US20240239958A1 - Degradable copolymers of enol ethers with olefinic monomers - Google Patents

Degradable copolymers of enol ethers with olefinic monomers Download PDF

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US20240239958A1
US20240239958A1 US18/553,177 US202218553177A US2024239958A1 US 20240239958 A1 US20240239958 A1 US 20240239958A1 US 202218553177 A US202218553177 A US 202218553177A US 2024239958 A1 US2024239958 A1 US 2024239958A1
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substituted
unsubstituted
ring
cycloalkenyl
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J. D. Feist
Yan Xia
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Leland Stanford Junior University
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Definitions

  • the present technology is generally related to ring-opening metathesis polymers and the processes of making them. More specifically it is related to norbornene-based polymers modified with ring-opening polymerized dihydropyrans and dihydrofurans.
  • a polymer is the reaction product of a substituted or unsubstituted 2,3-dihydrofuran, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,3-dihydropyran(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran), or a mixture of any two or more thereof with a substituted or cycloalkenyl monomer, or a mixture of any two or more thereof in the presence of a ring-opening metathesis catalyst.
  • a polymer is the reaction product of a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic cycloalkenyl compound, wherein the heterocycle includes O, N, or S in the ring, and having at least one alkenyl moiety, or a mixture of any two or more thereof with a substituted or cycloalkenyl monomer, or a mixture of any two or more thereof in the presence of a ring-opening metathesis catalyst.
  • a process of preparing a polymer including contacting a substituted or unsubstituted 2,3-dihydrofuran, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,3-dihydropyran, or a mixture of any two or more thereof with a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl monomer, or a mixture of any two or more thereof in the presence of a ring-opening metathesis catalyst.
  • FIGS. 1 A, 1 B, 1 C, and 1 D are GPC traces for copolymers of DHF and their respective acid-catalyzed hydrolytic degradation products, according to the examples.
  • FIG. 2 is the olefin region of 13 C NMR spectra of poly(DHF)(top), poly(1) (bottom), and P1 (middle), where representative monomer triads of P1 are depicted, according to the examples.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates representative stress-strain curves of uncrosslinked and crosslinked NBE-DHF copolymers, according to the examples.
  • FIG. 4 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement of P1 under N 2 atmosphere with a heating rate of 10° C./min, according to the examples.
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • FIG. 5 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement of P5 under N 2 atmosphere with a heating rate of 10° C./min, according to the examples.
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • FIG. 6 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement of P6 under N 2 atmosphere with a heating rate of 10° C./min, according to the examples.
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • FIGS. 7 A and 7 B illustrates GPC traces of ( FIG. 7 A ) Pt and ( FIG. 7 B ) P2 with their respective acid-catalyzed degradation products, according to the examples.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates GPC traces showing the degradation of P7 under aqueous conditions with 5% v/v acetic acid, according to the examples.
  • FIG. 10 is a GPC trace of P8 demonstrating the compatibility of acrylate groups with DHF-NBE co-ROMP, according to the examples.
  • FIG. 11 is a GPC trace of PS2 (acrylate terpolymer), according to the examples.
  • FIG. 13 is a Fineman-Ross plot for the copolymerization of 1 with DHF with linear fit line, linear fit equation, and fit parameter R 2 , according to the examples.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates GPC traces of PS4 before and after functionalization with benzylamine, according to the examples.
  • FIG. 15 is a GPC trace of degraded crosslinked polymer P10, according to the examples.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates stress-strain curves of P10 immediately following synthesis and after storing for 14 days under ambient conditions, according to the examples.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates GPC traces from copolymerization reactions using 20 and 50 equivalents of 2,3-dihydrofuran with 1,5-cycloctadiene, wherein the polymer product was prepared and degraded using dilute HCl in tetrahydrofuran.
  • substituted refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or ether group, as defined below (e.g., an alkyl group) in which one or more bonds to a hydrogen atom contained therein are replaced by a bond to non-hydrogen or non-carbon atoms.
