US20240216553A1 - Development of cd163 targeting agent for imaging and therapy - Google Patents
Development of cd163 targeting agent for imaging and therapy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20240216553A1 US20240216553A1 US18/400,969 US202318400969A US2024216553A1 US 20240216553 A1 US20240216553 A1 US 20240216553A1 US 202318400969 A US202318400969 A US 202318400969A US 2024216553 A1 US2024216553 A1 US 2024216553A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- seq
- macrophages
- imaging
- chelator
- ict
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 title description 68
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 title description 22
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 title description 8
- 108010009992 CD163 antigen Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 206
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 99
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 210000002540 macrophage Anatomy 0.000 claims description 158
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 claims description 97
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 72
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 206010061218 Inflammation Diseases 0.000 claims description 21
- 208000037260 Atherosclerotic Plaque Diseases 0.000 claims description 15
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 14
- 206010009944 Colon cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000003174 Brain Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010006187 Breast cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000026310 Breast neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000001333 Colorectal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010058467 Lung neoplasm malignant Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010033128 Ovarian cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010061535 Ovarian neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010061902 Pancreatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010060862 Prostate cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000000236 Prostatic Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000005718 Stomach Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000029742 colonic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010017758 gastric cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000010536 head and neck cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000014829 head and neck neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010073071 hepatocellular carcinoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 231100000844 hepatocellular carcinoma Toxicity 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000005202 lung cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000020816 lung neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000015486 malignant pancreatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000001441 melanoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000002528 pancreatic cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000008443 pancreatic carcinoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000011549 stomach cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 abstract description 28
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 abstract description 20
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 120
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 118
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 118
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 description 97
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 74
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 67
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 66
- 238000002600 positron emission tomography Methods 0.000 description 66
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 description 64
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 53
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 45
- 201000001320 Atherosclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 42
- 235000009200 high fat diet Nutrition 0.000 description 40
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 35
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 35
- 239000012216 imaging agent Substances 0.000 description 31
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 30
- 210000002376 aorta thoracic Anatomy 0.000 description 28
- 238000002591 computed tomography Methods 0.000 description 24
- 238000000163 radioactive labelling Methods 0.000 description 24
- 230000003143 atherosclerotic effect Effects 0.000 description 23
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-YPZZEJLDSA-N Gallium-68 Chemical compound [68Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-YPZZEJLDSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 22
- 238000012879 PET imaging Methods 0.000 description 21
- 208000000102 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck Diseases 0.000 description 21
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 21
- 201000000459 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 21
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 21
- 208000027866 inflammatory disease Diseases 0.000 description 21
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 20
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 20
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 20
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 20
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 20
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 238000003125 immunofluorescent labeling Methods 0.000 description 18
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 18
- 239000000090 biomarker Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000000770 proinflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000000376 autoradiography Methods 0.000 description 16
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 16
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 description 16
- 210000001165 lymph node Anatomy 0.000 description 16
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 16
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 16
- 238000013172 carotid endarterectomy Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000012744 immunostaining Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000002823 phage display Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000000159 protein binding assay Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 14
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 13
- 238000000684 flow cytometry Methods 0.000 description 13
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 210000004322 M2 macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 101710180553 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 102100038955 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 Human genes 0.000 description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 210000003690 classically activated macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 230000036210 malignancy Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000002965 ELISA Methods 0.000 description 11
- 101000738771 Homo sapiens Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 102100037422 Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229940098773 bovine serum albumin Drugs 0.000 description 10
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008506 pathogenesis Effects 0.000 description 10
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- -1 213Bi Chemical compound 0.000 description 9
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 9
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 210000002865 immune cell Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 210000004969 inflammatory cell Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 230000002757 inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 210000001616 monocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 9
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 210000000709 aorta Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008499 blood brain barrier function Effects 0.000 description 8
- 210000001218 blood-brain barrier Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 8
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 8
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 8
- 208000010125 myocardial infarction Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000012174 single-cell RNA sequencing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 230000003110 anti-inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N (2S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropansäure Chemical compound OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 208000032843 Hemorrhage Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 101000934372 Homo sapiens Macrosialin Proteins 0.000 description 6
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 6
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-leucine Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 102100025136 Macrosialin Human genes 0.000 description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000001367 artery Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011503 in vivo imaging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010172 mouse model Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 102100026122 High affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 5
- 101000913074 Homo sapiens High affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 206010061216 Infarction Diseases 0.000 description 5
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N L-asparagine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 5
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N L-isoleucine Chemical compound CC[C@H](C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-tyrosine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 5
- WDLRUFUQRNWCPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraxetan Chemical compound OC(=O)CN1CCN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC1 WDLRUFUQRNWCPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valine Chemical compound CC(C)C(N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010219 correlation analysis Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000002216 heart Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 238000007490 hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007574 infarction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011896 sensitive detection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 238000011816 wild-type C57Bl6 mouse Methods 0.000 description 5
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N (+)-Biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 102100031650 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 238000011740 C57BL/6 mouse Methods 0.000 description 4
- 208000004434 Calcinosis Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 102000009410 Chemokine receptor Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108050000299 Chemokine receptor Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000006144 Dulbecco’s modified Eagle's medium Substances 0.000 description 4
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 101000922348 Homo sapiens C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 101001046686 Homo sapiens Integrin alpha-M Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102100022338 Integrin alpha-M Human genes 0.000 description 4
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-lysine Chemical compound NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 4
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-phenylalanine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N L-threonine Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 108010031099 Mannose Receptor Proteins 0.000 description 4
- JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) Chemical compound CCN(C(C)C)C(C)C JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000000539 amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000002519 immonomodulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002018 overexpression Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000003753 real-time PCR Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007634 remodeling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009870 specific binding Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000000952 spleen Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000017423 tissue regeneration Effects 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000024172 Cardiovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000001712 DNA sequencing Methods 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102000005720 Glutathione transferase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010070675 Glutathione transferase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101000777599 Homo sapiens C-C chemokine receptor type 2 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N L-Cysteine Chemical compound SC[C@H](N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102100025354 Macrophage mannose receptor 1 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 206010027476 Metastases Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 102000003896 Myeloperoxidases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000235 Myeloperoxidases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108010067902 Peptide Library Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 3
- 102000009206 Translocator proteins Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108050000091 Translocator proteins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 210000001715 carotid artery Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000006285 cell suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013170 computed tomography imaging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001268 conjugating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000412 dendrimer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004980 dosimetry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001943 fluorescence-activated cell sorting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000155 isotopic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920006008 lipopolysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000003211 malignant effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009401 metastasis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003068 molecular probe Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000006239 protecting group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-BJUDXGSMSA-N scandium-44 Chemical compound [44Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108010078070 scavenger receptors Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000014452 scavenger receptors Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 238000012163 sequencing technique Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000001541 thymus gland Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 3
- SYFGLWDDLZQFNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetrazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecan-11-yl]acetic acid Chemical compound C1CN(CC(O)=O)CCCN2CCN(CC(=O)O)CCCN1CC2 SYFGLWDDLZQFNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4',6-Diamino-2-phenylindol Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=N)N)=CC=C1C1=CC2=CC=C(C(N)=N)C=C2N1 FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000702423 Adeno-associated virus - 2 Species 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004475 Arginine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102100031151 C-C chemokine receptor type 2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012286 ELISA Assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000283074 Equus asinus Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000007821 HATU Substances 0.000 description 2
- WZUVPPKBWHMQCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Haematoxylin Chemical compound C12=CC(O)=C(O)C=C2CC2(O)C1C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1OC2 WZUVPPKBWHMQCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012981 Hank's balanced salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000013875 Heart injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101001051093 Homo sapiens Low-density lipoprotein receptor Proteins 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100022297 Integrin alpha-X Human genes 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100024640 Low-density lipoprotein receptor Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101150081330 MOC1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010061309 Neoplasm progression Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000036110 Neuroinflammatory disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010035664 Pneumonia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010063837 Reperfusion injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101100041989 Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / ATCC 24843) sds23 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- JVHROZDXPAUZFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N TETA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN1CCCN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CCCN(CC(O)=O)CC1 JVHROZDXPAUZFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940121375 antifungal agent Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000003429 antifungal agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960002685 biotin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002308 calcification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108010042445 cell-binding peptide P-15 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009920 chelation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000546 chi-square test Methods 0.000 description 2
- OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000037976 chronic inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000006020 chronic inflammation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006352 cycloaddition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000004443 dendritic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229920000736 dendritic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010511 deprotection reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dopamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000009509 drug development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012091 fetal bovine serum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000000232 gallbladder Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005965 immune activity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000010253 intravenous injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000012947 ischemia reperfusion injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229960000310 isoleucine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000007951 isotonicity adjuster Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 108010059344 leucyl-glycyl-threonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-lysyl-cysteine Proteins 0.000 description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl salicylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000003228 microsomal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003032 molecular docking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009126 molecular therapy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001338 necrotic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003959 neuroinflammation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 238000010534 nucleophilic substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 210000002381 plasma Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000513 principal component analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002287 radioligand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011895 specific detection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000528 statistical test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000037816 tissue injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 125000000430 tryptophan group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(C(=O)O*)C([H])([H])C1=C([H])N([H])C2=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C12 0.000 description 2
- 230000005751 tumor progression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003827 upregulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000010200 validation analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004474 valine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-NJFSPNSNSA-N ((18)O)water Chemical compound [18OH2] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASKYZMAYXZUXQF-MXWOLSILSA-N (2R,3R,4S,5R)-6-(18F)fluoranylhexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol Chemical compound [18F]C[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO ASKYZMAYXZUXQF-MXWOLSILSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JMDCRDOIPYCSCH-RPDRGXCHSA-N (2S)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(fluoranylamino)propanoic acid Chemical compound [18F]N[C@H](C(=O)O)CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 JMDCRDOIPYCSCH-RPDRGXCHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BEJKOYIMCGMNRB-GRHHLOCNSA-N (2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;(2s)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1.OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 BEJKOYIMCGMNRB-GRHHLOCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNIDBXBLQFPAJA-WKEKCCTESA-N (e)-3-[4-[[1-adamantylmethyl(methyl)amino]methyl]phenyl]-n-hydroxyprop-2-enamide Chemical compound C1C(C2)CC(C3)CC2CC13CN([11CH3])CC1=CC=C(\C=C\C(=O)NO)C=C1 WNIDBXBLQFPAJA-WKEKCCTESA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDFPQKADFLEDQV-ONBQKKEBSA-N 1'-benzyl-1-(2-fluoranylethyl)spiro[1h-2-benzofuran-3,4'-piperidine] Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C(CC[17F])OC1(CC1)CCN1CC1=CC=CC=C1 LDFPQKADFLEDQV-ONBQKKEBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXCAQJAQSWSNPQ-ZIVQXEJRSA-N 1-[(2r,4s,5r)-4-fluoranyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H]([18F])C1 UXCAQJAQSWSNPQ-ZIVQXEJRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTEDWGYJNHZKQW-KWCOIAHCSA-N 1-amino-3-fluoranylcyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1(N)CC([18F])C1 NTEDWGYJNHZKQW-KWCOIAHCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HIIJZYSUEJYLMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-fluoro-3-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol Chemical compound FCC(O)CN1C=CN=C1[N+]([O-])=O HIIJZYSUEJYLMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UTPYTEWRMXITIN-YDWXAUTNSA-N 1-methyl-3-[(e)-[(3e)-3-(methylcarbamothioylhydrazinylidene)butan-2-ylidene]amino]thiourea Chemical compound CNC(=S)N\N=C(/C)\C(\C)=N\NC(=S)NC UTPYTEWRMXITIN-YDWXAUTNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFKSLINPMJIYFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-sulfanylpyrrole-2,5-dione Chemical compound SN1C(=O)C=CC1=O XFKSLINPMJIYFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010176 18-FDG-positron emission tomography Methods 0.000 description 1
- POXWDTQUDZUOGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-1,4-diazepine Chemical group N1C=CC=NC=C1 POXWDTQUDZUOGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SGTNSNPWRIOYBX-KTXUZGJCSA-N 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl-methylamino]-2-propan-2-ylpentanenitrile Chemical compound C1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=C1CCN([11CH3])CCCC(C#N)(C(C)C)C1=CC=C(OC)C(OC)=C1 SGTNSNPWRIOYBX-KTXUZGJCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHYQZCZUWQXKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4,7-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7-triazonan-1-yl]-5-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy-5-oxopentanoic acid Chemical compound C1CN(CC(=O)O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CCN1C(C(O)=O)CCC(=O)ON1C(=O)CCC1=O KHYQZCZUWQXKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHALWMSZGCVVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4,7-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7-triazonan-1-yl]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CN1CCN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC1 JHALWMSZGCVVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AUTDIWAXETZSGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4,7-bis(carboxymethyl)-10-[2-[2-(2,5-dioxopyrrol-1-yl)ethylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl]acetic acid Chemical group C1CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(=O)O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CCN1CC(=O)NCCN1C(=O)C=CC1=O AUTDIWAXETZSGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OCC[NH+]1CCN(CCS([O-])(=O)=O)CC1 JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQAQXZBSGZUUNL-BJUDXGSMSA-N 2-[4-(methylamino)phenyl]-1,3-benzothiazol-6-ol Chemical compound C1=CC(N[11CH3])=CC=C1C1=NC2=CC=C(O)C=C2S1 ZQAQXZBSGZUUNL-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RXACEEPNTRHYBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[2-[[2-[(2-sulfanylacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)CS RXACEEPNTRHYBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCXUVYAZINUVJD-AHXZWLDOSA-N 2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-alpha-D-glucose Chemical class OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H]([18F])[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O ZCXUVYAZINUVJD-AHXZWLDOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUXGNJVVBGJEFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 25b-nbome Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1CNCCC1=CC(OC)=C(Br)C=C1OC SUXGNJVVBGJEFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WAOQONBSWFLFPE-TXWZUYSVSA-N 3,5-dichloro-n-[[(2s)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl]-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzamide Chemical compound CCN1CCC[C@H]1CNC(=O)C1=C(O)C(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1O[11CH3] WAOQONBSWFLFPE-TXWZUYSVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMYALUSCZJXWHG-VNRZBHCFSA-N 3-[2-[4-(4-fluoranylbenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-2-sulfanylidene-1h-quinazolin-4-one Chemical compound C1=CC([18F])=CC=C1C(=O)C1CCN(CCN2C(C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=S)=O)CC1 SMYALUSCZJXWHG-VNRZBHCFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQGLPDFQLBNUGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(fluoromethyl)-n-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-n-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexane-1-carboxamide Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1N1CCN(CCN(C(=O)C2CCC(CF)CC2)C=2N=CC=CC=2)CC1 BQGLPDFQLBNUGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NCWZOASIUQVOFA-NSCUHMNNSA-N 4-[(e)-2-[4-[2-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]phenyl]ethenyl]-n-methylaniline Chemical compound C1=CC(NC)=CC=C1\C=C\C1=CC=C(OCCOCCOCCF)C=C1 NCWZOASIUQVOFA-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FWMNVWWHGCHHJJ-SKKKGAJSSA-N 4-amino-1-[(2r)-6-amino-2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2r)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1CCC(N)(CC1)C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 FWMNVWWHGCHHJJ-SKKKGAJSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OABRYNHZQBZDMG-DLGGVWGKSA-N 5-(3-fluoranylpropyl)-2,3-dimethoxy-n-[[(2s)-1-prop-2-enylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl]benzamide Chemical compound COC1=CC(CCC[18F])=CC(C(=O)NC[C@H]2N(CCC2)CC=C)=C1OC OABRYNHZQBZDMG-DLGGVWGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VPBJNBUDASILSQ-QEQMVZRGSA-N 5-(3-fluoranylpropyl)-2-methoxy-n-[[(2s)-1-prop-2-enylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl]benzamide Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(CCC[18F])C=C1C(=O)NC[C@H]1N(CC=C)CCC1 VPBJNBUDASILSQ-QEQMVZRGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBGAHDDQSRBDOG-KVTPGWOSSA-N 6-[2-[4-(4-fluoranylbenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-7-methyl-2,3-dihydro-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one Chemical compound CC=1N=C2SCCN2C(=O)C=1CCN(CC1)CCC1C(=O)C1=CC=C([18F])C=C1 RBGAHDDQSRBDOG-KVTPGWOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHJLPOSPWKZACG-BJUDXGSMSA-N 8-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one Chemical compound C1CN(CCCC(=O)C=2C=CC(F)=CC=2)CCC21C(=O)N([11CH3])CN2C1=CC=CC=C1 QHJLPOSPWKZACG-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101710095339 Apolipoprotein E Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100029470 Apolipoprotein E Human genes 0.000 description 1
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Asparagine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000032116 Autoimmune Experimental Encephalomyelitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 1
- KSSJBGNOJJETTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N COC1=C(C=CC=C1)N(C1=CC=2C3(C4=CC(=CC=C4C=2C=C1)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)C1=CC(=CC=C1C=1C=CC(=CC=13)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC Chemical compound COC1=C(C=CC=C1)N(C1=CC=2C3(C4=CC(=CC=C4C=2C=C1)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)C1=CC(=CC=C1C=1C=CC(=CC=13)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC KSSJBGNOJJETTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000025721 COVID-19 Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700198 Cavia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282693 Cercopithecidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000029816 Collagenase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108060005980 Collagenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000699800 Cricetinae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000004127 Cytokines Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000695 Cytokines Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-VVKOMZTBSA-N Dideuterium Chemical compound [2H][2H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-VVKOMZTBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen disulfide Chemical compound SS BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000283086 Equidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010037362 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000010834 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050001049 Extracellular proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000014061 Extranodal Extension Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100041003 Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007995 HEPES buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000016761 Haem oxygenases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050006318 Haem oxygenases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010018910 Haemolysis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101000892862 Homo sapiens Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010003272 Hyaluronate lyase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000001974 Hyaluronidases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010022822 Intravascular haemolysis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000032382 Ischaemic stroke Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PIWKPBJCKXDKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoflurane Chemical compound FC(F)OC(Cl)C(F)(F)F PIWKPBJCKXDKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P L-argininium(2+) Chemical compound NC(=[NH2+])NCCC[C@H]([NH3+])C(O)=O ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P 0.000 description 1
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-histidine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N L-tryptophane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-valine Chemical compound CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Leucine Natural products CC(C)CC(N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000007433 Lymphatic Metastasis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 1
- PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maleimide Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C=C1 PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000000585 Mann–Whitney U test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000246386 Mentha pulegium Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016257 Mentha pulegium Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000004357 Mentha x piperita Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010006035 Metalloproteases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000005741 Metalloproteases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010027459 Metastases to lymph nodes Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920000168 Microcrystalline cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012901 Milli-Q water Substances 0.000 description 1
- QPCDCPDFJACHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-bis{2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl}glycine Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(=O)O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O QPCDCPDFJACHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001176820 Nebulosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000034827 Neointima Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010029113 Neovascularisation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-BJUDXGSMSA-N Nitrogen-13 Chemical compound [13N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002685 Polyoxyl 35CastorOil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010044159 Proprotein Convertases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000006437 Proprotein Convertases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229910021533 Rubidium-82 chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 108010079656 S-acetylmercaptoacetyltriglycine N-hydroxysuccinimide Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000013290 Sagittaria latifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 102400000612 Soluble CD163 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101800000540 Soluble CD163 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001744 T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Threonine Natural products CC(O)C(N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004473 Threonine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N Tritium Chemical compound [3H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tryptophan Natural products C1=CC=C2C(CC(N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108060008682 Tumor Necrosis Factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000000852 Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000251539 Vertebrata <Metazoa> Species 0.000 description 1
- DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,10]phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PVNJLUVGTFULAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [NH4+].[Cl-].[K] Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-].[K] PVNJLUVGTFULAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000002223 abdominal aortic aneurysm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003070 absorption delaying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-JVVVGQRLSA-N acetic acid Chemical compound [11C](C)(=O)O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-JVVVGQRLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000038016 acute inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000006022 acute inflammation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033289 adaptive immune response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000540 analysis of variance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003484 anatomy Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000489 anti-atherogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007234 antiinflammatory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000007474 aortic aneurysm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N arginine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCCNC(N)=N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001230 asparagine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000009582 asparagine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000778 atheroprotective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150113720 aunc gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000005441 aurora Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003385 bacteriostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019445 benzyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001185 bone marrow Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000747 cardiac effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007211 cardiovascular event Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006037 cell lysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013330 chicken meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960004926 chlorobutanol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000037893 chronic inflammatory disorder Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000749 chronicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004186 co-expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008045 co-localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002424 collagenase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940075614 colloidal silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015246 common arrowhead Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005492 condensed matter physics Effects 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-IGMARMGPSA-N copper-64 Chemical compound [64Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004351 coronary vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000392 cycloalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cysteine Natural products SCC(N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000018417 cysteine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000151 cysteine group Chemical group N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000016396 cytokine production Effects 0.000 description 1
- UVWLEPXXYOYDGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dasb Chemical compound CN(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1SC1=CC=C(C#N)C=C1N UVWLEPXXYOYDGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012217 deletion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037430 deletion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001687 destabilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008121 dextrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000104 diagnostic biomarker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- UGMCXQCYOVCMTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K dihydroxy(stearato)aluminium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Al](O)O UGMCXQCYOVCMTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000005906 dihydroxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960003638 dopamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001647 drug administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002526 effect on cardiovascular system Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012039 electrophile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002330 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000013020 embryo development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000002491 encephalomyelitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002124 endocrine Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940124642 endogenous agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000006274 endogenous ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YQGOJNYOYNNSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N eosin Chemical compound [Na+].OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=C2C=C(Br)C(=O)C(Br)=C2OC2=C(Br)C(O)=C(Br)C=C21 YQGOJNYOYNNSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006735 epoxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003743 erythrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- OFBIFZUFASYYRE-GKTGUEEDSA-N ethyl 8-fluoranyl-5-methyl-6-oxo-4h-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate Chemical compound C1N(C)C(=O)C2=CC([18F])=CC=C2N2C=NC(C(=O)OCC)=C21 OFBIFZUFASYYRE-GKTGUEEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000012997 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002744 extracellular matrix Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- YNDIAUKFXKEXSV-CRYLGTRXSA-N florbetapir F-18 Chemical compound C1=CC(NC)=CC=C1\C=C\C1=CC=C(OCCOCCOCC[18F])N=C1 YNDIAUKFXKEXSV-CRYLGTRXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBIFZUFASYYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N flumazenil Chemical compound C1N(C)C(=O)C2=CC(F)=CC=C2N2C=NC(C(=O)OCC)=C21 OFBIFZUFASYYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PBVFROWIWWGIFK-KWCOIAHCSA-N fluoromethylcholine (18F) Chemical compound [18F]C[N+](C)(C)CCO PBVFROWIWWGIFK-KWCOIAHCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVECGOCJFKTUAX-HUYCHCPVSA-N flutemetamol ((18)F) Chemical compound C1=C([18F])C(NC)=CC=C1C1=NC2=CC=C(O)C=C2S1 VVECGOCJFKTUAX-HUYCHCPVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007903 gelatin capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004547 gene signature Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003278 haem Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 108010071602 haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000002440 hepatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N histidine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000487 histidyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(C(=O)O*)C([H])([H])C1=C([H])N([H])C([H])=N1 0.000 description 1
- 230000013632 homeostatic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000001050 hortel pimenta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000043994 human CCR2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229960002773 hyaluronidase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007857 hydrazones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001165 hydrophobic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010166 immunofluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000126 in silico method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005414 inactive ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003701 inert diluent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000028709 inflammatory response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007972 injectable composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015788 innate immune response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000936 intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007912 intraperitoneal administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009545 invasion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960002725 isoflurane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoleucine Natural products CCC(C)C(N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZBKFYXZXZJPWNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isothiocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=S ZBKFYXZXZJPWNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002502 liposome Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001853 liver microsome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008176 lyophilized powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002934 lysing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000011645 metastatic carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061289 metastatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930182817 methionine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-JJZBXVGDSA-N methionine c-11 Chemical compound [11CH3]SCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-JJZBXVGDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- YDSDEBIZUNNPOB-JVVVGQRLSA-N methyl 1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-(n-propanoylanilino)piperidine-4-carboxylate Chemical compound C1CN(CCC=2C=CC=CC=2)CCC1(C(=O)O[11CH3])N(C(=O)CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 YDSDEBIZUNNPOB-JVVVGQRLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STZCRXQWRGQSJD-GEEYTBSJSA-M methyl orange Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1\N=N\C1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 STZCRXQWRGQSJD-GEEYTBSJSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940012189 methyl orange Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010270 methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001047 methyl salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019813 microcrystalline cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008108 microcrystalline cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940016286 microcrystalline cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002438 mitochondrial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001700 mitochondrial membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000329 molecular dynamics simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000302 molecular modelling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004980 monocyte derived macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008450 motivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012120 mounting media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002324 mouth wash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940051866 mouthwash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YJZYDPRMWYWYCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N mppf Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1N1CCN(CCN(C(=O)C=2C=CC(F)=CC=2)C=2N=CC=CC=2)CC1 YJZYDPRMWYWYCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000006417 multiple sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002887 multiple sequence alignment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006199 nebulizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002547 new drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- GHHQHFNDKOQCRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nifene Chemical compound FC1=NC=CC=C1OCC1C=CCN1 GHHQHFNDKOQCRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009871 nonspecific binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000346 nonvolatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009206 nuclear medicine Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002700 octreotide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000036542 oxidative stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- QUANRIQJNFHVEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxirane;propane-1,2,3-triol Chemical compound C1CO1.OCC(O)CO QUANRIQJNFHVEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003076 paracrine Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002866 paraformaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007310 pathophysiology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003068 pathway analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005897 peptide coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012026 peptide coupling reagents Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003742 phenol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylalanine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002504 physiological saline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001481 poly(stearyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008389 polyethoxylated castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108091033319 polynucleotide Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000040430 polynucleotide Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000002157 polynucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000207 pro-atherogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004393 prognosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000005069 pulmonary fibrosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002096 quantum dot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005258 radioactive decay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001525 receptor binding assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007115 recruitment Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001373 regressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008263 repair mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010839 reverse transcription Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004007 reversed phase HPLC Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007142 ring opening reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- FGDZQCVHDSGLHJ-RYDPDVNUSA-M rubidium-82 chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[82Rb+] FGDZQCVHDSGLHJ-RYDPDVNUSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N saccharin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C2=C1 CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940081974 saccharin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019204 saccharin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000901 saccharin and its Na,K and Ca salt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007974 sodium acetate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000130 stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L thimerosal Chemical compound [Na+].CC[Hg]SC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940033663 thimerosal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003585 thioureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000030968 tissue homeostasis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007838 tissue remodeling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000041 toxicology testing Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910052722 tritium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010396 two-hybrid screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000003932 urinary bladder Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001635 urinary tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108010054167 vMIP-II Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009777 vacuum freeze-drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007631 vascular surgery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008215 water for injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-BJUDXGSMSA-N water o 15 Chemical compound [15OH2] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
- A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
- A61K51/04—Organic compounds
- A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
- A61K51/088—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins conjugates with carriers being peptides, polyamino acids or proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
- A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
- A61K51/04—Organic compounds
- A61K51/0474—Organic compounds complexes or complex-forming compounds, i.e. wherein a radioactive metal (e.g. 111In3+) is complexed or chelated by, e.g. a N2S2, N3S, NS3, N4 chelating group
- A61K51/0482—Organic compounds complexes or complex-forming compounds, i.e. wherein a radioactive metal (e.g. 111In3+) is complexed or chelated by, e.g. a N2S2, N3S, NS3, N4 chelating group chelates from cyclic ligands, e.g. DOTA
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2121/00—Preparations for use in therapy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2123/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
Abstract
Among the various aspects of the present disclosure is the provision of compositions of CD163 targeting and theranostic agents and methods for use in detecting, monitoring, and evaluating CD163 associated diseases, disorders, and conditions.
Description
- This application claims the benefit of and incorporates by reference the content of U.S. Provisional App. No. 63/435,978, filed on Dec. 29, 2022.
- This invention was made with government support under HL145212 and EB025815 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.
- The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in XML format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The computer readable file, created on Dec. 29, 2023, is named 047563_783244.xml and is about 4,356 bytes in size.
- The present invention relates to compositions and methods for non-invasive theranostic agent to track resident macrophages in vivo. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions and methods which aid in understanding the role of resident macrophages in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases to promote both diagnosis and treatment.
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide with atherosclerosis being the primary cause (1,2). It is known that macrophages play important and diverse roles in the initiation, progression, and complication of atherosclerosis (3), thus making them not only as diagnostic biomarkers to assess the progression and vulnerability of plaques (4-7), but also as targets in drug development for pharmacological intervention to modulate their activities in atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases (8-12).
- Transformation of different phenotypes of macrophages regulates the initiation, development, and cessation of inflammatory diseases (13). Thus, it is critical to track the well-defined macrophage populations with constant expression of surface markers across multiple organs to interrogate their temporal-spatial distribution along the progression and regression of inflammatory diseases (14-16). Many molecular imaging agents have been developed to detect specific biomarkers (i.e., C—C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)) upregulated on macrophages to assess the vulnerability of atherosclerotic lesions (7,17-23). Although some of these agents have shown promising results in patients with atherosclerosis, their potential to predict the rupture of plaques has not been realized (23-25). The non-invasive and accurate identification of patients with high-risk plaques who may benefit from immunomodulatory therapies is still an unmet clinical need.
- CD163 is a 130 kDa transmembrane scavenger receptor almost exclusively expressed by resident macrophages. In contrast to the infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages that often accumulate in response to local inflammatory cues in the specific tissue, resident macrophages are seeded during embryonic development and reside in many tissues including liver and brain (14). The CD163+ macrophages play important role in tissue homeostasis and serve as first line defender for pathogen invasion due to their anti-inflammatory functions (11). Moreover, CD163 is known as the exclusive receptor to clear the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex upon intravascular hemolysis. This leads to a distinct phenotype of macrophage termed M(Hb) found in areas of neoangiogenesis and hemorrhage, characterized by high expression of CD163 and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production, which distinguish them from foamy macrophages (26-28). Given the role of intra-plaque hemorrhage in plaque destabilization (29), CD163+ macrophage expression is associated with plaque vulnerability in human carotid plaques and is significantly higher in symptomatic patients compared to the asymptomatic population, highlighting its potential as a biomarker for vulnerable plaques (26,30).
- The detection of CD163 could be of clinical significance not only to determine the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques, but also to provide critical information as a target to manage the treatment. However, there is no molecular agent available for CD163 targeting, which is an unmet need for both preclinical and clinical research.
- The Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
- Provided herein is a CD163 targeting and theranostic composition. The CD163 targeting and theranostic composition may include a targeting peptide comprising an amino acid sequence, a chelator and a theranostic agent. The amino acid sequence may be any one of SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4.
- In some embodiments, the chelator may be NODAGA. In some embodiments, the theranostic agent may be 64Cu. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide and chelator may be covalently linked and the theranostic agent may be a radionuclide.
- In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence may be SEQ ID NO. 1, the chelator is NODAGA, and the theranostic agent is 64Cu.
- Provided herein is a method of detecting CD163 in a subject in need thereof. The method may include administering to the subject a composition comprising the disclosed CD163 targeting and theranostic composition and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the theranostic agent. The detecting of the theranostic agent may be indicative of CD163. The amino acid sequence may comprise SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4.
- In some embodiments of the method, the chelator may be NODAGA. In some embodiments, the theranostic agent may be 64Cu. In some embodiments of the method, the targeting peptide and chelator may be covalently linked and the theranostic agent may be a radionuclide.
- In some embodiments of the method, the amino acid sequence may be SEQ ID NO. 1, the chelator is NODAGA, and the theranostic agent is 64Cu.
- Provided herein is a method of detecting inflammation in a subject. The method may include administering to the subject a composition comprising the disclosed CD163 targeting and theranostic composition and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the theranostic agent. The detecting of the theranostic agent may be indicative of inflammation. The amino acid sequence may comprise SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4.
- In some embodiments of the method, the chelator may be NODAGA. In some embodiments, the theranostic agent may be 64Cu. In some embodiments of the method, the targeting peptide and chelator may be covalently linked and the theranostic agent may be a radionuclide.
- In some embodiments of the method, the amino acid sequence may be SEQ ID NO. 1, the chelator is NODAGA, and the theranostic agent is 64Cu.
- Provided herein is a method of detecting and/or monitoring atherosclerotic plaques in a subject. The method may include administering to the subject a composition comprising the disclosed CD163 targeting and theranostic composition and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the theranostic agent. The detecting of the theranostic agent may be indicative of atherosclerotic plaques. The amino acid sequence may comprise SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4.
- In some embodiments of the method, the chelator may be NODAGA. In some embodiments, the theranostic agent may be 64Cu. In some embodiments of the method, the targeting peptide and chelator may be covalently linked and the theranostic agent may be a radionuclide.
- Provided herein is a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The method may include administering to the subject a composition comprising the disclosed CD163 targeting and theranostic composition and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the theranostic agent. The amino acid sequence may comprise SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4. In some embodiments, the theranostic agent may be 225At. In some embodiments, the cancer may be a CD163 positive cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer may be a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer may be ovarian cancer, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, brain cancer, or myloma.
- The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office by request and payment of the necessary fee.
