US20230243026A1 - Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith - Google Patents
Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20230243026A1 US20230243026A1 US17/871,156 US202217871156A US2023243026A1 US 20230243026 A1 US20230243026 A1 US 20230243026A1 US 202217871156 A US202217871156 A US 202217871156A US 2023243026 A1 US2023243026 A1 US 2023243026A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- machine part
- max
- steel
- maximum
- fabricated
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 229910000760 Hardened steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000161 steel melt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009849 vacuum degassing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 abstract description 28
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 26
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 13
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0068—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for particular articles not mentioned below
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/01—Arrangements for handling drilling fluids or cuttings outside the borehole, e.g. mud boxes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B1/00—Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B15/00—Pumps adapted to handle specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts
- F04B15/02—Pumps adapted to handle specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts the fluids being viscous or non-homogeneous
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B53/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B23/00 or F04B39/00 - F04B47/00
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B53/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B23/00 or F04B39/00 - F04B47/00
- F04B53/14—Pistons, piston-rods or piston-rod connections
- F04B53/144—Adaptation of piston-rods
- F04B53/146—Piston-rod guiding arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B53/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B23/00 or F04B39/00 - F04B47/00
- F04B53/16—Casings; Cylinders; Cylinder liners or heads; Fluid connections
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B53/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B23/00 or F04B39/00 - F04B47/00
- F04B53/16—Casings; Cylinders; Cylinder liners or heads; Fluid connections
- F04B53/162—Adaptations of cylinders
- F04B53/166—Cylinder liners
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/001—Austenite
Definitions
- This disclosure generally relates to steel compositions and, more particularly, to machine parts made from said steel.
- An oil well is a boring into the ground that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface.
- the well is created by drilling a hole with a drilling rig that rotates a drill string with a bit attached.
- Drilling fluid also known as drilling mud is an essential element to creating the wellbore.
- the drilling fluid is pumped into the wellbore down the drill pipe and exits the drill bit at high pressure.
- the drilling fluid then circulates back to the surface through a space between the drill pipe and the outer surface of the well called the annulus, conveying cut rock with it.
- This process requires a reciprocating pump known as a mud pump.
- the mud pump or drilling pump circulates the drilling mud downhole during drilling operations.
- the drilling mud is pumped downhole at pressures up to 7500 psi through the drill string and returns back to the surface via the well’s annulus.
- This drilling mud circulation process performs numerous critical functions which include cooling the drill bit, cleaning the well bore of drill cuttings and providing hydrostatic pressure to prevent formation fluids from entering into the well bore.
- Mud pumps are typically positive displacement, reciprocating pumps that are comprised of a power-end and fluid-end assembly.
- the power end includes a motor and a crankshaft rotationally engaged with the motor.
- the power end may include a connection rod rotationally engaged with the crankshaft.
- the power-end converts the rotation of the crank shaft to a reciprocating motion by using a crosshead guide while the fluid-end utilizes this reciprocating action to achieve the function of pumping the pressurized mud.
- the fluid-end assembly is comprised of drilling fluid modules, cylinders, pistons, and valves. Many of the fluid-end assembly components are high-wear items.
- a key and necessary feature of a drilling pump is its ability to provide a constant flow rate of fluid at a specific pressure. Over the past century, numerous mud pump design configurations have been introduced but the most common designs on the market today are duplex, triplex, and quintuplex models.
- a mud pump in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, includes a power end and a fluid end.
- the power end includes a motor, a crankshaft rotationally engaged with the motor and a connecting rod rotationally engaged with the crank shaft.
- the fluid end is operatively connected to the power end and includes a piston, a cylinder configured to operatively engage the plunger, a drilling fluid module, a discharge manifold, and a strainer cross.
