US2027175A

US2027175A - Grid construction of electric discharge devices

Info

Publication number: US2027175A
Application number: US487272A
Authority: US
Inventors: George K Kallenbach
Original assignee: General Electric Co
Current assignee: General Electric Co
Priority date: 1930-10-08
Filing date: 1930-10-08
Publication date: 1936-01-07
Anticipated expiration: 1953-01-07
Also published as: FR40920E; GB379889A; FR723932A; FR41679E; DE639908C

Description

e. K. KALLENBACH 7 Jan. 7, 1936.

GRID CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTRIC DISCHARGE DEVICES Filed Oct. 8, 1930 I 3 Inventor: George K; Kallenbach His Attorney.

Patented Jan. 7, 1936 PATENT OFFICE GRID CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTRIC DISCHARGE DEVICES George K. Kallenbach,

signor to General Ele tion of New York Application October 8 3 Claims.

The present invention relates to electrical discharge apparatus, more particularly to thermionic devices containing an ionizable medium and provided with a source of electrons, a cooperating anode and an electrostatic control member (or grid). The pressure of the medium and the impressed voltages are such that a discharge of arc-like character is produced between the electrodes, the initiation of the discharge being controlled by the bias on the grid. After the arc is started, the grid loses control and under normal conditions can neither modulate, limit nor extinguish the arc. The starting of the arc may be repeated indefinitely because while the discharge cannot be extinguished by the grid, it can be stopped by removing the anode voltage. Upon reapplying this voltage, the grid voltage again determines whether the arc will start and by a continued repetition of this process, the grid voltage can control the average plate current over a period of time. A practical method of obtaining interruption of the plate circuit is to employ alternating current although it will be understood that direct current may also be utilized in case proper circuit interrupting means are employed. Devices of this character have been described by A. W. Hull in an article entitled Hot cathode thyratrons in the G. E. Review vol. 32, No. 2, April 1929, pp. 213-223 inclusive. Such devices find utility in circuitswhere large'currents are to be controlled by the application of a very small amount of energy to the grid. The source of electrons may be constituted by a filament which conveniently is energized through a voltage step-down transformer connected to the source of plate current in the case of an alternating current supply. When direct current is utilized, a separate filament energizing battery may be provided for this purpose. The present invention isdirected more especially to theconfiguration and support of the control member in a device of this character.

The grid member is usually positioned near the anode "so as themoreelfectively to control the operation of the arc; the grid support is derived from the anode end of the tube with the grid lead brought out from the same end. In fairly large tubes of this character, it has been found that the initation of the arc does not always occur at the same point in each alternating current cycle notwithstanding the use of a constant alternating current grid bias voltage and in pronouncedcases of this sort, the arc may even fail to start during one or more cycles of anode voltage. This erratic behavior is probably due in Schenectady, N. Y., asctric Company, a corpora- 1930, Serial No. 487,272

a large degree to a vacillatory charging-up of the glass walls which offers an arc-restraining. infiuence, independent of that exercised by the grid. The charging-up efiect is particularly prevalent in tubes having electrode designs which 6 ofier an opportunity .for the electrons-to strike the glass walls, as for example, when the electron-receiving member is not positioned between the cathode and the envelope. Arc discharge devices in which the glow is unconfined and ex- 10 tends over the entire envelope interior are very susceptible to this effect on account of the abundant opportunity the electrons contained in. the glow have to strike the glass. 'In order to obtain a positive and accurate control of the 15 are in tubes of this character, it is desirable therefore, to diminish these charges as much as possible so that the entire control will be vested in the grid. This result is accomplished in accordance with my invention by extending portions of the grid to a position near the envelope thereby definitelyfixing the potential of the glass or rather, reducing the deleterious efiects of the charged glass; The extensions are therefore interposed as a shield between the cathode and envelope, and conveniently may form part of a novel structure for supporting the grid from the cathode end of the tube. The lead from the grid under these conditions may be taken from the same end of the envelope as the cathode lead instead of the anode lead. This is decidedly advantageous in view of the smaller difference of potential residing between the cathode and grid leads than between the anode and grid leads. Further objects and features will be apparent as the specification is perused in connection with the accompanying drawing which illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention.

