US2061702A - Wall construction - Google Patents

Description

Nov. 24, 1936, A, c. GODDARD ET AL WALL CONSTRUCTION 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 flay/7202M ZZe Vines:

Filed Sept. 28, 193

INVENTOR S.

A TTORNEY NOV. 24, A c GQDDARD ET L WALL CONSTRUCTION Filed Sept. 28, 1932 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 A TTORNEY A. C. GODDARD ET AL Nov. 24, 1936.

WALL CONSTRUCTION 6 SheetsSheet 4 Filed. Sept. 28, 1932 INVENTOR s,

A TTORNE Nov. 24, 1936.

A. C. GODDARD ET AL WALL CONSTRUCTION Filed Sept. 28, 1932 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTORS M flz,

A TTORNEY Nov. 24, 1936. ,1. GODDARD ET AL 2,061,702

WALL CONSTRUGT ION Filed Sept. 28, 1932 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 FM WK NJ A TTORNEY Patented Nov. 24, 1936 ,etriz WALL CONSTRUCTION Alvin C. Goddard, Forest Hills, and Raymond P. Le Viness, Queens Village, N. Y.

Application September 28, 1932, Serial No. 635,166

13 Claims.

This invention relates to wall construction and particularly to that species of structure which is of a removable and temporary character and is mainly used tosubdivide larger compartments of permanent stationary confines, such as business ofiices, waiting rooms, halls and the like. Structures of this character, commonly called partition walls are advantageously made of parts more or less standardized and interchangeable, which may be readily installed or removed.

While that general construction which is rather common and basic to all previous constructions of this kind known in the art, has been followed, the invention has for its specific purpose the improvement of the means for attaching the standardized or interchangeable parts to each other.

Our invention has for its prime object the provision of a simplified system of unit parts, which, While interchangeable, satisfies the difiering conditions met with in the subdivision of rooms.

Another concurrent object is to provide vertical partitions made up of interchangeable vertical panel units comprising either a single vertical panel member or a plurality of panels arranged one above the other.

A third object is to construct the units of as few component parts as possible in order to simplify their erection and to facilitate manufacture.

A fourth object is to provide simple means whereby the parts may be rigidly and securely installed by unskilled workmen with the use of ordinary tools.

A fifth object is to make the attaching means of a standard uniform nature so that they may be employed with little or no change in a straight series of units or at intersections of straight walls, corner construction, and where doors and windows must be provided.

A sixth object is to provide for the installation of windows and transom panels by similar simple attaching means as are used for the combination of unit panels.

A seventh object is to provide cornice members and means for attaching them to the tops of the panel units.

An eighth object is to soshape the component unit parts, including the cornice members, that filler pieces may be inserted in the simplest and most efficient manner wherever space, aside or above the units, is too narrow for a standard unit.

A ninth object to provide means to fasten the various units securely to the fioor and provide equalizing means to compensate for any unevenness of the floor so that the panel units may be aligned with each other irrespective of such unevenness.

A final object, subservient to all the objects aforesaid, is to make all unit parts of a simple, rigid, inexpensive and esthetically pleasing construction.

Other objects and advantages will be apparent from the detailed description of parts hereinafter and illustrated by the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. l is a front elevation of a partition wall according to our invention, made up of three units, the two outer units comprising two large panels, the upper one being glazed, and a transom member, while the intermediate unit represents a door having a glass panel and a transom light over the door. Across all three units a cornice runs and above the cornice and alongside the ends of the outer units a space is shown which is occupied by filler pieces to cover the remaining area between the partition wall and the building walls and ceiling, both indicated by section lining;

Figs. 2 to 7 inclusively show horizontal sections through different units, and specifically:

Fig. 2 shows an intersection or abutment of two partition walls with each other at right angles, the lower continuous wall showing a door hinged near a corner and the abutting wall showing a filler panel, a single connector element and a panel with a window inserted, counting fromthe top of the view downwardly in the order named, certain panel portions being broken away to reduce the extent of the figure;

Fig. 3 is a fragmentary section showing a similar abutment applicable when no door is near the corner where the two Walls abut or intersect;

Fig. 4 shows one possible construction of a plain corner;

Fig. 5 shows another corner construction;

Fig. 6 shows a modification of the metal connector construction shown throughout the former sectional views;

Fig. 7 is similar to Fig. 6 except that it shows the application of the invention to units made of other material than metal, such as wood, composition or the like;

Fig. 8 is a vertical section through a panel unit similar to those shown in Fig. l, but without the transom, the cornice being placed directly above the glazed panel portion, intermediate portions of the panels being broken away and omitted to reduce the height of the figure. The upright is here indicated in outline.

