US20230220490A1

US20230220490A1 - Administration regime

Info

Publication number: US20230220490A1
Application number: US18/114,112
Authority: US
Inventors: Yvonne WETTERGREN; Elisabeth ODIN
Original assignee: Isofol Medical AB
Current assignee: Isofol Medical AB
Priority date: 2014-01-31
Filing date: 2023-02-24
Publication date: 2023-07-13
Also published as: US20160340739A1; AU2015212831A1; WO2015114099A1; CA2941203A1; EP4101931A1; US20200040406A1; EP3099816A1; US10487364B2; EP3099816B1; AU2015212831B2

Abstract

A method for determining a folate substance administration regime is disclosed. The method comprises: quantifying, in a sample drawn from a patient, the expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC; and establishing whether the expression level is high or low. A high expression level of at least one of said genes determines that said folate substance administration regime involves the administration of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate and/or a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate in the metabolic pathway. A low expression level of at least one of said genes determines that said folate substance administration regime involves the administration of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate. Also disclosed is a kit for determining such a folate substance administration regime.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of Ser. No. 16/601,306 filed on Oct. 14, 2019, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/114,690 filed on Jul. 27, 2016, which is a U.S. national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2015/051947 filed on 30 Jan. 2015, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 14153538.5 filed on 31 Jan. 2014. The entire disclosures of each of the above recited applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for determining a folate substance administration regime, especially as part of a cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Folic acid and various kinds of folic acid derivatives are commonly used as parts of different cancer treatments.
For example, leucovorin (folinic acid, LV) or its levo-isomer, levoleucovorin, and also other reduced folates, are frequently used in combination with fluorouracil (5-FU) in order to increase the anti-tumoral effect in treatment of patients with colorectal cancer. 5-FU+LV (FLV) treatment may be used alone or in combination with oxaliplatin or irinotecan as adjuvant as well as palliative treatment of colorectal cancer. Leucovorin or levoleucovorin is also used in combination with methotrexate as a “rescue agent” in order to reduce side effects of the methotrexate.
[6R]-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (6R-methylenetetrahydrofolate, [6R]-MTHF, Modufolin®) is an endogenous folate metabolite now being developed for direct administration to patients with the aim to increase the efficacy and decrease the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of solid tumors. It has been suggested that the use of the endogenous folate [6R]-MTHF in cancer treatment is more favourable than the use of other folic acid derivatives, e.g. leucovorin, since [6R]-MTHF is the active agent resulting from folate metabolism. In particular, it has been suggested that the administration of e.g. leucovorin is less efficient than the administration of [6R]-MTHF, since many metabolic steps are required in order to achieve the active species, i.e. [6R]-MTHF, from leucovorin. In practice, it has been seen that some patients nevertheless benefit from the administration of leucovorin as a part of cancer treatment, while in other patients, the positive effects can hardly be seen at all. The same is true for e.g. folic acid and levoleucovorin.
To date, the mechanisms underlying a successful folate treatment as part of a cancer treatment have not been resolved. The routine treatments involving e.g. folic acid, levoleucovorin or leucovorin are therefore frequently used for all patients, although this means that these substances are sometimes administered to patients as part of a cancer treatment without giving rise to any positive effects. This is not satisfactory in terms of any risks associated with the administration of unnecessary, non-active substances to patients, and also not in terms of cost efficiency. Furthermore, it is not satisfactory that the positive synergistic effects of the folate treatment, e.g. the increased anti-tumoral effect, do not appear in some patients. Neither is it satisfactory that the mediation of toxicity is difficult to predict or expect with certainty. There is thus a need in the art for a more predictable use of folic acid and folic acid derivatives in cancer treatment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows estimated survival functions by level of SLC46A1 gene expression in colorectal cancer tumor.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for determining a folate substance administration regime, said method comprising:

- quantifying, in a sample drawn from a patient, the expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC; and
- establishing whether said expression level is high or low,
- wherein a high expression level of at least one of said genes determines that said folate substance administration regime involves the administration of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate and/or a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate in the metabolic pathway, and wherein a low expression level of at least one of said genes determines that said folate substance administration regime involves the administration of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the step of quantifying the expression level of at least one of said genes is performed by real-time quantitative PCR, and the quantified expression level for each of said genes is preferably expressed as the Ct value normalized to the mean of the Ct values for the endogenous house-keeping genes β-actin and GAPDH. This normalized Ct value is also referred to as the ΔCt value.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the step of establishing whether said expression level is high or low comprises comparing the expression level of at least one of said genes with a predetermined cutoff value. Suitable cutoff values have been experimentally established, and the optimal cutoff values for available data are as follows:

- the predetermined cutoff value for SLC46A1 is 9.8;
- the predetermined cutoff value for SLC19A1 is 7.8;
- the predetermined cutoff value for FPGS is 5.5;
- the predetermined cutoff value for ABCC3 is 6.6;
- the predetermined cutoff value for MTHFD1L is 6.3;
- the predetermined cutoff value for GGH is 6.2;
- the predetermined cutoff value for MTHFD1 is 6.9;
- the predetermined cutoff value for MTFMT is 7.2; and
- the predetermined cutoff value for ATIC is 6.0;

Each predetermined cutoff value is expressed as the Ct value normalized to the mean of the Ct values for the endogenous house-keeping genes β-actin and GAPDH.

As will be explained further below, the mean of the Ct values for the endogenous house-keeping genes β-actin and GAPDH have been subtracted from the Ct values, so an increase in the normalized values represent a decrease in expression. Consequently, a high expression level is indicated by a quantified expression level below the respective predetermined cutoff value, whereas a low expression level is indicated by a quantified expression level above the respective predetermined cutoff value.

The folate substance upstreams of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate in the metabolic pathway is suitably selected from the group consisting of folic acid (pteroyl-L-glutamic acid), mefolinate ([6R,S]-5-CH₃-tetrahydrofolate), Metafolin® ([6S]-5-CH₃-tetrahydrofolate), CoFactor® ([6R,S]-5-CH₂-tetrahydrofolate), leucovorin ([6R,S]-5-CHO-tetrahydrofolate), and/or levoleucovorin ([6S]-5-CHO-tetrahydrofolate). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the folate substance upstreams of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate is levoleucovorin or leucovorin. Furthermore, the folate substance administration regime is suitably part of a cancer treatment.

The present invention for the first time presents a way to provide a customized folate treatment, especially as part of cancer treatment. In particular, the present invention has solved the problem of how to predict which patients who will benefit from a folate treatment involving folic acid or folic acid derivatives, like leucovorin, and also which patients who are more suited to be administered [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate directly. These findings are remarkable, and will provide a much more efficient and predictable handling of folate supplementation in cancer treatment, both from a medical and an economic perspective.

The invention is based on the surprising insight that the expression level of certain genes has a direct effect on a patient's capability to metabolize folic acid and its derivatives into [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The identified genes belong to three different categories:

- folate transport (SLC46A1, SLC19A1, and ABCC3),
- folate polyglutamation (FPGS and GGH), and
- folate metabolism (MTHFD1L, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC)

According to one embodiment, the method according to the invention involves quantifying the expression of at least one of the genes belonging to the folate transport group, i.e. SLC46A1, SLC19A1, and ABCC3.

According to another embodiment, the method according to the invention involves quantifying the expression of at least one of the genes belonging to the folate glutamation group, i.e. FPGS, and GGH.

According to a further embodiment, the method according to the invention involves quantifying the expression of at least one of the genes belonging to the folate metabolism group, i.e. MTHFD1 L, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC.

According to a preferred embodiment the method according to the invention involves quantifying the expression of at least one gene from each group, i.e. at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, and ABCC3; at least one of the genes FPGS, and GGH; and at least one of the genes MTHFD1L, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC.

When the folate substance administration regime is used as part of a cancer treatment, the cancer may be selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, gastric cancer, gall bladder cancer, bile duct cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, head and neck cancer, and mesotheolioma cancer. The cancer treatment may involve the administration of an anti-cancer agent selected from the group consisting of antifolates, anthracyclines, platinum derivatives, topoisomerase inhibitors, and antimetabolites, such as fluorouracil.

The sample to be analyzed according to the inventive method is suitably drawn from a tumor of said patient, preferably a solid tumor.

The present invention also relates to a kit for determining a folate substance administration regime, said kit comprising:

- means for quantifying, in a sample drawn from a patient, an expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC; and
- means for establishing whether said expression level is high or low,
- wherein a high expression level of at least one of said genes determines that said folate substance administration regime involves the administration of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate and/or a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate in the metabolic pathway, and
- wherein a low expression level of at least one of said genes determines that said folate substance administration regime involves the administration of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate.

Based on the same inventive concept, the present invention also relates to a method for identifying a patient susceptible for a folate substance administration regime involving the administration of a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate in the metabolic pathway, as well as a corresponding kit.

- a method for identifying a patient particularly suited for a folate substance administration regime involving the administration of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate, as well as a corresponding kit.
- a method for identifying a patient susceptible for a cancer treatment involving the administration of an anti-cancer agent (e.g. 5-FU) and a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway (e.g. leucovorin), as well as a corresponding kit.
- a method for identifying a patient who is not susceptible for a cancer treatment involving the administration of an anti-cancer agent (e.g. 5-FU) and a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway (e.g. leucovorin), as well as a corresponding kit.
- a method for identifying a patient particularly suited for a cancer treatment involving the administration of an anti-cancer agent (e.g. 5-FU) and [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate, as well as a corresponding kit.

The inventive concept of identifying specific patient groups being susceptible for specific folate substance treatments also provides for establishing new further medical uses of folate substances upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway, [6R]-MTHF, and anti-cancer agents. In particular, the present invention provides for

- an anti-cancer agent and a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate in the metabolic pathway for use in the treatment of cancer in a patient showing a high expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC.
- an anti-cancer agent and [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate for use in the treatment of cancer in a patient showing a low expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC.

Analogously, the present invention provides for:

- a method for treatment of cancer in a patient showing a high expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC, comprising the administration of a pharmaceutically active amount of an anti-cancer agent and a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate in the metabolic pathway, and
- a method for treatment of cancer in a patient showing a low expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC, comprising the administration of a pharmaceutically active amount of an anti-cancer agent and [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the research work leading to the present invention, it was surprisingly found that high expression of certain folate-associated genes is associated with a better effect of leucovorin administrated as part of cancer treatment. In particular, in a retrospective study in patients with colorectal cancer, high expression of certain folate-associated genes in tumor tissue was shown to correlate with decreased risk of recurrent disease. Thus, it has been established that a low response to leucovorin therapy is linked to a low expression of one or more of the identified folate-associated genes. Accordingly, the reason why some patients do not benefit from the administration of leucovorin as a part of cancer treatment is that they are not able to metabolize the leucovorin into the active folate [6R]-MTHF to a sufficient extent.

Patients showing a low expression of these genes therefore benefit from the administration of the directly active folate [6R]-MTHF, which does not require metabolic activation and is therefore independent of these folate-associated genes. The same concept applies for other folate substances upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic cycle, since they also require metabolic activation to exert the desired effect. All embodiments of the present invention are based on this surprising insight.

On a general level, the present invention for the first time provides for the possibility to establish which patients that would benefit from the treatment of e.g. folic acid or leucovorin, and also which patient that would not benefit from such a treatment. This involves a remarkable improvement of the use of leucovorin and other folate substances in cancer treatments, since based on these findings, tailor-made treatment regimes can be established in order to provide as efficient treatments as possible. In particular, patients that do not have the capability to metabolize leucovorin are suitably administered the active folate metabolite, [6R]-MTHF, directly.

The genes identified are SLC46A1; SLC19A1; FPGS; ABCC3; MTHFD1L; GGH; MTHFD1; MTFMT; and ATIC. All these genes belong to the state of the art, and their sequences are well-characterized. In accordance with the present invention, each of these genes are described by reference to their respective reference human mRNA sequence(s) as provided by NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information).

In the NCBI database, the sequences are provided on the following format: [NM_X_n.Y], wherein “NM” indicates an mRNA sequence; “X_n” indicates the accession number; and “Y” indicates the version number. The version numbers are continually updated, and in Table 1, the most recent version by the indicated date is provided.

The genes SLC46A1; SLC19A1; FPGS; ABCC3; MTHFD1L; GGH; MTHFD1; MTFMT; and ATIC to be quantified in accordance with the present invention are completely and unambiguously identified by the accession numbers and version numbers indicated in Table 1 below. However, it is to be understood that similar reference sequences may also have the ability to provide an accurate identification. In particular, other versions of the reference sequences as provided by NCBI also have the ability to provide an accurate identification.

TABLE 1

		Reference human		Version
		mRNA sequence(s)		number
		(NCBI Reference		as of 28
	Transcript	Sequence(s))-	Base	Jan
Gene	variant	Accession number	pairs	2014

SLC46A1	1	NM_080669	6510	5
	2	NM_001242366	6426	2
SLC19A1	1	NM_194255	2873	2
	2	NM_001205206	1885	1
	3	NM_001205207	2622	1
FPGS	1	NM_004957	2308	5
	2	NM_001018078	2327	2
	3	NM_001288803	2230	1
ABCC3	1	NM_003786	5183	3
	2	NM_001144070	1958	1
MTHFD1L	1	NM_001242767	3490	1
	2	NM_015440	3487	4
	3	NM_001242768	3174	1
	4	NM_001242769	1072	1
GGH		NM_003878	1505	2
MTHFD1		NM_005956	3466	3
MTFMT		NM_139242	2763	3
ATIC		NM_004044	2094	6

The detailed sequence information on each gene can be found on NCBI's web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq.

The reason why some of the genes are described by reference to more than one mRNA reference sequence is that there exist mRNA splice variants. “Splicing” is a process occurring during gene expression, which results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins. In this process, particular exons of a gene may be included within, or excluded from, the mRNA produced from that gene, i.e. the gene may give rise to several different mRNA splice variants.

Three of the identified genes are involved in folate transport (SLC46A1, SLC19A1, and ABCC3), two of the identified genes are involved in folate polyglutamation (FPGS and GGH) and four of the identified genes are involved in folate metabolism (MTHFD1L, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC).

The gene SLC46A1 may alternatively be referred to as G21, HCP1, or PCFT.

The gene SLC19A1 may alternatively be referred to as CHMD, FOLT, IFC1, REFC, or RFC1.

The gene FPGS may alternatively be referred to as RP11-228B15.1.

The gene ABCC3 may alternatively be referred to as ABC31, EST90757, MLP2, MOAT-D, MRP3, or cMOAT2.

The gene MTHFD1L may alternatively be referred to as FTHFSDC1, MTC1THFS, RP1-292B18.2, or dJ292B18.2.

The gene GGH may alternatively be referred to as GH.

The gene MTHFD1 may alternatively be referred to as MTHFC, or MTHFD.

The gene MTFMT may alternatively be referred to as COXPD15, or FMT1.

The gene ATIC may alternatively be referred to as AICAR, AICARFT, IMPCHASE, OK/SW-c1.86, or PURH.

In its broadest sense, the present invention relates to a method for determining a folate substance administration regime, where the administration regime is determined depending on the expression level of one or more of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC.

If at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC, shows a high expression level, it can be determined that the patient has the ability to metabolize a substance upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway into [6R]-MTHF, and thus, the administration regime may involve the administration of e.g. leucovorin. Of course, this patient category also benefits from the administration of [6R]-MTHF.

On the contrary, if at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC, shows a low expression level, it can be concluded that the patient lacks the ability to sufficiently metabolize a substance upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway into [6R]-MTHF, and thus, the patient is suited for an administration regime involving the administration of [6R]-MTHF directly.

By the expression “high expression level” is meant an expression level of one of said genes, which involves a statistically significant decreased risk of recurrent disease (colorectal cancer), measured as disease-free survival, in patients treated with 5-FU in combination with leucovorin.

By the expression “low expression level” is meant an expression level of one of said genes, which involves a statistically significant increased risk of recurrent disease (colorectal cancer), measured as disease-free survival, in patients treated with 5-FU in combination with leucovorin.

In the experimental part below, a detailed explanation on establishing a high and low expression level, respectively, is provided.

In order to determine whether a patient shows a high or a low expression of a certain gene, the expression of one or more genes of interest is suitably examined by quantification by real-time quantitative PCR, which is a well-established technique used in the field for analysing gene expression levels. The quantified expression level for each of said genes is preferably expressed as the Ct value normalized to the mean of the Ct values for the endogenous house-keeping genes ACTB (β-actin) and GAPDH. These genes belong to the state of the art, and their sequences are well-characterized.

In accordance with the present invention, each of these housekeeping genes are described by reference to their respective reference human mRNA sequence(s) as provided by NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information).

In the NCBI database, the sequences are provided on the following format: [NM_X_n.Y], wherein “NM” indicates an mRNA sequence; “X_n” indicates the accession number; and “Y” indicates the version number. The version numbers are continually updated, and in Table 2, the most recent version by the indicated date is provided.

The house-keeping genes ACTB (β-actin) and GAPDH to be quantified in accordance with the present invention are completely and unambiguously identified by the accession numbers and version numbers indicated in Table 2 below. However, it is to be understood that similar reference sequences may also have the ability to provide an accurate identification. In particular, other versions (i.e. reference sequences having the same accession numbers, but different version numbers) of the reference sequences as provided by NCBI also have the ability to provide an accurate identification.

TABLE 2

		Reference human		Version
		mRNA sequence(s)		number
House-		(NCBI Reference		as of 28
keeping	Transcript	Sequence(s))-	Base	Jan
gene	variant	Accession number	pairs	2014

ACTB		NM_001101	1852	3
GAPDH	1	NM_002046	1421	5
	2	NM_001256799	1455	2

The gene ACTB may alternatively be referred to as BRWS1, or PS1TP5BP1.

The gene GAPDH may alternatively be referred to as CDABP0047, G3PD, or GAPD.

In a real-time quantitative PCR assay a positive reaction is detected by accumulation of a fluorescent signal. The Ct, “cycle threshold”, is defined as the number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to cross the threshold (i.e. exceeds background level). Ct levels are inversely proportional to the amount of target nucleic acid in the sample (i.e. the lower the Ct level the greater the amount of target nucleic acid in the sample).

Normalization to an endogenous control (often referred to as a housekeeping gene) allows correction of results that can otherwise be skewed by differing amounts of input nucleic acid template. Any gene shown to be expressed at the same level in all study samples can potentially be used as an endogenous control.

According to the present invention, the step of establishing whether an expression level is high or low suitably comprises comparing the expression level of a gene of interest with a predetermined cutoff value. Suitable cutoff values have been experimentally established, and are listed in Table 6 below.

As the mean of the Ct values for the endogenous house-keeping genes β-actin and GAPDH have been subtracted from the Ct values, an increase in the normalized values represent a decrease in expression. Consequently, a high expression level is indicated by a quantified expression level below the respective predetermined cutoff value, whereas a low expression level is indicated by a quantified expression level above the respective predetermined cutoff value.

Specific examples of assays that may be used for the analyzing the expression of the genes according to the invention are exemplified in Tables 3 and 4 (see also

Example 1 and Table 5 below (“Assay ID”)). The assays are provided by “Life Technologies”, and detailed information on each assay can be found on their website: http://www.lifetechnologies.com/.

As evidenced in Tables 3 and 4, the reference human mRNA sequences included in the exemplified analyses do not always have the version numbers listed in Tables 1 and 2. The reason for this is that there the exemplified assays were developed at a point in time where a previous version of the reference sequence was the most recent version.

TABLE 3

		Reference human
		mRNA
		sequence(s)
		(NCBI Reference
		Sequence(s))	Base
Gene	Assay ID	included in analysis	pairs

SLC46A1	Hs00611081_m1	NM_080669.5	6510
SLC19A1	Hs00953344_m1	NM_194255.2	2873
		NM_001205206.1	1885
		NM_001205207.1	2622
FPGS	Hs00191956_m1	NM_004957.4	2487
		NM_001018078.1	2475
ABCC3	Hs00358656_m1	NM_003786.3	5183
		NM_001144070.1	1958
MTHFD1L	Hs00383616_m1	NM_001242767.1	3490
		NM_015440.4	3487
		NM_001242768.1	3174
GGH	Hs00914163_m1	NM_003878.2	1505
MTHFD1	Hs00602830_m1	NM_005956.3	3466
MTFMT	Hs00373739_m1	NM_139242.3	2763
ATIC	Hs00269671_m1	NM_004044.6	2094

TABLE 4

		Reference human
		mRNA
		sequence(s)
House-		(NCBI Reference
keeping		Sequence(s))	Base
gene	Assay ID	included in analysis	pairs

ACTB	Hs99999903_m1	NM_001101.3	1852
GAPDH	Hs99999905_m1	NM_002046.4	1401

The gene expression is preferably analyzed in a tissue sample drawn from a tumor of a patient, typically by a biopsy.

In one embodiment of the invention, the sample is analyzed for the expression of one or more genes from one of the gene groups mentioned above (i.e. genes involved in folate transport, folate polyglutamation, and folate metabolism, respectively). In another embodiment the sample is analyzed for the expression of one or more genes from two of the groups. In a preferred embodiment, the sample is analyzed for the expression of one or more genes from all of the three respective groups. In another preferred embodiment, the sample is analyzed for the expression of all nine genes. In one embodiment, the sample is analyzed for the expression of SLC46A1 and/or SLC19A1.

Some alternative denotations of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate are: Modufolin®, [6R]-5,10- methylenetetrahydrofolate, [6R]-methylene-THF, [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF, [6R]-MTHF, [6R]-5,10-MTHF, [6R]-5,10-CH₂-THF, [6R]-5,10-CH₂-tetrahydrofolate, [6R]-5,10-CH₂-H₄PteGlu_n, The IUPAC name of methylenetetrahydrofolate is: N-[4-(3-amino-1-oxo-1,4,5,6,6a,7-hexahydroimidazo[1,5-f]pteridin-8(9H)-yl)benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid.

By the expression “a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway” is meant any folate substance that upon administration to a patent is metabolized in the body to [6R]-MTHF. Examples of such substances are folic acid (pteroyl-L-glutamic acid), mefolinate ([6R,S]-5-CH₃-tetrahydrofolate), Metafolin® ([6S]-5-CH₃-tetrahydrofolate), CoFactor® ([6R,S]-5-CH₂-tetrahydrofolate), leucovorin ([6R,S]-5-CHO-tetrahydrofolate), and levoleucovorin ([6S]-5-CHO-tetrahydrofolate). The expression “metabolic pathway” is a recognized expression within biochemistry and relates to a series of chemical reactions in a cell, catalyzed by enzymes and connected by their intermediates, i.e. the reactants of one reaction are the products of the previous one. The expression “upstreams of” defines that the folate substance in question is involved in a chemical reaction which occurs at an earlier stage in the series of chemical reactions than the chemical reaction leading to [6R]-MTHF.

Although the invention refers to a general method for determining a folate substance administration regime, it is particularly suitable for determining a folate administration regime which is part of a cancer treatment.

The present invention may be used in connection to the treatment of several cancer forms, e.g. breast cancer, gastric cancer, gall bladder cancer, bile duct cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, head and neck cancer, and mesotheolioma cancer.

The cancer treatment may involve the administration of various anti-cancer agents, like antifolates, anthracyclines, platinum derivatives, topoisomerase inhibitors, and antimetabolites. The anti-cancer agents may be used alone or in combination. Suitable administration regimes of anti-cancer agents are known to a person skilled in the art.

Examples of antifolates to be used in accordance with the present invention are pemetrexed (Alimta®), raltitrexed (Tomudex®), methotrexate, and pralatrexate, all of which are transported by RFC (Reduced Folate Carrier). Other antifolates of interest are tumor-targeted antifolates, e.g. non-benzoyl 6-substituted straight chain pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates, that are specific substrates for transporters other than RFC with limited expression and/or transport into normal tissues compared with tumors. Examples of anthracyclines to be used in accordance with the present invention are daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, and valrubicin. Examples of platinum derivatives to be used in accordance with the invention are oxaliplatin, cisplatin, carboplatin, satraplanin, picoplatin, nedaplatin, and triplatin. Examples of topoisomerase inhibitors to be used in accordance with the invention are irinotecan, topotecan, and camptothecin. Examples of antimetabolites to be used in accordance with the invention are fluorouracil (5-FU), floxuridine, cytosine arabinoside, and 6-azauracil.

The present invention also relates to a kit for determining a folate administration regime as defined above. Such a kit comprises some kind of means for quantifying, in a sample drawn from a patient, the expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC.

The means may comprise an assay for analyzing the expression of one or more genes from one of the gene groups mentioned above (i.e. genes involved in folate transport (SLC46A1, SLC19A1, and ABCC3), folate polyglutamation (FPGS and GGH), and folate metabolism (MTHFD1L, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC), respectively). In another embodiment the means comprises an assay for analyzing the expression of one or more genes from two of the groups. In a preferred embodiment, the means comprises an assay for analyzing the expression of one or more genes from all of the three respective groups. In another preferred embodiment, the means comprises an assay for analyzing the expression of each of the nine genes (SLC46A1, SLC19A1, ABCC3, FPGS, GGH, MTHFD1L, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC). In one embodiment, the means comprises an assay for analyzing the expression of SLC46A1 and/or SLC19A1.

Suitably, the kit also comprises a leaflet indicating that a high expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC, determines that the patient from which the sample is drawn is suited for a folate substance administration regime involving the administration of [6R]-MTHF and/or a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway, and further that a low expression level of at least one of said genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC, determines that the patient from which the sample is drawn is suited for a folate substance administration regime involving the administration of [6R]-MTHF.

Based on the same inventive concept, the invention also relates to a method for identifying a patient susceptible for a folate substance administration regime involving the administration of a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway, as well as to a corresponding kit.

Based on the same inventive concept, the invention also relates to a method for identifying a patient particularly suited for a folate substance administration regime involving the administration of [6R]-MTHF, as well as to a corresponding kit.

The underlying inventive concept also provides for a method for identifying a patient susceptible for a cancer treatment involving the administration of an anti-cancer agent (e.g. 5-FU) and a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway (e.g. leucovorin), as well as a corresponding kit.

The underlying inventive concept also provides for a method for identifying a patient who is not susceptible for a cancer treatment involving the administration of an anti-cancer agent (e.g. 5-FU) and a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway (e.g. leucovorin), as well as a corresponding kit.

The underlying inventive concept also provides for a method for identifying a patient particularly suited for a cancer treatment involving the administration of an anti-cancer agent (e.g. 5-FU) and [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate, as well as a corresponding kit.

The inventive concept of identifying specific patient groups being susceptible for specific folate substance treatments also provides for establishing new further medical uses of folate substances upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway, [6R]-MTHF, and anti-cancer agents.

In particular, the present invention provides for an anti-cancer agent (e.g. 5-FU) and a folate substance upstreams of [6R]-MTHF in the metabolic pathway (e.g. leucovorin) for use in the treatment of cancer in a patient showing a high expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC. The present invention also provides for an anti-cancer agent (e.g. 5-FU) and [6R]-MTHF for use in the treatment of cancer in a patient showing a low expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC.

The invention will now be further explained in the following examples. These examples are only intended to illustrate the invention and should in no way be considered to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

The aim of Example 1 was to identify genes in the folate pathway with possible impact on the metabolism of LV, given according to the Nordic bolus regime (Carlsson, et al.; Sequential 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with advanced symptomatic gastrointestinal cancer, Eur J Cancer 1990;26:874-6). Relative expression of 22 genes putatively involved in transport, polyglutamation and metabolism of LV was determined and related to disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with stage III colorectal cancer, who were given adjuvant treatment with FLV or with 5-FU, LV and oxaliplatin (FLOX).

Patients and Methods

Patients

During the period 2001-2009, 542 patients with non-hereditary stage III colorectal cancer underwent surgery at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra and received adjuvant FLV (n=383) or FLOX (n=159) treatment. Out of the 542 patients, 446 underwent elective surgery. To enable comparison of gene expression in matched tumor and mucosa samples, it was necessary to collect and snap-freeze biopsies at surgery. Biopsy samples were obtained from 290 patients, and of these 193 were available for the current study.
All tumors were classified according to the Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system (Compton C, et al.; American Joint Committee on Cancer Prognostic Factors Consensus Conference: Colorectal Working Group; Cancer 2000;88:1739-57). Patients were followed for 3-5 years after surgical removal of the primary tumor. The ethics committee of the University of Gothenburg approved the study and informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Treatment

Patients received adjuvant treatment with FLV or FLOX. FLV treatment comprised intravenous bolus injections of 5-FU (500 mg/m²), followed by LV (60 mg/m²) 30-40 minutes later, once weekly or on Days 1 and 2 every other week, according to the Nordic FLV regime (Carlsson , et al.; Sequential 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with advanced symptomatic gastrointestinal cancer, Eur J Cancer 1990;26:874-6). FLOX treatment comprised 5-FU (500 mg/m²) and LV (60 mg/m²) bolus on Days 1 and 2 every other week, plus an oxaliplatin infusion (85 mg/m²) over 120 minutes on Day 1 every other week (Sorbye H, Dahl O; Nordic 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin bolus schedule combined with oxaliplatin (Nordic FLOX) as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, Acta Oncol 2003;42:827-31).

Selection of Genes

Based on recent scientific literature (Sadahiro S, et al., Molecular determinants of folate levels after leucovorin administration in colorectal cancer, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010;65:735-42.), 22 target genes with putative impact on LV metabolism were chosen for analysis (Table 5). Seven of these genes are involved in folate transport (ABCC1, ABCC3, FOLR1, FOLR2, FOLR3, SLC19A1/RFC-1 and SLC46A1/PCFT), whereas the other 15 genes encode enzymes involved in folate polyglutamation (FPGS and GGH) or folate metabolism (ALDH1L1, ALDH1L2, AMT, ATIC, FTCD, GART, MTFMT, MTHFD1, MTHFD1L, MTHFD2, MTHFS, SHMT1 and SHMT2).

TABLE 5

Gene list

Gene	Gene
category	symbol	Gene name	Assay ID

Folate	ABCC1	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 1	Hs00219905_m1
transport	ABCC3	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 3	Hs00358656_m1
	FOLR1	Folate receptor 1 (adult)	Hs01124177_m1
	FOLR2	Folate receptor 2 (fetal)	Hs00265255_m1
	FOLR3	Folate receptor 3 (gamma)	Hs01549264_m1
	SLC19A1	Solute carrier family 19 (folate transporter), member 1	Hs00953344_m1
	SLC46A1	Solute carrier family 46 (folate transporter), member 1	Hs00611081_m1
Folate	ALDH1L1	Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member L1	Hs00201836_m1
metabolism	ALDH1L2	Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member L2	Hs00402876_m1
	AMT	Aminomethyltransferase	Hs00166628_m1
	ATIC	5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP	Hs00269671_m1
		cyclohydrolase
	FTCD	Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase	HS00198409_m1
	GART	Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide	Hs00531926_m1
		synthetase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase
	MTFMT	Mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase	Hs00373739_m1
	MTHFD1	Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1,	Hs00602830_m1
		methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase
	MTHFD1L	Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like	Hs00383616_m1
	MTHFD2	Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2,	Hs00741165_m1
		methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase
	MTHFS	5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (5-formyltetrahydrofolate	Hs00197574_m1
		cyclo-ligase)
	SHMT1	Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (soluble)	Hs00541038_m1
	SHMT2	Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial)	Hs00193658_m1
Folate	FPGS	Folylpolyglutamate synthase	Hs00191956_m1
poly-	GGH	Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (conjugase,	Hs00914163_m1
glutamation		folylpolygammaglutamyl hydrolase)
House-	ACTB	Actin, beta	Hs99999903_m1
keeping	GAPDH	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Hs99999905_m1

Preparation of RNA and cDNA

Tumor and matched macroscopically normal-appearing mucosa (obtained approximately 10 cm from the tumor) were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen after removal and stored at −70° C. until used. Total RNA was isolated from 10-30 mg fresh-frozen tissue using the High Pure RNA Tissue Kit (# 12033674001, Roche Diagnostics Scandinavia AB) according to the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA was synthesized using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems) and run on Gene Amp PCR System 9600 (Perkin Elmer). To optimize each run, the expression level of β-actin was determined in each sample. A second RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed if the concentration was considered to be suboptimal.

Real-Time Quantitative PCR

The relative gene expression was quantified using TaqMan® Low-Density Array (TLDA) cards (Applied Biosystems). Custom-designed TLDA cards containing 24 individual assays were ordered from Applied Biosystems at http://www.appliedbiosystems.com. Three samples and one calibrator (SK-N-AS) were loaded to each card according to the manufacturer's instructions; each reservoir contained 83 ng of RNA converted to cDNA in a total volume of 100 μl. Two test runs were performed before the actual analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reactions (QPCRs) were set up in duplicates in 384-well plates using the Biomek FX pipetting robot (Beckman Coulter) and were carried out in 10 μl reactions with 1×TaqMan® Gene Expression Mastermix (Applied Biosystems), 1×gene-specific assay and 7.5 ng RNA converted into cDNA. Both TLDA cards and individual QPCR plates were run and analyzed by the ABI PRISM® 7900HT Sequence Detection System (SDS 2.2, Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Calculations were performed using the ΔΔCt relative quantification method. The thresholds and baselines were set manually in SDS and Ct values were extracted. All Ct values were normalized to the mean of the endogenous house-keeping genes β-actin and GAPDH for each sample.

Statistics

Statistical analysis was performed using the ‘survival’ package in the R statistical software (Therneau T; A Package for Survival Analysis in S. R package version 2.37-4, http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=survival; 2013). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were applied to the data to examine the relationship between expression levels of chosen genes and the different censor variables. To choose between the numerous clinical covariates, stepwise model selection by Akaike information criterion (AIC) was performed on Cox models excluding the expression values. AIC is a measure of relative goodness of fit and, as long as it improved the AIC-value, the covariate that gave the best AIC if removed was deleted. The selected covariates were then included in the final models.
Cox regression was performed individually for each gene, for each gene for expression values from mucosa and tumor separately, and for one censor variable at a time. Furthermore, the difference between the mucosa and tumor was investigated in a separate model for each gene. Each of these models was fitted both with and without the additional selected clinical covariates to examine their influence on the models. Additionally, each pair of genes (tumor and mucosa) was fitted together to a Cox model in the same fashion, to examine possible interactions.
Statistical values of p≤0.05 were judged to be significant. Permutations were used to correct p-values for multiple testing. Furthermore, using the “qvalue” package in the R statistical software, false discovery rate q-values were calculated (Dabney A and Storey J D with assistance from Warnes G R; qvalue: Q-value estimation for false discovery rate control; R package version 1.32.0). There was a linear correlation between the two house-keeping genes β-actin and GAPDH. The expression of the target genes was related to a mean value representing both of these genes in order to keep variance to the minimum. DFS was calculated from the date of surgery to the last follow-up, or to the date of recurrence or death. All subjects that were disease-free at five years were censored at five years.

Determination of Cutoff Values

The optimal cutoff values were derived for one gene at the time. For each gene all possible cutoff values where none of the two groups consisted of less than 25% of the total number of observations were tested. Each cutoff value was tested through a logrank test comparing survival distributions of the two groups, and the cutoff value resulting in the smallest p-value from the logrank test was selected.
Calculations are made on Ct values normalized to the mean of the endogenous house-keeping genes β-actin and GAPDH for each sample. The means of the house-keeping genes were subtracted from the Ct values, so an increase in the normalized values still represents a decrease in expression.
The resulting cutoff values are presented in Table 6.

	TABLE 6

	Gene	CutOff (ΔCt)

	ABCC3	6.6
	ATIC	6.0
	FPGS	5.5
	GGH	6.2
	MTFMT	7.2
	MTHFD1	6.9
	MTHFD1L	6.3
	SLC19A1	7.8
	SLC46A1	9.8

Results

Patient and tumor characteristics are shown in Table 7. The median age of patients at surgery was 65 years (range 35-80) and 92 (48%) patients were female. All tumors were classified as TNM stage III.

TABLE 7

Patients (n = 193) and tumor characteristics

	Gender, n (%)
	Female	92 (48)
	Male	101 (52)
	Age, median (range)	65 (35-80)
	Tumor location, n (%)
	Right-sided colon	47 (24)
	Left-sided colon	56 (29)
	Right- and left-sided colon	2 (1)
	Rectum	88 (46)
	Tumor differentiation, n (%)
	High/Moderate	152 (79)
	Low	32 (16)
	Unknown	9 (5)
	Assessed lymph nodes,	18 (3-63)
	median (range)
	Positive lymph nodes,	2 (1-31)
	median (range)
	Lymph node ratio,	15 (1.6-86)
	median (range)

The multivariate Cox regression analysis included the parameters gender, age, lymph node ratio, tumor differentiation grade and adjuvant therapy (FLV or FLOX). Due to very low expression values of the house-keeping genes, one patient was considered to be an outlier and was excluded from the Cox regression analysis. When doing stepwise variable selection with AIC, the two variables that emerged and which were included in the model were lymph node ratio and adjuvant therapy. Both varied to some extent in the different models, with lymph node ratio constantly having values of p<0.01, while adjuvant therapy was significant (at the p≤0.05 level) in only 42% of the models, although it constantly had values of p<0.1.
During follow-up, 59 of the 193 (31%) patients relapsed. A similar recurrence rate was found in 92 of the 253 (36%) patients who underwent elective surgery but from whom biopsy samples were not available. This indicates that the selected patient group was representative of the total cohort of patients treated with adjuvant FLV or FLOX therapy in 2001-2009.
There was a significant correlation between low expression of the following genes in tumor tissue and a increased risk of recurrent disease, measured as DFS: SLC46A1/PCFT (p<0.001), ABCC3 (p<0.01), FPGS (p<0.01), SLC19A1/RFC-1 (p<0.01), RTIC (p<0.05), GGH (p<0.05), MTFMT (p<0.05), MTHFD1 (p<0.05) and MTHFD1L (p<0.05) (Table 8). After correction for multiple testing, SLC46A1/PCFT and SLC19A1/RFC-1 remained significant with p-values <0.05.

TABLE 8

	Hazard
Gene	ratio^a	P	Pc^b	q^c

SLC46A1/PCFT	1.30	0.00089	0.021	0.012
SLC19A1/RFC-1	1.39	0.0016	0.035	0.012
FPGS	1.45	0.0038	0.071	0.019
ABCC3	1.24	0.0051	0.093	0.019
MTHFD1L	1.30	0.016	0.24	0.049
GGH	1.18	0.025	0.34	0.065
MTHFD1	1.32	0.038	0.45	0.070
MTFMT	1.38	0.038	0.46	0.070
ATIC	1.43	0.041	0.48	0.070
GART	1.16	0.17	0.92	0.25
ABCC1	1.17	0.18	0.93	0.25
SHMT1	0.92	0.26	0.98	0.31
ALDH1L2	1.11	0.26	0.98	0.31
MTHFD2	0.92	0.38	1.0	0.42
FTCD	0.96	0.51	1.0	0.52
SHMT2	1.06	0.64	1.0	0.60
FOLR1	1.02	0.66	1.0	0.60
FOLR2	1.02	0.72	1.0	0.60
MTHFS	0.95	0.74	1.0	0.60
ALDH1L1	0.99	0.79	1.0	0.60
AMT	1.00	0.96	1.0	0.68
FOLR3	1.00	0.97	1.0	0.68

^aHazard ratios are calculated from ΔCt values and correspond to a halving of the expression levels.
^bp-values corrected for multiple testing with permutations.
^cFalse discovery rate q-value.

Almost identical survival functions were obtained when the expression levels of the SLC46A1/PCFT, ABCC3, FPGS and SLC19A1/RFC-1 genes were plotted against time. A representative survival curve is shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. 1 shows the estimated survival functions by level of SLC46A1/PCFT gene expression in colorectal cancer tissue. The two curves show predicted survival functions for the fitted Cox proportional hazards models. The expression levels for the two curves have been set one standard deviation above, and one standard deviation below the mean, where one standard deviation corresponds to a fold change in log expression levels of 1.57. Lymph node ratio has been set to its mean, and adjuvant therapy has been set to FLV since it was the treatment given to a majority of the patients. Standard deviations and mean for expression levels have been calculated from ΔCt values.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent for one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

Claims

1. A method for determining a treatment regime comprising administration of a folate to a patient in need thereof, said method comprising:

(a) quantifying, in a sample obtained from said patient, the expression level of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, SHMT1, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC; and

(b) establishing whether said expression level is high or low,

wherein a low expression level of at least one of said genes determines that said treatment regime will comprise the administration of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate to a patient in need thereof;

and wherein a high expression level of at least one of said genes determines that said treatment regime will comprise the administration of a folate selected from the group consisting of folic acid, [6R,S]-5-CH₃-tetrahydrofolate, [6S]5-CH₃-tetrahydrofolate, [6R,S]-5-CH₂-tetrahydrofolate, [6S]-5-CHO-tetrahydrofolate, and [6R,S]-5-CHO-tetrahydrofolate to a patient in need thereof.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of quantifying the expression level of at least one of said genes is performed by real-time quantitative PCR.

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the expression level of each of said genes is expressed as the Ct value normalized to the mean of the Ct values for an endogenous house-keeping gene selected from the group consisting of β-actin and GAPDH.

4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of establishing whether said expression level is high or low comprises comparing the expression level of at least one of said genes with a predetermined cutoff value.

5. A method according to claim 4, wherein:

the predetermined cutoff value for SLC46A1 is 9.8;

the predetermined cutoff value for SLC19A1 is 7.8;

the predetermined cutoff value for FPGS is 5.5;

the predetermined cutoff value for ABCC3 is 6.6;

the predetermined cutoff value for MTHFD1L is 6.3;

the predetermined cutoff value for GGH is 6.2;

the predetermined cutoff value for MTHFD1 is 6.9;

the predetermined cutoff value for MTFMT is 7.2; and

the predetermined cutoff value for ATIC is 6.0;

wherein each predetermined cutoff value is expressed as a Ct value normalized to a mean Ct value for endogenous house-keeping genes selected from the group consisting of β-actin and GAPDH, and

wherein a high expression level is indicated by an expression level below a predetermined cutoff value, and a low expression level is indicated by an expression level above a predetermined cutoff value.

6. A method according to claim 1, said method comprising quantifying the expression level of at least one of the genes SLC46A1, SLC19A1, and ABCC3; at least one of the genes FPGS, and GGH; or at least one of the genes MTHFD1L, MTHFD1, MTFMT, and ATIC.

7. A method according to claim 1, wherein said sample is obtained from a tumor of said patient.

8. A method for identifying a patient for a treatment regime, said treatment regime comprising administration of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate to said patient, said method comprising:

(a) quantifying, in a sample obtained from said patient, an expression level of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of SLC46A1, SLC19A1, FPGS, ABCC3, SHMT1, MTHFD1L, GGH, MTHFD1 , MTFMT, and ATIC; and

(b) establishing whether said expression level is high or low,

wherein a low expression level of at least one of said genes identifies said patient for administration of [6R]-methylenetetrahydrofolate.