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration showing the dynamic variation of macrophage subsets during promotion of inflammation and inflammation resolution. -
FIG. 2A shows PET images of [64Cu]-DOTA-vMIP-II according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 2B shows PET images of [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i PET images according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 2C show graphical representations of comparison of [64Cu]-DOTA-vMIP-II to [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i PET quantification in multiple mouse models including HNSCC, ApoE−/− atherosclerosis and LPS induced lung inflammation. -
FIG. 3A shows images of tumor imaging comparison among clinical CT, [18F]-FDG and [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i PET (0-60 min dynamic scan) and DV images in HN-4 patient (green arrow: primary tumor; red arrow: lymph node). -
FIG. 3B shows representative tumor TAC showing 1-comp (red) and 2-comp-reversible (best fit, blue) modeling with derived DV values. -
FIG. 4A shows CT, PET and PET/CT at 0-60 dynamic scan and 1.5 h static scan of HN-4 at various views. -
FIG. 4B shows PET/CT of HN-6 showing [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i detecting primary tumors and lymph nodes (green arrow: primary tumor; red arrow: lymph node). -
FIG. 4C shows tumor and Lymph node uptake (SUVmax) and Target-to-background (SUVmax) ratios for all 10 HNSCC patients at both time points. -
FIG. 5A shows characterization of primary tumor and lymph node collected from HN-4. H&E shows a well-differentiated keratinizing SCC tumor with infiltration of lymphocytes. Immunofluorescent staining shows intense signals for CD68 (red) and CCR2 (green) across the tissue. Magnifiedregion 1 shows that most tumor cells specifically expressing CCR2 whileregion 2 demonstrated the infiltration of CD68 positive TAMs with many positive for CCR2+(CD68+CCR2+: yellow, white arrow). Ex vivo autoradiography shows intensive binding of [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i to the tissue. The competitive blocking and autoradiography quantification (n=8) demonstrated the tracer binding specificity. The correlation assay between autoradiography and CCR2 immunostaining indicated the tissue binding was CCR2 specific. -
FIG. 5B shows characterization of primary tumor and lymph node collected from HN-4. H&E and CCR2 immunostaining revealed the intensive and specific expression of CCR2 in the tumor cells of lymph node. *** p<0.001. -
FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of ELISA assay of screened peptides binding profiles (n=3/group). ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p<0.0001 -
FIG. 7 shows a comparison of peptide docking and predicted binding affinities (top 10 poses) to CCR2 between P8, P15, P21 and ECL1i. -
FIG. 8 is a synthetic scheme and 18F labeling of AZ889. -
FIG. 9 shows a synthetic scheme of NODAGA-ICT-01 synthesis according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 10A shows a graphical representation of in vitro cell binding assay of 64Cu-NODAGA-ICT-01 in U87 cells according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 10B shows a bar graph of biodistribution of 64Cu-NODAGA-ICT-01 in WT C57BL/6 mice (n=4/group) at 1, 2, and 4 hours post injection according to some embodiments of the present disclosure -
FIG. 11 shows PET scan images of [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 and [18F]-FDG PET in ApoE−/− mice (n=4/group). * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. -
FIG. 12 shows [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 and [18F]-FDG PET/CT imaging in HNSCC MOC1 xenograft and PDX tumor models. H&E and immunofluorescent staining showed the infiltration of inflammatory cells that were positive for CD163. Purple circle: tumor. -
FIGS. 13A-E show images of [68Ga]-DOTA-ECL1i and [68Ga]-NODAGA-ICT-01 imaging M1 CCR2+ and M2 CD163+ macrophages dynamics post MI in a mouse ischemia reperfusion injury model (n=4/group). Yellow arrow and orange arrowhead: infarct, white arrow head: remote zone. As shown inFIG. 13A , [18F]-FDG identified the infarct atday 3post MI. Day 4 CCR2 PET revealed intensive tracer uptake at infarct zone, which gradually decreased through the remodeling process while the tracer accumulation at remote area remained stable during the study (FIG. 13B andFIG. 13 C). Interestingly, CD163 PET signals were observed at remote area and gradually increased fromday 5 today 13 and then remained stable until day 25 (FIG. 13D ,FIG. 13E ). -
FIG. 14 is a bar graph showing peptide sequences identified from phase display showing binding to CD163(n=3) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 15 is a bar graph showing peptide ELISA of biotinlated CD163 peptides (0.1 mg/mL) showing binding to CD163 (n=3) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 16 is a bar graph showing the biodistribution of 68Ga-ICT-01 at 1 hour post injection according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 17 shows PET/CT images and quantification of 64Cu-ICT-01 in wild type mice, ApoE−/− mice at 10 and 18 weeks post high fat diet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. **** p<0.001. -
FIG. 18 shows PET/CT images and quantification of 64Cu-ICT-01 in wild type mice, HNSCC PDX 11c mice at 7 weeks post tumor implantation according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. T: tumor. * p<0.05. -
FIG. 19A is a graphical representation of in vitro cell binding assay of 64Cu-ICT-01 in human U87 cells and mouse 264.7 cells according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 19B is a graphical representation of in vivo biodistribution in wild type C57BL/6 mice (n=4/group) of 64Cu-ICT-01 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 20A shows PET/CT images of 64Cu-ICT-01 in ApoE−/− mice according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p<0.0001. -
FIG. 20B is a graphical representation of quantification of tracer uptake at aortic arches. in WT and ApoE−/− mice on HFD at various time points (n=4-7/group) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p<0.0001. -
FIG. 20C shows H&E and immunofluorescent staining images of 64Cu-ICT-01 in ApoE−/− mice according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 20D show 64Cu-ICT-01 autoradiography images of aorta, spleen, and thymus. -
FIG. 20E shows flow cytometry data of CD163+ macrophages in ApoE−/− mice according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 20F shows scRNAseq of macrophages collected from ApoE−/− mouse aortas after 20 weeks on HFD. Resident macrophage gene set score using FoIr2, Lyve1, and F13a1 (top) and gene expression density for Cd163 in UMAP embedding according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 21A shows PET images of 64Cu-ICT-01 in PCSK9 mice according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 21B is a graphical representation of quantification of tracer uptake at aortic arches at various time points on HFD (n=4-8/group) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 22A shows ex vivo characterization of human CEA specimen according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. H&E shows an advanced plaque with large fibrous core, IPH (asterisk, green box and magnified image), calcification, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. CD163 immunofluorescent staining show extensive expression of CD163 across the tissue with most signals associated with IPH (green box and magnified image), and inflammatory cells. -
FIG. 22B illustrates that 64Cu-ICT-01 autoradiography shows high binding to the CEA tissues according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Blocking revealed significantly decreased signals, suggesting binding specificity. Both ROIs and whole tissue analyses on the coregistered autoradiography and immunofluorescent staining showed good correlation. -
FIG. 23 is a schematic illustration of a scheme of ICY-01 conjugation with NODAGA chelator according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 24 is a graphical representation of the biodistribution and blocking of 64Cu-ICT-01 in wild type C57BL/6 mice (n=4 group) * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, **** p<0.0001. -
FIG. 25A is an image of the maximum intensity projection images of 64Cu-ICT-01 in ApoE−/− mice on HFD for 40 weeks of according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 25B is an image of the maximum intensity projection images of 64Cu-ICT-01 in PCSK9 mice at 29 weeks after HFD according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 26A is an image showing a CT and 64Cu-ICT-01 PET/CT in an ApoE−/− mouse at 40 weeks post HFD shows a strong PET signal associated with microcalcification within aortic arch according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 26B is a graphical representation of Hounsfield units measurement of WT mice (n=7/group), ApoE−/− mouse at 10 wk (n=7/group) and 40 weeks (n=4/group) post HFD showed increased values overtime according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. *** p<0.001. -
FIG. 27A is an image showing 64Cu-ICT-01 PET/CT in a Ldlr−/− mouse at 30 weeks post HFD shows a strong PET signal within aoric arch according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 27B is a graphical representation showing significantly increased uptake at aortic arch of Ldlr−/− mouse (n=6/group) than that in WT mice (n=7/group) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. ** p<0.01 -
FIG. 28 shows images illustrating control immunofluorescent staining of mouse aorta collected from ApoE−/− after 20 weeks' HFD according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 29A is a graphical representation of a correlation analysis between 64Cu-ICT-01 uptake at aortic arch and numbers of CD163+ macrophages/500 μm2 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 29B is a graphical representation of a correlation analysis between plaque size in ApoE−/− KO mice and numbers of CD163+ macrophages/500 μm2 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 29C is a graphical representation of a correlation analysis between between 64Cu-ICT-01 uptake at aortic arch and plaque size in ApoE−/− KO mice according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 30 shows flow cytometry gating strategy for CD163 analysis in ApoE−/− mice according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 31 shows ScRNAseq of all immune cells in digested ApoE−/− mouse aortas according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The monocytes derived macrophages shows a distinct distribution from tissue resident macrophages. -
FIG. 32A shows H&E and CD163 immunofluorescent staining of aortic arteries from LDLR KO mice at 37-week post HFD according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 32B shows H&E and CD163 immunofluorescent staining of aortic arteries from PCSK9 mice at 34-week post HFD according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 33 shows images of H&E and immunofluorescent staining of human CEA specimens according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. - The present invention provides compositions useful for targeting and imaging CD163. The compositions generally include a targeting peptide, a chelator or a nanoparticle or a linker, and an imaging agent. The compositions are useful for non-invasive imaging to track resident macrophages in vivo. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions and methods which aid in understanding the role of resident macrophages in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases to promote both diagnosis and treatment.
- Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following sections.
- The compositions generally include a targeting peptide, a chelator or a nanoparticle or a linker, and an imaging agent.
- In some embodiments, targeting peptides may be used to target CD163 on a subtype of tissue resident macrophagesspecific proteins expressed on macrophages.
- As described herein, the targeting and imaging agent comprises a CD163 binding peptide. The CD163 binding peptide can be any peptide with CD163 activity. The CD163 binding peptide as described herein can comprise an amino acid length of about 4 amino acids to about 100 amino acids or about 4 amino acids to about 50 amino acids. For example, the CD163 binding peptide can comprise an amino acid length of no more than 4 amino acids; 5 amino acids; 6 amino acids; 7 amino acids; 8 amino acids; 9 amino acids; 10 amino acids; 11 amino acids; 12 amino acids; 13 amino acids; 14 amino acids; 15 amino acids; 16 amino acids; 17 amino acids; 18 amino acids; 19 amino acids; 20 amino acids; 21 amino acids; 22 amino acids; 23 amino acids; 24 amino acids; 25 amino acids; 26 amino acids; 27 amino acids; 28 amino acids; 29 amino acids; 30 amino acids; 31 amino acids; 32 amino acids; 33 amino acids; 34 amino acids; 35 amino acids; 36 amino acids; 37 amino acids; 38 amino acids; 39 amino acids; 40 amino acids; 41 amino acids; 42 amino acids; 43 amino acids; 44 amino acids; 45 amino acids; 46 amino acids; 47 amino acids; 48 amino acids; 49 amino acids; 50 amino acids; 51 amino acids; 52 amino acids; 53 amino acids; 54 amino acids; 55 amino acids; 56 amino acids; 57 amino acids; 58 amino acids; 59 amino acids; 60 amino acids; 61 amino acids; 62 amino acids; 63 amino acids; 64 amino acids; 65 amino acids; 66 amino acids; 67 amino acids; 68 amino acids; 69 amino acids; 70 amino acids; 71 amino acids; 72 amino acids; 73 amino acids; 74 amino acids; 75 amino acids; 76 amino acids; 77 amino acids; 78 amino acids; 79 amino acids; 80 amino acids; 81 amino acids; 82 amino acids; 83 amino acids; 84 amino acids; 85 amino acids; 86 amino acids; 87 amino acids; 88 amino acids; 89 amino acids; 90 amino acids; 91 amino acids; 92 amino acids; 93 amino acids; 94 amino acids; 95 amino acids; 96 amino acids; 97 amino acids; 98 amino acids; 99 amino acids; or 100 amino acids. Recitation of each of these discrete values is understood to include ranges between each value. Recitation of each of a range is understood to include discrete values within the range.
- Targeting peptides may be determined by any suitable technique. Examples of suitable techniques include but are not limited to two-hybrid systems, phage display, in silico approaches, or a combination thereof.
- In some embodiments, the targeting peptide may be determined by phage display screening.
- In some embodiments, the targeting peptide may be a 12-mer peptide. Table 1 below lists some CD163 binding peptides according to the present disclosure.
-
TABLE 1 CD163 Binding Peptides SEQ ID Decription of the NO: Name peptide sequence 1 ICT-01 WFWNHGWQWSSK 2 P08 VDDHYGTIVRNG 3 P15 HWKWLKPWAVNT 4 P21 LIPAPGGTPRAG - Each amino acid sequence described herein by virtue of its identity or similarity percentage with a given amino acid sequence respectively has in a further preferred aspect an identity or a similarity of at least 60%, at least 61%, at least 62%, at least 63%, at least 64%, at least 65%, at least 66%, at least 67%, at least 68%, at least 69%, at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% with the given nucleotide or amino acid sequence, respectively. The terms “homology”, “sequence identity” m and the like are used interchangeably herein. Sequence identity is described herein as a relationship between two or more amino acid (polypeptide or protein) sequences or two or more nucleic acid (polynucleotide) sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In a preferred aspect, sequence identity is calculated based on the full length (in amino acids or nucleotides) of two given SEQ ID NOS or based on a portion thereof. A portion of a full-length sequence may be referred to as a fragment, and preferably means at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of the length (in amino acids or nucleotides) of a reference sequence. “Identity” also refers to the degree of sequence relatedness between two amino acid sequences, or between two nucleic acid sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. The degree of sequence identity between two sequences can be determined, for example, by comparing the two sequences using computer programs commonly employed for this purpose, such as global or local alignment algorithms. Non-limiting examples include BLASTp, BLASTn, Clustal W, MAFFT, Clustal Omega, AlignMe, Praline, GAP, BESTFIT, or another suitable method or algorithm. A Needleman and Wunsch global alignment algorithm can be used to align two sequences over their entire length or part thereof (part thereof may mean at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% of the length of this sequence), maximizing the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. Default settings can be used and preferred program is Needle for pairwise alignment (in an aspect, EMBOSS Needle 6.6.0.0, gap
open penalty 10, gap extent penalty: 0.5, end gap penalty: false, end gap open penalty: 10, end gap extent penalty: 0.5 is used) and MAFFT for multiple sequence alignment (in an aspect, MAFFT v7Default value is: BLOSUM62 [b162], Gap Open: 1.53, Gap extension: 0.123, Order aligned, Tree rebuilding number: 2, Guide tree output: ON [true], Max iterate: 2, Perform FFTS: none is used). - “Similarity” between two amino acid sequences is determined, for example, by comparing the amino acid sequence and its conserved amino acid substitutes of one polypeptide to the sequence of a second polypeptide. Similar algorithms used for determination of sequence identity may be used for determination of sequence similarity. Optionally, in determining the degree of amino acid similarity, the skilled person may also take into account so-called conservative amino acid substitutions. As used herein, “conservative” amino acid substitutions refer to the interchangeability of residues having similar side chains. Examples of classes of amino acid residues for conservative substitutions are given in the Tables below:
-
Acidic Residues Asp (D) and Glu (E) Basic Residues Lys (K), Arg (R), and His (H) Hydrophilic Uncharged Residues Ser (S), Thr (T), Asn (N), and Gln (Q) Aliphatic Uncharged Residues Gly (G), Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (L), and Ile (I) Non-polar Uncharged Residues Cys (C), Met (M), and Pro (P) Aromatic Residues Phe (F), Tyr (Y), and Trp (W) -
-
1 A S T 2 D E 3 N Q 4 R K 5 I L M 6 F Y W -
-
Alcohol group-containing residues S and T Aliphatic residues I, L, V, and M Cycloalkenyl-associated residues F, H, W, and Y Hydrophobic residues A, C, F, G, H, I, L, M, R, T, V, W, and Y Negatively charged residues D and E Polar residues C, D, E, H, K, N, Q, R, S, and T Positively charged residues H, K, and R Small residues A, C, D, G, N, P, S, T, and V Very small residues A, G, and S Residues involved in turn A, C, D, E, G, H, K, N, Q, R, S, P formation and T Flexible residues Q, T, K, S, G, P, D, E, and R - For example, a group of amino acids having aliphatic side chains is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; a group of amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains is serine and threonine; a group of amino acids having amide-containing side chains is asparagine and glutamine; a group of amino acids having aromatic side chains is phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; a group of amino acids having basic side chains is lysine, arginine, and histidine; and a group of amino acids having sulphur-containing side chains is cysteine and methionine. Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, and asparagine-glutamine. Substitutional variants of the amino acid sequence disclosed herein are those in which at least one residue in the disclosed sequences has been removed and a different residue inserted in its place. Preferably, the amino acid change is conservative. Preferred conservative substitutions for each of the naturally occurring amino acids are as follows: Ala to Ser; Arg to Lys; Asn to Gln or His; Asp to Glu; Cys to Ser or Ala; Gln to Asn; Glu to Asp; Gly to Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu or Val; Leu to Ile or Val; Lys to Arg; Gln or Glu; Met to Leu or lie; Phe to Met, Leu or Tyr; Ser to Thr; Thr to Ser; Trp to Tyr; Tyr to Trp or Phe; and, Val to Ile or Leu.
- The “percent identity” of two amino acid sequences can be determined using the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264-68, 1990, modified as in Karlin and Altschul Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-77, 1993. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10, 1990. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to the protein molecules of interest. Where gaps exist between two sequences, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402, 1997. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used.
- As used herein “fragment” means a portion of a polypeptide that contains, preferably, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or more of the entire length of the reference polypeptide. In certain aspects, the fragment as the same or similar biological activity as the reference polypeptide.
- The imaging agent, as described herein, comprises a radiolabel (also known as a radionuclide). Radioactive forms of elements are called radionuclides. Some occur naturally in the environment, while others are man-made, either deliberately or as byproducts of nuclear reactions.
- References herein to “radiolabeled” include a compound where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring). One non-limiting exception is 19F, which allows detection of a molecule which contains this element without enrichment to a higher degree than what is naturally occurring. Compounds carrying the substituent 19F may thus also be referred to as “labelled” or the like. The term radiolabeled may be interchangeably used with “isotopically-labelled”, “labelled”, “isotopic tracer group”, “isotopic marker”, “isotopic label”, “detectable isotope”, or “radioligand”.
- Every radionuclide emits radiation at its own specific rate, which is measured in terms of half-life. Radioactive half-life is the time required for half of the radioactive atoms present to decay. Radioactive decay is when a radioisotope transforms into another radioisotope; this process emits radiation in some form. Some radionuclides have half-lives of mere seconds, but others have half-lives of millions of years.
- The half-life of the radionuclides may be 1 hour to about 20 hours. For example, the half-life may be about 1 hour, about 1.5 hours, about 2 hours, about 2.5 hours, about 3 hour, about 3.5 hours, about 4 hours, about 4.5 hours, about 5 hour, about 5.5 hours, about 6 hours, about 6.5 hours, about 7 hour, about 7.5 hours, about 8 hours, about 8.5 hours, about 9 hours, about 9.5 hours, 10 hour, about 10.5 hours, about 11 hours, about 11.5 hours, about 12 hours, about 12.5 hours, about 13 hour, about 13.5 hours, about 14 hours, about 14.5 hours, about 15 hour, about 15.5 hours, about 16 hours, about 16.5 hours, about 17 hour, about 17.5 hours, about 18 hours, about 18.5 hours, about 19 hours, about 19.5 hours, or about 20 hours. The half-life may be between about 1 hour to about 20 hours, about 2 hours to about 19 hours, about 3 hours to about 18 hours, about 4 hours to about 17 hours, about 5 hours to about 16 hours, about 6 hours to about 15 hours, about 7 hours to about 14 hours, about 8 hours to about 13 hours, about 9 hours to about 12 hours, or about 10 hours to about 11 hours.
- Radiolabeling processes are well known (Fani et al. Theranostics 2012; 2(5):481-501). Except as otherwise noted herein, therefore, the process of the present disclosure can be carried out in accordance with such processes.
- One embodiment of the present disclosure provides for a radiolabeled peptide.
- According to another embodiment, the radiolabeled compound can be an imaging agent.
- In one embodiment, the compound comprises one or more radiolabeled groups.
- Examples of suitable, non-limiting radiolabel groups can include: 2H (D or deuterium), 3H (T or tritium), 11C, 13C, 14C, 64Cu, 67Cu, 177Lu, 13N, 15N, 15O, 17O, 18O, 18F, 89Sr, 35S, 44Sc, 52Mn, 153Sm, 36Cl, 62Br, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 86Y, 123I, 124I, 125I, 131I, 111In, 67Ga, 68Ga, 177Lu, 186Re, 163Re, 225At, 223Ra, 227Th, 211At, 212Bi, 212Pb, 213Bi, 224Ra, 201Tl, 99mTc, 90Y, or 89Zr. It is to be understood that an isotopically labeled compound needs only to be enriched with a detectable isotope to, or above, the degree which allows detection with a technique suitable for the particular application, e.g., in a detectable compound labeled with 11C, the carbon-atom of the labeled group of the labeled compound may be constituted by 12C or other carbon-isotopes in a fraction of the molecules. The radionuclide that is incorporated in the radiolabeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radiolabeled compound. For example, “heavy” isotope-labeled compounds (e.g., compounds containing deuterons/heavy hydrogen, heavy nitrogen, heavy oxygen, heavy carbon) can be useful for mass spectrometric and NMR based studies. As another example, for in vitro labelling or in competition assays, compounds that incorporate 3H, 14C, or 125I can be useful. For in vivo imaging applications 11C, 13C, 18F, 19F, 120I, 123I, 131I, 75Br, or 76Br can generally be useful. In one embodiment, the radiolabel is 64Cu.