  • Substituted groups also include groups in which one or more bonds to a carbon(s) or hydrogen(s) atom are replaced by one or more bonds, including double or triple bonds, to a heteroatom.
  • a substituted group will be substituted with one or more substituents, unless otherwise specified.
  • a substituted group is substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents.
  • substituent groups include: halogens (i.e., F, Cl, Br, and I); hydroxyls; alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heterocyclylalkoxy groups; carbonyls (oxo); carboxyls; esters; urethanes; oximes; hydroxylamines; alkoxyamines; aralkoxyamines; thiols; sulfides; sulfoxides; sulfones; sulfonyls; sulfonamides; amines; N-oxides; hydrazines; hydrazides; hydrazones; azides; amides; ureas; amidines; guanidines; enamines; imides; isocyanates; isothiocyanates; cyanates; thiocyanates; imines; nitro groups; nitriles (i.
  • alkyl groups include straight chain and branched alkyl groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, and typically from 1 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl groups include cycloalkyl groups as defined below. Alkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples of straight chain alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl groups.
  • branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, neopentyl, and isopentyl groups.
  • Representative substituted alkyl groups may be substituted one or more times with, for example, amino, thio, hydroxy, cyano, alkoxy, and/or halo groups such as F, Cl, Br, and I groups.
  • haloalkyl is an alkyl group having one or more halo groups. In some embodiments, haloalkyl refers to a per-haloalkyl group.
  • Cycloalkyl groups are cyclic alkyl groups such as, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl groups.
  • the cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring members, whereas in other embodiments the number of ring carbon atoms range from 3 to 5, 6, or 7. Cycloalkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Cycloalkyl groups further include polycyclic cycloalkyl groups such as, but not limited to, norbornyl, adamantyl, bornyl, camphenyl, isocamphenyl, and carenyl groups, and fused rings such as, but not limited to, decalinyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups also include rings that are substituted with straight or branched chain alkyl groups as defined above.
  • Representative substituted cycloalkyl groups may be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to: 2,2-; 2,3-; 2,4-; 2,5-; or 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl groups or mono-, di-, or tri-substituted norbornyl or cycloheptyl groups, which may be substituted with, for example, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, thio, hydroxy, cyano, and/or halo groups.
  • Alkenyl groups are straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, and further including at least one double bond. In some embodiments alkenyl groups have from 1 to 12 carbons, or, typically, from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Alkenyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. Alkenyl groups include, for instance, vinyl, propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexadienyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, and hexadienyl groups among others.
  • aryl or “aromatic,” groups are cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that do not contain heteroatoms.
  • Aryl groups include monocyclic, bicyclic and polycyclic ring systems.
  • aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenylenyl, indacenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, naphthacenyl, chrysenyl, biphenyl, anthracenyl, indenyl, indanyl, pentalenyl, and naphthyl groups.
  • aryl groups contain 6-14 carbons, and in others from 6 to 12 or even 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring portions of the groups.
  • aryl groups includes groups containing fused rings, such as fused aromatic-aliphatic ring systems (e.g., indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like).
  • Aryl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • heteroaryl refers to a cyclic aromatic compound that contains one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur in the ring.
  • the “heteroaryl” group can be made up of two or more fused rings (rings that share two adjacent atoms). When the heteroaryl is a fused ring system, then the ring that is connected to the rest of the molecule has a fully delocalized pi-electron system. The other ring(s) in the fused ring system may or may not have a fully delocalized pi-electron system.
  • heteroaryl rings include, without limitation, furan, thiophene, phthalazinone, pyrrole, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine and triazine.
  • hetero is used it is intended to mean a group as specified, such as an alkyl or an aryl group, where at least one carbon atom has been replaced with a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a ring having in the ring system one or more heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • the ring may also contain one or more double bonds provided that they do not form a fully delocalized pi-electron system in the rings.
