US2099589A

US2099589A - Skeleton structure

Info

Publication number: US2099589A
Application number: US47689A
Authority: US
Inventors: Armbruster Ludwig
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1933-10-05
Filing date: 1935-10-31
Publication date: 1937-11-16
Anticipated expiration: 1954-11-16

Description

Nov. 16, 1937. ARMBRUSTER SKELETON STRUCTURE Filed Oct. 51, 1955 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 L. ARMBRUSTER SKELETON STRUCTURE Filed Oct. 31, 1935 Nov. 16, 1937.

6 Sheets-Sheet 3 1'1 eva Nov. 16, 1937.

L. ARMBRUSTER v SKELETON STRUCTURE Filed Oct. 51, 1 955 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 iii 5 35k:

v 1 h .u m 2 xv n a L. ARMBRUSTER 2,099,589

SKELETON STRUCTURE Filed Oct. 31, 1955 s Sheets-Sheet 5 Z'Z'Qfi INVENTOF Nov. 16, 1937.-

Nov. 16, 1937. L. ARMBRUSTER SKELETON STRUCTURE 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed 001;. 31, 1935 i 8 RY 2 w w a I e 9 W q .9 :H g 7 W a a Patented Nov. 16, 1937 PATENT OFFICE SKELETON STRUCTURE Ludwig Armbruster, Berlin-Zehlendorf, Germany Application October 31, 1935, Serial No. 47,689 In Germany October 5, 1933 27 Claims.

My invention relates to skeleton structures for buildings and the like, and it is an object of this invention to improve such skeleton structures with a view to enhancing their mechanical and functional qualities and to simplifyingtheir production.

More particularly, my invention covers novel methods and means for arranging insulating cells with air spaces in the horizontal and vertical areas between the horizontal beams and vertical columns comprising the skeleton framework of the building. These sections of the frameworks of buildings, especially the vertical areas between adjacent beams and columns, are sometimes referred to as bays.

A further object of this invention resides in certain features for supporting said insulating means; so, for instance, insulating webs or strips may be braced and stiffened by elements which will at the same time brace the entire buildingstructure, including the ceilings or intermediate walls. It will be understood that the skeleton structures within the meaning of this invention may be buildings of any dimensions, even those where rigid, self-supporting plates are used instead of columns, stems or joists.

It is a still further object of this invention to produce the insulating cells of said wall or ceiling areas or bays from insulating webs which .con- 30 sist of corrugated carboard, and to-fasten and secure these webs by struts or bars pressing the angularly bent or folded edges of the insulating webs by clamping action against the posts, frames or sills of the structure. In this system, the in- 7 sulating webs envelop together with other coatings each skeleton frame like boundary walls and are mutually supported by means of a series of said struts arranged like a grate between adjacent webs.

' 40 The insula ing webs, for vertical and horizontal walls may be provided with supporting or strengthening projections, ribs, folds and'the like whic can be produced by bending the web edges. In a further embodiment of this invention, the 5 insulating webs which consist of one or more lay ers of plain or corrugated cardboard may further comprise coatings. such as paints or even metal foils fastened within the supporting ribs. By such coatings and cover ngs the qualities of the skele- 50 ton wall with res eat to rad ation and heat-condu ct vity will be improved. T e inven ion further resides in providing for horizon al walls. ce lings for example, a shored 2nd subd vided vaulted or arched floor and ceiling 55 construction enclosing insulating cells. This vaulted or arched insulating construction may be attached by struts to the beams or joists and can be completed by a.continuously' extending covering or ceiling layer. The covering layer itself will preferably be supported by bars fastened on the beams and may comprise additional insulating cells.

In accordance with this invention, insulating air cells may also be produced within intermediate walls or exterior sheathings of skeleton structures by using for these walls a mixture of mortar, plaster or another cement and of light, plaited, shredded scraps consisting of carboard, paper or other light materials. A wall or plastering layer produced in this manner may be improved, as to the insulating effect, by superimposed insulating webs.

In order to stiffen and brace the wall-core or. also the outer plastering layer, diagonal wires or iron rods may be provided which are tensioned by 20 intertwining. Such bracing elements are adapted to join adjacent or superimposed wall areas or bays of building frameworks and can at the same time be used to carry the plastering as well as to strengthen thewhole building. To this end, the diagonal wires are arranged in accordance with the'ground plan of the house and the position of the walls to be built up in any number above, beneath or on both sides of a beam-layer. They are-rigidly connected to all skeleton parts which they cross. Since the bracing elements are embedded into a plastering layer, they do not need any considerable space and can, for this reason, also be combined with the usual wallor ceiling-coverings. If the plastering has hardened, the diagonal wires will represent a rigid system extending over the entire house.

