjacent to the formation to a suitable ground connection, whereby the metal ion builds up a deposit of metal in the pores and interstices of the formation.
  • the electrolysis results in producing a deposit of metal first at the cathode face next to the earth formation, and as the electrolysis proceeds, the deposit increases in amount, gradually extendinginto the pores and interstices of the formation plugging them and consolidating the formation.
  • the accompanying drawing is a diagrammatic view in vertical section of an oil well drilled into an oil bearing stratum overlaid by an impervious stratum and a water bearing stratum, said well being provided with a casing and also with equip- 1937, Serial No. 159,515
  • the upper portion l of a well is cased and passes through non-productive earth and rock, while its lower portion ends in an oil producing stratum 2, separated from a water producing stratum 4, by an impervious stratum 3.
  • a suitable electrode 5, such as a copper tube, is shown surrounded by a granular electrical conducting material, such as coke l2, forming the cathode which extends to the top of the water bearing stratum 4.
  • the electrode 5 is connected to an insulated cable 6 which can be lowered into the well over the pulley I from the reel 8.
  • the negative terminal of a generator 9 to furnish the electric current is shown connected to the cable on the reel 8 by suitable means at the reel shaft l0.
  • Suitable electrodes, such as iron bars l3 and Hi are driven into the earth at a suitable distance from the well, and are connected by suitable electrical leads l5 and Hi to the positive terminal of the generator 9.
  • the eductor tube In carrying out the invention in an oil well to shut off infiltration from the brine stratum 4, for example, the eductor tube, not shown, is firstwithdrawn from the well. Agranular conducting material is introduced into the lower portion ll of the well until it is filled up to about the bottom of the brine stratum. The electrode 5 is lowered into the well by means of the insulated cable 6 to which it is connected until its lower end rests upon the granular material. Then the remaining space between the electrode and the well bore, is
  • the cathode having, a shape conforming to the configuration of the well bore.
  • An electrolyte isthen introduced into the well bore and pressure, if necessary, is applied to it to forceany brine standing in the well back into the formation. Since aqueous solutions enter brinebearing formations more readily than oil bearing formations, there is but slight risk of forcing the electrolyte into the oil bearing stratum 2.
  • the amount of electrolyte to be employed depends upon a number of variables, such as the thickness of the brine stratum, its permeability, and the extent to which it is desired to bring about consolidation or sealing.
  • Electrolysis is accomplished by applying a suitable potential from the generator 9 between the electrode 5, which makes contact with the granular material in the well bore, and the electrodes II and I which act as ground connections completing the circuit.
  • the voltage which should be applied to elect electrolysis, depends upon the conductivity of the surrounding earth and the resistance of the ground connections. A sufficient potential is applied to produce a current density in the order of about 15 to 150 amperes per square foot of area of the face of the formation being treated. This area may be calculated from a knowledge of the thickness of the brine stratum and the diameter of the well bore. Other current densities can be used according to the composition of the electrolyte being employed. It has been found that a potential of from about 25 to 200 volts may be required, but these values are merely illustrative.
  • the ground connection may be made through metal rods or the like driven into the ground in the vicinity of the well, preferably in moist earth and about half as far from the well head as the depth of the stratum to be treated.
  • Glue Current density 30 amperes
  • it is generally suitable to introduce the electrolyte illustrated above directly into the well and thence into the formation and proceed at once with the electrolysis in some instances it may be desirable to clear the well bore and force back into the formation any well liquids that may excessively dilute or react with the electrolyte containing the metal ion to be deposited. This can be accomplished by first introducing into the well a neutral aqueous solution of an inorganic salt, such as sodium chloride, which is substantially unreactive with the electrolyte, and then introducing the electrolyte.
  • an inorganic salt such as sodium chloride
  • the duration of the electrolysis may be varied according to the extent to which it is desired to bring about deposition of the metal ion and may be estimated from the volume and the composition of the electrolyte employed when the magnitude of the electrolyzing current is known.
  • the solution employed is electrolyzed until the greater portion of the metal ion in the electrolyte has been deposited in the pores of the formation, sealing them and bringing about consolidation.
  • the electrode is withdrawn from the well and the granular conducting material removed in any convenient manner, as by bailing, before putting the well into production.
  • the well casing may be used as the cathode, as for example, where it is desirable to produce a deposit of metal in the vicinity of the casing in which case it is unnecessary to remove ,the cathode from the well after the treatment is completed.
  • fluid permeable earth and rock, loose or unconsolidated formations not containing oil can be rendered substantially fluid tight and mechanically strong so that sloughing, shifting, or caving of the formation does not occur.
  • the method has particuluar advantage in the treatment of oil or gas wells yielding water or brine from a stratum closely adjacent to one yielding oil or gas, because the comparatively high electrical resistance of such formations prevents electrolysis from occurring therein.
  • the water or brine bearing earth is consolidated or plugged without substantially aflecting the flow of oil or gas, even though by chance some of the electrolyte used enters these portions of the formation.
  • steps which consist in introducing into the well bore and thence into the formation to be treated an aqueous electrolyte containing a heavy metal ion, and electrolyzing the solution in situ by passing a direct current between a cathode located in the well bore and a ground connection in the vicinity of the well.
  • steps which consist in introducing into the well bore and thence'into the'iormation to be treated an aqueous solution containing copper cation, and electrolyzing the solution in situ by passing an electric current between a cathode located in l the well bore and a ground connection'locatedin the vicinity of the well.
  • steps which consist in introducing into the well bore and thence into the formation to be treated 'an aqueous solution containing copper sulphate.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)

Description

J. J. GREBE METHOD OF TREATING WELLS May 24, 1938. 2,118,669
Filed Aug. 1'7, 1937 WWW A TTORNEXJ' Patented May 24, 1938 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,118,669 METHOD or TREATING WELLS Application August 17,
6 Claims.
The invention relates to the treatment of wells. It more particularly concerns an improved method of consolidating and rendering impermeable certain portions of the formation penetrated or traversed by the bore of a well.
The principal object of the invention is to provide a method of rendering substantially impermeable to fluids any permeable portion of an earth formation penetrated by a well bore.
Another object is to provide a method of treating an oil or gas well penetrating a hard water or brine bearing stratum to selectively shut off infiltration of brine or hard water without affecting the flow of oil or gas to the well.
Another object is to provide a method of treating the formation adjacent to a well bore to produce therein a consolidating solid deposit or sheath preventing caving, sloughing, or shifting of the earth or rock. Other objects and advantages will be apparent as the description of the invention proceeds.
According to my invention I introduce into the well bore and the formation to be treated an aqueous electrolyte containing a heavy metal ion, which can be deposited out when subjected to electrolysis, and then pass an electric current through such electrolyte in the formation between a cathode in the well bore adjacent to the formation to a suitable ground connection, whereby the metal ion builds up a deposit of metal in the pores and interstices of the formation. By using a suitable cathode, or one the surface of which conforms more or less to the configuration of the portion of the well bore penetrating the formation to be treated, the electrolysis results in producing a deposit of metal first at the cathode face next to the earth formation, and as the electrolysis proceeds, the deposit increases in amount, gradually extendinginto the pores and interstices of the formation plugging them and consolidating the formation.
The invention, then, consists of the method hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims, the accompanying r drawing and the following description setting forth in detail one mode of carrying out the invention, such mode illustrating, however, but one of various ways in which the principle of the invention may be used.
The accompanying drawing is a diagrammatic view in vertical section of an oil well drilled into an oil bearing stratum overlaid by an impervious stratum and a water bearing stratum, said well being provided with a casing and also with equip- 1937, Serial No. 159,515
ment for treating the well according to my invention.
As shown, the upper portion l of a well is cased and passes through non-productive earth and rock, while its lower portion ends in an oil producing stratum 2, separated from a water producing stratum 4, by an impervious stratum 3. A suitable electrode 5, such as a copper tube, is shown surrounded by a granular electrical conducting material, such as coke l2, forming the cathode which extends to the top of the water bearing stratum 4. The electrode 5 is connected to an insulated cable 6 which can be lowered into the well over the pulley I from the reel 8. The negative terminal of a generator 9 to furnish the electric current is shown connected to the cable on the reel 8 by suitable means at the reel shaft l0. Suitable electrodes, such as iron bars l3 and Hi, are driven into the earth at a suitable distance from the well, and are connected by suitable electrical leads l5 and Hi to the positive terminal of the generator 9.
' In carrying out the invention in an oil well to shut off infiltration from the brine stratum 4, for example, the eductor tube, not shown, is firstwithdrawn from the well. Agranular conducting material is introduced into the lower portion ll of the well until it is filled up to about the bottom of the brine stratum. The electrode 5 is lowered into the well by means of the insulated cable 6 to which it is connected until its lower end rests upon the granular material. Then the remaining space between the electrode and the well bore, is
filled with a further quantity of granular conducting material I2 up to the top of the brine stratum 4. The granular material and the electrode in combination form the cathode, having, a shape conforming to the configuration of the well bore.
An electrolyte isthen introduced into the well bore and pressure, if necessary, is applied to it to forceany brine standing in the well back into the formation. Since aqueous solutions enter brinebearing formations more readily than oil bearing formations, there is but slight risk of forcing the electrolyte into the oil bearing stratum 2.
The amount of electrolyte to be employed depends upon a number of variables, such as the thickness of the brine stratum, its permeability, and the extent to which it is desired to bring about consolidation or sealing. A penetration 01' "several inches to many feetmay be employed, and the volume of electrolyte required for such penetration may be estimated from a knowledge of the porosity of the formation and its thickness. As
an example, I have found that good results were obtained in a well having a brine bearing stratum about 10 feet thick by introducing about 2,000 gallons of electrolyte.
After the electrolyte is introduced into the well so as to impregnate the portion of the brine stratum surrounding the well bore and the granular material, it is electrolyzed, pressure being maintained upon the electrolyte, if necessary, to prevent it returningto the well while the electrolysis is in progress. Electrolysis is accomplished by applying a suitable potential from the generator 9 between the electrode 5, which makes contact with the granular material in the well bore, and the electrodes II and I which act as ground connections completing the circuit.
The voltage, which should be applied to elect electrolysis, depends upon the conductivity of the surrounding earth and the resistance of the ground connections. A sufficient potential is applied to produce a current density in the order of about 15 to 150 amperes per square foot of area of the face of the formation being treated. This area may be calculated from a knowledge of the thickness of the brine stratum and the diameter of the well bore. Other current densities can be used according to the composition of the electrolyte being employed. It has been found that a potential of from about 25 to 200 volts may be required, but these values are merely illustrative.
The ground connection may be made through metal rods or the like driven into the ground in the vicinity of the well, preferably in moist earth and about half as far from the well head as the depth of the stratum to be treated.
The following are examples of the composition of suitable electrolytes and the current density which ensures the deposition of the metal.
Glue Current density: 30 amperes Example 2 r Concentra- Copper platin solution tion, rams per ital Current density: loampems auaeco I While it is generally suitable to introduce the electrolyte illustrated above directly into the well and thence into the formation and proceed at once with the electrolysis, in some instances it may be desirable to clear the well bore and force back into the formation any well liquids that may excessively dilute or react with the electrolyte containing the metal ion to be deposited. This can be accomplished by first introducing into the well a neutral aqueous solution of an inorganic salt, such as sodium chloride, which is substantially unreactive with the electrolyte, and then introducing the electrolyte.
The duration of the electrolysis may be varied according to the extent to which it is desired to bring about deposition of the metal ion and may be estimated from the volume and the composition of the electrolyte employed when the magnitude of the electrolyzing current is known.
Ordinarily the solution employed is electrolyzed until the greater portion of the metal ion in the electrolyte has been deposited in the pores of the formation, sealing them and bringing about consolidation. Upon completion of the electrolysis, the electrode is withdrawn from the well and the granular conducting material removed in any convenient manner, as by bailing, before putting the well into production.
In some instances, the well casing may be used as the cathode, as for example, where it is desirable to produce a deposit of metal in the vicinity of the casing in which case it is unnecessary to remove ,the cathode from the well after the treatment is completed.
By the foregoing method fluid permeable earth and rock, loose or unconsolidated formations not containing oil, can be rendered substantially fluid tight and mechanically strong so that sloughing, shifting, or caving of the formation does not occur. The method has particuluar advantage in the treatment of oil or gas wells yielding water or brine from a stratum closely adjacent to one yielding oil or gas, because the comparatively high electrical resistance of such formations prevents electrolysis from occurring therein. As a result the water or brine bearing earth is consolidated or plugged without substantially aflecting the flow of oil or gas, even though by chance some of the electrolyte used enters these portions of the formation.
Other modes of applying the principle of my invention may be employed instead of those explained, change being made as regards the method herein disclosed, provided the step or steps stated by any of the following claims or the equivalent of such stated step or steps be employed.
I therefore particularly point out and distinctly claim as my invention:--
1. In a method of treating an earth or rock formation penetrated by a well bore, the steps which consist in introducing into the well bore and thence into the formation to be treated an aqueous electrolyte comprising a heavy metal ion, and electrolyzing the solution in situ, to deposit the metal from the solution. 1
2. In a method of treating an earth or rock formation penetrated by a well bore, the steps which consist in introducing into the well bore and thence into the formation to be treated an aqueous electrolyte containing a heavy metal ion, and electrolyzing the solution in situ by passing a direct current between a cathode located in the well bore and a ground connection in the vicinity of the well.
a: 1a,eoa
3. In a method of treating an earth or rock ,iormation penetrated by a well bore, the steps which consistin introducing into the well bore .and thence into the formation a neutral aqueous solution of an inorganic salt, thereafter introducing into the well bore and thence into the formation an aqueous electrolyte containing a heavy metal ion, and then electrolyzing the solutions in situ to deposit the metal.
4. In a method oi! treating an earth or rock formation penetrated by the bore of a well, the
- steps which consist in introducing into the well bore and thence'into the'iormation to be treated an aqueous solution containing copper cation, and electrolyzing the solution in situ by passing an electric current between a cathode located in l the well bore and a ground connection'locatedin the vicinity of the well.
sJnamethodoi'ti-eatineanearthorrock formation penetrated by the bore ot a .weli, the
treated. 1
steps which consist in introducing into the well bore and thence into the formation to be treated 'an aqueous solution containing copper sulphate.
