US20230331149A1

US20230331149A1 - Integrated in-surface lens assembly

Info

Publication number: US20230331149A1
Application number: US18/130,055
Authority: US
Inventors: Daniel Vander Sluis; Patrick Gerrity; Oliver PACE
Original assignee: Magna Exteriors Inc
Current assignee: Magna Exteriors Inc
Priority date: 2022-04-14
Filing date: 2023-04-03
Publication date: 2023-10-19
Also published as: US20240208405A1

Abstract

A seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel. The vehicle panel has an inside surface and an outside surface. The vehicle panel has a light aperture extending from the inside surface of the vehicle panel to the outside surface of the vehicle panel. Connected to the inside surface of the vehicle panel is a bracket. The seamless lighting arrangement further includes a lens with a bracket connection portion that connects to the bracket and a transmission portion positioned within the light aperture of the vehicle panel. The lens further includes a light unit fixedly connected to the lens. The light unit has a projector port for emitting light from a light source. The light transmission portion of the lens has a light input surface region formed on an inside surface of the lens and a light output surface region formed on an outside surface of the lens.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/330,845, filed Apr. 14, 2022, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an integrated in-surface lens assembly.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the field of automotive lighting design, lighting units are connected to various vehicle body panels for illuminating various areas both inside and outside of the vehicle. The lighting units are often quite large and require numerous components that need to be assembled together using several assembly steps. It is an object of the invention to provide a lighting unit that minimizes the number of components that need to be assembled, thereby reducing the complexity and number of assembly steps. It is further an object of the invention to provide a design flexible solution integrating an “in-surface sealing clear lens” to a larger “opaque” panel (i.e., not light transmitting). This “in-surface sealing clear lens” assembly is positioned and affixed to a panel opening made in the larger panel surface allowing: 1) protection of the light source and 2) projected light to be transmitted to the ground or surrounding area around an automotive vehicle or vehicular mobility unit.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel. The vehicle panel can be any type of exterior or interior panel, including, but not limited to bumper fascia, rocker panels, quarter panels, spoilers door panels, mirror housings, instrument panels, headliners, interior door panels, etc. The vehicle panel has a light aperture extending from an inside surface of the vehicle panel to an outside surface of the vehicle panel. Connected to the inside surface of the vehicle panel is a bracket at a location near the light aperture. The seamless lighting arrangement further includes a lens with a bracket connection portion that connects to the bracket and a transmission portion positioned within the light aperture of the vehicle panel. The lens further includes a light unit fixedly connected to the lens. The light unit has a projector port for emitting light from a light source. The light transmission portion of the lens has a light input surface region formed on an inside surface of the lens and a light output surface region formed on an outside surface of the lens.
Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a side elevational cross sectional view of a seamless lighting arrangement of a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a side perspective view of the lens and light unit with portions shown in phantom.

FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of the lens and light unit.

FIG. 4 is an exploded side perspective view of the lens and light unit.

FIG. 5 is a rear perspective view of the seamless lighting arrangement.

FIG. 6 is a side cross-sectional elevational view of the seamless lighting arrangement according to a second embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional elevational view of the seamless lighting arrangement according to a third embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is an exploded side perspective view of the seamless lighting arrangement according to the third embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional front side perspective view of an another embodiment of a seamless lighting arrangement having a U-shaped lens connected to a fixing bracket of a vehicle panel.

FIG. 10 is a side perspective view of the U-shaped lens with the fixing bracket removed.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side elevational view of the U-shaped lens connected to a fixing bracket of a vehicle panel.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional side elevational view of another embodiment of a seamless lighting arrangement having a projector connected to a fixing bracket of a vehicle panel.