In order to permit the novel braced insulating elements to be separately and independently constructed, the insulating webs are preferably ar- 40 ranged outside or inside a layer of quickly hardening cements, such as plaster, which at the same time enclose reinforcing means, as, for instance, woven wire netting or expanded metal. The insulating webs which can also consist of separate insulating bodies each comprising a plurality of corrugated cardboard layers, form together with the cement a compact, self-supporting building element whose edges will be strengthened by frames of iron rods or wires. As particularly suitable for the purposes of illustration, a structure has been shown which comprises a plain paper strip provided on both sides with corrugated cardboard, The heads of bothcorrugatious arearranged in the same vertical plane, so that at any point an air layer is obtained.

When combining the elements of the insulating webs, an insecticide may be added to the glue or paste; for example, arsenic can be mixed with silicious varnish. The poisonous layer is then covered by the outer paper-coating and, thus, will not endanger domestic animals.

Other objects and aims of the invention more or less specificthan those referred to above, will be in part obvious and in part pointed out in the course of the" following description of the elements, combinations, arrangements of part's'and applications of principles, constituting the invention; and the scope-of protection contemplated willsbe indicated in the appended claims.

In the accompanying drawings wherein I have illustrated some preferred embodiments of my invention, I

Fig. 1 shows the filling of spaces within the framework of a building with a series of insulating webs of corrugated cardboard which webs form together vertical air cells,

Fig. 2 illustrates a section of an external wall with bracing elements adapted to support at the same time insulating cells (not shown),

Fig. 3 is a vertical section through a skeleton wall area or bay comprising insulating means and an internal and external plastering or covering,

Figs. 4, 5 and 7-10 are views in cross-section illustrating the structure and the arrangement of insulating webs provided with supporting ribs or folds, Fig. 5 being a view in horizontal section taken at right angles to Fig. 4 near the center thereof between the members 40.

Fig. 6 is a fragmentary perspective view of one of such webs, Fig. 11 is a view in perspective illustrating an example of the formation of said supporting ribs, while Fig. 12 shows the winding up of the novel insulating webs for transportation purposes,

Figs. 13-15 illustrate different forms of corrugated cardboard used as insulating webs,

Fig. 16 shows a supporting arch enclosing air cells, particularly for use in ceiling constructions, and

Figs. 17 and 18 illustrate in a vertical section the combination of said supporting arch structure with a continuously extending covering or ceiling layer,

Figs. 19 and 20 are vertical sections through a vertical wall where the wall core or a portion of the outer covering respectively is provided with plaited, shredded scraps or chips of relatively small size serving as an insulating means, Fig. 19 showing a wall in process of construction, the right hand side not yet having been plastered, and Fig. 20 showing at the same time air cells made of insulating webs-and bracing elements,

Fig. 21 shows diagrammatically in a horizontal section a skeleton structure with four corner posts, a layer of cells and joists being braced to form a rigid frame or plate,

Fig. 22 shows in elevation, with certain laminations broken away similar bracing means for a vertical wall, where the plaster coatings are partly removed, while Fig. 23 is a cross-section of the wall shown in Fig. 24 shows a modified structure of a horizontal wall such as floor and ceiling,

Fig. 25 illustrates a further form of corrugated cardboard,

Figs. 26, 28 and 29 show insulating webs in combination with wire webs or expanded metal and the application of such a structure to the manufacture of separate, self-supporting insulating plates; Fig. 2'7 being a perspective view of a similar structure; and

Fig. 30 is a horizontal section through the corner of a steel-skeleton structure.

Referring now to the drawings and more particularly to Figs. 1', 2 and 3, insulating

dead air cells

45, 46, 41 are arranged between horizontal beams 40 and vertical columns M respectively; these intersecting beams and columns outlining rectangular spaces or bays and comprising the skeleton structure of the building. The cells are produced by means of corrugated cardboard webs 48 having folded or bent flanges 59 which are secured in place by being urged outwardly against the supporting structure by means of bendable struts IS in any desired position. Preferably, the struts l6 have the same width as the flanges or edges 59; if, therefore, struts I6 are arranged behind each other through all air cells (Fig. 1), they brace at the same time also the panels formed by the webs transversely of the bays.

Furthermore, the struts l6 may engage at each end with a wave of the corrugated material so as to avoid any damage to the latter. They may consist of wood, metal or other suitable materials, and are arched or bowed either upwards or downwards, or merely arranged in an inclined direction like the bar I! in the remote cell of the panel shown in Fig. 1. If desired, the pressure caused by the struts 16 could be uniformly divided over the angular flanges or edges of the insulating webs by means of flat bars l8 which may be provided with notches I9 for the ends of the struts I6. I

Figs. 3 and 4 show the bays of a skeleton structure or framework provided with panels defining dead air cells and covered with plastering layers 42, the structure in Figure 3 employing the panel spacing and securing means including the elements l5 as shown in Figure 1, and the structure in Figure 4 using the expedient of bending the panels as further illustrated 'in varying forms in Figures 6 to 15, inclusive. Fig. 5 is a horizontal section through a similar structure provided with insulating cells. Within the plastering layers, diagonal bracing elements 43 are arranged which may be intertwined as indicated at 4, in Fig. 2.