- At least one of the plunger, the drilling fluid module, the discharge manifold, and the strainer cross may be fabricated from a high strength and toughness steel composition having the following composition in percent by weight: 0.20 - 0.55% carbon, 0.70 -1.50% manganese, a maximum of 0.025% phosphorous, a maximum of 0.050% sulfur, a maximum of 0.80% silicon, 0.10 - 0.80% nickel, 1.40 - 2.20% chromium, 0.10 - 0.55% molybdenum, a maximum of 0.030% vanadium, a maximum of 0.35% copper, a maximum of 0.040% aluminum, a balance of iron, and incidental impurities.
- a high strength and toughness steel composition having the following composition in percent by weight: 0.20 - 0.55% carbon, 0.70 -1.50% manganese, a maximum of 0.025% phosphorous, a maximum of 0.050% sulfur, a maximum of 0.80% silicon, 0.10 - 0.80% nickel, 1.40 - 2.20% chrom
- a machine part is disclosed.
- the machine part is manufactured from a steel composition having the following composition in percent by weight: 0.20 - 0.55% carbon, 0.70 -1.50% manganese, a maximum of 0.025% phosphorous, a maximum of 0.050% sulfur, a maximum of 0.80% silicon, 0.10 - 0.80% nickel, 1.40 - 2.20% chromium, 0.10 - 0.55% molybdenum, a maximum of 0.030% vanadium, a maximum of 0.35% copper, a maximum of 0.040% aluminum, a balance of iron, and incidental impurities.
- a steel composition may have the following composition in percent by weight: 0.20 - 0.55% carbon, 0.70 -1.50% manganese, a maximum of 0.025% phosphorous, a maximum of 0.050% sulfur, a maximum of 0.80% silicon, 0.10 - 0.80% nickel, 1.40 - 2.20% chromium, 0.10 - 0.55% molybdenum, a maximum of 0.030% vanadium, a maximum of 0.35% copper, a maximum of 0.040% aluminum, a balance of iron, and incidental impurities.
- FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary mud pump, constructed in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a series of steps that may be involved in manufacturing machine parts from high strength and toughness steel in accordance with the present disclosure.
- the mud pump 100 may include a power end 110 and a fluid end 120 .
- the power end 110 is configured to provide work to the fluid end 120 thereby allowing the fluid end 120 to pump pressurized drilling mud into a wellbore.
- the power end 110 includes a motor (not shown) and a power end housing 130 which surrounds a main gear 140 , crankshaft 150 , and connecting rod 160 .
- the crankshaft 150 is rotationally engaged with the motor via the main gear 140
- the connecting rod 160 is further rotationally engaged with the crankshaft 150 .
- the connecting rod connects to an extension rod 170 in a crosshead guide 180 .
- the crankshaft 150 rotates and causes the connecting rod 160 to move within the crosshead guide 180 .
- the extension rod 170 operatively connects the power end to the fluid end.
- the fluid end 120 includes a fluid housing 190 at least partially surrounding the extension rod 170 , a piston 200 , a cylinder 210 and a drilling fluid module 220 .
- the extension rod 170 is connected to the piston 200 and causes the piston 200 to move within the cylinder 210 . While the current disclosure and drawings discuss a cylinder 210 and piston 200 arrangement, the current disclosure may also encompass an alternate cylinder and plunger arrangement. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the piston may be replaced by a plunger without departure from the scope of the current disclosure.
- the drilling fluid module 220 is proximate the cylinder 210 and defines a flow passage 230 which may be pressurized and depressurized by the reciprocation of the piston 200 within the cylinder 210 .
- the drilling fluid module may include a suction module 240 and a discharge module 250 .
- drilling mud is drawn into the flow passage 230 through an inlet valve 260 .
- the drilling mud contained within the flow passage 230 is moved under pressure through an outlet valve 270 to a discharge manifold 280 and then to a wellbore (not shown).
- a strainer cross 290 may be located in the discharge manifold 280 .
- the drilling mud serves to cool and lubricate the drill bit, clean the well bore of drill cuttings and provide hydrostatic pressure to prevent formation fluids from entering into the wellbore.
- composition of steel may be used for any components which require pre-hardened steel of a high strength and toughness, including but not limited to discharge manifolds, discharge and suction modules, strainer crosses, adapter spools, and similar machine parts. All percentages below are percent by weight.