applying ;a potential between a cathode in the well bore and an anode in the surrounding formation suillcient to produce a current having a density at the, cathode of from 15 to 150 amperes per sq. it. of area of the face 0! the well bore
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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3137318A (en) * 1963-04-08 1964-06-16 Dow Corning Process for sealing pipelines
US3208521A (en) * 1963-08-09 1965-09-28 Exxon Production Research Co Recompletion of wells
US3294169A (en) * 1962-12-17 1966-12-27 Union Oil Co Method and apparatus for controlling well fluids
US3294184A (en) * 1962-12-17 1966-12-27 Union Oil Co Well drilling apparatus and method
US3393737A (en) * 1966-09-14 1968-07-23 Shell Oil Co Electroless metal bonding of unconsolidated formations into consolidated formations
US3438441A (en) * 1967-12-22 1969-04-15 Shell Oil Co Electroless metal bonding of unconsolidated formations into consolidated formations
US3438440A (en) * 1967-12-22 1969-04-15 Shell Oil Co Electroless metal bonding of unconsolidated formations into consolidated formations
US4466484A (en) * 1981-06-05 1984-08-21 Syminex (Societe Anonyme) Electrical device for promoting oil recovery
US4479857A (en) * 1983-09-01 1984-10-30 Phillips Petroleum Company Method and apparatus for radon control
US4524827A (en) * 1983-04-29 1985-06-25 Iit Research Institute Single well stimulation for the recovery of liquid hydrocarbons from subsurface formations
US4572582A (en) * 1982-06-04 1986-02-25 Ryeczek John J Method of mining metals located in the earth
US4662438A (en) * 1985-07-19 1987-05-05 Uentech Corporation Method and apparatus for enhancing liquid hydrocarbon production from a single borehole in a slowly producing formation by non-uniform heating through optimized electrode arrays surrounding the borehole
US5101899A (en) * 1989-12-14 1992-04-07 International Royal & Oil Company Recovery of petroleum by electro-mechanical vibration
US6328102B1 (en) 1995-12-01 2001-12-11 John C. Dean Method and apparatus for piezoelectric transport
US20080271885A1 (en) * 2007-03-22 2008-11-06 Kaminsky Robert D Granular electrical connections for in situ formation heating
US20110073307A1 (en) * 2009-09-30 2011-03-31 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Forming Structures in a Well In-Situ

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3294169A (en) * 1962-12-17 1966-12-27 Union Oil Co Method and apparatus for controlling well fluids
US3294184A (en) * 1962-12-17 1966-12-27 Union Oil Co Well drilling apparatus and method
US3137318A (en) * 1963-04-08 1964-06-16 Dow Corning Process for sealing pipelines
US3208521A (en) * 1963-08-09 1965-09-28 Exxon Production Research Co Recompletion of wells
US3393737A (en) * 1966-09-14 1968-07-23 Shell Oil Co Electroless metal bonding of unconsolidated formations into consolidated formations
US3438441A (en) * 1967-12-22 1969-04-15 Shell Oil Co Electroless metal bonding of unconsolidated formations into consolidated formations
US3438440A (en) * 1967-12-22 1969-04-15 Shell Oil Co Electroless metal bonding of unconsolidated formations into consolidated formations
US4466484A (en) * 1981-06-05 1984-08-21 Syminex (Societe Anonyme) Electrical device for promoting oil recovery
US4572582A (en) * 1982-06-04 1986-02-25 Ryeczek John J Method of mining metals located in the earth
US4524827A (en) * 1983-04-29 1985-06-25 Iit Research Institute Single well stimulation for the recovery of liquid hydrocarbons from subsurface formations
US4479857A (en) * 1983-09-01 1984-10-30 Phillips Petroleum Company Method and apparatus for radon control
US4662438A (en) * 1985-07-19 1987-05-05 Uentech Corporation Method and apparatus for enhancing liquid hydrocarbon production from a single borehole in a slowly producing formation by non-uniform heating through optimized electrode arrays surrounding the borehole
US5101899A (en) * 1989-12-14 1992-04-07 International Royal & Oil Company Recovery of petroleum by electro-mechanical vibration
US6328102B1 (en) 1995-12-01 2001-12-11 John C. Dean Method and apparatus for piezoelectric transport
US20080271885A1 (en) * 2007-03-22 2008-11-06 Kaminsky Robert D Granular electrical connections for in situ formation heating
US8087460B2 (en) * 2007-03-22 2012-01-03 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Granular electrical connections for in situ formation heating
US20110073307A1 (en) * 2009-09-30 2011-03-31 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Forming Structures in a Well In-Situ
US8240384B2 (en) * 2009-09-30 2012-08-14 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Forming structures in a well in-situ

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