The insulating cells l5, 46, 41 produced by insulating webs 48 may be with advantage subdivided horizontally at equal distances by supporting folds or ribs 5|, as shown in Figs. 4 and 6-10.- Instead of having the longitudinal edges of the webs l8 bear against the vertical columns, (Fig. 5), and in order to cover the skeleton elements and to secure the insulating cells in position, one or more intermediate layers 52 are inserted.

The supporting ribs 5| are more clearly illustrated in Fig.6. They may be merely folded or also basted or stitched at the bottom as may be deemed favourable in each case. In Fig. '7 which is a vertical section through insulating webs, the folds 5| of the webs 48 are arranged behind each other. Every fold is closed in this embodiment by a metal clamp 53 which may replace stitching. The head of each rib 5| engages here the fold of the adjacent web so that the folds 5| support each other, while the clamps 53 are limiting this engagement.

In Fig. 8, two insulating webs ll are spaced from each other, their supporting ribs or folds 5| being directed outwardly from the center of the wall, while their distance may be maintained by means of clamping and spacing bars 54 or other similar spacing members. Likewise, Figs. 9 and 10 show the use of two cardboard members 48; in Fig. 9 the supporting folds 5| are turned towards each other; in Fig. 10, one of the insulating members provides supporting ribs, while the other one is plain.

Throughout all figures, 58 designates a coating which, consisting of a foil or the like, may be provided as a protection against moisture, radiation of heat, transmission of light, destruction by insects and the like. Preferably, the coating 58 is arranged at the open side of the folds 5|; its margins may in this way be deflected into the folds or ribs, thus being reliably secured. If, however, the coating extends over the total height and width of the insulating boards, it may completely fill the folds 5| and be fixed by the clamps or clips 53, as shown in Fig. 7.

The coating 58 which could also be replaced by a metal paint or the like may be useful for different purposes. So, for example, the coating or paint of insulating layers, if applied to the outside of make-shift buildings, refuges against airplane attacks, or shelters for tropical countries and so on, can be done in variegated and irregular patterns, as camouflage, while the material may be impregnated at the same time against destruction by insects or the like.

If, for instance, the coating 58 consists of a metal foil, air-tightness and good protection against moisture is obtained, although the heatconducting power of the metal is unfavourable so that the good insulating properties of the dead air enclosed within the cells will be injured. If,

however, according to Fig. 4, a coating 58 of aluminium foil and an air layer is followed by another member made of corrugated cardboard, the heat conductivity of the metal foil which is at the same time stiffened by the insulating web,

will be diminished. Also the radiation is de-' creased since the metal covering does not receive any radiation of the adjacent cardboard. On the other hand the insulating effect regarding heat and sound is enhanced by avoiding the convection by means of thehorizontal supporting ribs 5|. Besides, also the irregular wall surface of the corrugated paper-layers 48 impedes the convection currents within the air cells so that the exchange of every cell is likewise reduced to the smallest degree. The optimum effect will be obtained if the distance of the air cells be about 5 cm. Last but not least, this insulating action is also assisted by the air cells enclosed within the waves of the laminated corrugated paper itself.

Fig. 11 illustrates the embodiment of supporting folds 5| in combination with the deflected edges 59 of the insulating webs 48. The edge 59 is at corresponding points provided with notches so that flaps 60 are formed. These flaps are shifted to one side or the other of the edges 59 which are likewise bent over, see Fig. 11. At points 6|, both parts are joined together by fastening, pasting, riveting or in any other suitable one side, covered by a flat layer; if desired a fiat web may also be arranged on the other side, as indicated at 49'. The insulating layer shown in Fig. 14 provides a fiat central web covered by two corrugated strips, while Fig. 15 discloses a corru- V gated web where the supporting rib 5| is not reinforced, but the corrugated part is stiffened by a superposed coating such as'a metal foil.

The insulating web shown in Fig. 25 in crosssection consists of a plain or fiat central layer 62.

The depressions 63 of the corrugated member provided on the one side of the layer 62 are situated above the depressions of the corrugated member on the other side thereof, so that there is no point where paper layers only are situated directly above each other;] air cells are rather formed at all places between the corrugations. In this way a particularly favourable insulation is obtained.

According to this invention, the materials used for insulating layers like those of Figs. 13-15, for instance, may be arbitrarily interchanged in correspondence with the prevailing purposes. As a pasting means for joining fiat and corrugated parts, especially for tropical purposes, silicious varnish which is mixed with a certain quantity of a poison, may be used, such as arsenic. Thus, in a construction like in Fig. 14, for instance, the glue and poison will be situated inside the paper layers; the poison will therefore not harm domestic animals whilst noxious animals or insects if they destroy the outer paper layer will be affected by the poison.

The walls produced in accordance with the invention are very easy to construct; the building materials may be assembled at the building site by an inexpert staff; the insulating plates, especially if stiffened per se (Fig. 11) may be applied without further implements and can be adapted, as to size. and depth, in any number to the bays of the framework of the building. A considerable interchange of materials is possible. The application thereof may be arbitrary; for example, stifiened layers, as shown in Fig. 11, may be provided with a coating 58, as in Fig. 15 for example, can be suflicient as an awning against the sun, as a screening means or the like.