- compositions with narrowed ranges within the above described composition may be used. All percentages describe percent by weight.
- compositions with narrowed ranges within the above described compositions may be used. All percentages describe percent by weight.
- compositions with a specific composition within the above described compositions may be used. All percentages describe percent by weight.
- Carbon is necessary to provide the required hardness and wear resistance. If carbon is significantly higher than 0.55% by weight, the component will exhibit reduced toughness and weldability. If substantially less than 0.20% by weight carbon is used, wear resistance and strength will not be suitable for service conditions to which the pump components are subjected. Preferably, a range of 0.25% to 0.35% by weight carbon is used to ensure acceptable wear resistance, hardness, and mechanical properties. Most preferably, carbon in the range of 0.30% to 0.35% should be used.
- Manganese is essential for hardenability and as a deoxidizer in the steelmaking process. It also acts to control sulphides in forging operations. In combination with the other alloying elements, if significantly higher than 1.50% by weight is present, there is a risk that retained austenite will be present. If substantially less than 0.70% by weight manganese is present, the hardenability of the fabricated component will be lessened. Manganese also contributes to wear resistance, although to a lesser extent than other carbide formers. Preferably manganese will be present in the range of 1.20% to 1.45% by weight, and most preferably from 1.2% to 1.35% by weight.
- Phosphorus can increase machinability but the detrimental effects of this element in engineering steels, such as an increase in ductile-brittle transition temperature and decreased ductility, outweigh any beneficial effects. Accordingly, the phosphorus content should not be more than the specified maximum of 0.025% by weight, and most preferably lower than 0.010% by weight.
- sulfur can provide benefits to machinibility, but it can also reduce mechanical properties.
- Silicon is specified for its deoxidizing ability in the steelmaking process. However, if present in substantially greater quantities than 0.80% by weight, there will be a predisposition towards embrittlement of the final product. Most preferably, silicon in the range of 0.15% to 0.40% by weight with an aim of 0.20% to 0.35% should be used.
- Nickel aids in fracture toughness and impact strength of components, particularly at lower temperature. Furthermore, the addition of nickel increases the hardenability and allows for uniform properties throughout a cross section, facilitating a wider variety of manufacturing methods.
- a range of 0.10% to 0.80% by weight nickel is used to ensure optimal properties. More preferably, nickel in the range of 0.35% to 0.70% should be used. Most preferably, nickel in the range of 0.55% to 0.65% may be used.
- Chromium is necessary for hardenability, for carbide formation, and for wear resistance. If substantially more than the maximum of 2.20% by weight chromium is present, the hardening temperature would be too high for normal production heat treatment process. Below the specified minimum of 1.40% by weight chromium, the hardenability and wear resistance will be negatively affected.
- chromium is present in the amount of 1.70% to 2.05% by weight, and most preferably from 1.75% to 2.00% by weight.
- Molybdenum is a key element contributing to hardenability and wear resistance by the fact that it is a strong carbide former. Its beneficial effects are effective in the range of 0.10% to 0.55% by weight, but preferably it is maintained in the upper band of the range from 0.35% to 0.55% by weight, and most preferably in the range of 0.40% to 0.50% by weight.
- vanadium content should not be more than the specified maximum of 0.030% by weight, and most preferably lower than 0.010% by weight.
- Copper can create a predisposition towards embrittlement of the final product.
- copper is present at an amount of no more than 0.35% by weight, and preferably lower than 0.20% by weight.
- Aluminum is desirable for grain refinement but can have a detrimental effect on steel quality by causing the presence of aluminates, an undesirable impurity. It is therefore important to minimize the addition of aluminum to a maximum of 0.040% by weight in the final melt composition. Most preferably an aim of 0.020% by weight aluminum will achieve grain refinement.
- the balance of the steel is made up of iron. Some incidental impurities may also be present.
- a mud pump component or other machine part should be produced from a block of steel manufactured by the method depicted in FIG. 2 .
- the method includes:
- the final hot worked product should be subjected to austenitizing at a temperature of between 800° and 950° C. (block 512 ), quenching in water (block 514 ), and tempering at a temperature of between 450° and 700° C. (block 516 ).
- the resultant product will exhibit a microstructure comprising mostly tempered martensite and bainite and possibly a mixture of tempered martensite, bainite and pearlite which will be deeper than 1 ⁇ 4 of the thickness of the block.
- the block may subsequently be further worked to form mud pump components and other machine parts without losing the desired properties.
Abstract
Description
- This disclosure generally relates to steel compositions and, more particularly, to machine parts made from said steel.
- In the modern world, there is ever increasing demand for products derived from oil retrieved from deep within the earth. An oil well is a boring into the ground that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface. The well is created by drilling a hole with a drilling rig that rotates a drill string with a bit attached. Drilling fluid also known as drilling mud is an essential element to creating the wellbore. The drilling fluid is pumped into the wellbore down the drill pipe and exits the drill bit at high pressure. The drilling fluid then circulates back to the surface through a space between the drill pipe and the outer surface of the well called the annulus, conveying cut rock with it. This process requires a reciprocating pump known as a mud pump.
- The mud pump or drilling pump circulates the drilling mud downhole during drilling operations. The drilling mud is pumped downhole at pressures up to 7500 psi through the drill string and returns back to the surface via the well’s annulus. This drilling mud circulation process performs numerous critical functions which include cooling the drill bit, cleaning the well bore of drill cuttings and providing hydrostatic pressure to prevent formation fluids from entering into the well bore.
- Mud pumps are typically positive displacement, reciprocating pumps that are comprised of a power-end and fluid-end assembly. The power end includes a motor and a crankshaft rotationally engaged with the motor. Moreover, the power end may include a connection rod rotationally engaged with the crankshaft. The power-end converts the rotation of the crank shaft to a reciprocating motion by using a crosshead guide while the fluid-end utilizes this reciprocating action to achieve the function of pumping the pressurized mud. The fluid-end assembly is comprised of drilling fluid modules, cylinders, pistons, and valves. Many of the fluid-end assembly components are high-wear items. A key and necessary feature of a drilling pump is its ability to provide a constant flow rate of fluid at a specific pressure. Over the past century, numerous mud pump design configurations have been introduced but the most common designs on the market today are duplex, triplex, and quintuplex models.
- Because the mud pump serves so many critical functions, drilling cannot take place without an operational mud pump. Production downtime can equate to hundreds of thousands of lost dollars per day. Ensuring minimal downtime of production machinery and other critical equipment is essential. Manufacturing critical parts out of alloys with high strength and toughness can increase the service life of these components and minimize downtime of crucial equipment. Furthermore, many of these components may also require hardened surfaces and high base strength and toughness to resist wear, fatigue and fracture. However, hardening these surfaces after fabricating the parts adds considerable expense. There is a need for a steel which allows for pre-hardening of block steel and maintains its hardness, strength and toughness during fabrication.
- In accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, a mud pump is disclosed. The mud pump includes a power end and a fluid end. The power end includes a motor, a crankshaft rotationally engaged with the motor and a connecting rod rotationally engaged with the crank shaft. The fluid end is operatively connected to the power end and includes a piston, a cylinder configured to operatively engage the plunger, a drilling fluid module, a discharge manifold, and a strainer cross. At least one of the plunger, the drilling fluid module, the discharge manifold, and the strainer cross may be fabricated from a high strength and toughness steel composition having the following composition in percent by weight: 0.20 - 0.55% carbon, 0.70 -1.50% manganese, a maximum of 0.025% phosphorous, a maximum of 0.050% sulfur, a maximum of 0.80% silicon, 0.10 - 0.80% nickel, 1.40 - 2.20% chromium, 0.10 - 0.55% molybdenum, a maximum of 0.030% vanadium, a maximum of 0.35% copper, a maximum of 0.040% aluminum, a balance of iron, and incidental impurities.
- In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a machine part is disclosed. The machine part is manufactured from a steel composition having the following composition in percent by weight: 0.20 - 0.55% carbon, 0.70 -1.50% manganese, a maximum of 0.025% phosphorous, a maximum of 0.050% sulfur, a maximum of 0.80% silicon, 0.10 - 0.80% nickel, 1.40 - 2.20% chromium, 0.10 - 0.55% molybdenum, a maximum of 0.030% vanadium, a maximum of 0.35% copper, a maximum of 0.040% aluminum, a balance of iron, and incidental impurities.
- In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a steel composition is disclosed. The steel composition may have the following composition in percent by weight: 0.20 - 0.55% carbon, 0.70 -1.50% manganese, a maximum of 0.025% phosphorous, a maximum of 0.050% sulfur, a maximum of 0.80% silicon, 0.10 - 0.80% nickel, 1.40 - 2.20% chromium, 0.10 - 0.55% molybdenum, a maximum of 0.030% vanadium, a maximum of 0.35% copper, a maximum of 0.040% aluminum, a balance of iron, and incidental impurities.
- These and other aspects and features of the present disclosure will be more readily understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary mud pump, constructed in accordance with the present disclosure. -
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a series of steps that may be involved in manufacturing machine parts from high strength and toughness steel in accordance with the present disclosure. - Referring now to
FIG. 1 , a side cross-sectional view of theexemplary mud pump 100 manufactured in accordance with the present disclosure is depicted. As represented therein, themud pump 100 may include apower end 110 and afluid end 120. Thepower end 110 is configured to provide work to thefluid end 120 thereby allowing thefluid end 120 to pump pressurized drilling mud into a wellbore. Thepower end 110 includes a motor (not shown) and apower end housing 130 which surrounds amain gear 140,crankshaft 150, and connectingrod 160. Thecrankshaft 150 is rotationally engaged with the motor via themain gear 140, and the connectingrod 160 is further rotationally engaged with thecrankshaft 150. The connecting rod connects to anextension rod 170 in acrosshead guide 180. As the motor causes themain gear 140 to rotate, thecrankshaft 150 rotates and causes the connectingrod 160 to move within thecrosshead guide 180. This moves theextension rod 170 back and forth along a longitudinal axis of thepump 100. Theextension rod 170 operatively connects the power end to the fluid end. - The
fluid end 120 includes afluid housing 190 at least partially surrounding theextension rod 170, apiston 200, acylinder 210 and adrilling fluid module 220. Theextension rod 170 is connected to thepiston 200 and causes thepiston 200 to move within thecylinder 210. While the current disclosure and drawings discuss acylinder 210 andpiston 200 arrangement, the current disclosure may also encompass an alternate cylinder and plunger arrangement. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the piston may be replaced by a plunger without departure from the scope of the current disclosure. - The
drilling fluid module 220 is proximate thecylinder 210 and defines aflow passage 230 which may be pressurized and depressurized by the reciprocation of thepiston 200 within thecylinder 210. The drilling fluid module may include asuction module 240 and adischarge module 250. As thepiston 200 moves away from thedrilling fluid module 220, drilling mud is drawn into theflow passage 230 through aninlet valve 260. As the piston moves towards thedrilling fluid module 220, the drilling mud contained within theflow passage 230 is moved under pressure through anoutlet valve 270 to adischarge manifold 280 and then to a wellbore (not shown). Astrainer cross 290 may be located in thedischarge manifold 280. Once in the wellbore, the drilling mud serves to cool and lubricate the drill bit, clean the well bore of drill cuttings and provide hydrostatic pressure to prevent formation fluids from entering into the wellbore. - Although the illustrated cross section shows only a single crankshaft, piston, and drilling fluid module, most mud pumps include 2-6 multiples of the described system driven by a single motor. These pumps (duplex, triplex, quintuplex etc.) provide a more consistent pressure to the wellbore. However, they also require correspondingly more components which suffer wear and must be replaced.
- Because mud pumps must run continuously for extended periods, its components are subject to high stress. In order to avoid expensive downtime, these components must be made from high strength and toughness steel compositions such as that described below. The same high strength and toughness may also be of benefit for use in components for other oil exploration machinery and general industrial machinery components.
- Many of these components also require hardened surfaces to resist wear. However, hardening these surfaces after manufacturing the parts adds considerable expense. The steel composition disclosed below allows for pre-hardening of block steel and maintains its hardness during fabrication.
- The following composition of steel may be used for any components which require pre-hardened steel of a high strength and toughness, including but not limited to discharge manifolds, discharge and suction modules, strainer crosses, adapter spools, and similar machine parts. All percentages below are percent by weight.
-
Carbon 0.20 - 0.55% Manganese 0.70 - 1.50% Phosphorous 0.025% max. Sulfur 0.050% max. Silicon 0.80% max. Nickel 0.10 - 0.80% Chromium 1.40 - 2.20% Molybdenum 0.10 - 0.55% Vanadium 0.030% max. Copper 0.35% max. Aluminum 0.040% max. Iron balance, and Incidental impurities. - In a more preferred embodiment, the following composition with narrowed ranges within the above described composition may be used. All percentages describe percent by weight.
-
Carbon 0.25 - 0.35% Manganese 1.2 - 1.45% Phosphorous 0.025% max. Sulfur 0.025% max. Silicon 0.15 - 0.4% Nickel 0.35 - 0.7% Chromium 1.7 - 2.05% Molybdenum 0.35 - 0.55% Vanadium 0.030% max. Copper 0.35% max. Aluminum 0.040% max. Iron balance, and Incidental impurities. - In a yet more preferred embodiment, the following composition with narrowed ranges within the above described compositions may be used. All percentages describe percent by weight.
-
Carbon 0.30 - 0.35% Manganese 1.2 - 1.35% Phosphorous 0.010% max. Sulfur 0.01% max. Silicon 0.20 - 0.35% Nickel 0.55 - 0.65% Chromium 1.75 - 2.00% Molybdenum 0.40 - 0.50% Vanadium 0.010% max. Copper 0.20% max. Aluminum 0.025% max. Iron . balance, and Incidental impurities - In one specific embodiment, the following composition with a specific composition within the above described compositions may be used. All percentages describe percent by weight.
-
Carbon 0.33% Manganese 1.29% Phosphorous 0.008% Sulfur 0.003% Silicon 0.23% Nickel 0.64% Chromium 1.89% Molybdenum 0.43% Vanadium 0.004% Copper 0.15% Aluminum 0.021% Iron balance, and Incidental impurities. - Carbon is necessary to provide the required hardness and wear resistance. If carbon is significantly higher than 0.55% by weight, the component will exhibit reduced toughness and weldability. If substantially less than 0.20% by weight carbon is used, wear resistance and strength will not be suitable for service conditions to which the pump components are subjected. Preferably, a range of 0.25% to 0.35% by weight carbon is used to ensure acceptable wear resistance, hardness, and mechanical properties. Most preferably, carbon in the range of 0.30% to 0.35% should be used.
- Manganese is essential for hardenability and as a deoxidizer in the steelmaking process. It also acts to control sulphides in forging operations. In combination with the other alloying elements, if significantly higher than 1.50% by weight is present, there is a risk that retained austenite will be present. If substantially less than 0.70% by weight manganese is present, the hardenability of the fabricated component will be lessened. Manganese also contributes to wear resistance, although to a lesser extent than other carbide formers. Preferably manganese will be present in the range of 1.20% to 1.45% by weight, and most preferably from 1.2% to 1.35% by weight.
- Phosphorus can increase machinability but the detrimental effects of this element in engineering steels, such as an increase in ductile-brittle transition temperature and decreased ductility, outweigh any beneficial effects. Accordingly, the phosphorus content should not be more than the specified maximum of 0.025% by weight, and most preferably lower than 0.010% by weight.
- In controlled quantities, sulfur can provide benefits to machinibility, but it can also reduce mechanical properties. To maintain control of sulfides during processing it may be necessary to avoid a sulfur content over 0.05% by weight sulfur, preferably lower than 0.025% by weight, and most preferably lower than 0.010% by weight.
- Silicon is specified for its deoxidizing ability in the steelmaking process. However, if present in substantially greater quantities than 0.80% by weight, there will be a predisposition towards embrittlement of the final product. Most preferably, silicon in the range of 0.15% to 0.40% by weight with an aim of 0.20% to 0.35% should be used.
- Nickel aids in fracture toughness and impact strength of components, particularly at lower temperature. Furthermore, the addition of nickel increases the hardenability and allows for uniform properties throughout a cross section, facilitating a wider variety of manufacturing methods. Preferably, a range of 0.10% to 0.80% by weight nickel is used to ensure optimal properties. More preferably, nickel in the range of 0.35% to 0.70% should be used. Most preferably, nickel in the range of 0.55% to 0.65% may be used.
- Chromium is necessary for hardenability, for carbide formation, and for wear resistance. If substantially more than the maximum of 2.20% by weight chromium is present, the hardening temperature would be too high for normal production heat treatment process. Below the specified minimum of 1.40% by weight chromium, the hardenability and wear resistance will be negatively affected. Preferably, chromium is present in the amount of 1.70% to 2.05% by weight, and most preferably from 1.75% to 2.00% by weight.
- Molybdenum is a key element contributing to hardenability and wear resistance by the fact that it is a strong carbide former. Its beneficial effects are effective in the range of 0.10% to 0.55% by weight, but preferably it is maintained in the upper band of the range from 0.35% to 0.55% by weight, and most preferably in the range of 0.40% to 0.50% by weight.
- Excessive quantities of vanadium are detrimental to ductility through the formation of an increased quantity of coarse carbides, and hence it is best to keep the vanadium at a maximum of 0.030% by weight. Accordingly, the vanadium content should not be more than the specified maximum of 0.030% by weight, and most preferably lower than 0.010% by weight.
- Copper can create a predisposition towards embrittlement of the final product. Preferably, copper is present at an amount of no more than 0.35% by weight, and preferably lower than 0.20% by weight.
- Aluminum is desirable for grain refinement but can have a detrimental effect on steel quality by causing the presence of aluminates, an undesirable impurity. It is therefore important to minimize the addition of aluminum to a maximum of 0.040% by weight in the final melt composition. Most preferably an aim of 0.020% by weight aluminum will achieve grain refinement.
- In all the described compositions, the balance of the steel is made up of iron. Some incidental impurities may also be present.
- In order to exhibit the required operating characteristics described above, a mud pump component or other machine part should be produced from a block of steel manufactured by the method depicted in
FIG. 2 . The method includes: - a. melting the bulk of the steel composition containing a majority of the alloy ingredients in an electric arc furnace to produce a steel melt suitable for tapping into a receptacle (block 502),
- b. thereafter heating, alloying, and refining the heat to bring the heat to its final composition (block 504),
- c. vacuum degassing, teeming, and casting the heat by bottom pouring practices to form ingots (block 506),
- d. hot working the ingots to form a mud pump component, machine part, or block (block 508), and
- e. thereafter heat treating the mud pump component, machine part, or block by fully austenitizing, rapidly quenching in a liquid, preferably water, and subsequently tempering to form a final hot work product (block 510)
- In some embodiments, during the step of heat treating the block, the final hot worked product should be subjected to austenitizing at a temperature of between 800° and 950° C. (block 512), quenching in water (block 514), and tempering at a temperature of between 450° and 700° C. (block 516). Following said treatment, the resultant product will exhibit a microstructure comprising mostly tempered martensite and bainite and possibly a mixture of tempered martensite, bainite and pearlite which will be deeper than ¼ of the thickness of the block.
- The block may subsequently be further worked to form mud pump components and other machine parts without losing the desired properties.
Claims (22)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17/871,156 US20230243026A1 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2022-07-22 | Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17/100,439 US20220162730A1 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2020-11-20 | Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith |
US17/871,156 US20230243026A1 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2022-07-22 | Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US17/100,439 Division US20220162730A1 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2020-11-20 | Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20230243026A1 true US20230243026A1 (en) | 2023-08-03 |
Family
ID=81656898
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US17/100,439 Pending US20220162730A1 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2020-11-20 | Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith |
US17/871,182 Pending US20220356551A1 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2022-07-22 | Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith |
US17/871,156 Pending US20230243026A1 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2022-07-22 | Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith |
Family Applications Before (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US17/100,439 Pending US20220162730A1 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2020-11-20 | Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith |
US17/871,182 Pending US20220356551A1 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2022-07-22 | Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US20220162730A1 (en) |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5645794A (en) * | 1994-10-31 | 1997-07-08 | Creusot Loire Inudstrie | Low alloy steel for the manufacture of molds for plastics and for rubber |
US5855845A (en) * | 1996-04-29 | 1999-01-05 | Creusot Loire Industrie Societe Anonyme | Low alloy steel for the manufacture of molds for plastics |
US20030131911A1 (en) * | 2001-04-17 | 2003-07-17 | Walter Grimm | Tool steel for plastic molds |
KR20140083197A (en) * | 2012-12-24 | 2014-07-04 | 주식회사 포스코 | Mold steel and heat treatment method |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5182079A (en) * | 1990-07-17 | 1993-01-26 | Nelson & Associates Research, Inc. | Metallic composition and processes for use of the same |
US20090252620A1 (en) * | 2007-07-30 | 2009-10-08 | Lazzara Gerard S | Reinforced smart mud pump |
KR101537158B1 (en) * | 2013-07-30 | 2015-07-15 | 현대제철 주식회사 | Plastic die steel and method of manufacturing the same |
US20200123628A1 (en) * | 2016-02-01 | 2020-04-23 | A. Finkl & Sons Co. | High strength and toughness steel composition and machine parts made therewith |
-
2020
- 2020-11-20 US US17/100,439 patent/US20220162730A1/en active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-07-22 US US17/871,182 patent/US20220356551A1/en active Pending
- 2022-07-22 US US17/871,156 patent/US20230243026A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5645794A (en) * | 1994-10-31 | 1997-07-08 | Creusot Loire Inudstrie | Low alloy steel for the manufacture of molds for plastics and for rubber |
US5855845A (en) * | 1996-04-29 | 1999-01-05 | Creusot Loire Industrie Societe Anonyme | Low alloy steel for the manufacture of molds for plastics |
US20030131911A1 (en) * | 2001-04-17 | 2003-07-17 | Walter Grimm | Tool steel for plastic molds |
KR20140083197A (en) * | 2012-12-24 | 2014-07-04 | 주식회사 포스코 | Mold steel and heat treatment method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20220356551A1 (en) | 2022-11-10 |
US20220162730A1 (en) | 2022-05-26 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP3228716B1 (en) | Precipitation hardened martensitic stainless steel and reciprocating pump manufactured therewith | |
EP3412911B1 (en) | High toughness martensitic stainless steel and reciprocating pump manufactured therewith | |
US20200123628A1 (en) | High strength and toughness steel composition and machine parts made therewith | |
US20210214824A1 (en) | Alloy for Mud Motor Shaft Applications with High Strength, High Impact Toughness and Excellent Fatigue Life | |
US20230243026A1 (en) | Pre-hardened steel composition and machine parts made therewith | |
JP2001030036A (en) | High strength nontempered steel parts and its manufacture | |
KR100309214B1 (en) | Conveying components for concrete pump car | |
KR20120053618A (en) | Chisel for a breaker of construction equipment with enhanced abrasion resistance and impact resistance |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: A. FINKL & SONS CO., ILLINOIS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RITCHEY, BENJAMIN W.;MILLER, JOHN A.;LAPIERRE-BOIRE, LOUIS-PHILIPPE;SIGNING DATES FROM 20201117 TO 20201118;REEL/FRAME:060628/0046 |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: FINAL REJECTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE AFTER FINAL ACTION FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: ADVISORY ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |