US2091439A - Multipactor oscillator and amplifier - Google Patents

Multipactor oscillator and amplifier Download PDF

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Publication number
US2091439A
US2091439A US65465A US6546536A US2091439A US 2091439 A US2091439 A US 2091439A US 65465 A US65465 A US 65465A US 6546536 A US6546536 A US 6546536A US 2091439 A US2091439 A US 2091439A
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United States
Prior art keywords
electrons
cloud
electron
cathode
cathodes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US65465A
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English (en)
Inventor
Philo T Farnsworth
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Farnsworth Television Inc
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Farnsworth Television Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Farnsworth Television Inc filed Critical Farnsworth Television Inc
Priority to US65465A priority Critical patent/US2091439A/en
Priority to GB1071/37A priority patent/GB488661A/en
Priority to NL81363A priority patent/NL50856C/xx
Priority to FR818345D priority patent/FR818345A/fr
Priority to US132330A priority patent/US2140285A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2091439A publication Critical patent/US2091439A/en
Priority to GB6213/38A priority patent/GB503359A/en
Priority to FR49494D priority patent/FR49494E/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/76—Dynamic electron-multiplier tubes, e.g. Farnsworth multiplier tube, multipactor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B9/00—Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects
    • H03B9/01—Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects using discharge tubes

Definitions

  • PHILQ 1 mmvswon TH.
  • Flgureii is a sectional view and circuit diagram embodying the tube'shown-inl lgure 1, connected The impressed It. I". initiates, by the multiphtionp tobe a self-oscillator. 6
  • FIG. 3 is a" view, partly in section and partly “set forth in my prior application, Serial No. 692,- in elevation, of a multlpactor structure utilizing 1585, filed October '1, 1933, for an Electron multifour electrodes dmcribing a cylinder around the plying device", and my prior application, Serial central anode.
  • Figure 4 is a sectional view taken as indicated 10 of electron multiplication". by the line 4-4 in Figure 3, together with an op- The present application deals with a multieratingcircuit attached thereto.
  • the multipactor, as I desire to call my device, depresent device is, in common with the previous pends upon the transference of energy between types of multlpactors described by me, capable an oscillating cloud of electrons" and an'oscillatof producing amplification by electron muitipli ing E. M. I"., usually established between apair cation, and by proper connection can be made of opposed cathodes, treated or otherwise cato generate self-sustaining oscillations. pabie of producing secondary electrons at a re.-
  • the primary object of this invention is to protio greater than unity when impacted by the oso vide an improved means and method of abstractcillating electron cloud. If the energy transfer ing power from a multipactor. be from the oscillating E. M. 1". to the electron Other objects of my invention are: To procloud. the electrons strike the cathodes and give vide an oscillator which will convert direct cur- '-rise to the secondary electron multiplication pherent energy at extremely high enlciency; to pronomena. If, on the other hand, energy is abvide an oscillator or the high vacuum type which sorbedfrom the oscillating cloud of electrons, the.
  • Thejpresent invention concerns a device where so 'which is correspondingly free of the difiiculties both of these phenomena are produced in diiIerand complications introduced by cathode heating but adjacent structures, electrons being ing surfaces; to provide an electron multiplier passed, preferably through a common cathode, structure which is capable of generating. selffrom one tothe other.
  • This cloud of electrons would oscillate by itself at approximately the same frequency as that of 5 the circuit, except for the fact that the R. F. itself accelerates the cloud and makes the trip across the tube less than a half period of the tuned circuit.
  • the mere fact that the electrons are. speeded up insures that they strike the oathode.
  • the returning group of electrons also make the trip in slightly less than one-half cycle. The result is that the fastest electrons very rapidly get out of phase with the potential.
  • the electron distribution in the cloud however, reshapes itself at each half period because the rate of multiplication is large compared to the 'amount of phase shift.
  • collector cathode 9 differs from multiplier cathode 2 in that its inner surface is preferably of a nature that it will not emit second- I aries, at least secondary emission will be-reduced to a minimum;- and I have found that a carbonized nickel surface in this position will-prevent, to a large extent, secondary emission.
  • the tube itself comprises a conventional type of multipactor, as hitherto described and claimed by me in the applications referred to above, com-- structure.
  • the cup-shaped cathode 2- may be mounted in any convenient manner, such as on a lead 3 passing through a reentrant stem 4 in the end of the tube.
  • the opposing cathode may conveniently be located at approximately the midpoint of the tube,
  • ascreen cathode l5 extending across 50 the tube and preferably positioned within a cathode cylinder 6.
  • a multiplier anode l preferably in the form of a cylinder whose walls are-in the same projected surface as determined by the. walls of the cup 2 and the cylinder 8.
  • the ,interior of the cathode cup 2 and the surface of the cathode screen- 5 are preferably sensitized so that they will emit secondaries at a ratio greater than unity, when impacted, and this sensitization, which is performed in order that the highestpossible ratio may be obtained, may be accomplished by forming the cathodes of silver, oxidizing the silver, and depositing caesium thereon, for example. Such a surface makes a nections.
  • the tube isconnected as shown in Figure 1.
  • radio frequency is fed into the input connection ll through a blocking condenser II, to cathode 2 through lead 3, and cathode 2 is connected through a tunable resonant circuit II to the screen cathode. 5 through suitable ground con- Anodes I and ID are connected tol'l to a D. C. anode source l8, the opposite end of which is also grounded, the positive end of this source being connected to the anodes.
  • the collector cathode 9 is connected through an output resonant circuit'2ll to ground, and the output may be taken from this cathode through blocking condenser 2
  • a radio frequency is applied between the cathodes 2 and 5 and controlled by means of the tuned circuit l8, and the time of flight of the electrons between cathodes 2 and I is adjusted by means ,of placing upon the anode I the proper potential so that the time of flight corresponds to the period of the input, oscillations of the electrons'between the two cathodes will occur and repeatedimpacts with the oathodes will take place with the release of secondary electrons at each impact.
  • the output cathode O has been treated to prevent secondary emission, and ii cathode I is connected to cathode 5 through a tuned circult 2", the electrons passing through the cen- -tral cathode 5 will tween cathodes 9 and 5, and energy will be absorbed from them as they oscillate between cathodes O and I: in other words, in the output structure, energy is being absorbed from the electrons.
  • phase shift of the oscillating-electrons ln-the output structure is unimportant.
  • I symmetri-j cal structure operating in phase
  • I have separated multiplication and output.