Fgs. 16-18 show a .methodbf shoring arches which is particularly adapted forproducing ceilings. For this purpose, insulating layers are used which are of different width. In Figure 18 these insulating layers are all designated by the reference numeral 48 and are bowed to different degrees, forming air spaces 16 and I1 therebetween. Above the outermost bowed layer 48 there may be provided a moisture-proof layer 15 made of tar paper or the like, and this in turn may be covered by another layer of insulating web such as the laminated corrugated board structure 48 In the embodiment shown in Figs. 16 and 17, seven insulating cells '66, 61, 68, 69, 10, H and 12 are formed in the arch. The insulating strips 48 form the lowermost element of the-arch construction in this embodiment, and the uppermost arcuate element is designated 48'. Between these elements there are provided intervening insuformed by an insulating layer 48 which is not perforated by attachment means 85 so as to avoid the penetration of moisture into the other vaultshorings as already described.

The vault-shoring or arched construction with its insulating cells 66-42 is at once proportioned in accordance with the distance of the beams or joists, while their length, owing to the use of paper 'strips or webs may be of any size. The edges 59 which are bent over may be fastened by bars I8 according to Fig. 1'7 and are clamped by means of struts I6 between the beams, so that between these struts, too, insulating cells are formed.

Directly upon the insulating web 48 '(Figs 17 and 18) which is advantageously corrugated at the top, a ceiling layer I8 is arranged. This layer is made of quickly hardening materials and provides strengthening means I8, 88 such as expanded metal, wire fabric or the like. The plates of expanded metal which are arranged parallel with the beams 8| may provide rolled edges in order to strengthen the margins and edges of the plaster layer.

In Fig. 18, the edgesof the expanded metal strips are bent upwards and downwards respectively so as to overlap each other. Since the arrangement of the elements is chosen in accordance with the actual conditions, Figs. 17, and 18 show several possible embodiments of the reinforcements. The core of the covering dr ceiling layer I8 is formed by a packing 85 which preferably consists of wood shavings impregnated with cement. These wood shavings permit the maintenance of the cavities or cells and to internally support at the same time the layer I8. Inside the packing further insulating cells 86 formed by tubes or other hollow casings of corrugated cardboard are shown.

The layer I8 which is separated from the beams or girders 8I by insulating linings 81 of corrugated material or the like, is maintained in position by strips of iron or the like 88; the latter may rigidly be connected to the beams 8I or may also lie with their bottom edges upon the vault-shoring (Fig. 18). If the strips 88 be attached to the beams, they have at the same time a stiffening effect. The covering layer 18 is disposed closely against the strips 88. A possible shrinkage on hardening or an expansion does not damage the covering layer, because the latter can give way upon the inclined boundary surfaces of the strips 88 during the hardening process. The size of layer 18, strengthening means I9, 88 and packing 85 is chosen in accordance with the load of the ceiling. Also, for example, continuous ceiling layers 18 without a packing 85 and insulating cells 86 respectively may be provided in the vicinity of doors, stairs and so on.

Between the beams a supporting strip 98 may be provided which will be attached to the floor in any suitable manner with a view to avoiding sagging due to compression of the layer of insulation board.

If building up a ceiling, for instance, first a supporting arch consisting of insulating

webs

48, 48' and 48 and 15 respectively is inserted between the beams or girders, which arch may be prefabricated or manufactured outside the building ground. However, the combination of the individual insulating webs (superimposed to each other before) may be effected on the building site, if desired; the supporting arches will then only have to be cut in lengths corresponding with the length of the beams. After that, the arches are positioned, secured by bars I8 and clamped by struts I8. If desired, the bars I8 may be dispensed with, and the struts I8 may contact directly with the bent edges 59.

As a further step, a relatively thin layer I8 of the plaster which is to comprise the structure I8 is put upon the uppermost insulating strip 48 which is applied over the layer I! as already described. This layer acts instantly as an additional stiffening means, particularly since the plaster hardens very quickly. Besides, excessive moisture is avoided by adding the plaster in thin layers.

The structure if the covering or ceiling layer is adapted to the prevailing conditions. So, a layer 88 of expanded metal for reinforcement or a layer 8'! for separating the plastic material from the beams 8| respectively could be applied, for instance, before positioning the first covering layer. If the whole covering layer 18 enclosing the packing 85 be placed between the beams, it forms together with the shoring a conjoined, continuously extending floor arch. By means of the strips 88, the individual floors are connected with the beams (which may also consist of boxlike sheet-iron profiles, slender or the like) and by means of the strips 81, over the beams and adjacent supporting strips 88, with the next floor arch. This results, in a kind of arch construction which is the equivalent of a statically rigid plate. At places where inside the supporting arch the insulating cells 86, G8 and II are superimposed, the covering or ceiling layer I8 or the packing 85 respectively may be made thinner, so that here the main insulating effect will be due to the supporting arch. Towards the margin parts of the arch, however, the insulating cells 89 and I2 or III, 81 respectively are supplemented by insulating cells 86 and by the thicker structure of the covering layer I8. In this way, a uniform insulation is obtained throughout the entire floor.

The building materials of the ceiling as constructed in accordance with this invention, are inexpensive, of extraordinary adaptability and small weight, although of suiiicient strength to comply with all requirements.

The underside of the ceiling may provide one or two insulating webs l8 and a layer of expanded metal 9| which is attached to the struts I6 by means of nails 82 and serves for carrying the plastering.

Figs. 19 and 21 show the arrangement of bracing elements 3, such as wires or iron rods, for strengthening the wall sections, while the insulating cells and insulating webs respectively are stifiened and secured by diagonal elements 43 as already shown in Fig. 2. In Figure 2, the bracing wires 43. are wound round projecting nails or bolts 8, which join at the same time the framing

members

48, 4|, and are intertwined at I. Practically, the individual wires 48 extend in a zigzag line over large walls. So, also the diagonal bracing system of Figs. 19 and 21, comprising the wires 8 and also the outer wines 48 corresponding to the similarly designatedwires in Figure 2 and other figures, extends over large framing structures. The framework oi Fig. 21, for instance, consisting of columns or posts II and beams 48, is braced by wires 3 which embrace the corner posts so that the diagrammatically illustrated beam-grate becomes statically a rigid frame or;,

time the insulating webs 48 and agonals may cross each other; thus, a. vertical (Fig. 19) or a horizontal (Fig. 21) network will be produced. The wires may be attached to the skeleton elements at all crossing points, as by the nails, staples, or other suitable attachment means 5, which can also be used for securing the diagonal bracing elements 43, particularly when these elements serve for strengthening the walls or plastering as in Figs. 20, 22, and 23. In this way, bracing nets will be produced in the horizontal and vertical planes of the skeleton structure.

Fig. 19 shows in cross-section a vertical sepa rating wall where the diagonal wires 3 with their intertwined parts 4 are embedded into a mortar layer 93 which completely encloses and envelopes uniformly divided thread-like scraps or chips 94 of little mass consisting of cardboard or paper. On both sides of such a

uniform layer

93, 94, insulating webs '48 are arranged over each other in a suitable number of layers.

Passing through the insulating layers 48 and the wall-

cores

93, 94, nails, bolts or other attaching means 95 are-provided to form fastening points for the diagonal intertwined wires 43.

Such strengthening means secure at the same may finally be covered by wire or partition reinforcing webs the insulating strips 48 is tensioned over such as lath or expanded metal. The outside is covered in known manner by a plastering layer 42.

v A separating wall or partition disposed between the upper and lower beams 96 and 91 as shown in Figure 19 may be advantageously erected in the following manner. First, one of atemporary panel which is erected in the space between the beams. Then the wires 3 are stressed by twisting them layer 93, which may include the shreds or scraps 94, is poured. The nails 95 can be driven into the partition as soon as the core of mortar has sufficiently hardened, the points of the nails being bent for the retention of the bracing 'wires 43 which are later applied and tensioned. The additional insulating layers 48 are then applied to the mortar surface and an outer plastering layer 42 is applied," as shown at the left hand side of the partition in Figure 19.

It will be noted that, after the hardening, cavities and holes will be formed within the

cores

93, 94 at places where the scraps 94 are situated. Their insulating effect may be enhanced if the scraps are worked in a moist, swelled condition. Even if the scraps or shreds 94 are not previously moistened, they will absorb moisture from the mortar andform, when dried and shrunken in place aircells and spaces which act as heat-insulating means, At the same time, the thread-like scraps 94 make the mortar smoother; they may consist of chips and shavings of paper, preferably shredded corrugated cardboard.

Fig. 20 shows a wall with insulating cells 45,

46, 41 built up of sections of the insulating web or sheeting 48 and with an outer plastering layer composed of scraps 94 and mortar 93 just as illustrated in Fig. 19. Similar insulating webs 48 applied to the right hand side of the wall in Figure 20, and similar to those applied in the corresponding portion of Figure 3, are covered with a layer of wire screening 49 or expanded metal to form an external covering of the assembly. An outer layer of plaster 42 may then be applied. Thus, the wall appearing in Fig. 20 provides a double insulation consisting of the air cells 45-41 and of the insulating

layer

93, 94.

as at 4 after which the mortar The superimposed insulating webs 48 act as a b'ufling layer.

Fig. 22 shows a further bracing system for a vertical wall. In this case, wires 43 are continously tensioned in a zigzag line between the beams 6, 1, where they pass over fastening means 5, such as clamps, hooks or the like. The tension of these wires is eifected by intertwinings as at 4 in'Figure 21 and others. In the case of Fig. 22 the insulating layers for the vertical wall consist of corrugated cardboard webs 48 which are arbitrarily superimposed in such a way that each web overlaps the separating joints of underlying webs.

The outside coating of the insulating webs 48 is made in the same Way as in Fig. 20, and also a series of plastering layers 42 and preferably a concreteor cement intermediate layer 2| may be used.