  • the ring defined herein can be a stable 3- to 18-membered ring that consists of carbon atoms and from one to five heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • Heterocycloalkyl groups of the presently disclosed compounds may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • the substituent(s) may be one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, protected hydroxy, cyano, nitro, alkyl, alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, carboxy, protected carboxy, amino, protected amino, carboxamide, protected carboxamide, alkylsulfonamido and trifluoromethane-sulfonamido.
  • the “heterocycloalkyl” group can be made up of two or more fused rings (rings that share two adjacent carbon atoms). When the heterocycloalkyl is a fused ring system, then the ring that is connected to the rest of the molecule is a heterocycloalkyl as defined above.
  • the other ring(s) in the fused ring system may be a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, or a heterocycloalkyl.
  • Ring-opening metathesis polymerization has emerged as a versatile strategy to synthesize a wide variety of functional polymers from endocyclic olefinic monomers.
  • ring-opening metathesis polymerization refers to a type of olefin metathesis chain-growth polymerization that is driven by the relief of ring strain in cyclic olefins (e.g. norbornene or cyclopentene). Because ROMP incorporates the entire monomer ring into the polymer backbone it constitutes, incorporation of degradable linkages into the monomer is a theoretically straightforward procedure to synthesize degradable materials.
  • ROMP polymers are derived from norbornenes (NBEs) or cyclic olefins and contain only nondegradable hydrocarbon backbones. While degradable ROMP monomers have been successfully utilized, their multistep syntheses and relatively uncontrolled polymerizations make them non-ideal for widespread applications.
  • R and R′ are each individually substituents; a′ is 0 or an integer of 1 to 6; b′ is 0 or an integer of 1 or 2; n is an integer of 2-1,000,000; and m is an integer of 2-1,000,000.
  • n is an integer of 2-500,000.
  • n is an integer of 2-100,000.
  • n is an integer of 2-3,000.
  • m is an integer of 2-500,000.
  • m is an integer of 2-100,000.
  • m is an integer of 2-3,000.
  • R is selected from the following optionally substituted groups: an alkyl, a haloalkyl, ether, ketone, ester, amide, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, and aryl. It will be understood that a cyclic group can be bonded to two atoms of the NBE, or may be bonded to one atom of the NBE.
  • R′ is H or selected from the following optionally substituted groups: an alkyl, ether, ketone, ester, amide, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
  • R′ is H or selected from the following optionally substituted groups: an alkyl, ether, ketone, ester, amide, cycloalkyl, or heterocycle.
  • two adjacent R groups form a 3-6 membered ring. For example:
  • R includes a polyethylene glycol moiety with 2-25,000 repeating units.
  • R includes one or more cross-linkable group, such as a (meth)acrylate or (meth)acrylamide moiety. Examples of NBEs with various R moieties include the following:
  • NBEs that may include heteroatoms include the following:
  • a modified linear dicyclopentadiene is formed.
  • Poly(dicyclopentadiene) (pDCPD) is a commercial plastic material that is prepared by ROMP and is currently experiencing an increase in market growth rate. It is used for the production of agricultural equipment, automotive body panels, piping, engineering material reinforcement, downhole tools, subsea insulation, circuit boards, pressure vessels, and parts for the energy generating industry, among others.
  • pDCPD poly(dicyclopentadiene)
  • Typically-prepared pDCPD is limited by its high crosslink density which limits its processability, recyclability, and mechanical properties.
  • studies have shown that lowering the number of crosslinks in pDCPD further enhances its material properties. It has been claimed that one of the main challenges surrounding the pDCPD market is gaining control over crosslinking.
  • This linear polymer can be readily dissolved in common organic solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, chloroform, etc.), enabling solvent-based processing techniques. Due to the incorporation of degradable DHF or DHP units into the linear pDCPD, these materials can also be degraded by exposure to acid and water. The degree of degradation is dependent on the DHF or DHP:DCPD monomer ratio used during polymerization, with higher DHF or DHP loading resulting in smaller degradation fragments.
  • common organic solvents e.g., tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, chloroform, etc.
  • the linear polymer can also be thermally crosslinked at elevated temperatures. This process generates a thermoset material that, like traditionally cured pDCPD, is completely insoluble. However, this crosslinked material can be degraded into soluble fragments upon treatment with HCl and water in THF. It has been previously shown that degraded pDCPD fragments can be effectively recycled by mixing with virgin DCPD prior to curing.
  • DHF or DHP/DCPD copolymerization is compatible with frontal ROMP (FROMP).
  • FROMP is an emerging technology that uses minimal energy input to cure large volumes of monomer resin. Typical FROMP utilizes catalyst inhibitors (alkyl phosphites) to prevent room-temperature curing.
  • catalyst inhibitors alkyl phosphites
  • DHF or DHP acts simultaneously as inhibitor and comonomer, eliminating the need for phosphite additives in the degradable FROMP resin.
  • Plastic material generated from degradable FROMP is crosslinked due to the high temperatures generated during FROMP curing.
  • controlled drug release polymers may be prepared.
  • Degradable polymers enable the sustained delivery of drugs over a time span of weeks but degradation of polymers allows complete excretion from human body.
  • water-soluble biocompatible polymers that are readily functionalized and only degraded in an acidic environment. These polymers may be used. e.g., for drug delivery to tumors.
  • a third application includes use in degradable engineering/consumer materials.
  • degradable plastics e.g., polylactic acid, polyester, etc.
  • Commonly used degradable plastics e.g., polylactic acid, polyester, etc.
  • copolymers of 2,3-dihydrofuran can be made with tunable physical properties and undergo rapid degradation under relatively mild acidic conditions while remaining stable under in-use conditions.
  • a polymer is provided that is the reaction product of a substituted or unsubstituted 2,3-dihydrofuran, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,3-dihydropyran, or a mixture of any two or more thereof with a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl monomer, or a mixture of any two or more thereof in the presence of a ring-opening metathesis catalyst.
  • the substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl monomer is a substituted or unsubstituted norbornene monomer.
  • the cycloalkenyl monomer is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,5-cyclooctadiene. In some embodiments, the cycloalkenyl monomer is
  • the polymer may be represented as:
  • L 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted alkyenyl group
  • L 3 is O, S, or NR 18
  • R 9 , R 10 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 1 are each individually H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or any two or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 ,
  • the polymer may be represented as:
  • L 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted alkyenyl group
  • R 9 , R 10 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are each individually H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or any two or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R
  • the polymer may be represented as:
  • L 2 is —C(R 1 )(R 2 )—, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —N(R 1a )— or —O—;
  • L 3 is O, S, or NR 18 ;
  • R 1 , R 1a , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 may each be individually H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloal
  • the polymer may be represented as:
  • L 2 is —C(R 1 )(R 2 )—, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —N(R 1a )— or —O—
  • R 1 , R 1a , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 may each be individually H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ary
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 may each be individually H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, or any two or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 may be H.
  • n is 2 to 100.000.
  • n is 2 to 10.000.
  • n is 2 to 3,000.
  • m is 2 to 100,000.
  • m is 2 to 10,000.
  • m is 2 to 3,000.
  • R 5 and R 6 may join to form a ring.
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 may each individually be substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
  • the substituted or unsubstituted norbornene may be represented as:
  • L is —C(R 1 )(R 2 )—, —N(R 1a )— or —O—;
  • R 1 , R 1a , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 may each be individually H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or any two or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 may each be individually H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, or any two or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 may join together to form a ring.
  • R 1 , R 1a , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10 are H.
  • R 1a is H.
  • R 1a is unsubstituted alkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are H.
  • R 5 , R 6 , or both R 5 and R 6 may be a polyethylene glycol moiety with 2-25,000 repeating units, or a cross-linkable group. In some embodiments, R 5 , R 6 , or both R 5 and R 6 may be a polyethylene glycol moiety with 2-1,000 repeating units, or a cross-linkable group. In some embodiments, R 5 , R 6 , or both R 5 and R 6 may be a polyethylene glycol moiety with 2-100 repeating units, or a cross-linkable group. In some embodiments, R 5 , R 6 , or both R 5 and R 6 may be a polyethylene glycol moiety with 2-30 repeating units, or a cross-linkable group. For example, R 5 , R 6 , or both R 5 and R 6 may be (meth)acrylate or (meth)acrylamide moiety.
  • the substituted or unsubstituted norbornene may be of formula (i.e. where R 5 and R 6 have joined):
  • E is O, NR 11 or CR 12 2 ; and R 11 and R 12 are individually H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • E is O, NR 11 or CR 12 2 ; and R 11 and R 12 are individually H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle.
  • E is O, NR 11 or CR 12 2 ; and R 11 and R 12 are individually H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle.
  • R 11 , R 12 , or both R 11 and R 12 may be a polyethylene glycol moiety with 2-25.000 repeating units.
  • Illustrative substituted or unsubstituted norbornenes include, but are not limited to:
  • the substituted or unsubstituted 2,3-dihydrofuran or the 2,3-dihydropyran may be a compound represented as:
  • L 3 is O, S, or NR 18 ;
  • R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 may each be individually H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl; any two or more of R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 may join together to form a ring;
  • R 18 is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl; and c is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
  • the substituted or unsubstituted 2,3-dihydrofuran or the 2,3-dihydropyran may be a compound represented as:
  • R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 may each be individually H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted ether, substituted or unsubstituted ketone, substituted or unsubstituted ester, substituted or unsubstituted amide, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl; any two or more of R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 may join together to form a ring; and b may be 1 or 2.
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst (e.g., ROMP catalyst) is a transition metal catalyst.
  • Illustrative ring-opening metathesis catalysts include, but are not limited to catalysts as depicted below, and as described in Grubbs et al., Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 446452; U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,515; Schrock et al., Organometallics (1982) 1 1645; Gallivan et al., Tetrahedron Letters (2005) 46:2577-2580; Furstner et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1999) 121:9453; Chem. Eur. J.
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst e.g., ROMP catalyst
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst is a tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), or ruthenium (Ru) catalyst.
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst e.g., ROMP catalyst
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst is a tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), or ruthenium (Ru) catalyst.
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be a molybdenum-based metathesis catalyst. In some embodiments, the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be a chromium-based metathesis catalyst. In some embodiments, the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • each R is independently —OMe or phenyl.
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be a ruthenium-based metathesis catalyst. This may include, where the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be a ruthenium bipyridine-based metathesis catalyst. In some embodiments, the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be a Grubbs catalyst. In some embodiments, the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be a RuCl 3 /alcohol mixture. In some embodiments, the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be bis(cyclopentadienyl)dimethylzirconium(IV).
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be dichloro[1,3-bis(2,6-isopropylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(II). In some embodiments, the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be dichloro[1,3-Bis(2-methylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)(tricyclohexylphosphine) ruthenium(II).
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be dichloro[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene][3-(2-pyridinyl)propylidene]ruthenium(II). In some embodiments, the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be dichloro(3-methyl-2-butenylidene)bis (tricyclopentylphosphine)ruthenium(II).
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be dichloro[1,3-bis(2-methylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene](2-isopropoxypheny-lmethylene)ruthenium(II) (Grubbs C571). In some embodiments, the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be dichloro(benzylidene)bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(II) (Grubbs I).
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be dichloro[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene](benzyliden-e)(tricyclohexylphosphine) ruthenium(II) (Grubbs II). In some embodiments, the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be and dichloro[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene](benzyliden-e)bis(3-bromopyridine)ruthenium(II) (Grubbs III). In some embodiments, the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • X is OR′, NR′ 2 , SR′, or SeR′; R′ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and Cy is cyclohexyl.
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • X is OR′, NR′ 2 , SR′, or SeR′; R′ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; Mes is mesitylene and Cy is cyclohexyl.
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • X is OR′, NR′ 2 , SR′, or SeR′; R′ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each Y is independently H, F, Cl, Br, or I; and Mes is mesitylene.
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • each X is independently Cl, Br or I; and Cy is cyclohexyl.
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • each R is independently cyclohexyl or phenyl, and each R′ is independently methyl or phenyl, Mes is mesitylene, and Cy is cyclohexyl.
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • the ring-opening metathesis catalyst may be
  • a process is provided of preparing any of the polymers described herein, where the process include contacting a substituted or unsubstituted 2,3-dihydrofuran, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,3-dihydropyran, or a mixture of any two or more thereof with a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl monomer, or a mixture of any two or more thereof in the presence of a ring-opening metathesis catalyst.
  • the substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl monomer is a substituted or unsubstituted norbornene monomer.
  • polymerizations may be carried out either in solution or neat.
  • Common solvents include MEK, chloroform, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, toluene, DMF, diglyme, dioxane, THF, and DMSO.
  • ruthenium catalysts can be removed by treating with acyclic vinyl ethers (e.g., ethyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, or the like) or by treating with an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide (Hydrogen peroxide solution mixed with a base, for example NaOH, KOH, Na 2 CO 3 , or the like).
  • acyclic vinyl ethers e.g., ethyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, or the like
  • an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide solution mixed with a base, for example NaOH, KOH, Na 2 CO 3 , or the like.
  • a process for preparing a polymer and the process includes contacting an enol ether monomer with a norbornene monomer in the presence of a ring-opening metathesis catalyst and performing a frontal ring opening metathesis polymerization.
  • a process of preparing a telechelic polymer or oligomer includes contacting an enol ether monomer with a cyclopentadiene or dicyclopentadiene monomer in the presence of a ring-opening metathesis catalyst.
  • Example 1 DHF-Norbornene Copolymerization. Copolymerization of DHF was explored with several NBE derivatives using the simple procedure typical of living ROMP. First, copolymerization with exonorbornene dimethyl ester 1 was explored (Scheme 1). DHF and 1 were dissolved in THF (0.15 M for each monomer) at a 1:1 molar ratio, and the solution was initiated under inert atmosphere at room temperature by adding 0.02 equivalents of 3rd generation bispyridine Grubbs catalyst (G3) to target a total degree of polymerization (DP) of 100.
  • G3 3rd generation bispyridine Grubbs catalyst
  • the targeted total DP was increased while keeping NBE:DHF feed ratio at 1:1.
  • the copolymer exhibited similarly low dispersity and expected MW (Table 1, Entry P2, FIG. 1 a ).
  • a broader GPC peak was observed presumably due to chain transfer.
  • NBE imides are among the most widely used monomers for living ROMP, and so -iPr imide 3 was explored for copolymerization with DHF. Under identical conditions, the copolymerization of 3 is slower than disubstituted ester NBE 1, reaching 78% conversion in 10 h for total targeted DP of 200. Similar to the copolymers of 1 and DHF, P5 exhibited ⁇ 1.1, controlled M n close to the theoretical value, and a monomer composition of 3:DHF around 100:80. (Table 1, entry P5). P5 was also completely degraded upon hydrolysis with HCl in THF ( FIG. 1 c ).
  • Degradable polymers are highly desired for many biomedical applications.
  • a water-soluble NBE bearing an oligo(ethylene glycol) side chain of 550 Da was explored, 4 (Scheme 1), using the faster propagating NBE diester substitution pattern.
  • P7 was water soluble and stable in PBS buffer at physiological pH 7.4, exhibiting no degradation even after 2 days.
  • NBEs were synthesized with pendent acrylate (5), NHS-ester (6), and alkyl bromide (7) groups, which can be easily functionalized post-polymerization (Scheme 2).
  • Terpolymers of each of these functional monomers with DHF and 1 or 4 were readily synthesized with low dispersities and controlled molecular weights (Table 2, Entries PS1-4).
  • the synthetic handles incorporated into these terpolymers can be utilized to attach functional groups or molecules for use in imaging or drug delivery applications.
  • terpolymers of 6 with DHF and either 1 or 4 can be readily labeled with secondary amines ( FIG. 14 ).
  • acrylates are not compatible in typical controlled ROMP due to its selective cross metathesis with electron-neutral olefins.
  • copolymerization of 5 and DHF generated low dispersity copolymers (Table 1, entry P8).
  • the low reactivity of the Fischer carbene toward acrylates accounts for the observed compatibility of 5 in the DHF copolymerization.
  • the straightforward incorporation of pendent acrylic groups provides a convenient means to crosslink the degradable copolymers postpolymerization.
  • crosslinked polymers can be still degraded into a mixture of soluble polymers and small molecules upon treatment with HCl in THF ( FIG. 15 ).
  • Stiffer and stronger polymers can also be generated using glassy copolymers of 3 with DHF.
  • UTS 34.9 MPa, and strain at break of 27%.
  • the wide range of mechanical properties from the crosslinked or uncrosslinked NBE-DHF copolymers demonstrate another attractive feature of this copolymerization strategy for developing degradable polymers.
  • NBE-DHF copolymers exhibit surprising stability in the solid state. After storing P3 in air for 14 days, the sample exhibited only 20% reduction in molecular weight by GPC (Table 3). Similarly, P10 UTS and elongation at break showed negligible change after 14 days ( FIG. 16 ). This demonstrates that while these polymers can readily degrade over short timescales under acidic conditions, they maintain an adequate shelf-life for consumer applications.
  • Flash column chromatography was performed using F60 silica gel (40-63 ⁇ m, 230-400 mesh, 60 ⁇ ) purchased from Silicycle.
  • Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on 250 ⁇ m 60-F254 silica gel plates purchased from EMD Millipore, and visualization was effected by observation of fluorescence quenching with ultraviolet light and staining with either p-anisaldehyde or KMnO 4 as a developing agent.
  • GPC Gel permeation chromatography
  • exo-carbic anhydride (0.42 g, 2.55 mmol)
  • ⁇ -alanine 0.227 g, 2.55 mmol
  • 5 mL glacial acetic acid 5 mL
  • the reaction mixture was refluxed for 2 hours.
  • the acetic acid was then removed under reduced pressure and the product was used without further purification.
  • NBE monomers 1-6 and DHF were dissolved in THF at 0.15 M for NBE.
  • 3-bromopyridine was added to the monomer solution.
  • a stock solution of G3 catalyst in THF (10 mg/mL) was prepared in a separate vial. The desired amount of catalyst was injected into the monomer solution and the reaction was stirred at room temperature until the desired monomer conversion was reached. The polymerization was then quenched with several drops of ethyl vinyl ether and stirred for 10 min. Polymers were precipitated into a poor solvent (cold diethyl ether for copolymers of 4, MeOH for all others), collected by centrifugation (3300 rpm, 10 min), and dried under vacuum.
  • FIGS. 7 A and 7 B show GPC traces of (a) P1 and (b) P2 with their respective acid-catalyzed degradation products.
  • FIG. 9 is GPC traces showing the degradation of P7 under aqueous conditions with 5% v/v acetic acid.
  • FIG. 10 is a GPC trace of P8 demonstrating the compatibility of acrylate groups with DHF-NBE co-ROMP
  • FIG. 11 shows a GPC trace of PS2 (acrylate terpolymer).
  • Reactivity ratio calculation Reactivity ratios were calculated using the Fineman-Ross method [ Journal of Polymer Science 1950, 5 (2), 259-262] using the earliest time point for each kinetic measurement. This method rearranges the Mayo-Lewis equation into linear form:
  • FIG. 13 is a Fineman-Ross plot for the copolymerization of 1 with DHF with linear fit line, linear fit equation, and fit parameter R 2 .
  • Terpolymers were polymerized as described in the synthetic procedures above.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates GPC traces of PS4 before and after functionalization with benzylamine.
  • FIG. 15 is a GPC trace of degraded crosslinked polymer P10. Stress-strain curves of P10 immediately following synthesis and after storing for 14 days under ambient conditions are presented in FIG. 16
  • Example 2 Enol Ethers as Chain-Transfer Agents in Bulk Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) of Dicyclopentadiene.
  • the solvent-free synthesis of linear, telechelic polymers and copolymers of dicylopentadiene (DCPD) with controlled molecular weight was explored.
  • Linear polyDCPD is interesting as an engineering material with excellent physical properties while telechelic polyDCPD and DCPD copolymers have applications as chemically-resistant thermoset materials (e.g. as coatings or resins for additive manufacturing).
  • PolyDCPD is a commercial plastic material that is prepared by ROMP and is currently experiencing an increase in market growth rate. It is used for the production of agricultural equipment, automotive body panels, piping, engineering material reinforcement, downhole tools, subsea insulation, circuit boards, pressure vessels, and parts for the energy generating industry, among others.
  • Typically-prepared polyDCPD is limited by its high crosslink density which limits its processability, recyclability, and mechanical properties.
  • studies have shown that lowering the number of crosslinks in polyDCPD further enhances its material properties. It has been claimed that one of the main challenges surrounding the polyDCPD market is gaining control over crosslinking.
  • polyDCPD Modern production of polyDCPD is limited by the high density of produced crosslinks in the material. This prevents the use of polyDCPD in solvent-based processing (eg for composite production) and diminishes the material's fracture toughness and high-velocity impact behavior.
  • solvent-based processing eg for composite production
  • linear polyDCPD is expected to have excellent high-velocity impact performance and toughness, potential for solution-based processing, and the potential for post-processing functionalization.
  • PolyDCPD has been largely excluded from consideration as a viable additive manufacturing material due to its rapid metathesis polymerization and uncontrolled crosslinking. However, its excellent mechanical properties make it attractive as a high-performance 3-D printed material.
  • Synthesis of linear, telechelic polyDCPD will enable the controlled curing of polyDCPD-based resins in additive manufacturing.
  • Generation of linear polyDCPD makes the material processable while controlled end groups provide a synthetic handle for controlled crosslinking. For example, installation of acrylate chain ends enables radical curing under photochemical and mild thermal conditions. Furthermore, copolymerization with 2,3-dihydrofuran enables degradation of the printed materials. Companies engaged in high-performance 3D printed materials will be interested in this technology.
  • a major limitation of additive manufacturing is the mechanical properties of common resins.
  • polyDCPD has excellent mechanical properties.
  • the low cost of DCPD also keeps these resins economically viable.
  • the ability to install almost most functionalities in these resins makes them compatible with a range of 3D printing chemistries.
  • Chemical-resistant polymeric coatings cured at mild temperatures.
  • PolyDCPD is known to be highly chemically resistant in addition to its excellent mechanical properties.
  • its rapid metathesis polymerization and uncontrolled crosslinking make its application as a coating impractical if not impossible.
  • the use of telechelic and/or functional linear polyDCPD as resin rather than DCPD monomer itself circumvents these issues.
  • acrylate-telechelic polyDCPD can be readily cured below 100° C., a critical benchmark enabling this material to coat plastic parts that cannot withstand exposure to high temperatures.
  • Other curing chemistries e.g. epoxy
  • This application would be of interest to companies that produce coatings for parts in industrial systems.
  • Linear, telechelic polyDCPD can fulfill this curing condition while maintaining excellent chemical resistance.

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