- As another example, the imaging agent comprising a radiolabel can comprise Oxygen-15 water, Nitrogen-13 ammonia, [82Rb] Rubidium-82 chloride, [11C], [11C] 25B-NBOMe, [18F] Altanserin, [11C] Carfentanil, [11C] DASB, [11C] DTBZ, [18F]Fluoropropyl-DTBZ, [11C] ME@HAPTHI, [18F] Fallypride, [18F] Florbetaben, [18F] Flubatine, [18F]Fluspidine, [18F] Florbetapir, [18F] or [11C] Flumazenil, [18F] Flutemetamol, [18F] Fluorodopa, [18F] Desmethoxyfallypride, [18F] Mefway, [18F] MPPF, [18F] Nifene, Pittsburgh compound B, [11C] Raclopride, [18F] Setoperone, [18F] or [11C] N-Methylspiperone, [11C] Verapamil, [11C] Martinostat, Fludeoxyglucose (18F)(FDG)-glucose analogue, [11C] Acetate, [11C] Methionine, [11C] Choline, [18F] Fluciclovine, [18F] Fluorocholine, [18F] FET, [18F] FMISO, [18F] 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine, [68Ga] DOTA-pseudopeptides, [68Ga] PSMA, or [18F] Fluorodeoxysorbitol (FDS).
- Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions. It involves the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central metal atom
- Suitable chelators for the invention include chelators that attach the targeting peptide to the imaging agent. Chelators generally work by binding to metal ions. As described herein, radionuclides can be chelated by any method known in the art.
- Processes of chelating a radioligand are well known (e.g. Anderson et al., Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2009 August; 24(4): 379-393; Stockholf et al., Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2014 April; 7(4): 392-418). Except as otherwise noted herein, therefore, the process of the present disclosure can be carried out in accordance with such processes. For example, chelators for a radiolabel (e.g., 64Cu) can be any of those known in the art (e.g., a macrocyclic chelator). As another example, the chelator can comprise NHS-MAG3, MAG3, DTPA, 3p-C-NE3TA, 3p-C-NOTA, 3p-C-DE4TA, ATSM, tetraazamacrocyclic ligands (e.g., DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid), DOTA-NHS, pSCN-Bn-DOTA, pNH2-Bn-DOTA, TETA (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetraacetic acid, TETA-octreotide (OC)), hexaazamacrobicyclic cage-type ligands (e.g., Sarcophogine chelators), cross-bridged tetraamine ligands (e.g., CB-TE2A (4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane)), 6-Hydrazinopridine-3-carboxylic acid (Hynic), or NHS-Hynic. As another example, a radiolabelled (e.g., 64Cu) chelator can be 2,2′,2″-(10-(2-((2-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triyl)triacetic acid (Maleimido-mono-amide-DOTA).
- The targeting peptide and chelator may be covalently linked. The chelator may be attached to the targeting peptide N- or C-terminus. In some embodiments, the chelator may be attached to the peptide through the N-terminus. In some embodiments, the chelator may be attached to the peptide through the C-terminus.
- In some embodiments, the chelator may include 2-[1,4,7-Tiazacyclononan-1-yl-4,7-bis(tBu-ester)]-1,5-pentanedioic acid (NODAGA), DOTA, or any other suitable chelator.
- As described herein, a radiolabel can be doped in or on a nanoparticle, or a radiolabel can be conjugated to a nanoparticle.
- The imaging agent, as described herein can comprise any nanoparticle known in the art suitable for use as an imaging agent. Nanoparticles for use in molecular probes and imaging agents are well known; see e.g., Chen et al., Molecular Imaging Probes for Cancer Research, 2012.
- Labeling of nanoparticles are well known; see e.g., Yongjian Liu, Michael J Welch, Nanoparticles labeled with positron emission nuclides: advantages, methods, and applications, Bioconjugate Chemistry, 2012, 23, 671-682; Stockholf et al., Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2014 April; 7(4): 392-418. Except as otherwise noted herein, therefore, the process of the present disclosure can be carried out in accordance with such processes.
- For example, a nanoparticle can be a nanocluster or any other type of nanostructures including organic, inorganic, or lipid nanostructures.
- As another example, the nanoparticle can comprise Au or Cu. As another example, the nanoparticle can comprise iron oxide, gold, gold nanoclusters (AuNC), gold nanorods (AuNR), copper (Cu), quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohom, gadolinium (Gd), dendrimers, dendrons, polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) nanoparticles, calcium phosphate nanoparticles, perfluorocarbon nanoparticles (PFCNPs), or lipid-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes and micelles.
- Described herein are linkers used to attach peptides to a portion of an imaging agent (e.g., a core, a nanoparticle, a radiolabel, a chelator, another peptide). A linker can be any composition used for conjugation, for example to a nanoparticle or chelator.
- A linker group can be any linker group suitable for use in an imaging agent. Linker groups for imaging agents (e.g., molecular probes) are well known (see e.g., Werengowska-Ciedwierz et al., Advances in Condensed Matter Physics, Vol. 2015 (2015); Chen et al., Curr Top Med Chem. 2010; 10(12): 1227-1236). Except as otherwise noted herein, therefore, the processes of the present disclosure can be carried out in accordance with such processes.
- For example, the linker can conjugate a nanoparticle to a CCR2 biding peptide. For example, the CCR2 binding peptide can be covalently attached to the linker. For example, the linker can comprise a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivative. As another example, the linker can comprise PEG, TA-PEG-Maleimide, TA-PEG-OMe, or TA-PEG. As another example, a linker can comprise an isothiocyanate group, a carboxylic acid or carboxylate groups, a dendrimer, a dendron, Fmoc-protected-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid, ascorbic acid, a silane linker, minopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), or dopamine. Other covalent coupling methods can use employ the use of 2 thiol groups, 2 primary amines, a carboxylic acid and primary amine, maleimide and thiol, hydrazide and aldehyde, or a primary amine and aldehyde. For example, the linker can be an amide, a thioether, a disulfide, an acetyl-hydrazone group, a polycyclic group, a click chemistry (CC) group (e.g., cycloadditions, for example, Huisgen catalytic cycloaddition; nucleophilic substitution chemistry, for example, ring opening of heterocyclic electrophiles; carbonyl chemistry of the “nonaldol” type, for example, formation of ureas, thioureas, and hydrazones; additions to carbon-carbon multiple bonds, for example, epoxidation and dihydroxylation); or a physical or chemical bond,
- Aspects of the present disclosure also relate to a method of making a CD163 targeting and imaging composition. The method generally includes conjugating a chelator or linker or nanoparticle with a CD163 targeting peptide to form a targeted conjugate followed by radiolabeling the targeted conjugate with a radionuclide to form the CD163 targeting and imaging composition.
- In some embodiments, the chelator may be a macrocyclic chelator. Examples of a macrocyclic chelator includes but is not limited to 2-[1,4,7-Triazacyclononan-1-yl-4,7-bis(tBu-ester)]-1,5-pentanedioic acid (NODAGA). The chelator may be conjugated to the targeting peptide via amide bond. The amide bond may be between a tryptophan residue on N-terminus.
- In some embodiments, the chelator may be conjugated to the N-terminus of the peptide via an amide bond. The conjugation may be performed in the presence of a tertiary amine and a suitable solvent. The conjugation may be further performed in the presence of a reagent used in peptide coupling chemistry to generate an active ester from a carboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the tertiary amine may be N,N-diisopropylethylamine. In some embodiments, the solvent may be DMF. In some embodiments, the reagent may be HATU. The first step of the synthesis may include combining the chelator, tertiary amine, solvent, and peptide coupling reagent at room temperature to form a chelator solution. The peptide may be added to the chelator solution and incubated overnight. The chelator conjugated to the peptide may be removed from the reaction mixture by appropriate separation techniques.
- The radiolabeling of the chelator conjugate may be carried out using an appropriate radionuclide in the presence of a suitable buffer. In some embodiments, the radionuclide may be copper-64, gallium-68, or a combination thereof.
- Methods described herein are generally performed on a subject in need thereof. A subject in need of the evaluation or therapeutic methods described herein can be a subject having, diagnosed with, suspected of having, or at risk for developing a CD163 associated disease, disorder, or condition. The subject in need may also be at risk for developing resident macrophage mediated inflammatory diseases including but not limited to CVD, atherosclerosis, including atherosclerosis vulnerable plaques. A determination of the need for treatment will typically be assessed by a history and physical exam consistent with the disease or condition at issue. Diagnosis of the various conditions treatable by the methods described herein is within the skill of the art. The subject can be an animal subject, including a mammal, such as horses, cows, dogs, cats, sheep, pigs, mice, rats, monkeys, hamsters, guinea pigs, and chickens, and humans. For example, the subject can be a human subject.
- Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method of detecting CD163 in a subject. The method includes administering to the subject a composition comprising the CD163 targeting and imaging agent described above and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the imaging agent. The detection of the imaging agent may be indicative of CD163.
- Aspects of the present disclosure also relate to a method of detecting activated macrophases in a subject. The method includes administering to the subject a composition comprising the CD163 targeting and imaging agent described above and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the imaging agent. The detection of the imaging agent may be indicative of activated macrophases.
- Aspects of the present disclosure further relate to a method of detecting inflammation in a subject. The method includes administering to the subject a composition comprising the CD163 targeting and imaging agent described above and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the imaging agent. The detection of the imaging agent may be indicative of inflammation.
- Aspects of the present disclosure further relate to a method of monitoring atherosclerotic plaques in a subject. The method includes administering to the subject a composition comprising the CD163 targeting and imaging agent described above and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the imaging agent. The detection of the imaging agent may be indicative of atherosclerotic plaques.
- The methods of the invention may also include treatment of any diseases or conditions resulting from resident macrophage mediated inflammatory diseases. The treatment may include those known to a skilled artisan such as immunomodulatory therapies or other therapies detailed herein.
- A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
- Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use may include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL (BASF; Parsippany, N.J.), or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, a composition may be sterile and may be fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists. A composition may be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and may be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier may be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion, and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it may be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride, in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions may be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
- Sterile injectable solutions may be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying, which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
- Oral compositions generally may include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. Oral compositions may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions may also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents and/or adjuvant materials may be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches, and the like, may contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose; a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from a pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
- Agents or compositions described herein can also be used in combination with other therapeutic modalities, as described further below. Thus, in addition to the therapies described herein, one may also provide to the subject other therapies known to be efficacious for treatment of the disease, disorder, or condition.
- The amount of a composition described herein that can be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the unit content of agent contained in an individual dose of each dosage form need not in itself constitute a therapeutically effective amount, as the necessary therapeutically effective amount could be reached by administration of a number of individual doses.
- Again, each of the states, diseases, disorders, and conditions, described herein, as well as others, can benefit from compositions and methods described herein. Generally, treating a state, disease, disorder, or condition includes preventing or delaying the appearance of clinical symptoms in a mammal that may be afflicted with or predisposed to the state, disease, disorder, or condition but does not yet experience or display clinical or subclinical symptoms thereof. Treating can also include inhibiting the state, disease, disorder, or condition, e.g., arresting or reducing the development of the disease or at least one clinical or subclinical symptom thereof. Furthermore, treating can include relieving the disease, e.g., causing regression of the state, disease, disorder, or condition or at least one of its clinical or subclinical symptoms. A benefit to a subject to be treated can be either statistically significant or at least perceptible to the subject or to a physician.
- Agents and compositions described herein can be administered according to methods described herein in a variety of means known to the art. The agents and composition can be used therapeutically either as exogenous materials or as endogenous materials. Exogenous agents are those produced or manufactured outside of the body and administered to the body. Endogenous agents are those produced or manufactured inside the body by some type of device (biologic or other) for delivery within or to other organs in the body.
- As discussed above, administration can be parenteral, pulmonary, oral, topical, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, ophthalmic, buccal, or rectal administration.
- Also provided are kits. Such kits can include an agent or composition described herein and, in certain embodiments, instructions for administration. Such kits can facilitate performance of the methods described herein. When supplied as a kit, the different components of the composition can be packaged in separate containers and admixed immediately before use. Components include, but are not limited to stem cells, media, and factors as described herein. Such packaging of the components separately can, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the composition. The pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil such as a blister pack. Such packaging of the components separately can also, in certain instances, permit long-term storage without losing activity of the components.
- Kits may also include reagents in separate containers such as, for example, sterile water or saline to be added to a lyophilized active component packaged separately. For example, sealed glass ampules may contain a lyophilized component and in a separate ampule, sterile water, sterile saline or sterile each of which has been packaged under a neutral non-reacting gas, such as nitrogen. Ampules may consist of any suitable material, such as glass, organic polymers, such as polycarbonate, polystyrene, ceramic, metal or any other material typically employed to hold reagents.
- Other examples of suitable containers include bottles that may be fabricated from similar substances as ampules, and envelopes that may consist of foil-lined interiors, such as aluminum or an alloy. Other containers include test tubes, vials, flasks, bottles, syringes, and the like. Containers may have a sterile access port, such as a bottle having a stopper that can be pierced by a hypodermic injection needle. Other containers may have two compartments that are separated by a readily removable membrane that upon removal permits the components to mix. Removable membranes may be glass, plastic, rubber, and the like.
- Definitions and methods described herein are provided to better define the present disclosure and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present disclosure. Unless otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.
- In some embodiments, numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the present disclosure are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” In some embodiments, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of the mean for the device or method being employed to determine the value. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the present disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of the present disclosure may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.
- In some embodiments, the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar references used in the context of describing a particular embodiment (especially in the context of certain of the following claims) can be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless specifically noted otherwise. In some embodiments, the term “or” as used herein, including the claims, is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive.
- The terms “comprise,” “have” and “include” are open-ended linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs, such as “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes” and “including,” are also open-ended. For example, any method that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more steps is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps and can also cover other unlisted steps. Similarly, any composition or device that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more features is not limited to possessing only those one or more features and can cover other unlisted features.
- The term “theranostic” refers to a portmanteau of therapeutics and diagnostics. A used herein “theranostic agent” refers to an “imaging agent”, a “therapeutic agent”, or a both.
- As used herein “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues.
- The term “formulation” refers to preparing a drug in a form suitable for administration to a subject, such as a human. Thus, a “formulation” can include pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, including diluents or carriers.
- The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein can describe substances or components that do not cause unacceptable losses of pharmacological activity or unacceptable adverse side effects. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients can be those having monographs in United States Pharmacopeia (USP 29) and National Formulary (NF 24), United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc, Rockville, Maryland, 2005 (“USP/NF”), or a more recent edition, and the components listed in the continuously updated Inactive Ingredient Search online database of the FDA. Other useful components that are not described in the USP/NF, etc. may also be used.
- The term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient,” as used herein, can include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic, or absorption delaying agents. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art (see generally Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.R. Gennaro, Ed.), 21st edition, ISBN: 0781746736 (2005)). Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with an active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
- A “stable” formulation or composition can refer to a composition having sufficient stability to allow storage at a convenient temperature, such as between about 0° C. and about 60° C., for a commercially reasonable period of time, such as at least about one day, at least about one week, at least about one month, at least about three months, at least about six months, at least about one year, or at least about two years.
- All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the present disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the present disclosure.
- Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the present disclosure disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.
- All publications, patents, patent applications, and other references cited in this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, patent application or other reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Citation of a reference herein shall not be construed as an admission that such is prior art to the present disclosure.
- Having described the present disclosure in detail, it will be apparent that modifications, variations, and equivalent embodiments are possible without departing the scope of the present disclosure defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that all examples in the present disclosure are provided as non-limiting examples.
- The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent techniques discovered by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
- Macrophages are innate immune cells present in all major tissues and responsible for homeostasis. Macrophages sense and respond to pathogens and other environmental challenges and participate in tissue repair after injury. Recent research reveals macrophages as remarkably plastic cells that are epigenetically programmed in response to signals originating from the tissue environment. Macrophages integrate endocrine or paracrine signals with signals originating from phagocytosed cells, microvesicles, and molecules in the extracellular matrix. In addition, macrophages can interact directly with surface receptors on other tissue-resident cell populations, immune cells recruited during injury, and extracellular proteins. As a result, macrophages play diverse roles in the development, and the acute response to infection and tissue injury, tissue repair, as well as cancer development. Due to macrophages' tissue- and disease stage-specific roles, modulation of macrophage activity has been an active area in drug development for pharmacological intervention of inflammatory and malignant diseases. However, this proposes a new challenge for precise molecular phenotyping and targeting of macrophage subpopulations over the course of tissue injury and repair.
- The macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity is evident from how the microenvironment shapes macrophage phenotype and functional identity, thus ensuring ongoing adaption of macrophages to the environment. Typically, macrophages are defined as M1 macrophages (classically activated pro-inflammatory macrophages) and M2 macrophages (alternatively activated tissue-resident anti-inflammatory macrophages). M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and have a central role in host defense against inflammation and infection, while M2 macrophages are associated with responses to anti-inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling, and they represent two terminals of the full spectrum of macrophage activation (
FIG. 1 ). Though the recent development of technologies enable the further categorization of tissue macrophage subsets based on the common life cycle properties and core gene signatures, the lack of consistent expression of characteristic surface biomarkers on certain macrophages across all major organs proposes challenges to determine their dynamic variation during the inflammatory process. Since the transformation of different phenotypes of macrophages regulates the initiation, development, and cessation of inflammatory diseases, it is critical to track the well-defined macrophage populations with constant expression of surface markers across multiple organs to interrogate their temporal-spatial distribution along the progression and regression of inflammatory diseases or malignancies. Due to the well-established biomarkers overexpressed on the cell surface and the dominant populations in the major organs, the conventionally defined M1 and M2 macrophages are still valuable to investigate their function and roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. - Following the first phase of inflammatory response, C—C
motif chemokine receptor 2 positive (CCR2+) blood monocytes derived from bone marrow are quickly recruited into the injured tissues, and then differentiated into CCR2+ pro-inflammatory macrophages to promote inflammation, which makes CCR2 a representative biomarker for M1 type macrophages. Of various biomarkers studied for macrophages, the scavenger receptor CD163 is a macrophage-specific protein and closely associated with the phenotype change of macrophages switching to alternative activated phenotypes upon inflammation such as repair mechanisms, as well as the progression of cancers. Although there is an increased interest in the soluble plasma CD163 that arises from the shedding of CD163 mediated by the tumor necrosis factor-α cleaving enzyme in a large spectrum of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders, the level of soluble CD163 is much lower than the membrane-bound form in macrophages, especially at inflammatory sites, which makes CD163 a unique target to determine dynamic variation of M2 macrophages in inflammatory diseases and malignancies. - In contrast to anatomy-based imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography (PET) provides unique advantages to sensitively and specifically detect the molecular signatures of macrophages subsets in vivo, as well as a well-established strategy for clinical translation. Many molecular probes have been developed to image surface biomarkers upregulated on macrophages in inflammatory diseases and malignancies in preclinical models, including somatastatin receptor subtype-2 (SSTR-2), mitochondrial membrane translocator protein (TSPO), mannose receptor or macrophage mannose receptor (MMR), C—X—C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, the overexpression of SSTR-2 on tumor cells may complicate the imaging of M1 type macrophages present in the tumor microenvironment, compounding investigations into their role in tumor progression or treatment response. For MMR imaging, a few tracers have been reported showing promising data detecting M2 type macrophages. However, the pharmacokinetics and targeting efficiency may need further improvement. For CXCR4, TSPO, and MPO, although many imaging agents have been developed for both preclinical and clinical studies, their expression on multiple cell types make these tracers less ideal for tracking specific type of macrophage.