  • I create the oscillation of the electron cloud and'supply power to it, in one structure, withmultiplication; and I absorb power from the cloud, without multiplication. in the other structure.
  • Fig- I this tube, opposed multiplying cathodes 2t and 2
  • Cathodes-25 and 26 are sensitized. as were cathodes 2 andlior secondary'emission, and is at central spiral 21..
  • Output cathodes 2i and 2e are also positioned in opposed relation, the and 2! being positioned to form a cylinder, each being electrically separated, and output cathodes 28 and" are also connected in this case. the anode by tunable resonant circuit 20'.
  • Output cathodesdo not emit secondaries and may be of carbonized nickel, as explained above for output cathode 9.
  • the anode 21 is supplied with tial from the anode battery I9.
  • I also prefer to provide, preferably by means of a focusing coil ll energized by focusing source 3
  • a focusing coil ll energized by focusing source 3
  • a feeble magnetic field in the tube with the lines of force axial so that there will be a progression of the electron oscillation paths in the direction from multiplier cathodes to output cathodes.
  • radio frequency is applied between the multiplier cathodes '25 and 28, either from a driver or by causing the two vmultiplying cathodes structure, the electrons oi the proper phase for multiplication tend to oscillate so that they are traveling along the center line connecting the multiplying cathodes,
  • An electron multiplier comprising a pair of opposed surfaces capable of emitting secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity when impacted, means for causing an oscillate between said surfaces-to create repeated multiplying impacts therewith, means for divertinto a spaceapart from that bounded by said .suriaces, and means ing a portion of said cloud .ior absorbing power from said diverted portion withlnsaid space.
  • An electron multiplier comprising a' pair of opposed surfaces capable of emitting secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity when impacted, means forcausing an electron cloud to oscillate between said surfaces to create repeated multiplying impacts therewith, one of said sur- -faces being apertured to allow'a portion of said thus electron "cloud to;
  • Anelectron multiplier comprising a pair of opposed surfaces capable of emitting secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity when impacted, means for causing an electron cloud to oscillate between said surfaces to createrepeated multiplying impacts therewith, means for dividing said cloud at the plane of one of said sur- Y faces, means for abstracting one of the divided portions from the space bounded by said surfaces, and means for absorbing power from the obtained.
  • An electron multiplier comprising a pair of opposed surfaces capable of emitting secondary electrons at-a ratio greater than unity when impacted, means for causing an electron cloud to oscillate between said surfaces to create repeated multiplying impacts therewith, means for dividing said cloud at the plane of one of said surfaces means for abstractingone of the divided portions from the space bounded by said surfaces, means for absorbing power from the abstracted portion, and a work circuit for utilizing the power 5.
  • An electron multiplier comprising a pair of opposed surfaces capable of emitting secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity when impacted, means for causing an electron cloud to oscillate between said surfaces to create repeated multiplying impacts therewith, means for dividing said cloud at the plane of one of said surfaces, means for abstracting one of the divided means-for absorbing power from the abstracted portion, a work circuit for utilizingthe power obtained, and means for feeding energy from said work circuit into said oscillating cloud.
  • An electron multiplier comprising a pair of opposed surfaces capable of emitting secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity when impacted, means for causing an electron cloud to oscillate between said surfaces to create repeated multiplying impacts therewith, means for dividing said cloud at the plane of one of said surfaces, means for abstracting one of the divided portions I from the space bounded by said surfaces, means and means for utilizing a portion of the energy' for absorbing power from the abstracted portion,
  • 'An electron multiplier comprising a pair of opposed surfaces capable ofemitting secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity when impacted, means for causing an electron cloud to oscillate between said surfaces to create repeated multiplying impacts therewith, means for dividing said cloud at the plane of one of said surfaces,
  • the method of abstracting power from said cloud 'whioh comprises feeding energy to electrons traveling along one set of paths, continuously diverting a portion of said cloud into a different absorbing. energy from said electrons while in saiddifl'erent paths.
  • an .electron multiplier structure where- .in an electron cloud-is oscillated against and away from a surface to produce' secondary emission therefrom upon impact therewith, the method. of abstracting power from said cloud which comprises feeding energy to said cloud to from said eledtrons while in said 'maintain oscillation of the cloud across a space in a predetermined path, shifting the oscillation to a different predetermined path, and absorbing power from the electrons in the latter path.
  • a pair of opposed electrodes capable of emitting secondary electrons at 'a ratio greater than unity
  • a second pair of op- I 9,091,439 5 posed electrodes inca able of emitting secondary cousins le tr n oscillati n between said first electrons.
  • adjacent saidfirst pair means for pair of electrodes to cause secondary emission feeding energy to electrons in the space between therefrom, means for rotating the oscillation said first pair oi electrodes to produce electron path around the axis of said cylinder, and means 5 multiplication by cyclical impact therewith, and associated with said second pair of electrodes 5 means associated with said second pair of elecfor absorbing power from electrons in said rotrodes for absorbing power from said electrons.
  • a pair of opposed elecsorbing power from electrons in said rotated 20 trodes capable of emitting secondary electrons path. and means for collecting electrons contact- 20 .at a ratio greater than unity, a second pair of ing said'second pair of electrodes due to said opposed electrodes incapable of emitting secondrotation. ary electrons, said pairs being alternately dis- PHILO T. FARNSWORTH. posed to describe a cylindrical space, means for v GERTIFICATEOF comancrror. Patent No. 2,o91,l 9, August 1951 v 91111.0 1'. FARNSWORTHI.
  • adjacent saidfirst pair means for pair of electrodes to cause secondary emission feeding energy to electrons in the space between therefrom, means for rotating the oscillation said first pair oi electrodes to produce electron path around the axis of said cylinder, and means 5 multiplication by cyclical impact therewith, and associated with said second pair of electrodes 5 means associated with said second pair of elecfor absorbing power from electrons in said rotrodes for absorbing power from said electrons.
  • a pair of opposed elecsorbing power from electrons in said rotated 20 trodes capable of emitting secondary electrons path. and means for collecting electrons contact- 20 .at a ratio greater than unity, a second pair of ing said'second pair of electrodes due to said opposed electrodes incapable of emitting secondrotation. ary electrons, said pairs being alternately dis- PHILO T. FARNSWORTH. posed to describe a cylindrical space, means for v GERTIFICATEOF comancrror. Patent No. 2,o91,l 9, August 1951 v 91111.0 1'. FARNSWORTHI.

