US20230148448A9 - Benzothiazole derivatives and 7-aza-benzothiazole derivatives as janus kinase 2 inhibitors and uses thereof - Google Patents

Benzothiazole derivatives and 7-aza-benzothiazole derivatives as janus kinase 2 inhibitors and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20230148448A9
US20230148448A9 US17/291,938 US201917291938A US2023148448A9 US 20230148448 A9 US20230148448 A9 US 20230148448A9 US 201917291938 A US201917291938 A US 201917291938A US 2023148448 A9 US2023148448 A9 US 2023148448A9
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unsubstituted
compound
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pharmaceutically acceptable
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US20220127284A1 (en
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Nathanael S. Gray
Tinghu Zhang
Yao Liu
Mingfeng Hao
David Weinstock
Loretta Sze-Mun Lin
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Dana Farber Cancer Institute Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
    • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D513/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
    • C07D277/68—Benzothiazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
    • C07D277/82—Nitrogen atoms

Definitions

  • JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death, and tumor formation.
  • the pathway communicates information from chemical signals outside of a cell to the cell nucleus, resulting in the activation of genes through a process called transcription.
  • JAK-STAT signaling There are three key parts of JAK-STAT signaling: Janus kinases (JAKs), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription proteins (STATs), and receptors (Aaronson, D. S.; Horvath, C. M. (2002). Science. 296 (5573): 1653-5).
  • Disrupted JAK-STAT signaling may lead to a variety of diseases, such as skin conditions, cancers, and disorders affecting the immune system.
  • activated JAK-STAT signaling plays a critical role in a variety of hematologic neoplasms.
  • JAK2 V617F is the most commonly observed activating mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), occurring in approximately 95% of polycythemia vera (PV) cases and 50-60% of essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) cases (Levine, R. L. Current topics in microbiology and immunology 355, 119-133, (2012)). Cases that lack JAK2 mutations are also addicted to JAK2 signaling through activation of thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor signaling by calreticulin (CALR) mutations or other mechanisms (Elf, S. et al. Cancer discovery 6, 368-381, (2016)).
  • TPO thrombopoietin
  • CAR calreticulin
  • B-ALLs B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias
  • Chromosome 9p amplifications that include PD-L1, PD-L2, and JAK2 occur in nearly all cases of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma and confer dependence on JAK2 signaling (Rui, L. et al. Cancer Cell 18, 590-605, (2010)).
  • activating mutations in JAK1 and JAK2 occur in a subset of T-cell lymphomas.
  • a compound described herein is of the formula:
  • a compound described herein is of the formula:
  • the provided compounds may be kinase (e.g., Janus kinase (JAK)) inhibitors.
  • the compounds are specific or selective for JAK, ABL1, ABL2, BRAF, CDC2L2, CDKL3, CIT, CSF1R, EPHA4, EPHA6, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB4, FES, FGR, FLT4, HPK1, INSRR, ITK, KIT, LYN, MAP4K2, MERTK, p38-delta, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PFTAIRE2, PFTK1, RAF1, RET, RIPK1, SRC, TAK1, TAOK3, TIE1, TIE2, TRKB, TRKC, or a combination thereof, over one or more other kinases.
  • the compounds are specific or selective for a JAK (e.g., Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)) over one or more other kinases.
  • compositions and kits comprising the provided compounds. Also provided are methods of using the provided compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and kits (e.g., for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, or inhibiting the activity of a kinase in a subject in need thereof, a biological sample, or a cell).
  • the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions including a compound described herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an additional pharmaceutical agent.
  • the pharmaceutical agent is selected from the group consisting of chemotherapy drugs, epigenetic modifiers, glucocorticoids, biologics, and immunotherapy agents.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be useful for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, inhibiting the activity of a kinase in a subject in need thereof, biological sample, or cell, and/or inducing apoptosis in a cell.
  • the disease is a proliferative disease.
  • the proliferative disease is cancer.
  • the proliferative disease is a benign neoplasm, inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, or pathological angiogenesis.
  • the disease is psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, polycythemia vera, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, myelofibrosis, myeloproliferative neoplasm, myeloid malignancy, myelodysplastic syndrome, essential thrombocythemia, graft-versus-host disease, alopecia universalis, alopecia, or vitiligo.
  • the disease is causing a syndrome of wasting that comprises symptoms of weight loss.
  • the disease is a premalignant condition.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to methods of inhibiting the activity of a kinase using a compound described herein in a biological sample, cell, or subject in need thereof.
  • the method involves the selective inhibition of a first kinase (e.g., JAK (e.g., JAK2)) as compared to a second kinase.
  • a first kinase e.g., JAK (e.g., JAK2)
  • the present invention provides methods for administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound, or pharmaceutical composition thereof, as described herein. Also described are methods for contacting a biological sample or cell with an effective amount of a compound, or pharmaceutical composition thereof, as described herein. In certain embodiments, a method described herein further includes administering to the subject in need thereof an additional pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, a method described herein further includes contacting the biological sample or cell with an additional pharmaceutical agent.
  • the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, for use in the treatment of a disease (e.g., a proliferative disease, such as cancer) in a subject in need thereof.
  • a disease e.g., a proliferative disease, such as cancer
  • the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, for use in the prevention of a disease (e.g., a proliferative disease, such as cancer) in a subject in need thereof.
  • a disease e.g., a proliferative disease, such as cancer
  • the present disclosure provides uses of compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides uses of compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preparing a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof.
  • kits comprising:
  • Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and/or diastereomers.
  • the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer.
  • Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses.
  • the bond is a single bond
  • the dashed line is a single bond or absent
  • the bond or is a single or double bond.
  • a formula depicted herein includes compounds that do not include isotopically enriched atoms and also compounds that include isotopically enriched atoms.
  • Compounds that include isotopically enriched atoms may be useful as, for example, analytical tools, and/or probes in biological assays.
  • aliphatic includes both saturated and unsaturated, nonaromatic, straight chain (i.e., unbranched), branched, acyclic, and cyclic (i.e., carbocyclic) hydrocarbons.
  • an aliphatic group is optionally substituted with one or more functional groups (e.g., halo, such as fluorine).
  • halo such as fluorine
  • “aliphatic” is intended herein to include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and cycloalkynyl moieties.
  • range When a range of values (“range”) is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range.
  • a range is inclusive of the values at the two ends of the range unless otherwise provided.
  • an integer between 1 and 4 refers to 1, 2, 3, and 4.
  • C 1-6 alkyl is intended to encompass, C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 1-6 , C 1-5 , C 1-4 , C 1-3 , C 1-2 , C 2-6 , C 2-5 , C 2-4 , C 2-3 , C 3-6 , C 3-5 , C 3-4 , C 4-6 , C 4-5 , and C 5-6 alkyl.
  • Alkyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C 1-20 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbon atoms (“C 1-12 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 1-10 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 1-9 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 1-8 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 1-7 alkyl”).
  • an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1-6 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 1-5 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1-4 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 1-3 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C 1-2 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C 1 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkyl”).
  • C 1-6 alkyl groups include methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), n-propyl (C 3 ), isopropyl (C 3 ), n-butyl (C 4 ), tert-butyl (C 4 ), sec-butyl (C 4 ), iso-butyl (C 4 ), n-pentyl (C 5 ), 3-pentanyl (C 5 ), amyl (C 5 ), neopentyl (C 5 ), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C 5 ), tertiary amyl (C 5 ), and n-hexyl (C 6 ).
  • alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C 7 ), n-octyl (C 8 ) and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the alkyl group is unsubstituted C 1-12 alkyl (e.g., —CH 3 (Me), unsubstituted ethyl (Et), unsubstituted propyl (Pr, e.g., unsubstituted n-propyl (n-Pr), unsubstituted isopropyl (i-Pr)), unsubstituted butyl (Bu, e.g., unsubstituted n-butyl (n-Bu), unsubstituted tert-butyl (tert-Bu or t-Bu), unsubstituted sec-butyl (sec-Bu or s-Bu), unsubstituted isobutyl (i-Bu)).
  • C 1-12 alkyl e.g., —CH 3 (Me), unsubstituted ethyl (Et), unsubstituted propyl (Pr, e.g.
  • the alkyl group is substituted C 1-12 alkyl (such as substituted C 1-6 alkyl, e.g., —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , or benzyl (Bn)).
  • the attachment point of alkyl may be a single bond (e.g., as in —CH 3 ), double bond (e.g., as in ⁇ CH 2 ), or triple bond (e.g., as in ⁇ CH).
  • the moieties ⁇ CH 2 and ⁇ CH are also alkyl.
  • an alkyl group is substituted with one or more halogens.
  • Perhaloalkyl is a substituted alkyl group as defined herein wherein all of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo.
  • the alkyl moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 1-8 perhaloalkyl”).
  • the alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1-6 perhaloalkyl”).
  • the alkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1-4 perhaloalkyl”).
  • the alkyl moiety has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 1-3 perhaloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C 1-2 perhaloalkyl”). In some embodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluoro. In some embodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with chloro. Examples of perhaloalkyl groups include —CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CCl 3 , —CFCl 2 , —CF 2 Cl, and the like.
  • Alkenyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more (e.g., two, three, or four, as valency permits) carbon-carbon double bonds, and no triple bonds (“C 2-20 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 2-10 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 2-9 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 2-8 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 2-7 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 2-5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 2-4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 2-3 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C 2 alkenyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl).
  • Examples of C 2-4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C 2 ), 1-propenyl (C 3 ), 2-propenyl (C 3 ), 1-butenyl (C 4 ), 2-butenyl (C 4 ), butadienyl (C 4 ), and the like.
  • Examples of C 2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2-4 alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C 5 ), pentadienyl (C 5 ), hexenyl (C), and the like.
  • Additional examples of alkenyl include heptenyl (C 7 ), octenyl (C 8 ), octatrienyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • each instance of an alkenyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the alkenyl group is unsubstituted C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • the alkenyl group is substituted C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • a C ⁇ C double bond for which the stereochemistry is not specified e.g., —CH ⁇ CHCH 3 or
  • Alkynyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more (e.g., two, three, or four, as valency permits) carbon-carbon triple bonds, and optionally one or more double bonds (“C 2-20 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 2-10 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 2-9 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 2-8 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 2-7 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 2-5 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 2-4 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 2-3 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C 2 alkynyl”).
  • the one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl).
  • Examples of C 2-4 alkynyl groups include ethynyl (C 2 ), 1-propynyl (C 3 ), 2-propynyl (C 3 ), 1-butynyl (C 4 ), 2-butynyl (C 4 ), and the like.
  • Examples of C 2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2-4 alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C 5 ), hexynyl (C 6 ), and the like.
  • alkynyl examples include heptynyl (C 7 ), octynyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • each instance of an alkynyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the alkynyl group is unsubstituted C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • the alkynyl group is substituted C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • Carbocyclyl or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 13 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-13 carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system.
  • a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-8 carbocyclyl”).
  • a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-7 carbocyclyl”).
  • a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-6 carbocyclyl”).
  • a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-10 carbocyclyl”).
  • Exemplary C 3-6 carbocyclyl groups include cyclopropyl (C 3 ), cyclopropenyl (C 3 ), cyclobutyl (C 4 ), cyclobutenyl (C 4 ), cyclopentyl (C 5 ), cyclopentenyl (C 5 ), cyclohexyl (C 6 ), cyclohexenyl (C 6 ), cyclohexadienyl (C 6 ), and the like.
  • Exemplary C 3-8 carbocyclyl groups include the aforementioned C 3-6 carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ), cycloheptenyl (C 7 ), cycloheptadienyl (C 7 ), cycloheptatrienyl (C 7 ), cyclooctyl (C 8 ), cyclooctenyl (C 8 ), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C 7 ), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • Exemplary C 3-10 carbocyclyl groups include the aforementioned C 3-8 carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C 9 ), cyclononenyl (C 9 ), cyclodecyl (C 10 ), cyclodecenyl (C 10 ), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C 9 ), decahydronaphthalenyl (C 10 ), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C 10 ), and the like.
  • the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or contain a fused, bridged, or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”).
  • Carbocyclyl can be saturated, and saturated carbocyclyl is referred to as “cycloalkyl.”