*ig. 9 is a vertical section through the window rail along line 99 of Fig. 1, and if this figure were inserted in the section shown in Fig. 8, the latter would indicate a complete section through one of the outer units of Fig. 1;

Fig. 10 shows a vertical section through a door panel with a cornice member attached directly above the door casing;

Fig. 11 shows the connection of the top of the door casing with a transom light similar to the one shown in the middle unit of Fig. 1;

Fig. 12 represents a vertical section through the upper portion of a glazed panel unit, the space between the cornice and the ceiling being filled by a double wall of composition boards or other suitable material;

Fig. 13 is a partial plan view looking down into the bottom of the cornice member and illustrating the bracing of said member and the means whereby it is connected to the panel units;

Fig. 14. is a vertical middle section through the cornice member and part of a connector element, showing the tie-rod connecting two of the cornice bracing spacers;

Fig. 15 is a perspective view of an interconnecting strut seated in one socket provided on a connector member;

Fig. 16 is a diagrammatic elevation of the post member indicating the location of the sockets;

Fig. 17 is a top plan view of a connector base plate;

Fig. 18 is a front elevation of said base plate showing a fractional part of the upright connector members;

Fig. 19 is a section along the line l9|9 of Fi 17.

Fig. 20 is a vertical section through a panel unit of wood or composite material, illustrating how the cornice may be fastened to the ceiling and the top of the panel units by similar means as are employed to connect the panel units to each other;

Fig. 21 shows a horizontal section through the adjacent vertical edges of two units made of wood or composite material, the pilaster plates being slightly modified and the space between the coupled edges of the units filled with sound deadening material;

Fig. 22 is a perspective view of a simplified form of a panel base between two adjoining wooden units, in the shape of a fishplate, screwed to the floor and tying the base channels of the adjoining units together;

Fig. 23 is a diagrammatical representation of a partition wall showing the system of interconnecting struts tying the single units to each other and to the ceiling in the manner detailed in Fig. 20. It also shows a modification of providing seats for the interconnecting struts, adapted especially for wooden or composite material, and

Fig. 24 is an end view of one of the units shown in Fig. 23.

Similar characters are used to designate similar parts throughout the different views.

Referring more in detail to the separate views,

r 1 comprises a complete partition installation made up of three units, 2!, 22 and 23, two upright filler members 2G and 25, and a cornice 26 common to the unit sections and the filler members. The clearance between the cornice and the ceiling may be left free or may be occupied with a horizontal filler member 27, as desired. The unit sections are standardized in dimensions and construction. Preferably the horizontal and vertical dimensions of all units are identical, but the dimensions of the vertical and horizontal filler members will be determined by the exigencies of each particular job.

The main parts upholding the partition and forming the supporting frame for the panel members consist of the vertical uprights or connector strips 30 at the junction of adjacent units, extending from the floor 3| to the cornice as illustrated in Fig. 8 and the sectional views of Figs. 2 to 7. These connector strips are provided in pairs 30, and consist substantially of a fiat vertical web portion 36 flanked by two deepgrooved channel portions 30", 30". Each pair of connector strips face each other with their open channels and are interconnected in spaced apart relationship by a suitable number of diagonal struts 32 seated in sockets 33 provided on the web portions. These sockets are formed, as indicated in Figs. 15 and 16, by molding semicircular grooves 34, 3 parallel to each other and suitably spaced apart in a longitudinal vertical direction in the web, and slicing out and retroverting short lengths of these grooves, so that they form loops bent in the opposite direction from said grooves, thus cooperating with the outwardly bent grooves to form substantially circular sockets for the reception of the free ends of the U-shaped struts 32. The ends of the struts are preferably of different lengths, the longer end 32 being first partly inserted into a socket, whereupon the short end is swung around over the diametrically opposite socket of the opposite upright and both are driven into their sockets to form a rigid bracing between the uprights. The grooves 34 may run throughout the whole length of the upright, adding thereby to its compressive strength and rigidity, or they may be formed intermittently where required to form a socket.