The application of bracing diagonals 3 and insulating webs 48 in the case of horizontal separating layers may be effected, as shown in Fig. 24, in such a way that directly upon the beam 49 a layer 2| of concrete or mortar provided with strengthening means 98, such as-e'xpanded metal, is arranged. The diagonal bracing system 3 is then disposed within beams 49; floor boards 25 may be arranged on a supporting bar 24 which protects portions of the insulating system against compression.

The ceiling panel such as is shown in Figure tering or

concrete layer

98, 2| is located entirely above the plane. of the uppersurface of the beam 48. The wires 3 are stretched across the beams and reinforcing elements 98, and the insulating webs 48 are then applied thereto. coating 25 is laid in the usual way, and the concrete or plastering 2| is applied to the reinforcing means 98. If desired, of course, the flooring and ceiling assembly could embody the

air cells

45, 46 and 41 as shown in the wall sections illustrated in Figures 3, 4, and 20, especially'if additional insulating properties are required.

By the method just described a stiffened and rigid plate or panel will be produced which is fire-, soundand heat-proof and which occupies but little space. The framing parts 48 may be surrounded with insulating material and can also be made absolutely fireproof. Between the framing elements and their coatings insulating webs 44 of tar-board or other elastic material may be arranged on the inner and outer side or on one side only, as indicated in Figures 1 and 3.

When positioning the

air cells

45, 46, 41 (Fig. 1), it will-be'advantageous to proceed so that the individual initially positioned corrugated cardboard layers 48 are first maintained by a larger number of struts l6. As soon as the first (outer) plastering layer has hardened, some of said struts can then be removed from the insulating cells 41. The corresponding struts l9 of the next following insulating cell 46 will then be arranged about in the same height as the remaining struts l6 in cell 41. By such proceedings the entire wall depth (Fig. 1) will be progressively stiffened and braced. By the insulating means, especially by the folded edges 59 and the webs 44, the framing parts are completely coated. The

the layer 2| above the I 24 may be so arranged that the reinforced plas- 4| consist of Z- or 'U-iron, preferably standard shapes. Upon the legs or flanges of the steel shapes, connecting elements 26, which may be of wood, are applied. Advantageously the steel elements are protected by an insulating paint. If need be, the connecting elements 26 will be secured by correspondingly shaped clamps 2.

The steel elements and the connecting arrangement (using, for instance, bolts 8 which are only diagrammatically indicated) are chosen in accordance with the principles of steel structures. Also, trimming members 21 consisting of masonry or other compositions may be provided at the corners.

In Fig. 30, the

air cells

45, 46, 41 are supplemented at the inside by an air cell At all events, the number of air cells and their dimensions may be arbitrary. The air cells are built up in such a way that first the outer cell 41 is formed by the insulating web 48. The skeleton rangement as shown in Figure 30 may be finished off by employing the construction shown in the other figures of the drawings.

For example, diagonal bracing

elements

3 and 43 respectively and an impregnated insulating web 44 may finally be provided at the outside of the building as in the other embodiments. The bars l8 which are clamped in their position by struts I6 in correspondence with Fig. l bear on the one side against the flange of the web and press the same against the beam or column 4| and on the other side against the connecting element 26, whereby the latter is pressed upon the web of the vertical post profile 4|. Then, the next succeeding air cell 46 is constructed from an insulating web 48 and bars l8. By the connecting elements 26, the outside fastening of insulating webs, wire fabric or the like will be facilitated.

The insulating plates shown in Figs. 26-29 are peculiarly adapted to be prefabricated outside the building ground; they comprise a cement 98, such as plaster, insulating webs 48, wire screening partition webs 98 and wires or iron rods 89. The webs 48 are either continuously extending or may also consist of separated insulating bodies, such as the crossed corrugated cardboards indicated at I66 and llill'rFig. 28. Any suitable tying or attaching means indicated diagrammatically at 65 serve for joining the insulating members I80 and I80 The edges of the webs 98 may be bent or folded as shown at llil in Figure 29 so that they are helpful at the same time for strengthening the edges of the plates.

While Figs. 26, 28, and 29 illustrate cross-sections of insulating plates, Fig. 27 shows a perspective view of a plate the uppermost layers of which are removed so that its interior and the position of the strengthening or bracing frame 99 is visible. Plates like those-of Fig. 26 may also be manufactured with a thickness of 1 cm. and have nevertheless sufllcient strength for use as paneling for building constructions. They can also be used as a supplement for board partitions or as carriers for plastering, since they can easily be conveyed and set in place. For carrying plaster, the arrangement of corrugated parts on the outside of the plate or web, as in Fig. 26, is particularly suitable. In producing such plates. a layer of plaster is preferably brought upon a suitably dimensioned web or strip of corrugated cardboard, whereupon wire bracings 98, strengthening members 99 etc. are applied in a predetermined sequence, with an intermediate layer of cement. The corrugated shape and, thus, the insulating effect of the air cells in the insulating layers will be wholly maintained after the hardening of the cement, especially if, as commonly is done, corrugated cardboard pasted with silicious varnish be applied thereto. The stiffness of the corrugations will not even be injured during the construction of the panels.