  • carbocyclyl is a monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-10 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-8 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-10 cycloalkyl”). Examples of C 5-6 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C 5 ) and cyclohexyl (C 5 ).
  • C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C 5-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C 3 ) and cyclobutyl (C 4 ).
  • Examples of C 3-8 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ) and cyclooctyl (C 8 ).
  • each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted C 3-10 cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is substituted C 3-10 cycloalkyl.
  • Carbocyclyl can be partially unsaturated. Carbocyclyl may include zero, one, or more (e.g., two, three, or four, as valency permits) C ⁇ C double bonds in all the rings of the carbocyclic ring system that are not aromatic or heteroaromatic.
  • Carbocyclyl including one or more (e.g., two or three, as valency permits) C ⁇ C double bonds in the carbocyclic ring is referred to as “cycloalkenyl.”
  • Carbocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system.
  • each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the carbocyclyl group is unsubstituted C 3-10 carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is a substituted C 3-10 carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, and monocyclic. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 13-membered, and bicyclic.
  • “carbocyclyl” is a monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-10 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-8 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-10 cycloalkyl”).
  • C 5-6 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C 5 ) and cyclohexyl (C 5 ).
  • Examples of C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C 5-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C 3 ) and cyclobutyl (C 4 ).
  • Examples of C 3-8 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ) and cyclooctyl (C 8 ).
  • each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted C 3-10 cycloalkyl.
  • the cycloalkyl group is substituted C 3-10 cycloalkyl.
  • Heterocyclyl refers to a radical of a 3- to 13-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“3-13 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • a heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or a fused, bridged, or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated.
  • Heterocyclyl may include zero, one, or more (e.g., two, three, or four, as valency permits) double bonds in all the rings of the heterocyclic ring system that are not aromatic or heteroaromatic.
  • Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heterocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system.
  • each instance of heterocyclyl is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl.
  • the heterocyclyl group is substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl.
  • the heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, and monocyclic.
  • the heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 13-membered, and bicyclic.
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include azirdinyl, oxiranyl, or thiiranyl.
  • Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include azetidinyl, oxetanyl and thietanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and oxazolidin-2-one.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include triazinanyl.
  • Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl.
  • Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include azocanyl, oxecanyl, and thiocanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to a C 6 aryl ring include indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, and the like.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to an aryl ring include tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.
  • Aryl refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C 6-14 aryl”).
  • an aryl group has six ring carbon atoms (“C 6 aryl”; e.g., phenyl).
  • an aryl group has ten ring carbon atoms (“C 10 aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl).
  • an aryl group has fourteen ring carbon atoms (“C 14 aryl”; e.g., anthracyl).
  • Aryl also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system.
  • each instance of an aryl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the aryl group is unsubstituted C 6-14 aryl.
  • the aryl group is substituted C 6-14 aryl.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a radical of a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or 10 n electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”).
  • heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heteroaryl includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like
  • the point of attachment can be on either ring, e.g., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”).
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (“unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (“substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heteroaryl group is unsubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include pyrrolyl, furanyl and thiophenyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing three heteroatoms include triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing four heteroatoms include tetrazolyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include pyridinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing three or four heteroatoms include triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl.
  • Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl.
  • Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
  • Partially unsaturated refers to a group that includes at least one double or triple bond.
  • the term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aromatic groups (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl groups) as herein defined.
  • saturated refers to a group that does not contain a double or triple bond, i.e., contains all single bonds.
  • aliphatic, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heterocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group).
  • substituted means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.
  • a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position.
  • substituted is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound.
  • the present disclosure contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound.
  • heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety.
  • Exemplary carbon atom substituents include halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —N 3 , —SO 2 H, —SO 3 H, —OH, —OR aa , —ON(R bb ) 2 , —N(R bb ) 2 , —N(R bb ) 3 + X ⁇ , —N(OR cc )R bb , —SH, —SR aa , —SSR cc , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 H, —CHO, —C(OR cc ) 2 , —CO 2 R aa , —OC( ⁇ O)R aa , —OCO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —NR bb C( ⁇ O)R a
  • each instance of R aa is, independently, selected from C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 perhaloalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroC 1-10 alkyl, heteroC 2-10 alkenyl, heteroC 2-10 alkynyl, C 3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C 6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R aa groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R dd groups;
  • each instance of R bb is, independently, selected from hydrogen, —OH, —OR aa , —N(R cc ) 2 , —CN, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R cc ) 2 , —CO 2 R aa , —SO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )OR aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 R cc , —SO 2 OR cc , —SOR aa , —C( ⁇ S)N(R cc ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)SR cc , —C( ⁇ S)SR cc , —P( ⁇ O)(R aa ) 2 , —P( ⁇ O)(OR cc ) 2
  • each instance of R is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 perhaloalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroC 1-10 alkyl, heteroC 2-10 alkenyl, heteroC 2-10 alkynyl, C 3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C 6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R cc groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R dd groups;
  • each instance of R dd is, independently, selected from halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —N 3 , —SO 2 H, —SO 3 H, —OH, —OR ee , —ON(R ff ) 2 , —N(R ff ) 2 , —N(R ff ) 3 + X ⁇ , —N(OR ee )R ff , —SH, —SR ee , —SSR ee , —C( ⁇ O)R ee , —CO 2 H, —CO 2 R ee , —OC( ⁇ O)R ee , —OCO 2 R ee , —C( ⁇ O)N(R ff ) 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)N(R ff ) 2 , —NR ff C( ⁇ O)R ee , —NR ff CO 2 R
  • each instance of R ee is, independently, selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 perhaloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, heteroC 1-6 alkyl, heteroC 2-6 alkenyl, heteroC 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 carbocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R gg groups;
  • each instance of R ff is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 perhaloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, heteroC 1-6 alkyl, heteroC 2-6 alkenyl, heteroC 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or two R ff groups are joined to form a 3-10 membered heterocyclyl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R gg groups; and
  • each instance of R gg is, independently, halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —N 3 , —SO 2 H, —SO 3 H, —OH, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —ON(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , —N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , —N(C 1-6 alkyl) 3 + X ⁇ , —NH(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 + X ⁇ , —NH 2 (C 1-6 alkyl) + X ⁇ , —NH 3 + X ⁇ , —N(OC 1-6 alkyl)(C 1-6 alkyl), —N(OH)(C 1-6 alkyl), —NH(OH), —SH, —SC 1-6 alkyl, —SS(C 1-6 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)(C 1-6 alkyl), —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-6 alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)
  • the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —OR aa , —SR aa , —N(R bb ) 2 , —CN, —SCN, —NO 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)R aa , —OCO 2 R aa , —OC( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —NR bb C( ⁇ O)R aa , —NR bb CO 2 R aa , or —NR bb C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 .
  • the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —OR aa , —SR aa , —N(R bb ) 2 , —CN, —SCN, —NO 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)R aa , —OCO 2 R aa , —OC( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —NR bb C( ⁇ O)R aa , —NR bb CO 2 R aa , or —NR bb C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , wherein R aa is hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more
  • the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —OR aa , —SR aa , —N(R bb ) 2 , —CN, —SCN, or —NO 2 .
  • the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen moieties) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —OR aa , —SR aa , —N(R bb ) 2 , —CN, —SCN, or —NO 2 , wherein R aa is hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, or a sulfur protecting group (e.g., acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl) when attached to a sulfur atom; and each R bb is independently hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl,
  • a “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a positively charged group in order to maintain electronic neutrality.
  • An anionic counterion may be monovalent (i.e., including one formal negative charge).
  • An anionic counterion may also be multivalent (i.e., including more than one formal negative charge), such as divalent or trivalent.
  • Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ , I ⁇ ), NO 3 ⁇ , ClO 4 ⁇ , OH ⁇ , H 2 PO 4 ⁇ , HCO 3 ⁇ , HSO 4 ⁇ , sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonic acid-2-sulfonate, and the like), carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, and the like), BF 4
  • Exemplary counterions which may be multivalent include CO 3 2 ⁇ , HPO 4 2 ⁇ , PO 4 3 ⁇ , B 4 O 7 2 ⁇ , SO 4 2 ⁇ , S 2 O 3 2 ⁇ , carboxylate anions (e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like), and carboranes.
  • carboxylate anions e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like
  • carboranes e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, mal
  • Halo or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, —F), chlorine (chloro, —C 1 ), bromine (bromo, —Br), or iodine (iodo, —I).
  • Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms.
  • Exemplary nitrogen atom substituents include hydrogen, —OH, —OR aa , —N(R cc ) 2 , —CN, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R cc ) 2 , —CO 2 R aa , —SO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )R aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )OR aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 R cc , —SO 2 OR cc , —SOR aa , —C( ⁇ S)N(R cc ) 2
  • the nitrogen atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , or a nitrogen protecting group.
  • the nitrogen atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , or a nitrogen protecting group, wherein R aa is hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom; and each R bb is independently hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.
  • the nitrogen atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl or a nitrogen protecting group.
  • the substituent present on a nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to as an amino protecting group).
  • Nitrogen protecting groups include —OH, —OR aa , —N(R cc ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R cc ) 2 , —CO 2 R aa , —SO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )R aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )OR aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 R cc , —SO 2 OR cc , —SOR aa , —C( ⁇ S)N(R cc ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)SR cc , —C( ⁇ S)SR cc ,
  • Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis , T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Amide nitrogen protecting groups include formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N′-dithiobenzyloxyacylamino)acetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethi
  • Carbamate nitrogen protecting groups include methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc), 1,1-di
  • Sulfonamide nitrogen protecting groups include p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6,-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide (Ms), (3-trimethylsilyle
  • nitrogen protecting groups include phenothiazinyl-(10)-acyl derivative, N′-p-toluenesulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N′-phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative, 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N
  • a nitrogen protecting group is Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts.
  • the oxygen atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , or an oxygen protecting group.
  • the oxygen atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , or an oxygen protecting group, wherein R aa is hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom; and each R bb is independently hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.
  • the oxygen atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl or an oxygen protecting group.
  • the substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to herein as an “hydroxyl protecting group”).
  • Oxygen protecting groups include —R aa , —N(R bb ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)SR aa , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —C( ⁇ NR bb )R aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )OR aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )N(R bb ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R aa , —SO 2 R aa , —Si(R aa ) 3 , —P(R cc ) 2 , —P(R cc ) 3 + X ⁇ , —P(OR cc ) 2 , —P
  • Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
  • oxygen protecting groups include methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP), 4-methoxytetrahydro
  • an oxygen protecting group is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl.
  • the sulfur atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , or a sulfur protecting group.
  • the sulfur atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , or a sulfur protecting group, wherein R aa is hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom; and each R bb is independently hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.
  • the sulfur atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl or a sulfur protecting group.
  • the substituent present on a sulfur atom is a sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a “thiol protecting group”).
  • Sulfur protecting groups include —R aa , —N(R bb ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)SR aa , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —C( ⁇ NR bb )R aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )OR aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )N(R bb ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R aa , —SO 2 R aa , —Si(R aa ) 3 , —P(R cc ) 2 , —P(R cc ) 3 + X ⁇ , —P(OR cc ) 2 ,
  • a sulfur protecting group is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl.
  • the “molecular weight” of —R is calculated by subtracting the atomic weight of a hydrogen atom from the molecular weight of the molecule R—H.
  • the “molecular weight” of -L-, wherein -L- is any divalent moiety, is calculated by subtracting the combined atomic weight of two hydrogen atoms from the molecular weight of the molecule H-L-H.
  • the molecular weight of a substituent is lower than 200, lower than 150, lower than 100, lower than 50, or lower than 25 g/mol.
  • a substituent consists of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and/or silicon atoms.
  • a substituent consists of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and/or iodine atoms.
  • a substituent consists of carbon, hydrogen, and/or fluorine atoms.
  • a substituent does not comprise one or more, two or more, or three or more hydrogen bond donors.
  • a substituent does not comprise one or more, two or more, or three or more hydrogen bond acceptors.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and other animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66:1-19.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds describe herein include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid
  • organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
  • salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate,
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N + (C 1-4 alkyl) 4 salts.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
  • Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, quaternary salts.
  • solvate refers to forms of the compound that are associated with a solvent, usually by a solvolysis reaction. This physical association may include hydrogen bonding.
  • Conventional solvents include water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, DMSO, THF, diethyl ether, and the like.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared, e.g., in crystalline form, and may be solvated.
  • Suitable solvates include pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and further include both stoichiometric solvates and non-stoichiometric solvates. In certain instances, the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example, when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of a crystalline solid.
  • “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates.
  • Representative solvates include hydrates, ethanolates, and methanolates.
  • hydrate refers to a compound that is associated with water.
  • the number of the water molecules contained in a hydrate of a compound is in a definite ratio to the number of the compound molecules in the hydrate. Therefore, a hydrate of a compound may be represented, for example, by the general formula R.x H 2 O, wherein R is the compound and wherein x is a number greater than 0.
  • a given compound may form more than one type of hydrates, including, e.g., monohydrates (x is 1), lower hydrates (x is a number greater than 0 and smaller than 1, e.g., hemihydrates (R.0.5H 2 O)), and polyhydrates (x is a number greater than 1, e.g., dihydrates (R.2H 2 O) and hexahydrates (R.6H 2 O)).
  • monohydrates x is 1
  • lower hydrates x is a number greater than 0 and smaller than 1, e.g., hemihydrates (R.0.5H 2 O)
  • polyhydrates x is a number greater than 1, e.g., dihydrates (R.2H 2 O) and hexahydrates (R.6H 2 O)
  • tautomers refer to compounds that are interchangeable forms of a particular compound structure, and that vary in the displacement of hydrogen atoms and electrons. Thus, two structures may be in equilibrium through the movement of 7 electrons and an atom (usually H). For example, enols and ketones are tautomers because they are rapidly interconverted by treatment with either acid or base. Another example of tautomerism is the aci- and nitro-forms of phenylnitromethane, that are likewise formed by treatment with acid or base.
  • Tautomeric forms may be relevant to the attainment of the optimal chemical reactivity and biological activity of a compound of interest.
  • stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and those that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers”.
  • enantiomers When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible.
  • An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or ( ⁇ )-isomers respectively).
  • a chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”.
  • polymorphs refers to a crystalline form of a compound (or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof) in a particular crystal packing arrangement. All polymorphs have the same elemental composition. Different crystalline forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate. Various polymorphs of a compound can be prepared by crystallization under different conditions.
  • prodrugs refer to compounds, including derivatives of the compounds of Formula (I), which have cleavable groups and become by solvolysis or under physiological conditions the compounds of Formula (I) which are pharmaceutically active in vivo. Such examples include, but are not limited to, ester derivatives and the like. Other derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and acid derivative forms, but in the acid sensitive form often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in the mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs , pp. 7-9, 21-24, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985).
  • Prodrugs include acid derivatives well known to practitioners of the art, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acid with a suitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with a substituted or unsubstituted amine, or acid anhydrides, or mixed anhydrides.
  • Simple aliphatic or aromatic esters, amides, and anhydrides derived from acidic groups pendant on the compounds of this invention are particular prodrugs.
  • double ester type prodrugs such as (acyloxy)alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkylesters.
  • C 1 to C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, aryl, C 7 -C 12 substituted aryl, and C 7 -C 12 arylalkyl esters of the compounds of Formula (I) may be preferred.
  • a “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (i.e., a male or female of any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g., infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle-aged adult, or senior adult)) and/or other non-human animals, for example, mammals (e.g., primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys); commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, cats, and/or dogs) and birds (e.g., commercially relevant birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, and/or turkeys).
  • the animal is a mammal.
  • the animal may be a male or female and at any stage of development.
  • a non-human animal may be a transgenic animal.
  • tissue sample refers to any sample including tissue samples (such as tissue sections and needle biopsies of a tissue); cell samples (e.g., cytological smears (such as Pap or blood smears) or samples of cells obtained by microdissection); samples of whole organisms (such as samples of yeasts or bacteria); or cell fractions, fragments or organelles (such as obtained by lysing cells and separating the components thereof by centrifugation or otherwise).
  • tissue samples such as tissue sections and needle biopsies of a tissue
  • cell samples e.g., cytological smears (such as Pap or blood smears) or samples of cells obtained by microdissection) or samples of cells obtained by microdissection
  • samples of whole organisms such as samples of yeasts or bacteria
  • cell fractions, fragments or organelles such as obtained by lysing cells and separating the components thereof by centrifugation or otherwise.
  • biological samples include blood, serum, urine, semen, fecal matter, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid, mucous, tears, sweat, pus, biopsied tissue (e.g., obtained by a surgical biopsy or needle biopsy), nipple aspirates, milk, vaginal fluid, saliva, swabs (such as buccal swabs), or any material containing biomolecules that is derived from a first biological sample.
  • administer refers to implanting, absorbing, ingesting, injecting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing a compound, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • treatment refers to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a “pathological condition” (e.g., a disease, disorder, or condition, or one or more signs or symptoms thereof) described herein.
  • pathological condition e.g., a disease, disorder, or condition, or one or more signs or symptoms thereof
  • treatment may be administered after one or more signs or symptoms have developed or have been observed.
  • treatment may be administered in the absence of signs or symptoms of the disease or condition.
  • treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to delay or prevent recurrence.
  • an “effective amount” of a compound of Formula (I) refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response, i.e., treating the condition.
  • the effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the condition being treated, the mode of administration, and the age and health of the subject.
  • An effective amount encompasses therapeutic and prophylactic treatment.
  • an effective amount of a compound may reduce the tumor burden or stop the growth or spread of a tumor.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of Formula (I) is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a condition or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the condition.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of the condition.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of the condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
  • proliferative disease refers to a disease that occurs due to abnormal growth or extension by the multiplication of cells (Walker, Cambridge Dictionary of Biology ; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1990).
  • a proliferative disease may be associated with: 1) the pathological proliferation of normally quiescent cells; 2) the pathological migration of cells from their normal location (e.g., metastasis of neoplastic cells); 3) the pathological expression of proteolytic enzymes such as the matrix metalloproteinases (e.g., collagenases, gelatinases, and elastases); or 4) the pathological angiogenesis as in proliferative retinopathy and tumor metastasis.
  • Exemplary proliferative diseases include cancers (i.e., “malignant neoplasms”), benign neoplasms, angiogenesis, inflammatory diseases, autoinflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases.
  • neoplasm and “tumor” are used interchangeably and refer to an abnormal mass of tissue wherein the growth of the mass surpasses and is not coordinated with the growth of a normal tissue.
  • a neoplasm or tumor may be “benign” or “malignant,” depending on the following characteristics: degree of cellular differentiation (including morphology and functionality), rate of growth, local invasion, and metastasis.
  • a “benign neoplasm” is generally well differentiated, has characteristically slower growth than a malignant neoplasm, and remains localized to the site of origin.
  • a benign neoplasm does not have the capacity to infiltrate, invade, or metastasize to distant sites.
  • Exemplary benign neoplasms include, but are not limited to, lipoma, chondroma, adenomas, acrochordon, senile angiomas, seborrheic keratoses, lentigos, and sebaceous hyperplasias.
  • certain “benign” tumors may later give rise to malignant neoplasms, which may result from additional genetic changes in a subpopulation of the tumor's neoplastic cells, and these tumors are referred to as “pre-malignant neoplasms.”
  • An exemplary pre-malignant neoplasm is a teratoma.
  • a “malignant neoplasm” is generally poorly differentiated (anaplasia) and has characteristically rapid growth accompanied by progressive infiltration, invasion, and destruction of the surrounding tissue. Furthermore, a malignant neoplasm generally has the capacity to metastasize to distant sites.
  • metastasis refers to the spread or migration of cancerous cells from a primary or original tumor to another organ or tissue and is typically identifiable by the presence of a “secondary tumor” or “secondary cell mass” of the tissue type of the primary or original tumor and not of that of the organ or tissue in which the secondary (metastatic) tumor is located.
  • a prostate cancer that has migrated to bone is said to be metastasized prostate cancer and includes cancerous prostate cancer cells growing in bone tissue.
  • cancer refers to a malignant neoplasm ( Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 25th ed.; Hensyl ed.; Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, 1990).
  • exemplary cancers include, but are not limited to, acoustic neuroma; adenocarcinoma; adrenal gland cancer; anal cancer; angiosarcoma (e.g., lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma); appendix cancer; benign monoclonal gammopathy; biliary cancer (e.g., cholangiocarcinoma); bladder cancer; breast cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma of the breast, papillary carcinoma of the breast, mammary cancer, medullary carcinoma of the breast); brain cancer (e.g., meningioma, glioblastomas, glioma (e.g., astrocytoma,
  • liver cancer e.g., hepatocellular cancer (HCC), malignant hepatoma
  • lung cancer e.g., bronchogenic carcinoma, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), adenocarcinoma of the lung
  • leiomyosarcoma LMS
  • mastocytosis e.g., systemic mastocytosis
  • muscle cancer myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); mesothelioma; myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) (e.g., polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) a.k.a.
  • myelofibrosis MF
  • chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)
  • neuroblastoma e.g., neurofibromatosis (NF) type 1 or type 2, schwannomatosis
  • neuroendocrine cancer e.g., gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrinetumor (GEP-NET), carcinoid tumor
  • osteosarcoma e.g., bone cancer
  • ovarian cancer e.g., cystadenocarcinoma, ovarian embryonal carcinoma, ovarian adenocarcinoma
  • papillary adenocarcinoma pancreatic cancer
  • pancreatic cancer e.g., pancreatic andenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), Islet cell tumors
  • angiogenesis refers to the formation and the growth of new blood vessels. Normal angiogenesis occurs in the healthy body of a subject for healing wounds and for restoring blood flow to tissues after injury.
  • the healthy body controls angiogenesis through a number of means, e.g., angiogenesis-stimulating growth factors and angiogenesis inhibitors.
  • Many disease states such as cancer, diabetic blindness, age-related macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis, are characterized by abnormal (i.e., increased or excessive) angiogenesis.
  • Abnormal or pathological angiogenesis refers to angiogenesis greater than that in a normal body, especially angiogenesis in an adult not related to normal angiogenesis (e.g., menstruation or wound healing).
  • Abnormal angiogenesis can provide new blood vessels that feed diseased tissues and/or destroy normal tissues, and in the case of cancer, the new vessels can allow tumor cells to escape into the circulation and lodge in other organs (tumor metastases).
  • the angiogenesis is pathological angiogenesis.
  • an “inflammatory disease” refers to a disease caused by, resulting from, or resulting in inflammation.
  • the term “inflammatory disease” may also refer to a dysregulated inflammatory reaction that causes an exaggerated response by macrophages, granulocytes, and/or T-lymphocytes leading to abnormal tissue damage and/or cell death.
  • An inflammatory disease can be either an acute or chronic inflammatory condition and can result from infections or non-infectious causes.
  • Inflammatory diseases include, without limitation, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, autoimmune disorders, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), gouty arthritis, degenerative arthritis, tendonitis, bursitis, psoriasis, cystic fibrosis, arthrosteitis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, giant cell arteritis, progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), ankylosing spondylitis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, pemphigus, pemphigoid, diabetes (e.g., Type I), myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, Goodpasture's disease, mixed connective tissue disease, sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, per
  • autoimmune disease refers to a disease arising from an inappropriate immune response of the body of a subject against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks its own cells. This may be restricted to certain organs (e.g., in autoimmune thyroiditis) or involve a particular tissue in different places (e.g., Goodpasture's disease which may affect the basement membrane in both the lung and kidney).
  • the treatment of autoimmune diseases is typically with immunosuppression, e.g., medications which decrease the immune response.
  • Exemplary autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, necrotizing vasculitis, lymphadenitis, peri-arteritis nodosa, systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid, arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, scleroderma, pemphigus vulgaris, ANCA-associated vasculitis (e.g., Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis), uveitis, Sjogren's syndrome, Crohn's disease, Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, Lyme arthritis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and
  • a “protein” or “peptide” comprises a polymer of amino acid residues linked together by peptide bonds.
  • the term refers to proteins, polypeptides, and peptides of any size, structure, or function. Typically, a protein will be at least three amino acids long.
  • a protein may refer to an individual protein or a collection of proteins. Proteins preferably contain only natural amino acids, although non-natural amino acids (i.e., compounds that do not occur in nature but that can be incorporated into a polypeptide chain) and/or amino acid analogs as are known in the art may alternatively be employed.
  • amino acids in a protein may be modified, for example, by the addition of a chemical entity such as a carbohydrate group, a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group, a farnesyl group, an isofarnesyl group, a fatty acid group, a linker for conjugation or functionalization, or other modification.
  • a protein may also be a single molecule or may be a multi-molecular complex.
  • a protein may be a fragment of a naturally occurring protein or peptide.
  • a protein may be naturally occurring, recombinant, or synthetic, or any combination of these.
  • kinase refers to any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to an amino acid residue of a substrate (e.g., a protein or nucleoside).
  • a serine kinase catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to serine residue in a protein.
  • the kinase is a tyrosine kinase.
  • kinases include, but are not limited to, a Janus kinase (e.g., Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2)), a CMGC kinase (e.g., a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK, e.g., CDK1, CDK2, CDK2, CDK4, CDK5, CDK7, CDK8, CDK9, CDK10, CDK11, CDK12, CDK13, CDK14, CDK16, CDK20), a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, e.g., MAPK1, MAPK3, MAPK4, MAPK6, MAPK7, MAPK8, MAPK9, MAPK10, MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13, MAPK14, MAPK15), a glycogen synthase e
  • JAK Japanese kinase
  • JAK2 Janus kinase 1
  • JAK2 Janus kinase 2
  • JAK3 Janus kinase 3
  • TYK2 tyrosine kinase 2
  • the Ensembl entry for the gene that encodes human JAK1 is ENSG00000162434.
  • the Ensembl entry for the gene that encodes human JAK2 is ENSG00000096968.
  • the Ensembl entry for the gene that encodes human JAK3 is ENSG00000105639.
  • the Ensembl entry for the gene that encodes human TYK2 is ENSG00000105397.
  • FIG. 1 Western blots illustrating JAK2/STAT5 inhibition by compound I-6.
  • Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of JAK2 inhibitor for 4 hours.
  • Cell pellets were lysed with Cell Lysis Buffer (Cell Signaling Technology) and then immunoblotting was performed with pJAK2 (#3771), pSTAT5 (#4322), c-Myc (#9402), JAK2 (#3230), STAT5 (#9363 or 94205), and 3-actin (#4967 or 12620) antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology.
  • Cell Lysis Buffer Cell Signaling Technology
  • FIG. 2 Western blots illustrating JAK2/STAT5 inhibition by compound I-8.
  • Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of JAK2 inhibitor for 4 hours.
  • Cell pellets were lysed with Cell Lysis Buffer (Cell Signaling Technology) and then immunoblotting was performed with pJAK2 (#3771), pSTAT5 (#4322), c-Myc (#9402), JAK2 (#3230), STAT5 (#9363 or 94205), and ⁇ -actin (#4967 or 12620) antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology.
  • Cell Lysis Buffer Cell Signaling Technology
  • Kinases are implicated in a range of diseases, such as proliferative diseases.
  • compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof.
  • the provided compounds may be kinase inhibitors.
  • the kinase being targeted is a Janus kinase (JAK (e.g., JAK2)).
  • pharmaceutical compositions and kits comprising the provided compounds.
  • the disease is a proliferative disease.
  • R A is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OR 1 , —N(R 1 ) 2 , —SR 1 , —CN, —SCN, —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —NO 2 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 , —
  • each instance of R 1 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, or a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two instances of R 1 are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring;
  • R B is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OR 1 , —N(R 1 ) 2 , —SR 1 , —CN, —SCN, —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —NO 2 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 , —
  • R K is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OR 1 , —N(R 1 ) 2 , —SR 1 , —CN, —SCN, —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —NO 2 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 , —
  • each instance of R C is independently halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OR 1 , —N(R 1 ) 2 , —SR 1 , —CN, —SCN, —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —NO 2 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 ,
  • k 0, 1, or 2;
  • a L A b is —C( ⁇ O)—, —N(R G )—, —NR G C( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)NR G —, or —NR G C( ⁇ O)NR G —;
  • each instance of R G is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;
  • each instance of R D is independently halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OR 1 , —N(R 1 ) 2 , —SR 1 , —CN, —SCN, —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —NO 2 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 ,
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11, as valency permits;
  • L B is a single bond or O
  • X is CR E or N
  • each instance of R E is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OR 1 , —N(R 1 ) 2 , —SR 1 , —CN, —SCN, —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —NO 2 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1
  • R F is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, or a nitrogen protecting group
  • each instance of R H is independently halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OR 1 , —N(R 1 ) 2 , —SR 1 , —CN, —SCN, —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —NO 2 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 , —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 ,
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • Formula (I) includes two or more instances of a moiety, unless otherwise provided, any two instances of the moiety may be the same or different from each other.
  • R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl);
  • R C is substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R B is —CH 2 -(substituted or unsubstituted, piperazinyl or piperidinyl); and R C is substituted or unsubstituted methyl.
  • R B is —CH 2 -(substituted 1- piperazinyl) or —CH 2 -(substituted 1-piperidinyl);
  • R C is substituted methyl
  • R A is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R A is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br). In certain embodiments, R A is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, R A is substituted C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R A is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, R A is —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R A is —CF 3 .
  • R A is substituted ethyl (e.g., ethyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, R A is substituted propyl or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, R A is -(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl). In certain embodiments, R A is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl).
  • R A is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl comprising in the heterocyclic system 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen and nitrogen).
  • R A is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl comprising in the heterocyclic system 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen and nitrogen).
  • R A is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl).
  • R A is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl). In certain embodiments, R A is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl). In certain embodiments, R A is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl). In certain embodiments, R A is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl). In certain embodiments, R A is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl). In certain embodiments, R A is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperidin
  • R A is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • R A is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • R A is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • R A is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • R A is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • R A is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • R A is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • R A is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R A is unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R A is Me. In certain embodiments, R A is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, R A is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R A is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkenyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, substituted or unsubstituted allyl). In certain embodiments, R A is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl.
  • R A is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkynyl (substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl).
  • R A is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 3- to 7-membered carbocyclyl comprising 0, 1, or 2 double bonds in the carbocyclic ring system, as valency permits).
  • R A is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloheptyl.
  • R A is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl).
  • R A is substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.
  • R A is substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
  • R A is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R A is substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl. In certain embodiments, R A is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R A is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • R A is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl.
  • R A is substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In certain embodiments, R A is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- to 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl.
  • R A is —OR 1 (e.g., —OH, —O(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —OMe, —OCF 3 , —OEt, —OPr, —OBu, or —OBn), or —O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —OPh)).
  • R A is —OMe.
  • R A is —SR 1 (e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • SR 1 e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • R A is —N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NH 2 , —NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHMe), or —N(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NMe 2 )).
  • R A is —CN or —SCN.
  • R A is —NO 2 .
  • R A is —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , or —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 .
  • R A is —C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)Me) or —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R A is —C( ⁇ O)(heterocyclyl).
  • R A is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R A is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R A is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NHMe), —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)).
  • R A is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.
  • R A is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)Me), —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R A is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 .
  • R A is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NHMe)).
  • R A is —OC( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), —OC( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), or —OC( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —OC( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted
  • Each instance of R 1 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, or a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two instances of R 1 are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring.
  • At least one instance of R 1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each instance of R 1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted acyl (e.g., acetyl). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, R 1 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is Me.
  • R 1 is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkenyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, substituted or unsubstituted allyl). In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkynyl (substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl).
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 3- to 7-membered carbocyclyl comprising 0, 1, or 2 double bonds in the carbocyclic ring system, as valency permits).
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloheptyl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl).
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- to 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts).
  • At least one instance of R 1 is an oxygen protecting group (e.g., silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl) when attached to an oxygen atom.
  • at least one instance of R 1 is a sulfur protecting group (e.g., acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl) when attached to a sulfur atom.
  • two instances of R 1 are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.
  • two instances of R 1 are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring.
  • R B is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R B is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br). In certain embodiments, R B is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, R B is substituted C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, R B is —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R B is —CF 3 .
  • R B is substituted ethyl (e.g., ethyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, R B is substituted propyl or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl). In certain embodiments, R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl).
  • R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl comprising in the heterocyclic system 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen and nitrogen).
  • R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl comprising in the heterocyclic system 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen and nitrogen).
  • R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl).
  • R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl). In certain embodiments, R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl). In certain embodiments, R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl). In certain embodiments, R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl). In certain embodiments, R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl). In certain embodiments, R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperidin
  • R B is
  • R B is
  • R B is
  • R B is
  • R B is
  • R B is
  • R B is
  • R B is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R B is unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R B is Me. In certain embodiments, R B is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl.
  • R B is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkenyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, substituted or unsubstituted allyl). In certain embodiments, R B is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkynyl (substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl).
  • R B is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 3- to 7-membered carbocyclyl comprising 0, 1, or 2 double bonds in the carbocyclic ring system, as valency permits).
  • R B is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloheptyl.
  • R B is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl).
  • R B is substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.
  • R B is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • R B is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl.
  • R B is substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In certain embodiments, R B is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- to 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl.
  • R B is —OR 1 (e.g., —OH, —O(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —OMe, —OCF 3 , —OEt, —OPr, —OBu, or —OBn), or —O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —OPh)).
  • R B is —OMe.
  • R B is —SR 1 (e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • SR 1 e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • R B is —N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NH 2 , —NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHMe), or —N(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NMe 2 )).
  • R B is —CN or —SCN.
  • R B is —NO 2 .
  • R B is —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , or —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 .
  • R B is —C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)Me) or —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R B is —C( ⁇ O)(heterocyclyl).
  • R B is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R B is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R B is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NHMe), —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)).
  • R B is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)Me), —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R B is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 .
  • R B is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NHMe)).
  • R B is —OC( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), —OC( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), or —OC( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —OC( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted
  • R K is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R K is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br). In certain embodiments, R K is F. In certain embodiments, R K is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, R K is substituted C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R K is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, R K is —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R K is —CF 3 .
  • R K is substituted ethyl (e.g., ethyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, R K is substituted propyl or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, R K is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R K is unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R K is Me. In certain embodiments, R K is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, R K is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl.
  • halogen e.g., F
  • R K is substituted propyl or substituted butyl.
  • R K is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R K is unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R K is Me. In certain embodiments, R K is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, R K is substituted or unsubstit
  • R K is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkenyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, substituted or unsubstituted allyl). In certain embodiments, R K is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R K is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkynyl (substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl).
  • R K is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 3- to 7-membered carbocyclyl comprising 0, 1, or 2 double bonds in the carbocyclic ring system, as valency permits).
  • R K is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloheptyl.
  • R K is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl).
  • R K is substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.
  • R K is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R K is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R K is substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl. In certain embodiments, R K is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R K is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • R K is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl.
  • R K is substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In certain embodiments, R K is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- to 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl.
  • R K is —OR 1 (e.g., —OH, —O(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —OMe, —OCF 3 , —OEt, —OPr, —OBu, or —OBn), or —O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —OPh)).
  • R K is —OMe.
  • R K is —SR 1 (e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • SR 1 e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • R K is —N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NH 2 , —NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHMe), or —N(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NMe 2 )).
  • R K is —CN or —SCN.
  • R K is —NO 2 .
  • R K is —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , or —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 .
  • R K is —C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)Me) or —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R K is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R K is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R K is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NHMe), —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)).
  • R K is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.
  • R K is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)Me), —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R K is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 .
  • R K is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NHMe)).
  • R K is —OC( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), —OC( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), or —OC( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —OC( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted
  • At least one of R A and R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl). In certain embodiments, at least one of R A and R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl). In certain embodiments, at least one of R A and R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl comprising in the heterocyclic system 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen and nitrogen).
  • At least one of R A and R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl comprising in the heterocyclic system 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen and nitrogen).
  • at least one of R A and R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl).
  • at least one of R A and R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl).
  • At least one of R A and R B is —C( ⁇ O)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl). In certain embodiments, at least one of R A and R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl). In certain embodiments, at least one of R A and R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl). In certain embodiments, at least one of R A and R B is -(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-3 alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl).
  • each of R B and R K is not hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each of R B and R K is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or halogen. In certain embodiments, each of R B and R K is halogen (e.g., F).
  • At least one instance of R C is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is F. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is —CF 3 .
  • At least one instance of R C is substituted ethyl (e.g., ethyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted propyl or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is Me. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl.
  • ethyl e.g., ethyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)
  • at least one instance of R C is substituted propyl or substituted butyl.
  • at least one instance of R C is unsub
  • At least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkenyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, substituted or unsubstituted allyl). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkynyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl).
  • At least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 3- to 7-membered carbocyclyl comprising 0, 1, or 2 double bonds in the carbocyclic ring system, as valency permits).
  • at least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloheptyl.
  • At least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.
  • heterocyclyl e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl.
  • at least one instance of R C is substituted or un
  • At least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • At least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl.
  • At least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R C is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- to 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl.
  • At least one instance of R C is —OR 1 (e.g., —OH, —O(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —OMe, —OCF 3 , —OEt, —OPr, —OBu, or —OBn), or —O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —OPh)).
  • at least one instance of R C is —OMe.
  • R C is —SR 1 (e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • SR 1 e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • At least one instance of R C is —N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NH 2 , —NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHMe), or —N(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NMe 2 )).
  • at least one instance of R C is —CN or —SCN.
  • at least one instance of R C is —NO 2 .
  • At least one instance of R C is —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , or —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 .
  • at least one instance of R C is —C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)Me) or —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R C is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R C is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R C is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NHMe), —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)).
  • R C is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.
  • At least one instance of R C is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)Me), —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • at least one instance of R C is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 .
  • At least one instance of R C is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NHMe)).
  • R C is —OC( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), —OC( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), or —OC( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —OC( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(
  • k is 0. In certain embodiments, k is 1. In certain embodiments, k is 2.
  • a L A b is —C( ⁇ O)—. In certain embodiments, a L A b is —N(R G )—. In certain embodiments, a L A b is —N(H)—. In certain embodiments, a L A b is —NR G C( ⁇ O)—. In certain embodiments, a L A b is —N(H)C( ⁇ O)—. In certain embodiments, a L A b is —C( ⁇ O)NR G —. In certain embodiments, a L A b is —C( ⁇ O)N(H)—. In certain embodiments, a L A b is —NR G C( ⁇ O)NR G —. In certain embodiments, a L A b is —N(H)C( ⁇ O)N(H)—.
  • At least one instance of R G is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each instance of R G is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R G is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R G is Me. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R G is Et, Pr, Bu, substituted methyl, substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, R G is substituted or unsubstituted acyl (e.g., acetyl). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R G is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Gmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts).
  • a nitrogen protecting group e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Gmoc, tri
  • At least one instance of R D is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is Me. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • At least one instance of R D is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkenyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, substituted or unsubstituted allyl). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl.
  • At least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkynyl (substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 3- to 7-membered carbocyclyl comprising 0, 1, or 2 double bonds in the carbocyclic ring system, as valency permits).
  • At least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloheptyl.
  • at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl).
  • At least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
  • At least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • At least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl.
  • At least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- to 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl.
  • At least one instance of R D is —OR 1 (e.g., —OH, —O(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —OMe, —OCF 3 , —OEt, —OPr, —OBu, or —OBn), or —O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —OPh)).
  • at least one instance of R D is —OMe.
  • R D is —SR 1 (e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • SR 1 e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • At least one instance of R D is —N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NH 2 , —NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHMe), or —N(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NMe 2 )).
  • at least one instance of R D is —CN or —SCN.
  • at least one instance of R D is —NO 2 .
  • At least one instance of R D is —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , or —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 .
  • at least one instance of R D is —C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)Me) or —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • At least one instance of R D is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R D is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R D is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NHMe), —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)).
  • R D is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.
  • At least one instance of R D is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)Me), —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • at least one instance of R D is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 .
  • At least one instance of R D is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NHMe)).
  • R D is —OC( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), —OC( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), or —OC( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —OC( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(
  • m is 0 or 1. In certain embodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments, m is 1. In certain embodiments, m is 2. In certain embodiments, m is 3. In certain embodiments, m is 4. In certain embodiments, m is 5. In certain embodiments, m is 6. In certain embodiments, m is 7. In certain embodiments, m is 8. In certain embodiments, m is 9. In certain embodiments, m is 10. In certain embodiments, m is 11.
  • L B is a single bond. In certain embodiments, L B is O. In certain embodiments, when L B is a bond, R B is H. In certain embodiments, when L B is a bond, R B is not -(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl). In certain embodiments, when L B is a bond, R B is not —CH 2 -(substituted or unsubstituted, piperazinyl or piperidinyl).
  • R B when L B is a bond, R B is not —CH 2 -(substituted 1-piperazinyl) or —CH 2 -(substituted 1-piperidinyl). In certain embodiments, when L B is a bond, R B is not
  • R C when L B is a bond, R C is —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, when L B is O, R C is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, when L B is O, R C is perhaloalkyl. In certain embodiments, when L B is O, R C is CF 3 . In certain embodiments, when L B is O, R B is H.
  • X is CR E . In certain embodiments, X is C—H. In certain embodiments, X is C-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., C-Me). In certain embodiments, X is C-halogen (e.g., C—F). In certain embodiments, X is N.
  • R E is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each instance of R E is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, no instance of R E is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R E is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br). In certain embodiments, R E is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, R E is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R E is unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R E is Me. In certain embodiments, R E is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, R E is substituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R E is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, R E is substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, R E is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R E is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkenyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, substituted or unsubstituted allyl). In certain embodiments, R E is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R E is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkynyl (substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl).
  • R E is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 3- to 7-membered carbocyclyl comprising 0, 1, or 2 double bonds in the carbocyclic ring system, as valency permits).
  • R E is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloheptyl.
  • R E is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl).
  • R E is substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.
  • R E is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R E is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R E is substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl. In certain embodiments, R E is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R E is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • R E is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl.
  • R E is substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In certain embodiments, R E is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- to 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl.
  • R E is —OR 1 (e.g., —OH, —O(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —OMe, —OCF 3 , —OEt, —OPr, —OBu, or —OBn), or —O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —OPh)).
  • R E is —OMe.
  • R E is —SR 1 (e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • SR 1 e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • R E is —N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NH 2 , —NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHMe), or —N(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NMe 2 )).
  • R E is —CN or —SCN.
  • R E is —NO 2 .
  • R E is —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , or —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 .
  • R E is —C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)Me) or —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R E is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R E is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R E is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NHMe), —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)).
  • R E is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.
  • R E is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)Me), —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R E is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 .
  • R E is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NHMe)).
  • R E is —OC( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), —OC( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), or —OC( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —OC( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted
  • R F is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R F is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl). In certain embodiments, R F is Me. In certain embodiments, R F is Et, Pr, Bu, substituted methyl, substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, R F is substituted or unsubstituted acyl (e.g., acetyl). In certain embodiments, R F is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts).
  • R F is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts).
  • At least one instance of R H is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is F. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is —CF 3 .
  • At least one instance of R H is substituted ethyl (e.g., ethyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted propyl or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is Me. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl.
  • ethyl e.g., ethyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)
  • at least one instance of R H is substituted propyl or substituted butyl.
  • at least one instance of R H is unsub
  • At least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkenyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, substituted or unsubstituted allyl). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkynyl (substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl).
  • At least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 3- to 7-membered carbocyclyl comprising 0, 1, or 2 double bonds in the carbocyclic ring system, as valency permits).
  • at least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloheptyl.
  • At least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.
  • heterocyclyl e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl.
  • at least one instance of R H is substituted or un
  • At least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • At least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl.
  • At least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R H is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- to 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl.
  • At least one instance of R H is —OR 1 (e.g., —OH, —O(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —OMe, —OCF 3 , —OEt, —OPr, —OBu, or —OBn), or —O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —OPh)).
  • at least one instance of R H is —OMe.
  • R H is —SR 1 (e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • SR 1 e.g., —SH, —S(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —SMe, —SCF 3 , —SEt, —SPr, —SBu, or —SBn), or —S(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) (e.g., —SPh)).
  • At least one instance of R H is —N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NH 2 , —NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHMe), or —N(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NMe 2 )).
  • at least one instance of R H is —CN or —SCN.
  • at least one instance of R H is —NO 2 .
  • At least one instance of R H is —C( ⁇ NR 1 )R 1 , —C( ⁇ NR 1 )OR 1 , or —C( ⁇ NR 1 )N(R 1 ) 2 .
  • at least one instance of R H is —C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)Me) or —C( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R H is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R H is —C( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)OMe), —C( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • R H is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NHMe), —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)-(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)).
  • R H is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) (e.
  • At least one instance of R H is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)Me), —NHC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)).
  • at least one instance of R H is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)OR 1 .
  • At least one instance of R H is —NR 1 C( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —NHC( ⁇ O)NHMe)).
  • R H is —OC( ⁇ O)R 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), —OC( ⁇ O)OR 1 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)O(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl)), or —OC( ⁇ O)N(R 1 ) 2 (e.g., —OC( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), —OC( ⁇ O)N(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl)-(
  • n is 0. In certain embodiments, n is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 2. In certain embodiments, n is 3. In certain embodiments, n is 4. In certain embodiments, n is 5.
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • R J is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or a nitrogen protecting group.
  • R J is hydrogen.
  • R J is substituted or unsubstituted acyl (e.g., acetyl).
  • R J is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, R J is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R J is unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R J is Me. In certain embodiments, R J is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, R J is substituted C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R J is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, R J is substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, R J is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl.
  • R J is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)). In certain embodiments, R J is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R J is unsubstituted
  • R J is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkenyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted vinyl, substituted or unsubstituted allyl). In certain embodiments, R J is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R J is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-6 alkynyl (substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl).
  • R J is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 3- to 7-membered carbocyclyl comprising 0, 1, or 2 double bonds in the carbocyclic ring system, as valency permits).
  • R J is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloheptyl.
  • R J is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl).
  • R J is substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.
  • R J is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R J is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R J is substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl. In certain embodiments, R J is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R J is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • R J is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl.
  • R J is substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In certain embodiments, R J is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- to 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R J is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts).
  • a nitrogen protecting group e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts.
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is not of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of the formula:
  • the compound is of Formula (I-5), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof).
  • a provided compound is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof.
  • a provided compound is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof.
  • a provided compound is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.
  • a provided compound is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.
  • a provided compound is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a provided compound is a mixture (e.g., a racemic mixture) of enantiomers and/or diastereomers.
  • a provided compound is a compound of the formula:
  • a provided compound is a compound of Formula (I-2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof).
  • the molecular weight of a provide compound that is not in the form of a salt, solvate, hydrate, co-crystal, or prodrug is lower than 2,000, lower than 1,500, lower than 1,200, lower than 1,000, lower than 800, lower than 700, or lower than 600 g/mol. In certain embodiments, the molecular weight of a provide compound that is not in the form of a salt, solvate, hydrate, co-crystal, or prodrug is lower than 1000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, the molecular weight of a provide compound that is not in the form of a salt, solvate, hydrate, co-crystal, or prodrug is lower than 700 g/mol.
  • a provided compound inhibits a kinase. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits the activity (e.g., aberrant activity (e.g., higher-than-normal activity, increase activity)) of a kinase. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits the overexpression of a kinase.
  • the kinase is a JAK, ABL1(Q252H), ABL1(T315I), ABL2, BRAF(V600E), CDC2L2, CDKL3, CIT, CSF1R, EPHA4, EPHA6, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB4, FES, FGR, FLT4, HPK1, INSRR, ITK, KIT, KIT(L576P), KIT(V559D), LYN, MAP4K2, MERTK, p38-delta, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PFTAIRE2, PFTK1, RAF1, RET, RET(M918T), RET(V804L), RET(V804M), RIPK1, SRC, TAK1, TAOK3, TIE1, TIE2, TRKB, TRKC, or a combination thereof.
  • the kinase is a JAK, ABL1, ABL2, BRAF, CDC2L2, CDKL3, CIT, CSF1R, EPHA4, EPHA6, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB4, FES, FGR, FLT4, HPK1, INSRR, ITK, KIT, LYN, MAP4K2, MERTK, p38-delta, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PFTAIRE2, PFTK1, RAF1, RET, RIPK1, SRC, TAK1, TAOK3, TIE1, TIE2, TRKB, TRKC, or a combination thereof.
  • the kinase is a JAK.
  • the JAK is JAK1 (e.g., wild-type or mutant JAK1).
  • the JAK is JAK2 (e.g., wild-type or mutant JAK2).
  • the JAK is JAK3 (e.g., wild-type or mutant JAK3).
  • the JAK is TYK2 (e.g., wild-type or mutant TYK2).
  • the JAK is a human JAK.
  • the JAK is a non-human mammal (e.g., dog) JAK.
  • the kinase is a wild type kinase.
  • the kinase is a mutant kinase.
  • a provided compound inhibits a kinase as measured in an assay described herein or known in the art.
  • a provided compound inhibits the kinase at an IC 50 less than or equal to 30 ⁇ M, less than or equal to 10 ⁇ M, less than or equal to 3 ⁇ M, less than or equal to 1 ⁇ M, less than or equal to 0.3 ⁇ M, or less than or equal to 0.1 ⁇ M.
  • a provided compound is selective for inhibiting a first kinase over a second kinase, wherein the first and second kinases are different from each other.
  • the first kinase is a JAK, ABL1(Q252H), ABL1(T315I), ABL2, BRAF(V600E), CDC2L2, CDKL3, CIT, CSF1R, EPHA4, EPHA6, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB4, FES, FGR, FLT4, HPK1, INSRR, ITK, KIT, KIT(L576P), KIT(V559D), LYN, MAP4K2, MERTK, p38-delta, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PFTAIRE2, PFTK1, RAF1, RET, RET(M918T), RET(V804L), RET(V804M), RIPK1, SRC, TAK1, TAOK3, TIE1, TIE2, TRKB, TRKC, or a combination thereof.
  • the first kinase is a JAK, ABL1, ABL2, BRAF, CDC2L2, CDKL3, CIT, CSF1R, EPHA4, EPHA6, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB4, FES, FGR, FLT4, HPK1, INSRR, ITK, KIT, LYN, MAP4K2, MERTK, p38-delta, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PFTAIRE2, PFTK1, RAF1, RET, RIPK1, SRC, TAK1, TAOK3, TIE1, TIE2, TRKB, TRKC, or a combination thereof.
  • the first kinase is a JAK (e.g., JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2). In certain embodiments, the first kinase is JAK2. In certain embodiments, the first kinase is JAK3. In certain embodiments, a provided compound is selective for inhibiting the first kinase over the second kinase by at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 300-fold, or at least 1,000-fold (e.g., in an in vitro assay or an assay described herein). In certain embodiments, a provided compound reversibly binds to a kinase. In certain embodiments, a provided compound irreversibly binds to a kinase.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preparing a compound described herein.
  • the method of preparing is a method described herein (e.g., a method described in Example 1).
  • compositions comprising a compound described herein and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an additional pharmaceutical agent.
  • the compound described herein is provided in an effective (e.g., effective for inhibiting a kinase, such as a JAK (e.g., JAK2)) amount in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is an amount effective for inhibiting a kinase.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is an amount effective for treating a disease (e.g., a disease associated with aberrant activity of a kinase (e.g., proliferative disease)).
  • a therapeutically effective amount is an amount effective for inhibiting the activity of a kinase and treating a disease (e.g., a disease associated with aberrant activity of a kinase (e.g., proliferative disease)). In certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount effective for inducing apoptosis in a cell (e.g., malignant cell, premalignant cell).
  • a disease e.g., a disease associated with aberrant activity of a kinase (e.g., proliferative disease)
  • a therapeutically effective amount is an amount effective for inducing apoptosis in a cell (e.g., malignant cell, premalignant cell).
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for inhibiting the activity of a kinase by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 98%. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for inhibiting the activity of a kinase by not more than 10%, not more than 20%, not more than 30%, not more than 40%, not more than 50%, not more than 60%, not more than 70%, not more than 80%, not more than 90%, not more than 95%, or not more than 98%.
  • the subject is an animal.
  • the animal may be of either sex and may be at any stage of development.
  • the subject described herein is a human (e.g., an adult, juvenile, or child).
  • the subject is a non-human animal.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject is a non-human mammal.
  • the subject is a domesticated animal, such as a dog, cat, cow, pig, horse, sheep, or goat.
  • the subject is a dog.
  • the subject is a companion animal, such as a dog or cat.
  • the subject is a livestock animal, such as a cow, pig, horse, sheep, or goat. In certain embodiments, the subject is a zoo animal. In another embodiment, the subject is a research animal, such as a rodent (e.g., mouse, rat), dog, pig, or non-human primate. In certain embodiments, the subject is a genetically engineered animal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a transgenic animal (e.g., transgenic mice, transgenic pigs). In certain embodiments, the subject is a fish or reptile.
  • the biological sample or cell (e.g., the biological sample or cell being contacted with a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein) is in vitro.
  • the biological sample or cell is in vivo or ex vivo.
  • the cell is a malignant cell or premalignant cell.
  • compositions described herein can be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacology.
  • preparatory methods include bringing the compound described herein (i.e., the “active ingredient”) into association with a carrier or excipient, and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping, and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
  • compositions can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses.
  • a “unit dose” is a discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient.
  • the amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage, such as one-half or one-third of such a dosage.
  • Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition described herein will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered.
  • the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.
  • compositions used in the manufacture of provided pharmaceutical compositions include inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents may also be present in the composition.
  • Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose, and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and mixtures thereof.
  • crospovidone cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone)
  • sodium carboxymethyl starch sodium starch glycolate
  • Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include natural emulsifiers (e.g., acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g., bentonite (aluminum silicate) and Veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate)), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g., stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g., carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulos
  • Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g., cornstarch and starch paste), gelatin, sugars (e.g., sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.), natural and synthetic gums (e.g., acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum®), and larch arabogalactan), alginates, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, inorganic calcium salts, silicic acid, polymethacrylates, waxes, water, alcohol, and/or mixtures
  • Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, antiprotozoan preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives.
  • the preservative is an antioxidant.
  • the preservative is a chelating agent.
  • antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.
  • Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof.
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • salts and hydrates thereof e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like
  • citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof e.g., citric acid mono
  • antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.
  • antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid.
  • Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol.
  • Exemplary acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.
  • preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant® Plus, Phenonip®, methylparaben, Germall® 115, Germaben® II, Neolone®, Kathon®, and Euxyl®.
  • Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer
  • Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, Litsea cubeba , macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buck
  • Exemplary synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and mixtures thereof.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (e.g., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, so
  • the oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • the conjugates described herein are mixed with solubilizing agents such as Cremophor®, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and mixtures thereof.
  • sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation can be a sterile injectable solution, suspension, or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
  • the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typically suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the conjugates described herein with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.
  • suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or (a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, (b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, (c) humectants such as glycerol, (d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, (e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, (f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, (g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol mono
  • Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragées, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the art of pharmacology. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • encapsulating compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the active ingredient can be in a micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragées, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings, and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art.
  • the active ingredient can be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose, or starch.
  • Such dosage forms may comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the dosage forms may comprise buffering agents. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • encapsulating agents which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of a compound described herein may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants, and/or patches.
  • the active ingredient is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and/or any needed preservatives and/or buffers as can be required.
  • the present disclosure contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which often have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of an active ingredient to the body.
  • Such dosage forms can be prepared, for example, by dissolving and/or dispensing the active ingredient in the proper medium.
  • the rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the active ingredient in a polymer matrix and/or gel.
  • Suitable devices for use in delivering intradermal pharmaceutical compositions described herein include short needle devices.
  • Intradermal compositions can be administered by devices which limit the effective penetration length of a needle into the skin.
  • conventional syringes can be used in the classical mantoux method of intradermal administration.
  • Jet injection devices which deliver liquid formulations to the dermis via a liquid jet injector and/or via a needle which pierces the stratum corneum and produces a jet which reaches the dermis are suitable.
  • Ballistic powder/particle delivery devices which use compressed gas to accelerate the compound in powder form through the outer layers of the skin to the dermis are suitable.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include, but are not limited to, liquid and/or semi-liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, oil-in-water and/or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments, and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions.
  • Topically administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of the active ingredient can be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent.
  • Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity.
  • a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the active ingredient and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 to about 7 nanometers, or from about 1 to about 6 nanometers.
  • Such compositions are conveniently in the form of dry powders for administration using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant can be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a self-propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container.
  • Such powders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nanometers and at least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nanometers. Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 1 nanometer and at least 90% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 6 nanometers.
  • Dry powder compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.
  • Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having a boiling point of below 65° F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally the propellant may constitute 50 to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and the active ingredient may constitute 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of the composition.
  • the propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquid non-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active ingredient).
  • compositions described herein formulated for pulmonary delivery may provide the active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solution and/or suspension.
  • Such formulations can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising the active ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device.
  • Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate.
  • the droplets provided by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers.
  • Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • Another formulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powder comprising the active ingredient and having an average particle from about 0.2 to 500 micrometers. Such a formulation is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the nares.
  • Formulations for nasal administration may, for example, comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) to as much as 100% (w/w) of the active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for buccal administration.
  • Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may contain, for example, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • formulations for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising the active ingredient.
  • Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolized formulations when dispersed, may have an average particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers, and may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for ophthalmic administration.
  • Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1-1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily liquid carrier or excipient.
  • Such drops may further comprise buffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • Other ophthalmically-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear drops and/or eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this disclosure.
  • compositions suitable for administration to humans are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with ordinary experimentation.
  • compositions described herein are typically formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compositions described herein will be decided by a physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular subject or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disease being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific active ingredient employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific active ingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific active ingredient employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • the compounds and compositions provided herein can be administered by any route, including enteral (e.g., oral), parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, bucal, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol.
  • enteral e.g., oral
  • parenteral intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary
  • intrathecal subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal
  • topical as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops
  • mucosal nasal,
  • Specifically contemplated routes are oral administration, intravenous administration (e.g., systemic intravenous injection), regional administration via blood and/or lymph supply, and/or direct administration to an affected site.
  • intravenous administration e.g., systemic intravenous injection
  • regional administration via blood and/or lymph supply e.g., via blood and/or lymph supply
  • direct administration e.g., direct administration to an affected site.
  • the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the agent (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract), and/or the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is able to tolerate oral administration).
  • the compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein is suitable for topical administration to the eye of a subject.
  • any two doses of the multiple doses include different or substantially the same amounts of a compound described herein.
  • the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the biological sample or cell is three doses a day, two doses a day, one dose a day, one dose every other day, one dose every third day, one dose every week, one dose every two weeks, one dose every three weeks, or one dose every four weeks.
  • the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the biological sample or cell is one dose per day. In certain embodiments, the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the biological sample or cell is two doses per day.
  • the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the biological sample or cell is three doses per day.
  • the duration between the first dose and last dose of the multiple doses is one day, two days, four days, one week, two weeks, three weeks, one month, two months, three months, four months, six months, nine months, one year, two years, three years, four years, five years, seven years, ten years, fifteen years, twenty years, or the lifetime of the subject or cell.
  • the duration between the first dose and last dose of the multiple doses is three months, six months, or one year.
  • a dose (e.g., a single dose, or any dose of multiple doses) described herein includes independently between 0.1 ⁇ g and 1 ⁇ g, between 0.001 mg and 0.01 mg, between 0.01 mg and 0.1 mg, between 0.1 mg and 1 mg, between 1 mg and 3 mg, between 3 mg and 10 mg, between 10 mg and 30 mg, between 30 mg and 100 mg, between 100 mg and 300 mg, between 300 mg and 1,000 mg, or between 1 g and 10 g, inclusive, of a compound described herein.
  • a dose described herein includes independently between 1 mg and 3 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein.
  • a dose described herein includes independently between 3 mg and 10 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein. In certain embodiments, a dose described herein includes independently between 10 mg and 30 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein. In certain embodiments, a dose described herein includes independently between 30 mg and 100 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein.
  • Dose ranges as described herein provide guidance for the administration of provided pharmaceutical compositions to an adult.
  • the amount to be administered to, for example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered to an adult.
  • a compound or composition, as described herein, can be administered in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents (e.g., therapeutically and/or prophylactically active agents).
  • the compounds or compositions can be administered in combination with additional pharmaceutical agents that improve their activity (e.g., activity (e.g., potency and/or efficacy) in treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, in preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, in inhibiting the activity of a kinase (e.g., JAK) in a subject, biological sample, or cell), improve bioavailability, improve safety, reduce drug resistance, reduce and/or modify metabolism, inhibit excretion, and/or modify distribution in a subject, biological sample, or cell.
  • a kinase e.g., JAK
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein including a compound described herein and an additional pharmaceutical agent shows a synergistic effect that is absent in a pharmaceutical composition including one of the compound and the additional pharmaceutical agent, but not both.
  • the compound or composition can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, which may be useful as, e.g., combination therapies.
  • Pharmaceutical agents include therapeutically active agents.
  • Pharmaceutical agents also include prophylactically active agents.
  • Pharmaceutical agents include small organic molecules such as drug compounds (e.g., compounds approved for human or veterinary use by the U.S.
  • CFR Code of Federal Regulations
  • proteins proteins, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, nucleoproteins, mucoproteins, lipoproteins, synthetic polypeptides or proteins, small molecules linked to proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, nucleic acids, DNAs, RNAs, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides, lipids, hormones, vitamins, and cells.
  • CFR Code of Federal Regulations
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a pharmaceutical agent useful for treating and/or preventing a disease (e.g., proliferative disease, cancer, inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, genetic disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder) or premalignant condition.
  • a disease e.g., proliferative disease, cancer, inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, genetic disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder
  • Each additional pharmaceutical agent may be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that pharmaceutical agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agents may also be administered together with each other and/or with the compound or composition described herein in a single dose or administered separately in different doses.
  • the particular combination to employ in a regimen will take into account compatibility of the compound described herein with the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) and/or the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect to be achieved.
  • it is expected that the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) in combination
  • the additional pharmaceutical agents include, but are not limited to, cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, epigenetic modifiers, glucocorticoids, immunotherapeutic agents, anti-proliferative agents, anti-cancer agents, anti-angiogenesis agents, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressants, anti-bacterial agents, anti-viral agents, cardiovascular agents, cholesterol-lowering agents, anti-diabetic agents, anti-allergic agents, contraceptive agents, pain-relieving agents, and a combination thereof.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-proliferative agent (e.g., anti-cancer agent).
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-leukemia agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is ABITREXATE (methotrexate), ADE, Adriamycin RDF (doxorubicin hydrochloride), Ambochlorin (chlorambucil), ARRANON (nelarabine), ARZERRA (ofatumumab), BOSULIF (bosutinib), BUSULFEX (busulfan), CAMPATH (alemtuzumab), CERUBIDINE (daunorubicin hydrochloride), CLAFEN (cyclophosphamide), CLOFAREX (clofarabine), CLOLAR (clofarabine), CVP, CYTOSAR-U (cytarabine), CYTOXAN (cyclophosphamide), ERWINAZE (Asparaginase Erwinia Chrysanthemi ), FLUDARA (fludarabine phosphate), FOLEX (methotrexate), FOLEX PFS (methotrexate), GAZY
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-lymphoma agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is ABITREXATE (methotrexate), ABVD, ABVE, ABVE-PC, ADCETRIS (brentuximab vedotin), ADRIAMYCIN PFS (doxorubicin hydrochloride), ADRIAMYCIN RDF (doxorubicin hydrochloride), AMBOCHLORIN (chlorambucil), AMBOCLORIN (chlorambucil), ARRANON (nelarabine), BEACOPP, BECENUM (carmustine), BELEODAQ (belinostat), BEXXAR (tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab), BICNU (carmustine), BLENOXANE (bleomycin), CARMUBRIS (carmustine), CHOP, CLAFEN (cyclophosphamide), COPP, COPP-ABV,
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is REVLIMID (lenalidomide), DACOGEN (decitabine), VIDAZA (azacitidine), CYTOSAR-U (cytarabine), IDAMYCIN (idarubicin), CERUBIDINE (daunorubicin), LEUKERAN (chlorambucil), NEOSAR (cyclophosphamide), FLUDARA (fludarabine), LEUSTATIN (cladribine), or a combination thereof.
  • REVLIMID lacalidomide
  • DACOGEN decitabine
  • VIDAZA azacitidine
  • CYTOSAR-U cytarabine
  • IDAMYCIN idarubicin
  • CERUBIDINE dounorubicin
  • LEUKERAN chlorambucil
  • NEOSAR cyclophosphamide
  • FLUDARA fludarabine
  • LEUSTATIN cladribine
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is ABITREXATE (methotrexate), ABRAXANE (paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation), AC, AC-T, ADE, ADRIAMYCIN PFS (doxorubicin hydrochloride), ADRUCIL (fluorouracil), AFINITOR (everolimus), AFINITOR DISPERZ (everolimus), ALDARA (imiquimod), ALIMTA (pemetrexed disodium), AREDIA (pamidronate disodium), ARIMIDEX (anastrozole), AROMASIN (exemestane), AVASTIN (bevacizumab), BECENUM (carmustine), BEP, BICNU (carmustine), BLENOXANE (bleomycin), CAF, CAMPTOSAR (irinotecan hydrochloride), CAPOX, CAPRELSA (vandetanib), CARBOPLATIN-TAXOL, CARMUBRIS (carmustine), CASODE
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent (e.g., gemcitabine, cytarabine, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, vincristine, 1-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, or etoposide).
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an epigenetic modifier such as azacitidine or romidepsin.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is ruxolitinib, BBT594, CHZ868, CYT387, or BMS911543.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an inhibitor of a tyrosine kinase.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a topoisomerase inhibitor, a MCL1 inhibitor, a BCL-2 inhibitor, a BCL-xL inhibitor, a BRD4 inhibitor, a BRCA1 inhibitor, BRCA2 inhibitor, HER1 inhibitor, HER2 inhibitor, a CDK9 inhibitor, a Jumonji histone demethylase inhibitor, or a DNA damage inducer.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is etoposide, obatoclax, navitoclax, JQ1, 4-(((5′-chloro-2′-(((1R,4R)-4-(((R)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)amino)-[2,4′-bipyridin]-6-yl)amino)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carbonitrile, JIB04, or cisplatin.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a binder or inhibitor of a kinase (e.g., JAK, ABL1, ABL2, BRAF, CDC2L2, CDKL3, CIT, CSF1R, EPHA4, EPHA6, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB4, FES, FGR, FLT4, HPK1, INSRR, ITK, KIT, LYN, MAP4K2, MERTK, p38-delta, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PFTAIRE2, PFTK1, RAF1, RET, RIPK1, SRC, TAK1, TAOK3, TIE1, TIE2, TRKB, TRKC, or a combination thereof).
  • a kinase e.g., JAK, ABL1, ABL2, BRAF, CDC2L2, CDKL3, CIT, CSF1R, EPHA4, EPHA6, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB4, FES, FGR, FLT4, HPK1, INSRR, ITK, KIT
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an antibody or a fragment thereof (e.g., monoclonal antibody). In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is selected from the group consisting of epigenetic or transcriptional modulators (e.g., DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC inhibitors), lysine methyltransferase inhibitors), antimitotic drugs (e.g., taxanes and vinca alkaloids), hormone receptor modulators (e.g., estrogen receptor modulators and androgen receptor modulators), cell signaling pathway inhibitors (e.g., tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors), modulators of protein stability (e.g., proteasome inhibitors), Hsp90 inhibitors, glucocorticoids, all-trans retinoic acids, and other agents that promote differentiation.
  • epigenetic or transcriptional modulators e.g., DNA methyltrans
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a glucocorticoid (e.g., cortisol, cortisone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, fludrocortisone acetate, or deoxycorticosterone acetate).
  • the additional therapy is an immunotherapy (e.g., an immunotherapeutic monoclonal antibody).
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an immunomodulator.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) inhibitor.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a programmed cell death 1 protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor.
  • CTLA-4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) inhibitor, lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) inhibitor, V-set domain-containing T-cell activation inhibitor 1 (VTCN1 or B7-H4) inhibitor, cluster of differentiation 276 (CD276 or B7-H3) inhibitor, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) inhibitor, galectin-9 (GAL9) inhibitor, checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitor, adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) inhibitor, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor, killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) inhibitor, or V-domain Ig suppressor of
  • the PD-1 inhibitor is nivolumab, pidilizumab, pembrolizumab, MEDI-0680, REGN2810, or AMP-224.
  • the PD-L1 inhibitor is atezolizumab, durvalumab, BMS-936559, avelumab, or CA-170.
  • the CTLA-4 inhibitor is ipilimumab or tremelimumab.
  • the compounds described herein or pharmaceutical compositions can be administered in combination with an anti-cancer therapy including, but not limited to, surgery, radiation therapy, and transplantation (e.g., stem cell transplantation, bone marrow transplantation).
  • kits e.g., pharmaceutical packs.
  • the kit comprises a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein, and instructions for using the compound or pharmaceutical composition.
  • the kit comprises a first container, wherein the first container includes the compound or pharmaceutical composition.
  • the kit further comprises a second container.
  • the second container includes an excipient (e.g., an excipient for dilution or suspension of the compound or pharmaceutical composition).
  • the second container includes an additional pharmaceutical agent.
  • the kit further comprises a third container. In certain embodiments, the third container includes an additional pharmaceutical agent.
  • each of the first, second, and third containers is independently a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, dispenser package, tube, or inhaler.
  • the instructions are for administering the compound or pharmaceutical composition to a subject (e.g., a subject in need of treatment or prevention of a disease described herein). In certain embodiments, the instructions are for contacting a biological sample or cell with the compound or pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the instructions comprise information required by a regulatory agency, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMA). In certain embodiments, the instructions comprise prescribing information.
  • FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
  • EMA European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products
  • the present disclosure provides methods of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or increasing) the activity (e.g., aberrant activity, such as increased or decreased activity) of a kinase (e.g., JAK (e.g., JAK2)).
  • the present disclosure provides methods of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or increasing) the activity (e.g., undesired or aberrant activity, such as increased activity (e.g., activity above normal levels) or decreased activity (e.g., activity below normal levels)), of a kinase in a subject, biological sample, or cell.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods for the treatment of a range of diseases and conditions, such as diseases and conditions associated with undesired or aberrant activity (e.g., increased activity) or overexpression of a kinase.
  • the diseases include proliferative diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, genetic diseases, hematological diseases, neurological diseases, painful conditions, psychiatric disorders, metabolic disorders, benign neoplasms, diseases associated with angiogenesis, inflammatory diseases, autoinflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and premalignant conditions.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount (e.g., therapeutically effective amount) of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • an effective amount e.g., therapeutically effective amount
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount (e.g., prophylactically effective amount) of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • an effective amount e.g., prophylactically effective amount
  • the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting the activity of a kinase in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting the activity of a kinase in a biological sample (e.g., an in vitro biological sample), the method comprising contacting the biological sample with an effective amount of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • a biological sample e.g., an in vitro biological sample
  • the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting the activity of a kinase in a cell (e.g., an in vitro cell), the method comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • a cell e.g., an in vitro cell
  • the compounds described herein are able to bind (e.g., covalently modify) the kinase being inhibited.
  • a compound described herein is able to bind (e.g., covalently modify) to the kinase.
  • the kinase is JAK.
  • the kinase is JAK2.
  • the kinase is JAK3.
  • the kinase is JAK1.
  • the kinase is TYK2.
  • a kinase e.g., JAK (e.g., JAK2)
  • JAK e.g., JAK2
  • a subject biological sample, or cell by at least about 1%, at least about 3%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%.
  • the activity of a kinase in a subject, biological sample, or cell is decreased by at least about 1%, at least about 3%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%.
  • the activity of a kinase in a subject, biological sample, or cell is selectively inhibited by the method.
  • the activity of a kinase (e.g., JAK2) in a subject, biological sample, or cell is selectively decreased by a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • a disease including proliferative disease, may be associated with aberrant or undesired activity of a kinase, and/or overexpression of the kinase.
  • Aberrant or undesired activity of a kinase may be an increased or a decreased level of activity of the kinase.
  • Proliferative diseases are sometimes associate with abnormal levels of JAK activity, frequently through increased or decreased JAK activation. Inhibition of the activity of JAK2 would be expected to inhibit phosphorylation.
  • JAK2 is not overexpressed, but the activity of JAK2 is increased.
  • JAK2 is overexpressed, and the activity of JAK2 is increased.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein may inhibit the activity of JAK2 and be useful in treating and/or preventing diseases, such as diseases associated with the aberrant, increased, or undesired activity of a kinase, overactivation of the kinase, and/or overexpression of the kinase.
  • diseases such as diseases associated with the aberrant, increased, or undesired activity of a kinase, overactivation of the kinase, and/or overexpression of the kinase.
  • JAK1 has been implicated in the signaling of the common gamma chain ( ⁇ c) of type I cytokine receptors, to elicit signals from the IL-2 receptor family (e.g. IL-2R, IL-7R, IL-9R and IL-15R), the IL-4 receptor family (e.g. IL-4R and IL-13R), the gp130 receptor family (e.g. IL-6R, IL-11R, LIF-R, OSM-R, cardiotrophin-1 receptor (CT-1R), ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTF-R), and neurotrophin-1 receptor (NNT-1R) and Leptin-R.
  • IL-2 receptor family e.g. IL-2R, IL-7R, IL-9R and IL-15R
  • the IL-4 receptor family e.g. IL-4R and IL-13R
  • the gp130 receptor family e.g. IL-6R, IL-11R, LIF-R, OSM-R, cardio
  • JAK2 has been implicated in signaling by members of the type II cytokine receptor family (e.g. interferon receptors), the GM-CSF receptor family (IL-3R, IL-5R and GM-CSF-R), the gp130 receptor family (e.g., IL-6R), and the single chain receptors (e.g. Epo-R, Tpo-R, GH-R, PRL-R).
  • JAK3 has been implicated in the signaling of the common gamma chain ( ⁇ c) of the type I cytokine receptor family (e.g. IL-2R, IL-4R, IL-7R, IL-9R, IL-15R, and IL-21R).
  • TYK2 has been implicated in the signaling of IFN- ⁇ , IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12.
  • Ruxolitinib a dual JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, first gained FDA approval for treatment of myelofibrosis in 2011. While the phase III Controlled Myelofibrosis Study with Oral JAK Inhibitor (COMFORT-I and -II) trials showed that the medication can reduce abnormal splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms, the majority of patients did not achieve a molecular response with reduced mutant allele burden, and improvement in survival was minimal (Harrison, C. et al. N Engl J Med 366, 787-798, (2012); Koppikar, P. et al. Nature 489, 155-159, (2012); Verstovsek, S. et al.
  • Ruxolitinib has essentially no activity (IC 50 >20 ⁇ M) against cell lines or patient-derived xenografts from patients with CRLF2-rearranged B-ALL, but it can induce remarkable remissions in the rare subset of leukemias with TEL-JAK2 fusions (Roberts, K. G. et al. N Engl J Med 371, 1005-1015, (2014)).
  • CRLF2 signaling involves heterodimerization with the IL7R ⁇ subunit and signaling through JAK2 (bound to CRLF2) and JAK1 (bound to IL7R ⁇ ) (Pandey, A. et al. Nat Immunol 1, 59-64 (2000)).
  • JAK2 bound to CRLF2
  • JAK1 bound to IL7R ⁇
  • persistent trans-phosphorylation of JAK2 is likely to explain the resistance of these B-ALLs to type I JAK2 inhibitors (Wu, S. C. et al. Cancer Cell 28, 29-41, (2015)).
  • Type II inhibitors lock the kinase domain in a closed conformation and therefore should overcome trans-phosphorylation of JAK2 by JAK1 or TYK2.
  • BBT594 a type II inhibitor initially developed to target BCR-ABL T315I (Andraos, R. et al. Cancer discovery 2, 512-523, (2012)), abrogated persistent JAK2 signaling in myeloid cells refractory to treatment with a type I JAK2 inhibitor (Koppikar, P. et al. Nature 489, 155-159, (2012)).
  • BBT594 has limitations in potency and selectivity for JAK2, and its pharmacokinetic properties preclude in vivo use.
  • the disease e.g., the disease to be treated or prevented by a method described herein
  • a kinase e.g., JAK (e.g., JAK2)
  • the disease is associated with overexpression of a kinase (e.g., JAK (e.g., JAK2)).
  • the disease is a proliferative disease.
  • the disease is cancer.
  • the cancer is a JAK-STAT-dependent cancer.
  • the cancer is a hematological malignancy.
  • the proliferative disease is a leukemia.
  • the proliferative disease is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
  • the proliferative disease is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
  • the proliferative disease is T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).
  • the proliferative disease is chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
  • the proliferative disease is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).
  • the proliferative disease is acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL).
  • the proliferative disease is lymphoma. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is Burkitt's lymphoma. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is a Hodgkin's lymphoma. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is essential thrombocythemia.
  • the cancer is a myeloma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is multiple myeloma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is myelofibrosis, myeloproliferative neoplasm, myeloid malignancy, or polycythemia vera.
  • the cancer is an adenocarcinoma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is a blastoma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is a carcinoma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is a sarcoma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is brain cancer. In certain embodiments, the cancer is pancreatic cancer.
  • the disease is a benign neoplasm.
  • the disease is an inflammatory disease.
  • the disease is an autoinflammatory disease.
  • the autoimmune disease is psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, graft-versus-host disease, alopecia, alopecia universalis, or vitiligo.
  • the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.
  • the disease is causing a syndrome of wasting that comprises weight loss as a symptom.
  • the disease is a premalignant condition (e.g., clonal hematopoiesis).
  • the method described herein superior (e.g., showing improved safety and/or therapeutic effects) or comparable to existing therapy (e.g., chemotherapy).
  • the biological sample or cell (e.g., the biological sample or cell being contacted with a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein) is in vitro. In certain embodiments, the biological sample or cell is in vivo. In certain embodiments, the biological sample or cell is ex vivo.
  • the cell is a malignant cell (e.g., cancer cell). In certain embodiments, the cell is a malignant blood cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a malignant bone marrow cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is an adenocarcinoma cell, blastoma cell, carcinoma cell, or sarcoma cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a pre-malignant cell (e.g., pre-cancerous cell).
  • a malignant cell e.g., cancer cell
  • the cell is a malignant blood cell.
  • the cell is a malignant bone marrow cell.
  • the cell is an adenocarcinoma cell, blastoma cell, carcinoma cell, or sarcoma cell.
  • the cell is a pre-malignant cell (e.g., pre-cancerous cell).
  • the method described herein further comprises administering to the subject in need thereof an additional therapy.
  • the additional therapy is an additional pharmaceutical agent described herein.
  • the additional therapy is a cytotoxic chemotherapy (e.g., gemcitabine, cytarabine, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, vincristine, 1-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, or etoposide).
  • the additional therapy is an epigenetic modifier (e.g., azacitidine or romidepsin).
  • the additional therapy is a glucocorticoid.
  • the additional therapy is an immunotherapy (e.g., an immunotherapeutic monoclonal antibody).
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is etoposide, obatoclax, or navitoclax, and optionally the disease is breast cancer, e.g., triple-negative breast cancer, HER2 positive breast cancer, HER2 negative breast cancer, ER-positive breast cancer, ER-negative breast cancer, or ER/PR-positive breast cancer.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is etoposide, JIB04, or cisplatin, and optionally the disease is Ewing's sarcoma.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is JQ1 or NVP2
  • the disease is leukemia, e.g., acute myelogenous leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, monoblastic leukemia, or megakaryoblastic leukemia.
  • the present invention provides compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in the treatment of a disease (e.g., a proliferative disease, such as cancer) in a subject in need thereof.
  • a disease e.g., a proliferative disease, such as cancer
  • the present invention provides compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in the prevention of a disease (e.g., a proliferative disease, such as cancer) in a subject in need thereof.
  • a disease e.g., a proliferative disease, such as cancer
  • the present disclosure provides compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in inhibiting the activity of a kinase in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in inhibiting the activity of a kinase in a biological sample (e.g., an in vivo or ex vivo biological sample).
  • a biological sample e.g., an in vivo or ex vivo biological sample.
  • the present disclosure provides compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in inhibiting the activity of a kinase in a cell (e.g., an in vivo or ex vivo cell).
  • the present disclosure provides uses of compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides uses of compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and kits described herein may synergistically augment inhibition of a kinase (e.g., JAK (e.g., JAK2)) induced by the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) in the biological sample or subject.
  • a kinase e.g., JAK (e.g., JAK2)
  • reagents and solvents were used as received from commercial suppliers.
  • Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained on Bruker AVANCE spectrometer at 400 MHz or 500 MHz for proton. Spectra are given in ppm (S) and coupling constants, J, are reported in Hertz. The solvent peak was used as the reference peak for proton spectra.
  • LC-MS spectra were obtained on Waters UPLC or Agilent 1100 HPLC LC-MS ion trap electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer.
  • Compound I-2 is prepared by using essentially the same procedure with Compound I-1, except that acetyl chloride was used in the first step.
  • LCMS (m/z): 439 [M+H] + .
  • Compound I-6 is prepared by using essentially the same procedure with Compound I-1, except that (3-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone was used in the last step.
  • Compound I-9 is prepared by using essentially the same procedure with Compound I-3, except that 3-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) aniline was used in the last step.
  • Compound I-12 is prepared by using essentially the same procedure with Compound I-10, except that 1-ethyl-4-(3-isocyanato-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)piperazine was used in the last step.
  • Compound I-14 is prepared by using essentially the same procedure with Compound I-15, except that 1-ethyl-4-(3-isocyanato-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)piperazine was used in the last step.
  • Compound I-17 is prepared by using essentially the same procedure with Compound I-16 except that 1-ethyl-4-(4-isocyanato-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl) piperazine was used in the last step.
  • Compound I-18 is prepared by using essentially the same procedure with Compound I-16 except that 1-ethyl-4-(3-isocyanato-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl) piperazine was used in the last step.
  • Compound I-22 is prepared by using essentially the similar procedure with Compound I-23 except that 1-ethyl-4-(3-isocyanato-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)piperazine was used in the last step.
  • Compound I-21 is prepared by using essentially the similar procedure with Compound I-23 except that 1-ethyl-4-(4-isocyanato-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)piperazine was used in last step.
  • Compound I-25 is prepared by using essentially the similar procedure with Compound I-24 except that 1-ethyl-4-(4-isothiocyanato-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperazine replaced 2,4-difluoro-1-isothiocyanatobenzene.
  • the JAK2 Z-Lyte biochemical assay was performed according to manufacturer's instructions (Life Technologies).
  • JAK2 Compound Z-lyte IC 50 No. Compound Formula (nM) I-1 >10000 I-2 >10000 I-3 >10000 I-4 881 I-5 660 I-6 1450 I-7 550 I-8 639 I-9 >10000 I-10 >10000 I-11 >10000 I-12 >10000 I-13 >10000 I-14 >10000 I-15 >10000 I-16 >10000 I-17 >10000 I-18 1450 I-19 824 I-20 2830 I-21 >10000 I-22 >10000 I-23 >10000 I-24 >10000 I-25 630
  • the present disclosure encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim.
  • any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim.
  • elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the present disclosure, or aspects of the present disclosure, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the present disclosure or aspects of the present disclosure consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features.

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