It is to be noted that besides increasing the vertical stiffness of the connector strips 38 the longitudinal fiutings or grooves 34 serve a double function in that they provide the material from which the short lengths 35 may be struck out without stretching the metal and they also provide together with the inner walls of the channels 38 seats for the side plate filler members ii as is shown at Ma, Fig. 2.

A modified way of providing sockets for the interconnecting struts consists in fastening short plates Hi! (Figs. 23 and 24) instead of continuous uprights to the opposite ends of the panel units at suitable intervals. This method is especially applicable to walls made of wood or composite material, as illustrated. The struts used in connection with these plates are the same as those above described and the plates are provided with similar sockets, but the plates may be flat and are fastened with screws 562 to the partition edges.

To close the space between the connector strips of each pair and conceal the bracing 32, cover plates or pilasters 36 (Figs. 25) are provided, removably mounted and secured in place as will now be described. These plates are substantially channel-shaped in cross-section, and the web part may be of any desired ornamental form, preferably with longitudinally running folds or bends 3] in it to lend it rigidity, but the channel legs 33 are made resilient by having an S-shaped cross-section. These S-shaped legs are sprung over the channel ends 38 in the manner shown and thus coact with the latter to close the space between the panel units. For purposes of shipment, these parts are not assembled, but if desired, each unit section with its connector strips 7 similar panels.

30 may be assembled at the factory and shipped in assembled relationship.

Figs. 6 and 7 show a modification of the way the pilasters may be attached to the panel units. Instead of springing the resilient legs of the pilaster members between the inside ends of the channels til", they are clamped over the projecting grooved ends 39 of the connector strips from the outside, as shown. The interlocking resilient flanges of both the connector strips and the cover plates are correspondingly modified.

If desirable the hollow interior of the partition units as well as the hollow connecting elements between them may be filled with sound deadening material. If the panels are made of solid wood or other sound absorbing material, then the hollow spaces between panels may be filled as shown in Fig. 21. This also shows how the connector strips 3!] in this case are fastened by screws I63 upon the partition edges. The pilaster plates Hi4 which have a simple box-like shape in this modification are fastened on the extant wings I05 of the connector strips in the manner previously described.

As shown in Fig. 2, the projecting channeled portions of the connector strips form, together with the web, a wide channel facing toward the panels and in which the panelelements are seated. In the upper portion of Fig. 2 there is illustrated a filler panel extending from the panel unit to the adjoining wall. This filler panel is a box-like structure comprising the side plates ll], a connector strip 36 and the U-shaped guide strip 4!. The side plates 4! are telescoped into the Ushaped strip 4!. The connector strip 30 and the guide strip M are interconnected by a tie-rod $3. This panel fills the space between the standard panel unit and the wall and is variable in width according to the exigencies of each installation. Between the filler panel and the other partition wall against which the partition abuts at right angles is shown a panel which may comprise a window frame or a solid panel. The stiles of the casement are seated between the outer channels 38" of the connector strips 3%. The web of member to is recessed to form a seat for the window pane or panel which may be secured in place by putty or by any other suitable means. Preferably it is removably fastened by special clips 45a, but as this method of glazing forms the subject matter of another and copending application, it will not be further described herein.

In the event that it is desired to install a door near a corner, as shown at 41, Fig. 2, clearance space for the swing of the door must be provided to avoid damaging an adjacent panel. This construction as shown comprises a short spacer panel element made up of two side plates 56 and two edge connector strips 30 secured together by a tie-rod E8". The panel element 5! is shown as attached on one side to an adjoining panel unit on one side and to an adjoining door unit on the other side by means of the diagonal struts 32. The door jamb is formed similarly to the window casement by inserting a special channelshaped member 5! into a standard edge strip 3!). It is securely held therein by an extra separator plate 52 and screws or bolts 53.

Fig. 3 shows a panel section abutting two other Diagonal struts lit join the upright 55 of the abutting panel to the uprights of the other two panels. It also shows additional fastening means of the Window stiles to the uprights by screws 56.

The choice of a corner construction such as illustrated in Fig. 4 or one such as is illustrated in Fig. 5, depends upon the available space and other conditions. The standard or preferred construction is that of Fig. 5, While Fig. 4 calls for an extra box-shaped corner member comprising two rectangularly bent plates 5'! and 58.

As Figs. 8 and 9 show, the rails of the glazed panel partitions are formed according to the same principle hereinbefore explained, using substantially channel-shaped members with fluted or corrugated webs and resiliently bent legs to be sprung over or into interlocking flanges of adjoining members, as 59 and lit.

The partition walls below the glazed panels are preferably formed of two sheet metal plates 6 I, 6 l spaced apart and braced at top and bottom by channels 52 and (it which may be welded or otherwise fastened to the side plates.

At the base intermediate the floor anchors a mop strip 64 is shown which is substantially H- shaped in cross section, made of one continuous plate bent in the middle portion like an inverted channel, the legs being rebent and continued upwardly to form narrow troughs on the outside of the inverted channel. The terminals of the rebent legs are ledged inwardly and folded downward. It will be seen from a close inspection of the base in Fig. 8 that a vertical plumb taken from the inner edges 85 of this ledge will strike the bottom of the trough, leaving just enough clearance with the leg of the inverted channel to insert a metal plate of the standard thickness of which the partition members are constructed. The space between the lower part of the metal panel iii of the partition and the base portion, which may vary with the unevenness of the fioor, is covered by plate members 65, which, while rigidly seated within the base, will overlap the metal plates Si in a telescopic fashion, thus equalizing uneven heights. The lower portion of member 66 is recessed at 61 to form a seat on the ledge, and the recessed continuation of the member t5, entering the clearance space described above, is rabbeted at a suitable height to form a resilient interlocking engagement with the inside terminal edge of the base 64 as shown at 8B. These plate members 66, it will be observed, are so designed and assembled as to be easily removable, after complete erection of the structure for purposes of the installation of electrical wires and the like. The connector strips suitably attached to the panels, are supported on the floor at a uniform level by special plates 6Q which compensate for any inequality of the floor by special means illustrated in Figs. 1'7, 18 and 19. These plates may be fastened to the floor in any suitable manner, such as by lag screws or anchor bolts lb. The plate itself has the shape of a U or large channel portion facing upwardly. The web 69a rests on the floor and is provided with a slotted hole ll for the anchor bolt. The legs 69b extend upwardly and are each provided with a pair of slots l2 and a pair of lateralears or projections E3. The lower extremities of the connector strips, or rather their grooved wings 30", are suitably slotted out, so that they straddle over these projections. The latter serve a double function. Beside holding the connector strips in alignment against lateral displacement, they enter the grooved wings of the H -shaped base of the adjacent partition panel 64, as indicated in Fig. 8, and by their lower edge hold the same down to the floor. The slots 72 serve to hold in place the shim plates M which are inserted to compensate for any unevenness of the floor which might prevent horizontal alignment of the panels. These shim plates are narrow rectangular pieces having projecting tongues i l on either end which enter the slots '52. The uprights 30 rest upon these shim plates.

The base of the cover plates 36 (Figs. 2 and 8) may be provided with a base or mop board 36m welded or fastened to it in any suitable manner.

The panels may be secured to the connector strips by means of tongues (not shown) on the ends of the panels, which tongues may be passed through apertures in the connector strips as indicated at 95 in Fig. 16, and fastening keys may be passed through the tongues.

It remains to describe the cornice construction and the means whereby the cornice is secured to the top of the partitions. The cornice member comprises a substantially hollow channel 25 made of sheet metal bent and rebent in any desired ornamental formation. At places where two lengths of cornice abut, an inner sleeve or fishplate 88 covers the seam. (See Fig. 8.) This sleeve closely follows the inner contour of the cornice and is retained in position by the overturned top edges 28a of the cornice. To interiorly reinforce the cornice, it is provided with a suitable number of spanner plates 8!. (See Figs. 12-14.) These plates are shaped to fit the inner contour of the cornice, as illustrated in Fig. 12, and they are provided with slots 32 having an enlargement at 83 for the reception of a tie-rod 88, (Fig. 14) Two other circular apertures 84 are provided through which electric cables, telephone wires and the like may be run. Into the top edge of the spanners are out two recesses 35a. and 85b in which the filler plates 3!, made of composition board or the like, may be seated, if desired. These recesses are preferably cut on a slant and wider than the thickness of the filler plates, so that the latter may be easily slid into them in an inclined position and then righted and locked into a vertical position as Fig. 12 indicates. The filler plates may be attached to the ceiling by any suitable means, such for instance, as by a nailing strip 81.

The spanners ill have a bottom flange 8 l which forms a slightly obtuse angle with the main plate. As the top corners 89c and 8% are retained in position by the bent over top edges 26a of the cornice and are just long enough to prevent their assuming a vertical position, it will be evident that when two spanners face each other, as in Fig. 14, for instance when two lengths of cornice abut, they can be dnwn by a tie-rod 8%; into a rigid frictional engagement with the inner walls of the cornice, the spanner plates being wedged tightly between the channel web 252) and the bent over edges 26a of the cornice. Furthermore, there are other locking means between the spanners and the cornice as well, as between the latter and the partition walls underneath. A series of crossshaped apertures Sill are punched through the bottom 28b of the cornice at say about five inches between centers. A pair of oppositely positioned tongues 95 are incompletely punched out from the bottom SI of the spanner so that they are still integral with the flange when bent downwardly, as shown in Figs. 12 and 13. Obviously, by placing the spanner first over the middle of the cross-shaped hole and sliding it toward one end, these tongues can be inserted through the wider middle portion of the hole 90 and slipped underneath the edges of the longitudinal extensions, thus interlocking the cornice plate with the spanners. This spanner connection may be employed in any desired combination, over the connector strips, as shown in Fig. 14, or across a cornice joint, etc.

The connection between the cornice and the partition walls is made according to the same principle. Rectangular or oval shaped strips 92 are provided from which tongues 93 are partly pushed out and bent upwardly, as shown in Fig. 10, in a similar manner as that described above. By inserting these strips 92 through the hole 90 so that the member 92 engages the inturned flanges of members 94 or 95, then driving member 92 into the elongated arms of hole 90, the tongues 93 will engage the top of base of the cornice, thereby centering and fastening the engaging members.

It is, however, possible and entirely within the scope of our invention to attach the partition wall and cornices to the ceiling in a difierent way by following the same principles which were used for the interconnection of the separate panel units to each other and the formation of hollow spaces between them. This construction is shown in detail in Fig. 20. The top ID! of the partition wall is interconnected with a nailing strip I08 fastened to the ceiling in a manner analogous to the previously described interconnection between the units. The cornices H19 in this case take the place of the pilaster plates 36 and are likewise resiliently seated upon the extant wings ill] of the horizontal strut holders Ill which correspond to the previously mentioned connector strips 30. The construction is shown as applied to partitions of wood or composition material. However, it can obviously be also employed in connection with metallic partition units as above described. The interior of the cornices may also be filled with sound deadening material.

The base construction also shows a modification. Where the channel H2 or 2a, in which the panel units are seated, meet as at H3, they are coupled together by a fishplate l M which on the longitudinal sides is recessed so as to properly keep the base channels separated, as shown in Fig. 22. A bolt hole H5 is provided in the center of the fishplate for anchoring the same to the floor, as illustrated in Fig. 20.

While the foregoing description and the drawings illustrate certain embodiments of our invention, it is to be understood that other combinations and modifications are possible without deviating from the principles explained, and the invention is therefore not to be construed as limited to the details shown and described, but is to be interpreted in the light of the appended claims.

We claim:

1. In partition wall construction panel units having a plurality of socket members on their end faces and means for interconnecting adjacent panel units to each other comprising a plurality of swinging strut rods having off-set ends of diiierent lengths adapted to engage the socket members of the respective panel units.

2. In wall construction comprising a plurality of interchangeable wall panel units, means for securing the units together in edge to edge, spaced apart, open relationship comprising two parallel rows of sockets on the vertical edges of each unit, strut members diagonally interconnecting the sockets of the respective adjoining units, and finish pilasters resiliently engaging the end edges of adjoining units to cover the open ing therebetween.

3. In wall construction comprising a plurality of interchangeable panel units, the combination of means for interconnecting the units in spaced apart relationship comprising a plurality of sockets on the edges of adjoining units, a plurality of strut members diagonally engaging the sockets on the edges of the respective units to form a truss-like connection, and finish pilasters resiliently engaging the end edges of adjoining units to cover the space therebetween.

l. In wall construction panel units provided on their vertical edges with metallic strips, sockets formed on the outer faces of said strips, and means for interconnecting adjacent units comprising strut rods having offset ends of different length adapted to be seated swingingly in said sockets.

5. In partition wall construction, panel units provided on their vertical edge faces with metallic strips shaped on their inner faces to fit over the panels, a plurality of sockets struck out upon the outer faces of said strips, means for interconnecting adjacent panel units in spaced apart relationship comprising a plurality of pairs of struts adapted to seat in the sockets of the respective panels in diagonally disposed relationship, and finish pilasters resiliently engaging the strips of adjoining units to cover the space therebetween.

6. In partition wall construction, a connector strip substantially channel-shaped, adapted on the open side of the channel to be connected to an adjoining panel unit and provided on its outer web portion with sockets and means to combine the connector strips with a similar strip in parallel juxtaposition, said means comprising a plurality of staple-shaped strut rods adapted to be seated in diagonally disposed relationship in said sockets of the respective connector strips.

'7. In partition wall construction, panel units having connector strips, said strips being provided with two rows of socket members on the edges facing adjoining panel units, said rows being parallel to each other and the sockets of the respective panel units facing each other in opposite pairs, and connecting means to combine said strips, said means comprising a plurality of diagonally disposed staple-shaped struts adapted to be seated in said sockets, the struts crossing each other diagonally in pairs.

8. In partition wall construction, panel units each having two connector strips of substantially channel-shaped crosssection, the legs of said channels being doubled over to form narrow inverted channels, each pair of leg channels facing the leg channels of the connector strips on opposite panel units, a pilaster plate adapted to cover the open space between the opposed. connector strips, said pilasters being of substantially channel-shaped cross-section with longitudinally fluted legs adapted to resiliently engage the inverted leg channels of the connector strips, and a floor plate comprising a U shaped pedestal with lateral vertical lugs engaging said narrow inverted channels of the connector strip.

9. In partition wall construction the combination with spaced apart panel units having connector strips and means for interconnecting opposed connector strips; of a floor plate adapted to support said connector strips adjustably, said fioor plates comprising a U-shaped pedestal with lateral vertical lugs over which the connector strips, provided with suitable slots, are straddled and held against lateral displacement, a plurality of shim plates for supporting the connector strips adjustably and means integral with the pedestal to hold the shim plates in position, substantially as described.

10. In wall construction; panel units comprising side plate members, metallic connector strips constituting end framing for the plate members, the connector strips having a pair of longitudinal parallel channels on their edges and a pair of longitudinal grooves on their webs adjacent to and parallel with the pair of channels, the channels and grooves cooperating to form seats for the side plate members, sockets formed on the webs of the connector strips by retroverting portions of the grooves, and tie rods connecting the connector strips.

11. In partition wall construction, two panel units in straight alignment and a third panel unit adjoining the first two at their point of joindure and at an angle thereto, means for interconnecting the respective panel units, said means comprising vertical edge connector strips on each panel unit and a plurality of sockets on the faces of each of the connector strips, a plurality of strut rods, certain of which interconnect respectively the sockets of the two aligned panel units, and certain of which interconnect respectively the sockets of the connector strips of the two aligned panel units and the connector strip of the right an ularly disposed panel unit.

12. In partition wall construction, panel units in right angular corner juxtaposition, means for interconnecting said panel units, said means comprising vertical edge connector strips on each of the angularly disposed panel units, a vertical connector strip element opposite the end of one of the panel units, a plurality of sockets on the faces of each of the connector strips and of the connector strip element, and a plurality of strut rods, certain of which interconnect respectively the sockets in the vertical connector strips of the angularly disposed panel units, certain of which interconnect respectively the sockets of the connector strips of one of the vertical edge panel units and the connector strip element and certain of which respectively interconnect the sockets of the other of the vertical edge panel units and the connector strip element.

13. In wall construction, panel units having on their vertical edge faces metallic strips shaped to fit over the edges of the panels, said strips being provided with a plurality of sockets on the faces thereof which engage the end edges of the panels, and means for interconnecting the panel units to form a wall, said means each comprising a pair of separately formed, staple-shaped struts adapted to be seated independently in said sockets in diagonally disposed relationship and acting in complemental, opposed relation to each other when in place.

ALVIN C. GODDARD. RAYMOND P. LE VINESS.

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