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US65465A 1936-02-24 1936-02-24 Multipactor oscillator and amplifier Expired - Lifetime US2091439A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US65465A US2091439A (en) 1936-02-24 1936-02-24 Multipactor oscillator and amplifier
GB1071/37A GB488661A (en) 1936-02-24 1937-01-13 Improvements in electron multipliers working as oscillators or amplifiers
NL81363A NL50856C (fr) 1936-02-24 1937-02-22
FR818345D FR818345A (fr) 1936-02-24 1937-02-24 Multiplicateur comportant une chambre multiplicatrice et une chambre collectrice distinctes
US132330A US2140285A (en) 1936-02-24 1937-03-22 Multiplier coupling system
GB6213/38A GB503359A (en) 1936-02-24 1938-02-28 Improvements in or relating to electron multipliers
FR49494D FR49494E (fr) 1936-02-24 1939-01-17 Multiplicateur comportant une chambre multiplicatrice et une chambre collectrice distinctes

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US65465A US2091439A (en) 1936-02-24 1936-02-24 Multipactor oscillator and amplifier

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2091439A true US2091439A (en) 1937-08-31

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US65465A Expired - Lifetime US2091439A (en) 1936-02-24 1936-02-24 Multipactor oscillator and amplifier
US132330A Expired - Lifetime US2140285A (en) 1936-02-24 1937-03-22 Multiplier coupling system

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US132330A Expired - Lifetime US2140285A (en) 1936-02-24 1937-03-22 Multiplier coupling system

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US (2) US2091439A (fr)
FR (2) FR818345A (fr)
GB (2) GB488661A (fr)
NL (1) NL50856C (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2416298A (en) * 1942-11-02 1947-02-25 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetron and control
US11588421B1 (en) 2019-08-15 2023-02-21 Robert M. Lyden Receiver device of energy from the earth and its atmosphere

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2925528A (en) * 1955-12-15 1960-02-16 Hartnell-Beavis Michael Carl Electronic valves

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2416298A (en) * 1942-11-02 1947-02-25 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetron and control
US11588421B1 (en) 2019-08-15 2023-02-21 Robert M. Lyden Receiver device of energy from the earth and its atmosphere

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR49494E (fr) 1939-05-01
NL50856C (fr) 1941-09-15
GB503359A (en) 1939-04-05
FR818345A (fr) 1937-09-24
US2140285A (en) 1938-12-13
GB488661A (en) 1938-07-12

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