If desired, packings or coatings of jute may be used, although the immediate contact between plaster and cardboard results in a completely rigid combination so that the individual buildingelements can be produced at any place.

- If the plates shown in Figs. 26-29 and which comprise air cells have not yet hardened, they may be easily shaped at will. So, for instance, curved plates, angular edge plates etc. may be manufactured. All these building elements can be produced outside the building ground. At the same time, the novel plates represent a favorable supplement for the manufacture of ceilings or for the bracing and support of any kind of insulating arrangements. Besides, they may be nailed upon a layer of expanded metal or be used for covering a layer of beams or other building elements. The reinforcing

elements

98, 98 prevent the breaking of the plates.

I claim as my invention:

1. In a building wall or ceiling structure or the like, the combination of intersecting structural members defining substantially rectangular bays, diagonally disposed bracing tension members for rigidifying said bays, said members being secured at intervals to said structural elements, and to each other where they intersect, insulating panels disposed across said bays and secured to said structural members.

2. In a building wall or ceiling structure or the like, the combination of intersecting structural members defining substantially rectangular bays diagonally disposed bracing tension members for rigidifying said bays disposed on both sides of the plane of said structural members, said bracing members extending across a plurality of said bays, being secured at intervals to said wall or ceiling structure, and intertwined with each other where they intersect, insulating panels disposed across said bays and secured to said structural members and additionally retained by means of said bracing members.

3. In a building wall or ceiling construction or the like as set forth in claim 1, a coating of plastic covering material on one side of said wall, said bracing members being embedded in said plastic covering.

4. A building wall or ceiling construction or the like as set forth in claim 1 in which said insulating panels comprise spaced parallel laminations of corrugated cardboard forming dead air cells within said panels.

5. A building, wall or ceiling construction or the like as set forth in claim 1 in which said insulating panels comprise spaced parallel laminations of corrugated cardboard forming dead air cells within said panels and in which an additional lamination of corrugated cardboard is embedded in said plastic covering.

6. A building wall or ceiling construction or the like as set forth in claim 1 in which said insulating panel includes webs of insulating material and a layer of mortar containing shreds of fibrous material, such as wood shavings, paper or cardboard scraps or the like.

7. A building wall or ceiling construction or the like as set forth in claim 1 in which said insulating panel includes webs of insulating material and a layer of plastic material containing shreds of fibrous material, such as wood shavings, paper or cardboard scraps or the like, said shreds being surrounded by voids in said plastic material.

8. In a building wall or ceiling construction or the like as set forth in claim 1, a coating of plastic covering material on one side of said wall, said bracing members being embedded in said plastic covering, and nails passing transversely through said wall or like structure to which are secured said bracing members.

9. A building partition construction adapted for wall, floor, or ceiling construction or the like, comprising spaced structural supporting members, diagonal, intersecting tension bracing members disposed across the space between said members, a panel extending across said space and comprising laminations of corrugated fibrous material, the corrugations'of adjacent laminations being crossed, layer of mortar applied to said fibrous material, said tension members being embedded in said mortar layer, additional metallic reinforcements embedded in the mortar, and 'a final layer of plaster on said panel.

10. In a building wall or ceiling structure or the like, the combination of intersecting structural members defining substantially rectangular bays, diagonally disposed bracing tension members for rigidifying said bays, said members being secured at intervals to said structural elements, and to each other where they intersect, insulating panels disposed across said bays and secured to said structural members, said insulating panels comprising a series of parallel webs of insulating material spaced transversely of said panel to form dead air cells therein, each of said webs provided with flanges which are adapted to maintain the spacing between said webs, and means for wedging said flanges tightly against said structural members to retain said webs in place.

11. A building partition construction adapted for inner or'outer walls, floors, ceilings or the like which comprises, in combination, a pair of spaced structural members, such as beams, columns, girders or the like, and an insulating panel extending between said members, said panel com- I prising a series of parallel webs disposed in spaced relation transversely of the panel and. each .provided with edge flanges arranged in .contact with said members, and struts disposed so as to extend between the flanges on opposite edges of said webs and clamp them against said members. 12. A building partition construction adapted for inner or outer walls, floors, ceilings or the like which comprises, in combination, a pair of spaced structural members, such as beams, columns, girders or the like, and an insulating panel extending between said members, said panel comprising a series of parallel webs disposed in spaced relation transversely of the panel and each provided with edge flanges arranged in contact with said members, and resilient wedging strips sprung into position between the flanges on opposite edges of said webs to clamp them against said members.

13. A building partition for inner or outer walls, like which comprises, in

construction adapted floors, ceilings or the umns, girders or the like, and an insulating panel extending between said members, said panel comprising a series of parallel webs disposed in spaced relation transversely of the panel and each provided with edge flanges arranged in contact with combination, a pair of spaced structural members, such as beams, colsaid members, and flat resilient wedging strips sprung into position between the flanges on opposite edges of said webs to clamp them against said members, said strips being of substantially the same width as said edge flanges and the spaces between said webs, so as to provide stops therebetween.

14. A building partition construction adapted for inner or outer walls, floors, ceilings or the like which comprises, in combination, a pair of spaced structural members, such as beams, columns, girders or the likev and an insulating panel extending between said members, said panel comprising a series of insulating webs spaced transversely of said panel, each secured along its edges to the adjacent structural members and adapted to provide insulating cells, each of said webs also being provided at intervals with folds adapted to project transversely of said panel toward the adjacent web in order to subdivide the cells formed between said webs.

15. The building construction as set forth in claim 14 in which said webs comprise sheets of corrugated cardboard having layers of plain paper secured thereto.

16. A building construction as set forth in claim 14in which the folds,of adjacent webs are directed toward each other and disposed alternately along the length of the panel.

1'7. A building partition construction adapted for inner or. outer walls, floors, ceilings or the like which comprises, in combination, a pair of spaced structural members, such as beams, columns, girders or the like and an insulating panel extending between said-members, said panel comprising a series of insulating webs spaced transversely-of said paneL'each secured along its edges to the adjacent structural members and adapted to provide insulating cells, each of said webs also being provided at intervals with folds adapted to. project transversely of said panel, the folds of adjacent webs being averated from each other, and distancing members arranged between adjacent webs.

18. The building construction as set forth in claim 14 in which each of the folds are stitched along a line spaced slightly from the plane of the web, whereby a recess of limited depth is formed on the opposite side of said web forthe reception of the head of a fold on an adjacent web.

19. In a building construction as set forth in claim 14, the combination of additional laminations, such as metal foil or the like, to said webs, portions of said additional laminations being anchored within certain of the folds in said webs, whereby further insulating, moisture and radiation resisting, and insect repelling properties are provided.

20. The building construction as set forth in claim '11 in which each of the webs is provided at intervals with folds adapted to project from the plane of said web toward the adjacent web to further subdivide the cells of the panel, the ends of said folds being slit and folded into substantially the same said webs.

21. The building construction as set forth in claim 11 inwhich the structural members comprise flanged metal structural elements of suitable, cross sectional configuration, and in which slotted members are applied to the flanges of said metal elements, against which the edge flanges of said webs may be clamped at such points.

planes as the edge flanges of 4 22. The building construction as set forth in claim 11 in which the edge flanges of said spaced webs are superposed and together clamped by said wedging strips between adjacent structural members, the body portions of certain of said webs being bowed to form an arched construction, such as for example in a floor or ceiling arrangement, and a continuously extending covering layer supported by said arched construction.

23. A building partition construction adapted for floors, ceilings or the like which comprises, in combination, a pair of spaced beams or joists and an insulating panel extending therebetween, said panel comprising a series of insulating webs of difierent lengths arranged one above the other to provide an arched structure containinginsulating cells, roof-like angles formed in certain of said webs, and means for securing said angles to adjacent webs to form a trussed construction, edge flanges on all of said webs arranged in superposed relation at the sides of said panels, and wedging struts adapted to clamp said superposed flanges against said structural members.

24. A building partition construction adapted for floors, ceilings or the like which comprises, in combination, a pair of spaced beams or joists, and an insulating panel extending therebetween, said panel comprising a series of insulating webs of different lengths arranged one above the other to provide an arched structure containing insulating cells, the lowest web being substantially flat and disposed in a horizontal plane, the uppermost being substantially arcuate, and intermediate webs having roof-like angles formed therein, means -for securing said angles to adjacent webs to form a braced truss-like arched construction, means for securing the edges of said construction to said structural memberaand covering means for said arch construction.

25. A building partition construction adapted for floors, ceilings or the like which comprises, in combination, a pair of spaced beams or joists and an insulating panel extending therebetween, said panel comprising a series of insulating webs of different lengths arranged one above the other to provide an arch structure containing insulating cells, and a continuous covering layer of quick hardening plastic material superposed upon said arch construction.

26. A building partition construction adapted for floors, ceilings or the like which comprises, in combination, a pair of spaced beams or joists and an insulating panel extending therebetween, said panel comprising a series of insulating webs of difierent lengths arranged one above the other to provide an arch structure containing insulating cells, a continuous covering layer of quick hardening plastic material superposed upon said arch construction, cavities formed in said plastic material, and filling material in said cavities comprising wood shavings or the like impregnated with cement mortar and adapted to form a rigid body.

27. A building partition construction adapted for floors, ceilings or the like which comprises, in combination, a pair of spaced be'ams or joists and an insulating panel extending therebetween, said panel comprising a series of insulating webs of different lengths arranged one above the other to provide an arch structure containing insulating cells, a continuous covering layer of quick hardening plastic material superposed upon said arch construction, cavities formed in said plastic material, and filling material in said cavities comprising wood shavings or the like impregnated with cement mortar and adapted to form a rigid body, said plastic material being provided with reinforcing elements to take tension stresses and additional supporting means for said superposed body of material, comprising strips secured to adjacent beams and received in recesses formed in said plastic body.

LUDWIG ARlVlIBRUSTER.