- [64Cu]/[68Ga]-DOTA-ECL1i radiotracers were developed to non-invasively quantify CCR2+ pro-inflammatory macrophages using PET in multiple pre-clinical animal models including atherosclerosis, cardiac injury, and lung injurylinflammation. The in vivo imaging specificity of these CCR2 tracers was demonstrated by a decreased signal in CCR2−/− mice and near-complete loss of signal with competitive blockade. The imaging sensitivity was demonstrated in progressive and regressive animal atherosclerosis models. Importantly, the CCR2 tracer uptake correlated with the levels of macrophages at injured/diseased tissues, highlighting the potential of CCR2 as an imaging biomarker to determine M1 type pro-inflammatory macrophages in vivo. Moreover, the initial human studies in patients with pulmonary fibrosis demonstrated the importance of macrophage imaging to assess inflammatory diseases status and potential to guide molecular therapy. Indeed, the radiotracer is now involved in three other NIH funded human studies. To further improve the metabolic stability of the CCR2 tracer for more accurate detection of CCR2+M1 macrophages and expand its imaging research into neuroinflammation, new CCR2 targeted radiotracers was developed with more favorable imaging characteristics. Novel CD163 targeted PET tracer to detect M2 macrophages were also developed.
- CCR2 targeted radiotracers imaging pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages were developed. The next generation CCR2 targeted radiotracers with improved imaging characteristics for CCR2 detection were developed, which include novel peptides screened from phage display for [64Cu]/[68Ga]/[89Zr]/[18F] radiolabeling and small molecules for 18F labeling. The radiochemistry was optimized, the in vitro binding affinities, stability, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo imaging sensitivity and specificity were assessed. Novel radiotracers targeting CD163 to image resident macrophages were developed. CD163+ anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages play important roles in inflammation resolution and tumor progression. Although there is novel antibody developed for CD163, there is no reported small molecules or peptides binding CD163. Peptides were screened from phage display, first PET radiotracer targeting CD163 was developed, and a tool provided to determine its in vivo distribution and variation. The design was also optimized to have multiple versions of the radiotracers compatible with different radiolabeling strategies.
- A pair of novel imaging agents to determine the dynamic temporal-spatial distribution of macrophage subsets in vivo to gain insight about their roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and malignancies were provided. It is known that macrophage differentiation from monocytes occurs in the tissue in concomitance with the acquisition of a functional phenotype that depends on microenvironmental signals, thereby accounting for the many and apparently opposed macrophage functions, highlighting the importance to non-invasively track the dynamic distribution of macrophage subsets in vivo. Through this TR&D, a unique approach to measure the temporal-spatial distribution of CCR2+M1 pro-inflammatory was provided and CD163+M2 resident macrophages using the novel imaging agents developed. The structure of the tracers and radiolabeling strategies to enable imaging the spectrum of the inflammatory process was designed, thus gaining insight into the dynamic contribution of the two types of macrophages to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and malignancies. Data regarding the performance of the radiotracers in their animal models was collected, which provided guidance to drive the further development and optimization CCR2 and CD163 targeted radiotracers. Importantly, the imaging of temporal-spatial distribution of M1 and M2 macrophages along the inflammation and malignancy were used to track their dynamic variation and provide guidance to design targeted molecular therapy or immunomodulatory treatment.
- Assessment of 64Cu-DOTA-vMIP-II Imaging chemokine receptors in inflammation and malignancy. The vMIP-II peptide is a sequence binding to 10 chemokine receptors with high affinities, which makes it unique for exploring cellular inflammation mediated by a group of chemokine receptors in animal models. As show in
FIG. 2A , [64Cu]-DOTA-vMIP-II PET showed intensive uptake in the HNSCC tumor, atherosclerotic lesion, and lung inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), indicating the potential of this radiotracer for inflammation imaging. [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i revealed comparable imaging efficiency to the broad-spectrum [64Cu]-DOTA-vMIP-II tracer (FIG. 2B andFIG. 2C ). - Translation of [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i for human Imaging. Animal toxicity studies with non-radioactive Cu-DOTA-ECL1i, dosimetry using [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i in naïve mice were performed and submitted the exploratory investigative new drug (eIND) application to US Food Drug Administration (FDA). Following approvals from FDA, Washington University Radioactive Drug Research Committee (RDRC) and Institutional Review Board (IRB), the human dosimetry studied in six healthy volunteers (3 males, 3 females) who were injected with [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i (5.2 mCi-10.4 mCi) and scanned at 15-30 min, 2-4 h, 20 h, and 44 h post injection was initiated. All patients showed rapid distribution of the tracer and fast clearance through the urinary tract. Approximately 80% of the activity was excreted in the urine within 2-4 hours after injection. The most intense activity was seen in the liver and kidneys, while the majority of tracer was excreted in urine. The gender average Effective Dose was 0.064±0.012 rem/mCi (0.073 rem/mCi for females and 0.056 rem/mCi for the males). The critical organ for both genders was the urinary bladder wall, with the highest average estimated dose derived from the female model at 0.45 rad/mCi. Therefore, a dose of 8-10 mCi was injected to each patient in the HNSCC patient studies.
- CCR2 PET Imaging in HNSCC patients. Due to the dramatic negative effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of clinical research, HNSCC patient imaging study was significantly impacted. Although numerous strategies that integrate the efforts of the TR&D, Head and Neck Surgery, Nuclear Medicine and the MIR Research Facilities to enhance recruitment and study performance, participation from HNSCC patients was low. 10 HNSCC patients were imaged and tissues were collected from 9 of them. The PET imaging in these patients showed significant tracer uptake in tumors and lymph nodes. Among them, patient HN-4 was a 72-year-old female with pT4aN3bM0 oromandibular poorly-differentiated keratinizing SCC, multiple lymph node metastases, and extra nodal extension. Clinical CT identified the primary tumor (green arrow) and lymph node (LN) (red arrow) metastasis (
FIG. 3 ). The CCR2 radiotracer [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i signal was intense and in close proximity to the uptake of [18F]-FDG-PET/CT study. Inspection of CCR2 tracer tumor time activity curves showed reversible accumulation. Kinetic modeling by the Quantitative Imaging and Informatics Resource (Q12R) showed the reversible 2-compartment model (4 parameters) fitted better than 1-compartment model (confirmed by akaike information criteria (AIC)). Furthermore, parametric Logan images provided regional Distribution Volume (DV), which would be compared to CCR2 immunostaining to validate imaging efficiency. In contrast to [18F]-FDG, the different uptake pattern of [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i may be reflective of TAMs within tumor immune microenvironment. Moreover, representative CCR2 PET/CT images of HN-4 (FIG. 4A ) and HN-6 (p16+) (FIG. 4B ) showed that [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i specifically detected the primary tumors (green arrow) and LN (red arrow) metastasis. Quantitative uptake analysis demonstrated significant uptake for primary tumor and LN during the dynamic and at 1.5 h post injection images. Moreover, the primary tumor and LN uptake was stable in-between the two scans, suggesting radiotracer binding and retention (FIG. 4C ). The target-to-background ratios demonstrated an appropriate contrast between the tumor and the surrounding non-malignant tissue for accurate detection of primary tumors and LN metastasis. - Ex vivo HNSCC tissue characterization. In the six HNSCC patients, immunostaining showed strong expression of CCR2 on tumor cells and infiltrated TAMs in all primary tumors (n=9) and LNs (n=5), while the degree of CCR2 and CD68 co-localization varied among these specimens. For example, histology (H&E) of the collected primary tumor specimen from HN-4 showed that the tumor is a well-differentiated keratinizing SCC with a significant amount of infiltrative mononuclear inflammatory cells (
FIG. 5A ). Immunofluorescence staining showed intensive expression of CCR2+ cells and CD68+ TAMs with a significant number of cells positive for both (yellow). Ex vivo tumor autoradiography revealed strong [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i binding and the specificity was confirmed by the competitive receptor blocking and correlation analysis. Moreover, the lymph node with metastatic carcinoma collected from this patient also showed strong CCR2 staining (FIG. 5B ), which was consistent with the in vivo CCR2 tracer uptake (FIG. 4 ). - Human blood metabolism of [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i and optimization of tracer design. Venous blood metabolism assay for every HNSCC patients at 60 min post injection was performed. The radiotracer showed variable stability from 25.1% to 100% (62.8±25.9%, n=7), which highlighted the importance to improve the radiotracer stability for more accurate detection of CCR2 in humans. The design of ECL1i tracer was optimized following several strategies including 1) using other macrocyclic chelators including NOTA and NODAGA; 2) cyclization of the ECL1i peptide, 3) conjugation of chelators via the N-terminus using amide bond instead of the maleimide-thiol conjugation via the cysteine residue at the C-terminus. In total, 6 new tracers were synthesized for comparison. In vitro binding assays using THP-1 cells showed high binding affinities (IC50=30.8-40.0 nM), which were comparable to that of [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i (IC50=58.3±17.7 nM). Importantly, these new tracers (i.e. [64Cu]-NODAGA-ECL1i) demonstrated improved in vivo stability compared to [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i, and comparable or slightly better targeting efficiencies (tumor uptake, tumor/muscle ratios) to that of [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i. Therefore, the TAC and EAC recommended thorough tracer stability evaluation such as microsomal assay or non-human primate (NHP) to assess the metabolic stability for future tracer development.
- Taken together, [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i for CCR2 imaging in HNSCC patients has been successfully translated. CCR2 PET revealed the sensitive detection of the tumors and lymph nodes and the ex vivo characterization of the tissues collected from these patients demonstrated the overexpression of CCR2 positive pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in tumor microenvironment and the potential of CCR2 as a molecular biomarker for HNSCC prognosis. The ongoing CCR2 clinical imaging studies in other patient populations all show very encouraging preliminary data. These findings are the key motivations to drive us to further develop CCR2 targeted tracers with improved stability, enhanced targeting efficiency, and different physicochemical properties (i.e. small molecules) to expand the CCR2 imaging of inflammatory diseases. Novel CD163 targeted PET tracer imaging M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages were also developed and to non-invasively track the dynamic variation of these two types of macrophages in vivo to better understand the temporal-spatial distribution of these cells and related function/contribution to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, their resolution, and malignancies. The approach to develop the Novel CD163 targeted PET tracer imaging M2 antiinformmatory macrophages are below.
- Rational and study design. New CCR2 tracers to improve the imaging efficiency determining CCR2+M1 macrophages and extend the scope of CCR2 imaging were developed. Based on the specific imaging request and animal models used, the structure of the precursor was designed and the radiotracer synthesized with appropriate radiolabeling strategies. The CCR2 tracer stability, in vitro binding affinities, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo targeting efficiencies following pre-designed benchmarks of success were assesssed. Radiotracers/precursors were provided for in vivo PET imaging in appropriate biological systems.
- Small molecule based CCR2 radiotracer labeled with 18F were synthesized for neuroinflammation imaging. An 18F-labeled CCR2 radiotracer with desired characteristics such as the appropriate logP/lipophilicity to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), radiolabeling yield, and stability was synthesized. The upregulation of CCR2 in multiple sclerosis is well documented. In mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, the BBB is compromised at later stage. The peptide-based CCR2 tracers with 18F-labeled small molecules for MS imaging at various stages were compared. The design of these CCR2 tracers were improved to balance targeting effect vs. BBB penetration. To further improve the tracer stability and minimize metabolites in vivo, the CCR2 peptide-NODAGA conjugate for 64Cu and 68Ga radiolabeling were synthesized. The radiolabeling specific activities, stabilities, binding affinities, and imaging efficiencies to address the needs for chronic and acute animal heart injury models were compared. Nanobody based radiotracer was also developed. A proof-of-concept study was performed using 99mTc labeling through the histidine-tag and a conjugation strategy was designed to synthesize 64Cu labeled PET tracer. In addition to the DOTA/NODAGA chelation strategies, a heptadentate aminopolycarboxylate ligand with a 1,4-diazepine scaffold (AAZTA) conjugated precursor specifically was synthesized for trivalent metal with a coordination number of 8, such as scandium-44 (44Sn). Moreover, the peptide-DOTA conjugate can also be used for 8Zr labeling to study the longitudinal distribution and uptake in tumors. Since the localization of abdominal aortic aneurysm is close to the kidneys, a 68Ga radiolabel was used due to its faster blood and renal clearance than 64Cu labeled counterpart. The chelator was changed to alter the charge of the tracer or design different conjugation strategy to optimize the charge distribution of the tracer to facilitate the clearance for optimal target-to-background ratio. Besides the optimization of chelators, the pharmacokinetics of 64Cu labeled CCR2 peptide tracer was improved by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) to extend the blood circulation for increased tumor uptake.
- Sex as a biological variable. Inflammatory diseases and cancers happen to both men and women. Thus, both male and female mice were used throughout the proposed studies. However, the sample size was too small to formally evaluate the impact of this variable on the measurement.
- Phage display screening and identification of new CCR2 binding peptides. Using a recombinant human CCR2 N-terminus protein (1-42 amino acids) with a glutathione s-transferase (GST) tag, phage display screening was performed using Ph.D.™-12 peptide library to identify sequences binding to CCR2. After three rounds of phage selections, 50 phages were selected to amplify in E. coli, titer, and for DNA sequencing. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed with pre-selected phages and identified five peptide sequences showing potential binding to CCR2. These peptides conjugated with biotin labels were customized for further peptide ELISA assays. As shown in
FIG. 6 , 3 peptides (P08 (VDDHYGTIVRNG, SEQ ID NO: 2), P15 (HWKWLKPWAVNT, SEQ ID NO: 3), and P21 (LIPAPGGTPRAG, SEQ ID NO: 4), all at the concentration of 104 M) out of the 5 sequences showed significantly higher binding to CCR2 N-terminus protein compared to the GST tag alone and bovine serum albumin (BSA, negative protein control). Therefore, these peptides were selected as CCR2 binding sequences to synthesize peptide-chelator conjugates. To further confirm the specific binding of these peptides, peptide docking studies were performed based on a crystal structure of CCR2 (PDB Id 6GPS) and receptor structures resulting from molecular dynamics simulations of CCR2 and endogenous ligand CCL2 complex using the program AutoDock CrankPep. As shown inFIG. 7 , consistent with ECL1i peptide, P8, P15 and P21 all bind to the same domain (extracellular loop 1, homologous between human and mouse) of CCR2 while P15 has the best binding affinity (−26.66 kcal/mol) among the three sequences. - Summary of preliminary data. Phage display screening of CCR2 binding peptides was performed and 3 candidate sequences were identified. Molecular modeling demonstrated that these peptides had comparable or superior binding affinities comparing to ECL1i, suggesting the potential of these peptides for further evaluation.
- Synthesis, radiolabeling and assessment of stability of new peptide-based CCR2 PET tracers. The P15 peptide with protecting groups was customized and NODAGA-NHS or DOTA-NHS esters conjugated to the N-terminus of the sequence through the histidine residue. The protection groups were removed and the NODAGA/DOTA-P15 conjugate was purified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The conjugate was characterized with HPLC-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) prior to radiolabeling with 64Cu or 68Ga following well-established radiolabeling protocols. The [64Cu]/[68Ga]-NODAGA/DOTA-P15 tracer was subjected to multiple levels of stability assays in vitro including 1) radiolabel stability using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) challenge in buffer; 2) serum stability in mouse/human serum after 1 h incubation; and 3) metabolic stability assay using human liver microsomes following commercially available protocols.
- Benchmark of success: NODAGA/DOTA-P15 conjugate purity (≥95%), [64Cu]/[68Ga]-NODAGA/DOTA-P15 radiochemical purity (≥95%), radiolabeling specific activity (≥1.5 mCi/nmol), radiolabel stability (≥95%), serum stability (≥95%), and metabolic stability (≥95%).
- Synthesis, radiolabeling and assessment of stability of small molecules-based CCR2 PET tracers. Of many CCR2 antagonists, AZ889 is of particular interest due to its high binding potency (IC50=0.13 nM) to CCR2 and potential for 18F radiolabeling through the CF3 group. Therefore, the
precursor 6 according to the scheme outlined inFIG. 8 was synthesized. Radiolabeling with 18F was done through the nucleophilic substitution, a well-established strategy for synthesizing [18F]CF2-group. Following HPLC purification, [18F]AZ889 was formulated with 10% ethanol in saline for assessments outlined above. - Benchmark of success:
precursor 6 purity (≥95%), [18F]AZ889 radiochemical purity (≥95%), radiolabeling specific activity (≥1.0 mCi/nmol), serum stability (≥90%), and metabolic stability (≥90%). - In vitro cell binding assay. The binding affinities of all CCR2 radiotracers were determined using a CCR2-expressing human monocyte cell line THP-1 while CCR2 negative 293T cells were used as controls. The IC50 values of these radiotracers were determined using a competitive receptor binding assay with non-radioactive counterpart at room temperature at various concentrations and compare with the current tracer [64Cu]-DOTA-ECL1i (IC50=58.3±17.7 nM).
- In vivo pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetic studies of these radiotracers were carried out in both male and female wild type C57BL/6 mice following well-established protocols. For 64Cu radiolabeled P15 peptide radiotracers, biodistribution was performed at 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h (n=5/group) post intravenous injection via tail vein. For 68Ga labeled CCR2 tracers, the time points were 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h (n=5/group). For [18F]AZ889, the organ collections were performed at 1 h, 4 h and 6 h (n=5/group) post injection. Particularly, the brain accumulation of this radiotracer was measured at 5 min post injection in rat to determine the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration of [18F]AZ889 following a defined guidline.