- In the figure, numeral I designates an evacuated envelope terminating at one end ina combined reentrant stem and press arrangement 2. The other end of theenvelope terminates in a reentrantstem 3 which is closed by an inverted stem andpress 4.- The member 3 extends inwardly of the envelope to provide a support for one of the electrodes and takes the form of an open-ended sleeve or skirt (not shown). The cathode, as illustrated, is of the ordinary indirectly-heated type which employs a filament (not shown) positioned within a cylinder 5, preferably coated with an electron emitting material. The lower end of the filament may be connected to a lead-in wire 6 and the upper endsecured in any convenient manner to the cylinder 5. The latter is supported from the press 2 by a plurality of metal uprights 6' which also serve to conduct electrical energy to the cathode. A metallic heat shield I may be secured to these uprights. The anode 8 consists of a graphite cylinder suspended rigidly from the press 4 by means of a conductor 9. The envelope l contains an ionizing medium, for example, mercury vapor or an inert gas such. as argon, helium or neon, at a pressure sufliciently high, for example 1 to 100 microns, to support an arc-like discharge at the operating potentials.

The grid member, improved in accordance with my invention, comp-rises perforated material, preferably nichrome (80% nickel, 20% chromium) and is formed as a cylinder terminating in a perforate closure intermediate the anode and the cathode. The internal diameter of the cylinder is such that the grid fitsv tightly over the sleeve 3 and closely surrounds the discharge path at the anode end thereof. A flanged metal member l0. may be. provided intermediate the ends of. the grid and secured thereto in any suitable manner for the, purpose of excluding. ionization or glow from the annular space between the grid and the envelope. The closed end of the. grid is rigidly positioned. within. the envelope by means of. a. plurality oi: equidistantly spaced rods H which are. welded to the grid at one end. The other end. of the. rods is. joined. to a metal band l2 which clamps about the reentrant stem 2. Electrical connections may be taken from. the grid, cathode and heater members to external. contact pins. l3 secured to the. base. l4. Only three. such pins are necessary when cylinder 5 serves. as a return for the heater current but another pin 13' and lead. wire may be provided. in case. the upper end of the. heater is. separate and. insulated. from the cylinder.

It will be noted that the rods. ll extend. over theentire distance. betweenthe grid and cathode andare solely interposed between. the walls of the envelope and. that portion of the discharge path between the. perforate; closure and the. cath-v ode. This configuration of grid structure. has been found to be beneficial in. the operation of the tubein that the. initiation of the arc is positivelycontrolledby the electrostatic field. of the id to the total exclusion. of undesirable charges exising on. he glass. surface. The. are will. t start at the same point each positive half cycle. of the energizing; current wave. when the V alternating current potential. applied; to. the control member remains unchan u thermore. the. average current. output remains substantially constant under. these conditions. The factv that the grid members I! are relatively remote from the cathode and from the discharge path at. the cathode end thereof serves substantially to prevent objectionablev grid emission. The improved grid construction offers the further advantage in allowing the grid lead to be taken from the cathode end of the envelope instead of the anodeend as in the prior art devices. It will be understood that. the potential of the grid lead is nearer that of the cathode than the anode so that when the lead is taken from the same end of the envelope as the cathode lead there is less likelihood of undue current leakage and surface arcing.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the. United States, is:

1. An electric discharge device comprising an elongated envelope terminating in remotely positioned stems and containing an anode supported from one of said stems, a cathode supported from the other of said stems, an ionizing medium at a pressure sufiicient to support an arc-like discharge between said anode and cathode, an electrostatic control member closely surrounding the discharge path at the anode end thereof and terminating intermediate said anode and cathode, and a plurality of spaced conducting elements supporting said control member from said other of said stems, said elements being solely interposed between the walls of said envelope an d the portion of said discharge path between said control member and said cathode and bein wholly remote. from said discharge path.

2. Anelectric; discharge. device comprising an. envelope terminating in. remotely positioned stems andcontaining an anode supported from one of said stems. a. cathode supported from the other of said stems. an ionizing medium at a pressure sufiicient to support an arc-like dis.- charge between said anode and. said cathode, a control member closely surrounding the discharge path at the anode.- end. thereoi and. being. sup-.

ported on said one of said stems, said control member terminating in a; perforate closure intermediate said anode and said cathode... and spaced rigid conductors; additionally supporting said control member from. said other of said. stems, said conductors. being solely interposed between the walls of said envelopev and the pertion of said discharge path, between said per-- forate closure and said cathode and being wholly remote from said discharge. path.

3. An electric discharge .device. comprising, a member terminating inremotely positioned stems and containing an anodev supported from. one. of

said stems. an ionizingmedium at. a pressure sufiicient to: support an arc-like discharge leetween said anode and said cathode. a control member closely surrounding thedischarge path at the anode end thereof andbeing supported on said one of said stems said control member terminating in a. periorate closure intermediate. said anode and said cathode rigid conducting v rod. members additionally supporting, said control member from said other of said. stems and. being.

solely interposed between the walls of said en velopeand the portion. of said discharge. path be tween said perforate closure. and said. cathode but being wholly remote from said discharge path,

and, a conductor leading inv from the cathode end on.

of the. envelope and electricallyconnected to one of said rod members.

- GEORGE K., KALLENBACH.