FIG. 13 is an enlarged side perspective view of the seamless lighting arrangement according to FIG. 12 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description of the preferred embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses.
Referring now to the FIGS. 1-8 , a seamless lighting arrangement 10 for a vehicle panel 12 is shown. The seamless lighting arrangement 10 transmits light from a light unit 32 that is connected to the vehicle panel with a lens 28. The vehicle panel 12 can be any type of exterior or interior panel, including, but not limited to bumper fascia, rocker panels, quarter panels, spoilers door panels, mirror housings, instrument panels, headliners, interior door panels, etc. The vehicle panel 12 has an inside surface 14 and an outside surface 16. The vehicle panel 12 has a light aperture 18 extending from the inside surface 14 of the vehicle panel 12 to the outside surface 16 of the vehicle panel 12.
Connected to the inside surface 14 of the vehicle panel 12 is a bracket 20 that is used to connect the lens 28 with the light unit 32 to the inside surface 14 of the vehicle panel. The bracket 20 has a flange 22 that connects the bracket 20 to the inside surface 14 using adhesives, welding, fastener clips, snap lock features or fasteners depending on the needs of a particular application. It is also within the scope of this invention for some embodiments to include a backet that is integrally molded to the inside surface 14 of the vehicle panel.
The lens 28 includes a housing 25 that connects to both the bracket 20 and the light unit 32. As shown in FIG. 1 and also on a housing 225 of a lens 228 in FIG. 8 , which is an alternate embodiment, the connection between the housing 25, 225 and the bracket 20 is provided by lens connections 24 a, 24 b that that are apertures formed on the bracket 20 for receiving a bracket connection portion 26 a, 26 b of the housing 25, 225. The bracket connection portion 26 a, 26 b is a snap tang that each snaps into a respective one of the two lens connections 24 a, 24 b. This type of connection allows the lens 28 to be easily connected with the bracket 20 and aligned with the light aperture 18 of the vehicle panel 12. While a snap tang connection is shown it is within the scope of the invention for other physical connections to be used, provided suitable alignment of the lens in the light aperture 28 is accomplished. For example, the snap tang could simply be a ridge formed on the housing 25 and the solid walls of the bracket 20 bend to allow the housing 25 to push into place. Other suitable connections includes fasteners, clip retainers, double sided tape or adhesives. Also, while the lens connections 24 a, 24 b and bracket connection portion 26 a, 26 b are shown as two in number, it is within the scope of the invention for there to be a greater or lesser number depending on the need of a particular application.
The lens 28 of the seamless lighting arrangement 10 also has a transmission portion 30 positioned within the light aperture 18 of the vehicle panel 12. The lens 28 further includes the light unit 32 fixedly connected to the lens 28. The light unit 32 has a projector port 34 for emitting light from a light source 36, which is a light emitting diode, halogen bulb or incandescent bulb. The light transmission portion 30 of the lens 28 has a light input surface region 38 formed on an inside surface 40 of the lens 28 and a light output surface region 42 formed on an outside surface 44 of the lens 28. The light output surface region 42 of the light transmission portion 30 extends through the light aperture 18 from the inside surface 14 of the vehicle panel 12 to the outside surface 16 of the vehicle panel 12. The light transmission portion 30 is the area of the lens 28 that light is transmitted or refracted through as the light is projected from the light source 36 through the lens 28 and light aperture 18 to a desired area.
The light unit 32 further includes a housing 33 that has a light tube 46 extending from the projector port 34 that connects at a distal end 48 to the lens 28 at the light input surface region 38 of the transmission portion 30. At the distal end 48 of the light tube 46 there is also a flange 23 extending from the housing 33 of the light unit 32 that is used to align and connect the light unit 32 to the lens 28. The flange 23 is connected to the lens 28 using welding, adhesives, or other connections. The flange 23 also defines the boundary of the light input surface region 38. FIG. 8 shows the light unit 232 according to an alternate embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment of the invention there are similar structures to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , but the light unit 232 has a housing 333 that does not have the flange 23 as shown in FIG. 1 . Instead housing 333 has two fastener tabs 223 a, 223 b that align and connect with two fastener bosses 227 a, 227 b extending from the surface of the housing 225 of the lens 228. Fasteners 229 a, 229 be are used to complete the connection by respectively extending through the fasteners tabs 223 a, 223 b and engaging the respective one of the fasteners bosses 227 a, 227 b. The fasteners 229 a, 229 b are threaded fasteners or any other suitable type of fastener. This eliminates the need to use welding or adhesives with the flange 23 as described above. The light tube 46 functions to gather, direct and focus the light in a desired direction from the projector port 34. In particular where the light source involves several light elements, such as light emitting diodes, the light tube 46 can have reflective coatings on the surface that gather and focus the light from the multiple light sources to a desired direction. The lens 28 is connected to the projector port 34 using a weld or adhesives. More specifically it is shown that the distal end 48 of the light tube 46 is connected to the inside surface 40 of the lens. The use of the light tube 46 is an optional feature that is not required by all embodiments. In embodiments where a light tube 46 is not present the connection can be a connection between the lens 28 and the projector port 34. The connection between the lens 28 and the distal end 48 is a fixed and sealed connection that protects the light source 36 and inside components of the light unit 32 from unwanted elements such as water and dirt. The connection can be accomplished using adhesives, welding, or any other suitable connection method.
The light unit 32 is configured to receive command signals from an external controller that is located remotely from the light unit 32 and the seamless light arrangement 10. This allows the light unit 32 to be smaller since it is not necessary to have additional circuitry in the light unit 32. Furthermore, a single controller can control multiple light units. However, it is within the scope of this invention for the controller to be located on the light unit 32 itself.
FIG. 6 shows an alternate embodiment having a seamless lighting arrangement 100. Like reference numbers are used to indicate identical structures shown in the other figures. In this particular embodiment a lens 128 has an inside surface 140 that has a wedge 150 formed thereon. The wedge 150 is formed so at least a portion of the wedge 150 is formed on a light input surface region 138 so that light received from the light projector port 34 is deflected and exits a light output surface region 142 at an angle relative to the direction light is received at the light input surface region 138. This is helpful when it is desirable to project light at a specific angle that might be different from the angle or shape of the outside surface 16 of the vehicle panel 12.
Referring now to FIGS. 12 and 13 a seamless lighting arrangement 300 according to another embodiment is shown. In this particular embodiment there is a vehicle panel 312 with a light aperture 318, formed through the vehicle panel 312. Connected to an inside surface 314 of the vehicle panel 312 is a bracket 320 with two walls 321 a, 321 b extending away from the inside surface 314. The two walls 312 a, 321 b each have a fitting aperture 322 a, 322 b spaced at a distance from the light aperture 318. A light unit 332, similar to the light units mentioned above, has a projector port 334 and a light tube 346. However, the seamless lighting arrangement 300 is different from the seamless lighting arrangement 10, 100 mentioned above in that the there is a lens 328 that is much smaller and has a shoulder 329 that is connected to or welded to a distal end of the light tube 346. As shown the shoulder 329 of the lens 328 is less than or equal to outer diameter d-d of the light tube 346. The connection between the distal end of the light tube 346 and the shoulder 329 is accomplished using welding, adhesives or other suitable connections that will create a water tight seal to prevent water from getting inside of the light tube 346.
The lens 328 further includes a transmission portion 331 that extends from the shoulder 329 and is positioned within the light aperture 318 of the vehicle panel 312. An outer surface of the transmission portion 331 is flush with an outer surface 316 of the vehicle panel 312 to create a seamless look with no change in depth between the outer surface of the light transmission portion 331 and the outer surface 316 of the vehicle panel 312. In order to ensure that that a consistent flush mount occurs, the connection between the bracket 320 and the light unit 332 must be consistent and reproducible. Therefore, snap tangs 348 a, 348 b are provided on the light unit 332 for connecting the light unit 332 to the bracket 320. The snap tangs 348 a, 348 b respectively snap into the fitting aperture 322 a, 322 b to connect the lighting unit 332 to the bracket 320. The combination of the snap tangs 348 a, 348 b and fitting aperture 332 a, 332 b controls the indexing of the lens 328 in the light aperture 318 of the vehicle panel 312. Stated another way the combination of the snap tangs 348 a, 348 b and fitting aperture 322 a, 322 b control how far into the transmission portion 330 of the lens 328 is positioned into the light aperture 318, thereby providing a consistently reproducible flush surface between the outer surface 331 of the lens 328 and the outer surface 316 of the vehicle panel 312. The seamless lighting arrangement 300 of the present embodiment is desirable for use in applications where the larger lens described above is not possible due to spatial constraints, but it is still necessary to provide a sealed light unit with a lens outer surface that is flush, or seamless, with the outer surface of the vehicle panel.
Referring now to FIGS. 9-11 , a seamless lighting arrangement 400 according to another embodiment is shown. In this particular embodiment there is a vehicle panel 412 with a light aperture 418 formed through the vehicle panel 412. Connected to an inside surface 414 of the vehicle panel 412 is a bracket 420 with two walls 421 a, 421 b each having a fitting aperture 422 a, 422 b spaced as a distance from the light aperture 418. A light unit 432, similar to the light units mentioned above, has a projector port 434 and a light tube 446. There is a lens 428 that is similar to lens 128 shown in FIG. 6 , however, lens 428 is smaller in size because it has a U-shape with two open sides each adjacent opposing side walls 452 a, 452 b of the lens 428. The light unit 432 is connected to a wedge 450 formed on a surface of the lens 428 where a transmission portion 430 is located, which allows for light transmitted from the projector port 434 to exit the lens 428 at an angle to a light exit surface of the lens 428. A distal end of the light tube 446 is connected to the wedge 450 using welding, adhesives or other suitable connections that will create a water tight seal to prevent water from getting inside of the light tube 446. The wedge 450 has a surface area that contacts the light tube 446. This surface area of the wedge 450 is larger than the perimeter of the light tube 446 so that there does not have to be precise alignment when connecting the light tube 446 to the wedge 450.
The opposing side walls 452 a, 452 b of the lens 428 form the upright portions of the U-shape of the lens 428. Each of the two opposing side walls 452 a, 452 b have snap tangs 448 a, 448 b extending therefrom and engageable with a respective fitting aperture 422 a, 422 b of the bracket 420. The combination of the snap tangs 448 a, 448 b and fitting aperture 432 a, 432 b control the indexing of the lens 428 in the light aperture 418 of the vehicle panel 412 so that datum points of the light aperture 418 align in tolerance with datum points of the transmission portion 430 of the lens 428, the datum points of the light tube 336 and the datum points of the projector port 434. Stated another way the combination of the snap tangs 448 a, 448 b and fitting aperture 422 a, 422 b control how far into the transmission portion 430 of the lens 428 is positioned into the light aperture 418, thereby providing a consistently reproducible flush surface between the outer surface 431 of the lens 428 and the outer surface 416 of the vehicle panel 412. Also controlling the alignment of datum points of the light aperture 418, light transmission portion 430 of the lens, light tube 446 and projector port 434 will ensure that a desired projector light pattern from the seamless lighting arrangement 400 is achieved.
The seamless lighting arrangement 400 of the present embodiment is desirable for use in applications where the larger lens described FIGS. 1-8 above are not possible due to spatial constraints, but it is still necessary to provide a sealed light unit with a lens outer surface that is flush, or seamless, with the outer surface of the vehicle panel.
In application the type of seamless lighting arrangement 10, 100, 300 and 400 implemented can vary depending on the needs of a particular application. Certain applications can have spatial requirements that require type to be used in preference to the other. As explained above the datum points between each of the different components of the arrangement can also dictate which one of the seamless lighting arrangement 10, 100, 200, 300 is chosen.
The description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel comprising:

a vehicle panel having an inside surface and an outside surface;

a light aperture extending from the inside surface of the vehicle panel to the outside surface of the vehicle panel;

a bracket connected to the inside surface of the vehicle panel, wherein the bracket has two walls and at least one fitting aperture formed on one of the two walls;

a light unit having at least one snap tang for engaging the at least one fitting aperture to connect the light unit to the bracket, wherein the light unit has a projector port for emitting light and a light tube having a distal end, and

a lens having a shoulder that connects to the distal end of the light tube at a connection and the lens includes a transmission portion extending into the light aperture of the vehicle panel.

2. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 1 wherein the connection between the shoulder and the distal end of the light tube is a watertight connection formed using one of welding or adhesives.

3. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 1 wherein the light tube has a diameter and the shoulder of the lens is less than or equal to the diameter of the light tube.

4. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 1 wherein the transmission portion and an outside surface of the vehicle panel are flush when the light unit is connected to the bracket.

5. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 1 wherein the light source is controlled by signals received from a controller located remote from the light generator and the seamless light arrangement.

6. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 1 further comprising an inside surface of the lens having a wedge formed on the inside surface of the lens, with at least a portion of the wedge being formed on the light input surface region so that light received from the light projector port is deflected and exits the light output surface region at an angle relative to the direction light is received at the light input surface region.

7. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 1 wherein the bracket has a flange that that connects the bracket to the inside surface of the vehicle panel using adhesives, welding, fastener clips, snap lock features or fasteners depending on the needs of a particular application.

8. A seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel comprising:

a vehicle panel having an inside surface and an outside surface;

a bracket connected to the inside surface of the vehicle panel, wherein the bracket has two walls each having a fitting aperture;

a lens having a U-shape with two opposing walls, a transmission portion and a wedge,

a snap tang formed on each one of the two opposing walls, wherein each snap tang is configured to engage a respective fitting aperture of the bracket to connect the lens to the bracket such that the transmission portion of the lens is positioned in the light aperture of the vehicle panel, and

a light unit having a projector port for emitting light and a light tube having a distal end, wherein there is a connection between the distal end of the tube and the wedge of the lens.

9. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 8 wherein the connection between the distal end of the light tube and the wedge of the lens is a watertight connection formed using one of welding or adhesives.

10. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 8 wherein the wedge has a surface area that is larger than a perimeter of the light tube.

11. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 8 wherein the transmission portion and an outside surface of the vehicle panel are flush when the light unit is connected to the bracket.

12. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 8 wherein the light source is controlled by signals received from a controller located remote from the light generator and the seamless light arrangement.