- In vivo targeting efficiency. The CCR2 targeting efficiencies of the as-developed radiotracers was assessed in a mouse atherosclerosis model using apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE4) mice (both male and female, n=5/group) fed on high fat diet (HFD) that is a chronic inflammatory model known with high CCR2 expression at atherosclerotic plaques. The chronic nature of this model will enable the cross comparison of the targeting effect of different radiotracers within reasonable timeframe while the inflammatory status and CCR2 expression is less variable. For PET imaging, 0-60 min dynamic scan will be performed on all the mice. All PET images generated from this TR&D and those retrieved from CPs will be collectively analyzed by Q12R and TR&D2. Partial volume effect will be corrected to accurately determine the tracer uptake. Targeting effect was assessed by the SUV uptake at the aortic arch in ApoE−/− mice at least 10 weeks post HFD, at time point in which the upregulation of CCR2 was documented. The imaging specificity of various CCR2 radiotracers was assessed via competitive receptor blocking studies using non-radioactive counterparts in excess amount (100-500 fold). The significant decrease of tracer uptake indicated the CCR2 targeting specificity. The imaging sensitivity assessment for each CCR2 radiotracer was carried out by scanning the same cohort of ApoE−/− mice along the progression of the disease at 10, 16 and 24 weeks post HFD. Separate cohorts of ApoE−/− mice was used for aortic artery tissues characterization including real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry to comprehensively assess the expression of CCR2 at the corresponding time points following the reported protocols. PET tracer uptake at aortic arch was integrated with these CCR2 tissue characterizations to assess the imaging sensitivity of these radiotracers detecting CCR2 (please see vertebrate animals section).
- In vivo metabolism and PET Imaging in non-human-primate (NHP). Radiotracers that performed well in mouse studies were further assessed their metabolic stabilities using NHP and to assess the BBB penetration for [18F]AZ889 following well established procedures. Arterial blood samples from NHPs were collected at multiple time points post intravenous injection and plasmas were separated, filtered, and injected into radioactive HPLC to determine the radioactive metabolites. A 0-60 min dynamic PET scan in NHP with candidate CCR2 radiotracers was performed and the tracer accumulation in the whole-body and particularly brain for small molecule radiotracers was quantified. The time-activity-curve of tracer retention in brain with the blood curve obtained using gamma counting was compared to calculate the brain-to-blood ratio to assess the BBB penetration.
- Benchmark of success: IC50 (<10 nM), excretion (>80% injected dose at 4 h), brain retention (small molecule CCR2 tracer in rat only: >0.1% ID/g, >0.01% ID/g in NHP), in vivo stability in NHP (≥80% at 1 h), metabolic stability (≥90% at 1 h), targeting specificity (≥50% blocking effect), target-to-background ratio (Z 5).
- Data/Statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize imaging, immune activity and pathological properties of the murine atherosclerosis model. The tracer uptake was correlated with CCR2+ cells burden using a Spearman's correlation coefficient. Differences in the characteristics (disease severity, disorganization, presence of CCR2) between the atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic arch specimens was evaluated using chi square tests. Differences in tracer uptake between the new CCR2 tracers and current 64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i were assessed using a Mann-Whitney U test. Due to small sample size, all statistical test were based on the exact p value methods. Power calculation. The correlation between CCR2 tracer uptake and CCR2+ were very high at 0.935, and 5 mice were used, which achieved 80% power to detect a correlation of 0.935 using a two-sided test with 5% significance level.
- Rational and study design. A novel CD163 targeting PET tracers was developed and the stability, binding affinity, imaging sensitivity and specificity to M2 tissue resident macrophages were assessed.
- Phage display screening of CD163 binding peptides using the Ph.D.-12™ library and CD163 protein was performed. After three rounds of phage selection, phage ELISA, and peptide ELISA, five peptide sequences binding CD163 were identified. The peptide sequences were customized for PET tracer synthesis, and identified one leading sequence names ICT-01 WNHGWFWQWSSK (ICT-01 SEQ ID NO: 1) as a candidate for radiotracer development. As shown in
FIG. 9 , NODAGA chelator was conjugated to the N-terminus of ICT-01 (NODAGA-ICT-01) via an amide bond for radiolabeling with 64Cu showing high specific activity (2 mCi/nmol), which enabled trace amount administration for PET imaging. Initial mouse serum stability studies showed that the 64Cu-NODAGA-ICT-01 was 100% stable after 1 h incubation. - In vitro cell binding assay of [64Cu]-NODAGA-4CT-01. The in vitro cell binding assay of [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 was performed in CD163 overexpressing U87 cells. As shown in
FIG. 10A , [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 demonstrated high binding affinity to CD163 with an IC50 of 26.8 t 21.4 nM (n=3). - Biodistribution of [64Cu]-NODAGA-4CT-01. In vivo pharmacokinetics of [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 was performed in wild type C57BL/6 mice at 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h post injection via tail vein. As shown in
FIG. 10B , [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 showed effective renal clearance and low retention in most organs. The blood pool organs (blood, heart, lung) had less than 0.5% ID/gram retention at 1 h post injection while the liver uptake was less than 2% ID/gram at all times. Interestingly, gallbladder showed high retention of [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 (31.8±8.1% ID/gram) at 1 h, followed by rapid decrease to less than 4% ID/gram at 4 h, which still ensured acceptable dosimetry for potential clinical translation based on preliminary estimation. - CD163 PET imaging atherosclerosis. [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 imaging of CD163 was assessed in an ApoE−/− mouse atherosclerosis model. As shown in
FIG. 11 , consistent with the rapid blood clearance determined in the biodistribution study shown inFIG. 10 , low tracer uptake was observed at aortic arch in WT mice. In contrast to the low accumulation of [18F]-FDG in ApoE−/− mice at 30 weeks post HFD, a strong [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 signal was determined at aortic arch in ApoE−/− mice after 10 week HFD, which was doubled at 40 weeks, consistent with the increased M2 resident macrophages in atherosclerosis. The competitive blocking study revealed approximately 3-fold decrease of tracer uptake, suggesting the targeting specificity. - CD163 PET imaging tumors. Preliminary CD163 imaging in mouse HNSCC tumor models was also performed. As shown in
FIG. 12 , [18F]-FDG PET revealedtumor localization at 1 week post implantation of MOC1 tumor cells. [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 showed intensive tumor uptake at 2 weeks in the same tumor-bearing mouse, which significantly increased at 7 weeks post implantation, indicating the sensitivity of CD163 PET. Moreover, in HNSCC patient derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model, [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 also demonstrated the sensitive detection of tumor. Ex vivo tissue histology showed the infiltration of immune cells that were largely positive for CD163 while the tumor cells were mostly negative, supporting the PET data. - Summary of preliminary data. One candidate tracer [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 for CD163 PET imaging was identified and synthesized. Initial evaluations demonstrated the stability of the radiotracer in mouse serum and in vitro cell binding studies showed high binding affinity to CD163. Biodistribution showed fast renal clearance and low retention in major organs in WT mice. PET imaging in ApoE−/− mice atherosclerosis model and HNSCC models demonstrated the potential of [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 for further evaluation in inflammatory animal models.
- Preparation, optimization, and assessment of new peptide-based CD163 PET tracers. The initial evaluation of [64Cu]-NODAGA-ICT-01 demonstrated the potential of this radiotracer targeting CD163 in vivo. In vitro evaluation to assess the metabolic stability of this radiotracer using the microsomal assay was performed. The DOTA and AAZTA chelator conjugated ICT-01 for various radiometals (i.e. 44Sc, 89Zr) labeling was synthesized. The pharmacokinetics of CD163 tracer was optimized by conjugating a bifunctional PEG linker (i.e. PEG4) in between the chelator and ICT-01 peptide to extend the blood circulation for improved targeting in vivo. The in vitro binding assays using U87 cells were carried out to screen those tracers with desirable binding affinities.
- Biodistribution will be carried out in WT mice to assess the distribution and retention in major organs.
- Benchmark of success: Chelator-ICT-01 conjugate purity (≥95%), 64Cu/[68Ga]-chelator-ICT-01 radiochemical purity (≥95%), radiolabeling specific activity (21.5 mCi/nmol), radiolabel stability (≥95%), serum stability (≥95%), metabolic stability (≥95%), IC50 (<10 nM), excretion (>80% injected dose at 4 h).
- The candidate lead CD163 radiotracers were subject to NHP study to assess their in vivo stability and pharmacokinetics following the protocols outlined above. The in vivo targeting efficiency of candidate CD163 PET tracers were first assessed in ApoE−/− mouse atherosclerosis model due to its suitability to cross compare multiple tracers. The imaging sensitivity and specificity were assessed following the approaches outlined above. Aortic arteries from the ApoE−/− mice were collected for multiple characterizations of CD163 expression including flow cytometry, immunostaining, and RT-PCR at the corresponding time points of PET imaging, which were integrated with PET data to assess the targeting efficiency of the various CD163 tracers.
- Benchmark of success: In vivo stability in NHP (≥80% at 1 h), targeting specificity (>50% blocking effect), target-to-background ratio (Z 5).
- Data/Statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize imaging, immune activity and pathological properties of the murine atherosclerosis model. The tracer uptake were correlated with CD163 cells burden using a Spearman's correlation coefficient. Differences in the characteristics (disease severity, disorganization, presence of CD163) between the atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic arch specimens were evaluated using chi square tests. Due to small sample size, all statistical test were based on the exact p value methods. Power calculation. The correlation between C163 tracer uptake and CD163 cells burden were very high at 0.935, and 5 mice were use, which achieve 80% power to detect a correlation of 0.935 using a two-sided test with 5% significance level.
- Rational and study design. CCR2+M1 and CD163+M2 macrophages are dynamically expressed and temporally localized in inflammatory diseases and malignancies. The CCR2 and CD163 PET signals were interrogated to localize the temporal-spatial distribution of M1 and M2 macrophage subtypes in vivo and validate their relationship in animal inflammation and tumor models.
- Preliminary data. Based on the currently available radiotracers, [68Ga]-DOTA-ECL1i and [68Ga]-NODAGA-ICT-01 PET imaging in an ischemia reperfusion injury induced myocardial infarction mouse model was performed to determine the temporal-spatial distribution of M1 CCR2+ pro-inflammatory and M2 CD163+ tissue resident macrophages post MI and during the remodeling process. The rapid decay of 68Ga (t/2=68 min) enabled PET imaging in MI mice in two consecutive days with [68Ga]-DOTA-ECL1i and 68Ga-NODAGA-ICT-01. As shown in
FIG. 13A , [18F]-FDG identified the infarct atday 3post MI. Day 4 CCR2 PET revealed intensive tracer uptake at infarct zone, which gradually decreased through the remodeling process while the tracer accumulation at remote area remained stable during the study (FIG. 13B , C). Interestingly, CD163 PET signals were observed at remote area and gradually increased fromday 5 today 13 and then remained stable until day 25 (FIG. 13D , E). Though the role of tissue resident macrophages in chronically failing heart is well documented, little is known about their temporal-spatial distribution post MI. The data revealed the dynamic change of these two types of macrophages for the first time, which really highlighted the importance of PET imaging as a non-invasive tool to track macrophage subsets in vivo to gain more insight into their role in the injury and remodeling process. - Summary of preliminary data. The feasibility of using PET imaging to detect the dynamic variation of macrophage subsets in vivo was demonstrated. The information will be important to understand the roles of M1 and M2 macrophages in the acute and the chronic phase post MI.
- PET imaging of macrophage subsets dynamics in animal inflammatory models. The newly developed CCR2 and CD163 tracers were used to determine the dynamic change of M1 and M2 macrophage subsets. For animal models with acute inflammation such as MI, 18F or 68Ga as radiolabels for CCR2 or CD163 tracers were used due to their rapid decay and clearance. This enabled serial PET imaging within a short time to capture the rapid change of these two types of macrophages along the promotion of inflammation and inflammation resolution phases. For animal models with chronic inflammation such as atherosclerosis or PDX mice, 64Cu radiolabeled tracers were appropriate for serial imaging due to the suitable half-life, image resolution, and relatively slow change of inflammatory cells within a short time (i.e. one week). Tracer uptake were quantified at each time points to cross compare the relative change overtime to gain insight of the temporal-spatial distribution of M1 CCR2+ and M2 CD163+ macrophages during the initiation and progression of diseases.
- Integrate the Expression of CCR2 and CD163 with Corresponding PET Signals to Correlate with the Status of Diseases
- Histopathological characterization and immune cell profiling of inflammatory tissues. At each imaging time point, tissues were collected for multiple histopathological characterization including histology, RT-PCR, immunostaining and flow cytometry (n=10/group). H&E and pentachrome staining were performed to assess the severity of disease and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Immunofluorescent staining were carried out to stain CCR2, CD68, and CD163, as well as p63 for tumor cells in malignant tissues to investigate the heterogeneous distribution of the two macrophage populations. Autoradiography for each tracer in individual models was performed to examine the intra-tissue distribution of tracer binding and correlate with immunostaining profiles to confirm binding specificity. Freshly collected tissues were digested to a single cell suspension. For CCR2, cells were stained with antibodies specific for CD45, CD64, Ly6C, and MHC-II. GFP reporter florescence identified CCR2+ cells. Isotype control antibodies and GFP-mice were used to validate the gating strategy. Cell populations were defined using the following markers: CD45+CD11b+CD64intLy6Chigh for monocytes, CD45+CD11b−CD64+Ly6Clo for macrophages, and CD45+CD11c+CD64-MHCII+ for dendritic cells. For CD163, cells were stained with antibodies specific for CD45, CD64, Ly6C, CD163 and MHCII. Isotype control antibodies were used to validate the gating strategy. Cell populations were defined using the following markers: CD45+CD64+MHCII+CD163+ for CD163+ macrophages, CD45+CD11b+CD64intLy6Chigh for monocytes, CD45*CD11b+CD64*Ly6Cb for macrophages, and CD45*CD11c+CD64-MHCII+ for dendritic cells. FloJo software was used to identify the specific cell type.
- The rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is responsible for the majority of cardiac and cardiovascular events such as ischemic strokes and myocardial infarctions. Vulnerable or rupture-prone plaques are characterized by a large necrotic core, inflammation and signs of impaired tissue repair. Of various immune cells overexpressed within the plaques, macrophages play important role mediating the initiation, progression and complication of atherosclerotic lesions. Plaque macrophages are a phenotypically heterogeneous group, where polarized phenotypes range from classically activated proinflammatory (M1) macrophages to alternatively activated reparatory (M2) macrophages.
- In contrast to the proinflammatory macrophages that are considered proatherogenic, the alternatively activated macrophages are antiatherogenic by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines and promoting tissue repair. Thus, modulation of macrophages to a less inflammatory but a more reparative phenotype could be a possible approach to stabilize plaques. This subtype of alternatively activated macrophages called Mhem/M(Hb) macrophages is characterized by the overexpression of CD163, a scavenger receptor for hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes exclusively expressed on monocytes and macrophages. CD163+ macrophages were considered atheroprotective due to their high expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and heme degrading enzyme hemeoxygenase, as well as their association with reduced oxidative stress. In Apoe−/− mice, the deficiency of CD163 exhibited increased plaque areas, less complex lesions and thicker fibrous caps. In humans, the expression of CD163 is associated with a vulnerable plaque phenotype. Therefore, the detection of CD163 could be of clinical significance not only to determine the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques, but also to provide critical information as a target to manage the treatment. However, there is no molecular agent available for CD163 targeting, which is an unmet need for both preclinical and clinical research.
- To develop CD163 targeting ligand, phage display screening was performed using Ph.D.-12 Phage Display Peptide Library binding human CD163 protein with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as control. After the duplicated sequences were removed from initial screening, 18 peptide sequences showing specific binding to CD163 with superior selectivity compared to BSA were identified (
FIG. 14 ). The top 5 peptide sequences were then picked and customized them for peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (FIG. 15 ), and finally identified one peptide named ICT-01 (WFWNHGWQWSSK) (ICT-01 SEQ ID NO: 1) as candidate for radiotracer development. - To develop a CD163 binding radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, a 2-[1,4,7-Tiazacyclononan-1-yl-4,7-bis(tBu-ester)]-1,5-pentanedioic acid (NODAGA) based macrocyclic chelator to ICT-01 was conjugated through tryptophan residue on N-terminus via amide bond (NODAGA-ICT-01) (
FIG. 9 ). The CD163 targeted conjugate NODAGA-ICT-01 was then radiolabeled with either 64Cu (t1/2=12.7 h, 64Cu-ICT-01) or 68Ga (t1/2=68 min, 68Ga-ICT-01) for in vitro and in vivo applications. - The in vitro cell binding assay of 64Cu-ICT-01 was performed in U87 cells, which overexpresses CD163 receptor. As shown in
FIG. 10A , the non-radioactive ICT-01 competes with the radiotracer 64Cu-ICT-01 in a concentration dependent manner, leading to a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 26.8 t 21.4 nM (n=3). - In vivo pharmacokinetics of 64Cu-ICT-01 was performed in wild type C57BL/6 mice at 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h post injection via tail vein. As shown in
FIG. 10B , 64Cu-ICT-01 showed effective renal clearance and low retention in most organs. The blood pool organs (blood, heart, lung) had less than 0.5% ID/gram retention at 1 h post injection while the liver uptake was less than 2% ID/gram at all times. Interestingly, gallbladder showed high retention of 64Cu-ICT-01 (31.8±8.1% ID/gram) at 1 h, followed by rapid decrease to less than 4% ID/gram at 4 h. Similarly, the 68Ga labeled ICT-01 displayed comparable biodistribution profile at 1 h time point (FIG. 16 ). - The in vivo imaging performance including sensitivity and specificity of 64Cu-ICT-01 was evaluated in multiple animal models. In mouse ApoE−/− atherosclerosis model, 64Cu-ICT-01 showed significantly elevated uptake at aortic arch at 10 weeks (1.59±0.19% ID/gram, n=7) post high fat diet (HFD) compared to wild type mice (0.86±0.10% ID/gram, p<0.05, n=7) (
FIG. 17 ), indicating the capability of as-developed radiotracer detecting atherosclerotic plaques. With the progression of atherosclerosis, 64Cu-ICT-01 revealed further increased uptake at 18 weeks (2.43±0.27% ID/gram, n=4) post HFD, suggesting the sensitivity of the tracer to track aggravated plaques. - The imaging efficiency of 64Cu-ICT-01 detecting CD163 was also assessed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) due to its overexpression in tumor-associated macrophaes. As shown in
FIG. 18 , 64Cu-ICT-01 revealed specific detection of PDX_11c tumor while low retention was observed in the wild type NSG mice. Quantitative uptake demonstrated approximately two-fold higher uptake in HNSCC PDX_11c than that determined in a similar location in wild type NSG mice. These data confirmed the tumor imaging efficiency of 64Cu-ICT-01 - This example demonstrates the efficacy of a CD163 radiotracer disclosed herein.
- Purpose: Tissue resident macrophages are complementary to proinflammatory macrophages to promote the progression of atherosclerosis. The non-invasive detection of their presence and dynamic variation will be important to understand their role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The goal of this study was to develop a targeted PET radiotracer for imaging CD163+ macrophages in multiple mouse atherosclerosis models and assess the potential of CD163 as a biomarker for atherosclerosis in humans.
- Methods: CD163 binding peptide was identified using phage display and conjugated with NODAGA chelator for 64Cu radiolabeling (64Cu-ICT-01). CD163 overexpressing U87 cells were used to measure the binding affinity of 64Cu-ICT-01. Biodistribution studies were performed in wild type C57BL16 mice at multiple time points post tail vein injection. The sensitivity and specificity of 64Cu-ICT-01 imaging CD163+ macrophages upregulated on the surface of atherosclerotic plaques were assessed in multiple mouse atherosclerosis models. Immunostaining, flow cytometry, and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) were performed to characterize the expression of CD163 on tissue resident macrophages. Human carotid atherosclerotic plaques were used to measure the expression of CD163+ resident macrophages and test the binding specificity of 64Cu-ICT-01.
- Results: 64Cu-ICT-01 showed high binding affinity to U87 cells. Biodistribution study showed rapid blood and renal clearance with low retention in all major organs at 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h post injection. In an ApoE−/− mouse model, 64Cu-ICT-01 demonstrated sensitive and specific detection of CD163+ macrophages and capability to track the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, which was further confirmed in Ldlr−/− and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) mouse models. Immunostaining showed elevated expression of CD163+ macrophages across the plaques. Flow cytometry and scRNAseq confirmed the specific expression of CD163 on tissue resident macrophages. Human tissue characterization demonstrated high expression of CD163+ macrophages on atherosclerotic lesions and ex vivo autoradiography revealed specific binding of 64Cu-ICT-01 to human CD163.
- Conclusion: This work reported the development of a PET radiotracer binding CD163+ macrophages. The elevated expression of CD163+ resident macrophages on human plaques indicated the potential of CD163 as a biomarker for vulnerable plaques. The sensitivity and specificity of 64Cu-ICT-01 imaging CD163+ macrophages warrant further investigation in translational settings.
- Materials were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification unless otherwise stated. The 64Cu (half-life=12.7 h, β+=17%, β+=40%) was produced at the Washington University cyclotron facility. NODAGA-tris(t-Bu ester) chelator was purchased from Macrocyclics. The CD163 targeting peptide ICT-01 was customized by Ke Biochem. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed on an Agilent 1200 system equipped with a photo diode array detector and a radioisotope detector (B-FC-3200; BioScan Inc.) on a C-18 analytical column (5 μm, 4.6×250 mm; Thermo Fisher). Water (18 MD-cm) was obtained from a Milli-Q water filtration system (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA)
- All animal studies were performed in compliance with guidelines set forth by the National Institutes of Health Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Washington University. The mouse atherosclerosis models were induced in ApoE−/− or Ldlr−/− mice (Jackson Laboratory) around 8 weeks old using high fat diet (HFD, Teklad). For the PCSK9 murine atherosclerosis model, wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were injected with 5.0×1011 genome copies of adeno-associated
virus 2 vector encoding murine PCSK9 (proproteinconvertase subtilisinlkexin type 9; AAV-mPCSK9 vector, Vector Biolabs) via tail vein at 5 to 6 weeks old and then fed HFD. Both male and female mice were used in these studies. - Phage display screening of CD163 targeting peptides was performed with a Ph.D.-12™ library (100 μL, 1×1013 plaque forming units (pfu)/mL) purchased from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA) and human CD163 protein with His tag (Acrobiosystems INC, Newark, DE). Following three rounds of biopanning, approximately 50 plaques were collected for Sanger DNA sequencing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Sanger DNA sequencing was performed by GENEWIZ from Azenta Life Sciences by using -96111 primer (5′-CCCTCATAGTTAGCGTAACG-3′) from IDT (Coralville, Iowa) and analyzed with BioEdit 7.2. Based on the sequencing data, eighteen peptide sequences were identified for phage ELISA to further screen peptides with optimal binding to CD163. Of these, five peptide sequences were identified and customized with biotin label by Ke Biochem. These biotinylated peptides were screened against CD163 protein using ELISA to select candidate peptide sequences for radiotracer development.
- The synthesis of CD163 targeted ICT-01 was performed by conjugating NODAGA chelator to the N-terminus of ICT-01 peptide via an amide bond. Briefly, DIPEA (6 equivalence) was added to DMF solution of NODAGA-tris(tBu ester) (2 equivalence) and HATU (2 equivalence). After incubation for 15 min (500 rpm, RT), the resulting solution was mixed with ICT-01 peptide (with the side-chain protecting groups, 1 equivalence). Following incubation overnight (500 rpm, RT), water was added to the solution and the resulting precipitate was collected by centrifugation. After washing with water, lyophilization afforded the crude conjugate. Protecting groups were removed by incubation with the cocktail TFA:TIPS:DTT:water (88:2:5:5). Progress of deprotection was monitored by HPLC. The resulting mixture was added to cold diethyl ether to induce precipitation of NODAGA-conjugated ICT-01. Dried precipitate after centrifugation was dissolved in acetonitrile/water and lyophilization yielded the crude NODAGA-conjugated ICT-01. If necessary, the resulting lyophilized powder was re-dissolved in 0.1% acetic acid and re-lyophilized to further complete the deprotection reaction. The crude conjugate was purified by HPLC with water and acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA as eluents and characterized by ESI-MS (m/z: [M+2H]2+ Calcd for C97H123N25O23 1002.9606; Found 1002.9579). The radiolabeling of ICT-01 with 64Cu was carried out in sodium acetate buffer (20 mM, pH 7) following an established procedure.
- An in vitro cell binding assay of 64Cu-ICT-01 to CD163 was performed with a CD163 overexpressing U87 cell line. U87 cells seeded on a 12-well tissue culture plate were incubated at room temperature with 37 kBq of 64Cu-ICT-01 in the presence of non-radioactive ICT-01 in increasing concentrations (10−5-10−10 M) in binding media (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM): 25 mM HEPES, 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 0.3
mM 1,10-phenanthroline). The reaction media was aspirated after incubation. Cells were rinsed with 0.8 mL of ice-cold pH 7.4, 0.2% BSA/0.01 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) twice and lysed in 0.8 mL of 1 M NaOH for 10 min. Each well was rinsed with 0.8 mL of PBS (1×, pH7.4)/0.2% BSA, which was collected into a plastic tube. The radioactivity in tubes was measured with a gamma counter (Wallac Wizard 1480, Perkin Elmer). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for 64Cu-ICT-01 was calculated using the GraphPad Prism (10.0.2). - Radiolabeled 64Cu-ICT-01 with 95% or greater radiochemical purity was reconstituted in 0.9% sodium chloride (APP Pharmaceuticals). Wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice (male, 8-10 weeks old, 20-25 g, n=4/group) anesthetized with inhaled isoflurane were injected with approximately 370 kBq of 64Cu-ICT-01 in 100 μL saline via tail vein. The mice were reanesthetized before euthanization by cervical dislocation at 1 h post injection. Organs of interest were collected, weighed, and counted in a well gamma counter (Beckman 8000). Standards were prepared and measured along with the organ tissue to calculate the percentage injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/gram).
- Dynamic PET scans were obtained using an Inveon MM PET/CT (Siemens, Malvern, PA) or Nanoscan PET122S/CT1512 in vivo imager (Mediso, Arlington, VA) following tail vein injection of 4Cu-ICT-01 (3.7-7.4 MBq per mouse). The PET images were collected at 45 to 60 minutes post injection to minimize the effect of radiotracer blood retention on atherosclerotic plaque uptake. CT scan (low magnification, 4×4 binning, 4096 px transaxial CCD size, 133 mm Axial scanning length, 60 kV, 500 μA, 300 ms exposure,
sum 1 frame) was performed simultaneously for anatomic registration. Competitive receptor blocking studies (ICT-01: 64Cu-ICT-01 molar ratio=100:1) were performed in ApoE−/− mice at 30 weeks on HFD. PET images were corrected for attenuation, scatter, normalization, and camera dead time, and co-registered with CT images. The two scanners were cross-calibrated periodically. PET images were reconstructed with the maximum a posteriori algorithm. Radiotracer uptake at the aortic arch was calculated as standardized uptake value (SUV) in three-dimensional regions of interest from PET images without correction for partial volume effect using Inveon Research Workplace software (Siemens). - Following PET/CT, the hearts and aortic arches of atherosclerotic mice were perfusion-fixed in situ with freshly prepared 4% paraformaldehyde in 1×PBS for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunofluorescent staining. Serial sections of 5 μm thickness were cut from paraformaldehyde-fixed (24 h), OCT-embedded specimens. Blocking serum was added (10% donkey serum in PBS-T) for 1 h to prevent non-specific binding. The sections were then incubated overnight at 4° C. with primary antibodies (anti-CD163, 1:100 in 1% blocking serum; ThermoFisher). Sections were washed in PBS, and secondary antibodies were applied for 1 h (donkey anti-rat Cy5, 1:300, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA). Sections were washed in PBS and coverslipped with DAPI mounting medium. Control staining was performed without primary antibodies. All sections were imaged using a Leica THUNDER Imager 3D tissue microscope system. CD163+ macrophages were manually counted from multiple 500 μm2 area on the plaques.
- Saline perfused aortas were minced and digested in DMEM containing Collagenase IV (450 U/mL), DNAse I (60 U/mL), and Hyaluronidase I-s (60 U/mL) for 45 minutes at 37° C. to create single cell suspensions. To deactivate the digestion, samples were washed with Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0.2% BSA. Cells were filtered through 70 μm cell strainers and resuspended in ammonium-chloride-potassium (ACK) lysing buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 2 minutes to perform red blood cell lysis prior to washing with DMEM and resuspending in 1 mL fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) buffer (Invitrogen eBioscience Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer). Cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies at 4° C. for 15 minutes in the dark. All antibodies were obtained from Biolegend: CD45-PerCP/Cy5.5 clone 30-F11, CD11b-BV785 clone M1/70, Ly6C-BV510 clone HK1.4, Ly6G-BV605 clone 1A8, CD64-APC clone X4-5/7.1, CD163-PE clone S150491, and MHCII-APC/Cy7 clone M5/114.15.2. Cells were washed and resuspended in 300 μL of FACS buffer to remove unbound antibodies from analysis. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on the Cytek Aurora platform and subsequent data analysis was performed on FlowJo. Macrophages were gated as CD45+CD11b+CD64+Ly6Clo cells and CD163+ macrophages were further gated as CD163+MHCIIhi cells.
- Single cell suspensions were generated from the aorta as described in the flow cytometry section. Cells were stained with 1 μL CD45-PerCP-Cy 5.5 and incubated for 30 minutes before sorting CD45+/DAPI− cells. DAPI (BD Biosciences, 564907) was added before sorting. Collected cells were then recentrifuged and resuspended in cell resuspension buffer to a target concentration of 1000 cells/μL. Cells were counted on a hemocytometer and concentration adjusted as necessary.
- The Chromium
Single Cell VDJ 3′ Reagent V3.1 Kit from 10× Genomics was used to capture the transcriptome of individual cells. For each of the samples, 10,000 cells were loaded into a single well of a Chip G kit for GEM generation. Reverse transcription, barcoding, cDNA amplification, and purification were performed according to theChromium 10× 3′ v3.1 protocol as per the 10× genomics protocol. Libraries were made using the 10× 3′v3.1 chemistry at McDonnel Genome Institute within Washington University. Each sample was sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 S4 platform with a sequencing depth of approximately 20,000-30,000 reads per cell. Sequencing reads were aligned to the whole genome pre-mRNA reference generated from the mm10 transcriptome using Cell Ranger v6.1 software (10× Genomics) according to the 10× Genomics instructions. The count matrices were pre-processed and analyzed using R package Seurat (v4). Cells with fewer than 1,000 or greater than 25,000 UMI counts, as well as cells with greater than 10% mitochondrial read percentage, were excluded from all subsequent analysis. Scrublet was used to quantify doublet scores and cells with a score above 0.25 were excluded from downstream analysis. - For each sample, counts were transformed and normalized using SCTransform with default thresholds. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the integrated object using RunPCA and 50 components were used for subsequent analysis. Non-linear dimensional reduction and visualization were performed using RunUMAP. Cells showing co-expression of multiple cell-type-specific genes were identified as doublets and removed from any downstream analysis. Differentially expressed genes were identified using the FindAllMarkers function and genes with a
log 2 fold change >0.58 and adjusted p-value <0.05 were deemed statistically significant. To perform cell type specific analysis, cell types were clustered into cell states using the approach described above. DE analysis was also performed between the saline and PD1 treated groups. Statistically significant genes were used for pathway analysis using EnrichR. For resident macrophages a z-score was computer using Seurat and Nebulosa was used for gene expression density. Published human coronary artery scRNA-seq (GSE131780) were downloaded and processed as above—a resident macrophage gene z-score was calculated and plotted in the global UMAP in Seurat. - De-identified, paraffin-embedded human carotid artery specimens were acquired from the Vascular Surgery Department Bio Bank under Institutional Review Board protocol (#201911199) approved by the Human Research Protection Office of Washington University. The ex vivo tissue binding of 64Cu-ICT-01 to human CD163 was performed following established procedures. All autoradiography were collected with a GE Typhoon FLA 9500 Variable Mode Laser Scanner at 50-micron resolution. ImageJ software was used for the quantification of 64Cu-ICT-01 uptake in carotid artery samples. Multiple regions of interest were drawn within the entire tissue section for correlation analysis with CD163 immunostaining. Moreover, a MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA) based program was implemented to create a whole tissue correlation heatmap between CD163 immunostaining images and autoradiography images. Upon importing a grayscale CD163 immunofluorescence stained image (IF) and its corresponding autoradiography image (AR) as matrices, the software applied a Gaussian filter with a sigma value of 2 to the IF. Both images were thresholded and binarized, before a multimodal geometric transformation object warped the AR image to match the fixed IF image. Upon image registration, a new image matrix for the correlation heat map was generated with the same dimensions as the respective IF and AR images. Both IF and AR images were divided into 40,000 blocks, and non-zero pixel values within each block were filtered using an impulse response filter prior to correlation. The resulting correlation coefficient was used to fill all matrix values in the new image matrix corresponding to the dimensions of the current correlation block. The software iterated through all correlation blocks to generate the correlation heat map matrix.
- Group variation is described as mean±SD. Groups were compared using 1-way ANOVA with a Tukey adjustment using GraphPad (Prism, 10.0.2). Individual group differences were determined using a 2-tailed Mann-Whitney test. The significance level in all tests was a P value less than 0.05.
- The ICT-01 conjugate was characterized with HPLC-MS, which showed chemical purity and the conjugation of one NODAGA chelator per ICT-01 peptide (
FIG. 23 ). Radiolabeling with 64Cu showed high specific activity (64Cu-ICT-01, 111 MBq-185 MBq/nmol), enabling tracer amount administration for in vivo imaging. 64Cu-ICT-01 in vitro binding assay in U87 cells showed specific and high binding affinity with IC50 determined as 14.4±1.0 nM (FIG. 19A , n=3). - In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of 64Cu-ICT-01 was performed in WT C57BL/6 mice at 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h post injection via tail vein. As shown in
FIG. 19B , 64Cu-ICT-01 demonstrated effective renal and blood clearance, leading to low retention in most organs. Both blood and heart had less than 0.5% ID/gram retention at all the time points. The hepatic uptake was always less than 2% ID/gram accumulation during the 4 h collection while a similar pattern was also observed for intestine. In spleen, the tracer uptake was constantly lower than 0.5% ID/gram all the time points. Additionally, 64Cu-ICT-01 biodistribution blocking studies were performed at 1 h post injection (FIG. 24 ). - The significantly decreased tracer uptake in liver, spleen and thymus indicated its targeting specificity.
- PET Imaging of CD163 in ApoE−/− and LDLR−/− Mice Atherosclerosis Models
- To assess the potential of 64Cu-ICT-01 imaging atherosclerotic plaques, a time course study in ApoE−/− mice from 10 weeks to 40 weeks on HFD was performed. In contrast to the minimal tracer retention within the aortic arch of WT mice (SUV=0.24±0.05, n=7), 64Cu-ICT-01 revealed a significantly increased tracer uptake at aortic arch (SUV=0.40±0.07, p=0.0001, n=7) after 10 weeks' HFD (
FIGS. 20A-B ). With the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, the tracer uptake at aortic arch increased overtime, leading to more than 2 times higher uptake (SUV=0.77, p<0.0001, n=4) at 40 week's post HFD (FIGS. 20A-B ), which was clearly illustrated in the maximum intensity projection (MIP) image (FIG. 25A ). Moreover, the intense PET signals were next to the microcalcification within aortic arch visualized by CT (FIG. 26 ). The coincidence between PET and CT for ApoE−/− mice at 40 weeks post HFD suggested the specific binding of 64Cu-ICT-01 to plaques. Importantly, the competitive receptor blocking study performed at 30-week post HFD reduced the PET signals by approximately 50% (p<0.0001, n=4-6), confirming the targeting specificity of 64Cu-ICT-01. - In Ldlr−/− mice at 30-week post HFD, 64Cu-ICT-01 revealed strong tracer uptake (SUV=0.58±0.09, n=6) at aortic arch (
FIG. 27 ), which was comparable to that acquired in ApoE−/− mice (SUV=0.62±0.05, n=6) at same time point, further validating the plaque targeting efficiency of 64Cu-ICT-01. - H&E staining of aortic arch collected from ApoE−/− mouse after 20 weeks HFD showed significant development of plaques including enlarged neointima, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and large lipid pool. Immunofluorescent staining revealed the extensive expression of CD163+ macrophages throughout the plaques (
FIG. 20C ), which was further validated by the little signals observed from the control immunofluorescent staining (FIG. 28 ). Quantification of immunofluorescent staining demonstrated gradually increased expression of CD163+ macrophages along the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, which showed linear correlations with 64Cu-ICT-01 uptake at aortic arch and plaque size, respectively, during the time course study. Owing to the high expression of CD163+ macrophages on the plaques, 64Cu-ICT-01 uptake also correlated well with plaque size during the 40-week study (FIG. 29 ). Ex vivo autoradiography performed in ApoE−/− mice at 20 weeks post HFD revealed specific tracer uptake at aortic arch and root with low retentions observed in both spleen and thymus (FIG. 20D ). Consistent with immunostaining data, flow cytometry demonstrated significantly higher expression of CD163+ macrophages on the aortas collected from ApoE−/− mice at 20 weeks post HFD than those collected from WT mice (FIG. 20D andFIG. 30 ). Moreover, single cell RNA sequencing of aortic arteries from ApoE−/− mice after 20 weeks' HFD confirmed that CD163 is highly expressed with high density in a subtype of resident macrophage classified by resident macrophage specific genes including Folr2, Lyve1, and F13a1 (FIG. 20E andFIG. 31 ). These data highlighted the specific expression of CD163 on tissue resident macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions and the potential of CD163 as a biomarker for plaque development. The sensitive detection of CD163+ macrophages in ApoE−/− mice suggested the capability of 4Cu-ICT-01 for noninvasively tracking the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. - In addition to the genetically engineered mouse atherosclerosis models including ApoE−/− and LDLR4 mice, the plaque targeting efficiency of 64Cu-ICT-01 in a mouse atherosclerosis model was also assessed using WT C57BL16 mice treated with
adenoassociated virus 2 vector encoding murine PCSK9. In contrast to the WT mice, PCSK9 mice at 8 week (SUV=0.22±0.02, n=4) and 13 week (SUV=0.29±0.05, n=8) post HFD did not show any increased tracer accumulation (FIG. 21 ), consistent with the time course of atherosclerotic lesion development in this model. At 17 weeks post HFD, 64Cu-ICT-01 showed substantially intensified tracer localization (SUV=0.41±0.04, p<0.0001, n=8) at aortic arch, which further increased to approximately 3 times (SUV=0.62±0.06, p<0.0001, n=4) as much as that in WT mice after 29 weeks' HFD (FIG. 21 ). The strong tracer uptake within aortic arch was also depicted in the MIP image (FIG. 25B ). Moreover, consistent with the histopathological features of the plaques in ApoE−/− mice, significant development of atherosclerotic lesions and expression of CD163+ macrophages were also determined in the aortic arch of PCSK9 mouse at 34-week post HFD (FIG. 32 ), supporting the PET imaging results. - To assess the translational potential of CD163 as a biomarker for human atherosclerosis, human plaque specimens collected from carotid endarterectomy (CEA) were characterized to assess its expression levels and related histopathological features. H&E staining of a maximally diseased portion of a CEA specimen showed large fibrous capsule, necrotic core, significant calcification, substantial intraplaque hemorrhage, and high infiltration of inflammatory cells. Immunofluorescent staining showed high abundance expression of CD163+ macrophages across the tissue with most signals associated with the infiltrated inflammatory cells and intraplaque hemorrhage but not the fibrous capsule (
FIG. 22A ). Characterization of additional CEA tissues demonstrated the high expression of CD163+ macrophages on both maximally and minimally diseased portions. Particularly, intense accumulation of CD163+ macrophages was observed at the shoulder regions of these CEA specimens independent of the difference of histopathological features (FIG. 33 ). The potential of 64Cu-ICT-01 binding to human CD163 was assessed via ex vivo autoradiography following established protocol. As shown inFIG. 22B , 64Cu-ICT-01 revealed intensive and heterogeneous binding to the CEA specimen. Moreover, both ROIs based and whole tissue analyses of the coregistered images demonstrated linear correlation between 64Cu-ICT-01 autoradiography and CD163 immunostaining of the CEA specimen, suggesting the binding specificity of 64Cu-ICT-01 to human CD163. - The complex pathophysiology of atherosclerosis reflects a systemic proinflammatory process involving innate and adaptive immune responses engaging multiple immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and T cells. The multiplex interplay between these processes is characterized by chronicity but with dynamic variation that yields plaque lesions with constantly evolving biologic and anatomic features that determine symptomatology and the induction of clinical events. Most importantly, the complicated pathogenesis of atherosclerosis precludes clinically available anatomic imaging modalities from reliably visualizing specific cellular features or biological processes that identify high-risk individuals for immunomodulatory or targeted treatment.
- Of various immune cells, macrophages are pivotal in the chronic inflammatory processes that drive the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which makes them the mostly studied immune cells for atherosclerosis diagnosis. It is known that macrophages are hallmarked by phenotypic heterogeneity and express a spectrum of activational programs that exist as a function of their immediate surroundings, which highlighted the importance of imaging the specific subtype of macrophages. Previously, it has been reported that the targeted PET imaging of monocyte-derived proinflammatory CCR2+ macrophages that are instrumental to the plaques' initiation, progression, and complication. However, the anti-inflammatory tissue resident macrophages that maintain macrophages polarization balance and are complementary to the proinflammatory macrophages in promoting plaques development are insufficiently studied. Although some radiotracers were reported targeting resident macrophages, their imaging efficiency and targeting specificities to this subtype of macrophages, especially in humans needs further validation.
- Due to the specific expression of CD163 on a subtype of tissue resident macrophages and their exclusive function to clear hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes following hemorrhage, the presence of CD163+ macrophages is closely associated with vulnerable phenotype of human carotid plaques, making it an unique target to assess plaquw vulnerability. Therefore, a CD163 targeted PET radiotracer based on a 12-mer peptide screened from a Ph.D.™-12 phage display peptide library was developed. In contrast to other PET radiotracers used for CVD imaging, peptide-based radiotracers have the unique advantages including rapid blood and renal clearance, low non-specific retentions in major organs, which may facilitate the realization of improved target-to-background contrast ratio. As demonstrated in the in vitro binding assay and biodistribution studies, the high binding affinity and low blood retention of 64Cu-ICT-01 may enable the detection of small atherosclerotic lesions during the initiation of plaques and sensitive tracking of plaque progression. Among various positron emitters for NODAGA radiolabeling, the relative short positron range of 64Cu makes it favorable for cardiovascular applications. Additionally, its 12.7 h decay half-life enables the shipping of 64Cu radiolabeled tracers to a second site for preclinical or clinical studies.
- Using three mouse models of atherosclerosis, it has been demonstrated that 64Cu-ICT-01 specifically detects the accumulation of CD163+ macrophages overexpressed on the surface of plaque within aortic arch. The significantly decreased tracer uptake via competitive receptor blocking confirmed its plaque targeting specificity. Moreover, the high binding affinity of 64Cu-ICT-01 and favorable pharmacokinetics enabled the sensitive detection of the subtle change of CD163+ macrophages population and plaque development in both ApoE−/− and PCSK9 mice, which was demonstrated by the linear correlation between 64Cu-ICT-01 uptake at aortic arch and CD163 expression, as well as the plaque size during the longitudinal studies.
- Immunostaining of atherosclerotic mouse aortas revealed extensive signals of CD163+ macrophages from early lesions to late-stage complex plaque structures. The increased expression of CD163+ macrophages along the progression of atherosclerosis and correlation with plaque sizes indicated the importance of CD163+ macrophages in plaques development. Moreover, flow cytometry and scRNAseq data confirmed the specific expression of CD163 on the tissue resident macrophages, highlighting the significance of this macrophage subset in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Importantly, the high sensitivity and specificity of 64Cu-ICT-01 detecting CD163+ macrophages to track the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, underscoring the potential of this radiotracer for further investigation.
- Comparing to preclinical research, human tissues validation of a specific biomarker expression is critical to assess its translational potential. Using the de-identified human CEA specimens, an elevated expression of CD163 on atherosclerotic lesions has been demonstrated. The high accumulation of CD163+ macrophages at the shoulder regions of the plaques and association with intraplaque hemorrhage was consistent with previous reports, which suggested the correlation of CD163 expression with plaque vulnerability. Moreover, ex vivo characterization of human CEA specimens demonstrated the higher expression of CD163+ macrophages in symptomatic patients than that in asymptomatic patients, which highlighted the potential of CD163 as a biomarker to assess plaque vulnerability.
- All the mouse atherosclerotic models used require a HFD that does not reflect human-like lipid profile. Although severe atherosclerotic lesions were observed in these models, none of the plaques ruptured. Future studies will need to be performed in rupture-prone animal models to assess the potential of 64Cu-ICT-01 detecting plaque vulnerability. Another limitation is that only limited numbers of human CEA specimens were used to assess the expression of CD163+ macrophages. A large cohort of retrospective CEA tissues integrating patient demographic information and symptoms is warranted to thoroughly evaluate the potential of CD163 as a biomarker for vulnerable plaques and 64Cu-ICT-01 PET/CT to assess the rupture index in atherosclerotic patients.
- In conclusion, based on phage display screening, a CD163 targeting radiotracer of 64Cu-ICT-01 with high binding affinity and favorable biodistribution profile was developed. In vivo PET/CT imaging in mouse atherosclerosis models revealed the sensitivity and specificity of 64Cu-ICT-01 targeting plaques. Molecular characterization of mouse aortic arteries demonstrated the high and unique expression of CD163 on tissue resident macrophages. Ex vivo human CEA tissues characterization demonstrated the potential of CD163 as a biomarker to assess plaques rupture index and warranted further studies in future translational settings to evaluate 64Cu-ICT-01 PET/CT to risk stratify atherosclerotic patients.
- The entirety of the disclosures of the following references, and any other references disclosed herein, are incorporated herein by reference.
-
- 1. Libby P, Ridker P M, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002; 105:1135-1143.
- 2. Galkina E, Ley K. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis Annu Rev Immunol. 2009; 27:165-197.
- 3. Wolf D, Ley K. Immunity and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2019; 124:315-327.
- 4. Li Z, Tang H., Tu Y. Molecular and Nonmolecular Imaging of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021; 8:670639.
- 5. Nahrendorf M, Hoyer F F, Meerwaldt A E, et al. Imaging Cardiovascular and Lung Macrophages With the Positron Emission Tomography Sensor (64)Cu-Macrin in Mice, Rabbits, and Pigs. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020; 13:e010586.
- 6. Kazuma S M, Sultan D, Zhao Y, et al. Recent Advances of Radionuclide-Based Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des. 2015; 21:5267-5276.
- 7. Li X, Rosenkrans Z T, Wang J, Cai W. PET imaging of macrophages in cardiovascular diseases. Am J Transl Res. 2020; 12:1491-1514.
- 8. Fang F, Xiao C, Li C, Liu X, Li S. Tuning macrophages for atherosclerosis treatment. Regenerative Biomaterials. 2022; 10.
- 9. Lin P, Ji H H, Li Y J, Guo S D. Macrophage Plasticity and Atherosclerosis Therapy. Front MolBiosci. 2021; 8:679797.
- 10. Peng R, Ji H, Jin L, et al. Macrophage-Based Therapies for Atherosclerosis Management. J Immunol Res. 2020; 2020:8131754.
- 11. Watanabe S, Alexander M, Misharin A V, Budinger G R S. The role of macrophages in the resolution of inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2019; 129:2619-2628.
- 12. Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, et al. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2023; 8:207.
- 13. Park I, Kassiteridi C, Monaco C. Functional diversity of macrophages in vascular biology and disease. Vascul Pharmacol. 2017; 99:13-22.
- 14. Willemsen L, de Winther M P. Macrophage subsets in atherosclerosis as defined by single-cell technologies. J Pathol. 2020; 250:705-714.
- 15. Italiani P, Boraschi D. From Monocytes to M1/M2 Macrophages: Phenotypical vs. Functional Differentiation. Front Immunol. 2014; 5:514.
- 16. Dick S A, Wong A, Hamidzada H, et al. Three tissue resident macrophage subsets coexist across organs with conserved origins and life cycles. Sci Immunol. 2022; 7:eabf7777.
- 17. Heo G S, Sultan D, Liu Y. Current and novel radiopharmaceuticals for imaging cardiovascular inflammation. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020; 64:4-20.
- 18. Williams J W, Elvington A, Ivanov S, et al. Thermoneutrality but Not UCP1 Deficiency Suppresses Monocyte Mobilization Into Blood. Circ Res. 2017; 121:662-676.
- 19. Liu Y, Luehmann H P, Detering L, et al. Assessment of Targeted Nanoparticle Assemblies for Atherosclerosis Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography and Potential for Clinical Translation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019; 11:15316-15321.
- 20. Sultan D, Li W, Detering L, et al. Assessment of ultrasmall nanocluster for early and accurate detection of atherosclerosis using positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Nanomedicine. 2021; 36:102416.
- 21. Varasteh Z, Mohanta S, Li Y, et al. Targeting mannose receptor expression on macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-knockout mice using (68)Ga-NOTA-anti-MMR nanobody: non-invasive imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. FJNMMI Res. 2019; 9:5.
- 22. Kim E J, Kim S, Seo H S, et al. Novel PET Imaging of Atherosclerosis with 68Ga-Labeled NOTA-Neomannosylated Human Serum Albumin. J Nucl Med. 2016; 57:1792-1797.
- 23. Derlin T, Sedding D G, Dutzmann J, et al. Imaging of chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in culprit and nonculprit coronary atherosclerotic plaque using motion-corrected [(68)Ga]pentixafor PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018; 45:1934-1944.
- 24. Tarkin J M, Joshi F R, Evans N R, et al. Detection of Atherosclerotic Inflammation by (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET Compared to [(18)F]FDG PET Imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69:1774-1791.
- 25. Douhi A, Al-Enezi M S, Berrahmoune N, et al. Non-calcified active atherosclerosis plaque detection with 18F-NaF and 18F-FDG PET/CT dynamic imaging. Phys Eng Sci Med.
- 2023; 46:295-302.
- 26. Sakamoto A, Kawakami R, Mori M, et al. CD163+ macrophages restrain vascular calcification, promoting the development of high-risk plaque. JCIInsight. 2023; 8.
- 27. Gutierrez-Mufloz C, Mendez-Barbero N, Svendsen P, et al. CD163 deficiency increases foam cell formation and plaque progression in atherosclerotic mice. Faseb j. 2020; 34:14960-14976.
- 28. Guo L, Akahori H, Harari E, et al. CD163+ macrophages promote angiogenesis and vascular permeability accompanied by inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2018; 128:1106-1124.
- 29. Yu J H, Kwak H S, Chung G H, Hwang S B, Park M S, Park S H. Association of Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Acute Infarction in Patients With Basilar Artery Plaque. Stroke. 2015; 46:2768-2772.
- 30. Stoger J L, Gijbels M J, van der Velden S, et al. Distribution of macrophage polarization markers in human atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2012; 225:461-468.
Claims (28)
1. A CD163 targeting and theranostic composition, the composition comprising a targeting peptide comprising an amino acid sequence, a chelator and a theranostic agent; wherein the amino acid sequence is any one of SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the chelator is NODAGA.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the theranostic agent is 64Cu.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the targeting peptide and chelator are covalently linked and the theranostic agent is a radionuclide.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO. 1, the chelator is NODAGA, and the theranostic agent is 64Cu.
6. A method of detecting CD163 in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: administering to the subject a composition comprising the CD163 targeting and theranostic composition of claim 1 and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the theranostic agent, wherein detecting the theranostic agent is indicative of CD163.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the amino acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the chelator is NODAGA.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the theranostic agent is 64Cu.
10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the targeting peptide and chelator are covalently linked and the theranostic agent is a radionuclide.
11. A method of detecting activated macrophages in a subject, the method comprising: administering to the subject a composition comprising the CD163 targeting and theranostic composition of claim 1 and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the theranostic agent, wherein detecting the theranostic agent is indicative of activated macrophages.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the amino acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the chelator is NODAGA.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the theranostic agent is 64Cu.
15. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the targeting peptide and chelator are covalently linked and the theranostic agent is a radionuclide.
16. A method of detecting inflammation in a subject, the method comprising: administering to the subject a composition comprising the CD163 targeting and theranostic composition of claim 1 and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the theranostic agent, wherein detecting the theranostic agent is indicative of inflammation.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the amino acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the chelator is NODAGA.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the theranostic agent is 64Cu.
20. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the targeting peptide and chelator are covalently linked and the theranostic agent is a radionuclide.
21. A method of detecting and/or monitoring atherosclerotic plaques in a subject, the method comprising:
administering to the subject a composition comprising the CD163 targeting and theranostic composition of claim 1 and detecting the presence, amount, and/or location of the theranostic agent, wherein detecting the theranostic agent is indicative of atherosclerotic plaques.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the amino acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the chelator is NODAGA.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the theranostic agent is 64Cu.
25. The method of claim 21 , wherein the targeting peptide and chelator are covalently linked and the theranostic agent is a radionuclide.
26. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an CD163 targeting peptide comprising an amino acid sequence, a chelator, and a theranostic agent, wherein
the amino acid sequence comprises the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, or SEQ ID NO. 4;
the theranostic agent is 225At; and
the cancer is a CD163 positive cancer.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the cancer comprises ovarian cancer, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, brain cancer, or myloma.
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20240216553A1 true US20240216553A1 (en) | 2024-07-04 |
Family
ID=
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US11485758B2 (en) | Bi-terminal pegylated integrin-binding peptides and methods of use thereof | |
Shi et al. | Improving tumor uptake and pharmacokinetics of 64Cu-labeled cyclic RGD peptide dimers with Gly3 and PEG4 linkers | |
Jackson et al. | Clinical applications of radiolabeled peptides for PET | |
US20210236666A1 (en) | 177-Lu LABELED PEPTIDE FOR SITE-SPECIFIC uPAR-TARGETING | |
US10464985B2 (en) | Compounds with reduced ring size for use in diagnosing and treating melanoma, including metastatic melanoma and methods related to same | |
Garrison et al. | Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic effects of various linking group using the 111In-DOTA-X-BBN (7− 14) NH2 structural paradigm in a prostate cancer model | |
US20220211648A1 (en) | Compositions, delivery systems, and methods useful in tumor therapy | |
US11160887B2 (en) | Compositions for use in diagnosing and treating melanoma, including metastatic melanoma and methods related to same | |
US12016935B2 (en) | Methods for detecting CCR2 receptors | |
Ueda et al. | Synthesis and evaluation of a radioiodinated peptide probe targeting αvβ6 integrin for the detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | |
Gao et al. | Improved in vivo targeting capability and pharmacokinetics of 99mTc-Labeled isoDGR by dimerization and albumin-binding for glioma imaging | |
Suzuki et al. | C-terminal–modified LY2510924: a versatile scaffold for targeting CXC chemokine receptor type 4 | |
US20240216553A1 (en) | Development of cd163 targeting agent for imaging and therapy | |
Okarvi et al. | Preparation and evaluation of the tumor-specific antigen-derived synthetic mucin 1 peptide: A potential candidate for the targeting of breast carcinoma | |
Liu et al. | Synthesis and characterization of an 111In-labeled peptide for the in vivo localization of human cancers expressing the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) | |
US20220001039A1 (en) | Compositions and methods for detecting ace2 expression profiles | |
Liolios et al. | Co-administration of succinylated gelatine with a 99mTc-bombesin analogue, effects on pharmacokinetics and tumor uptake | |
Verena | Development of bispecific prostate-specific membrane antigen/fibroblast activation protein (PSMA/FAP)-targeting radiotracers for prostate cancer imaging | |
Kanellopoulos et al. | Preclinical evaluation of new GRPR-antagonists with improved metabolic stability for radiotheranostic use in oncology |