13. A seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel comprising:

a vehicle panel having an inside surface and an outside surface;

a bracket connected to the inside surface of the vehicle panel;

a lens with a bracket connection portion that connects to the bracket and a transmission portion positioned within the light aperture of the vehicle panel;

a light unit fixedly connected to the lens, the light unit has a projector port for emitting light from a light source, wherein the light transmission portion has a light input surface region formed on an inside surface of the lens and a light output surface region formed on an outside surface of the lens.

14. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 13 wherein the transmission portion extends through the light aperture from the inside surface of the vehicle panel to the outside surface of the vehicle panel.

15. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 13 wherein the light source is controlled by signals received from a controller located remote from the light generator and the seamless light arrangement.

16. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 13 wherein the projector port further includes a light tube extending from the projector port and connected at a distal end to the lens.

17. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle of claim 16 further comprising a weld connection between the inside surface of the lens and the distal end of the light tube.

18. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 16 further comprising a flange extending from a housing of the light unit that is used to align and connect the light unit to the lens, wherein the flange is connected to the lens using welding, adhesives, or other connections.

19. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 13 further comprising a weld connection between the inside surface of the lens and the projector port.

20. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 13 further comprising an inside surface of the lens having a wedge formed on the inside surface of the lens, with at least a portion of the wedge being formed on the light input surface region so that light received from the light projector port is deflected and exits the light output surface region at an angle relative to the direction light is received at the light input surface region.

21. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 13 wherein the bracket has a flange that that connects the bracket to the inside surface of the vehicle panel using adhesives, welding, fastener clips, snap lock features or fasteners depending on the needs of a particular application.

22. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 13 further comprising:

a housing of the lens with two fastener bosses extending from the surface of the housing of the lens;

a housing of the light unit having two fastener tabs that align and connect with the two fastener bosses extending from the housing of the lens, and

two fasteners extending through a respective one of the fasteners tabs and engaging a respective one of the fasteners bosses to connect the housing of the light unit to the housing of the lens.

23. A seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel comprising:

a vehicle panel having an inside surface and an outside surface;

a bracket connected to the inside surface of the vehicle panel;

a light unit fixedly connected to the lens, the light unit has a projector port for emitting light from a light source, wherein the light transmission portion has a light input surface region formed on an inside surface of the lens and a light output surface region formed on an outside surface of the lens;

a light tube extending from the projector port and connected at a distal end to the lens, and

a flange extending from a housing of the light unit that is used to align and connect the light unit to the lens, wherein the flange is connected to the lens using welding, adhesives, or other connections.

24. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 23 wherein the transmission portion extends through the light aperture from the inside surface of the vehicle panel to the outside surface of the vehicle panel.

25. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 23 wherein the light source is controlled by signals received from a controller located remote from the light generator and the seamless light arrangement.

26. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle of claim 23 wherein the connection between the flange and the lens is a weld connection between the inside surface of the lens and the distal end of the light tube.

27. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 23 further comprising an inside surface of the lens having a wedge formed on the inside surface of the lens, with at least a portion of the wedge being formed on the light input surface region so that light received from the light projector port is deflected and exits the light output surface region at an angle relative to the direction light is received at the light input surface region.

28. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 23 wherein the bracket has a flange that that connects the bracket to the inside surface of the vehicle panel using adhesives, welding, fastener clips, snap lock features or fasteners depending on the needs of a particular application.

29. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 23 further comprising:

30. A seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel comprising:

a bracket for connection to a vehicle panel;

a lens with a bracket connection portion that connects to the bracket and a transmission portion of the lens;

31. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 30 wherein the projector port further includes a light tube extending from the projector port and connected at a distal end to the lens.

32. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle of claim 31 further comprising a weld connection between the inside surface of the lens and the distal end of the light tube.

33. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 31 further comprising a flange extending from a housing of the light unit that is used to align and connect the light unit to the lens, wherein the flange is connected to the lens using welding, adhesives, or other connections.

34. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 31 further comprising a weld connection between the inside surface of the lens and the projector port.

35. The seamless lighting arrangement for a vehicle panel of claim 30 further comprising an inside surface of the lens having a wedge formed on the inside surface of the lens, with at least a portion of the wedge being formed on the light input surface region so that light received from the light projector port is deflected and exits the light output surface region at an angle relative to the direction light is received at the light input surface region.

36. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 30 wherein the bracket has a flange that that connects the bracket to the vehicle panel using adhesives, welding, fastener clips, snap lock features or fasteners depending on the needs of a particular application.

37. The seamless lighting arrangement of claim 30 further comprising: