US20230117163A1 - Water in fuel nanoemulsion and method of making the same - Google Patents
Water in fuel nanoemulsion and method of making the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20230117163A1 US20230117163A1 US18/084,481 US202218084481A US2023117163A1 US 20230117163 A1 US20230117163 A1 US 20230117163A1 US 202218084481 A US202218084481 A US 202218084481A US 2023117163 A1 US2023117163 A1 US 2023117163A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- nanoemulsion
- surfactant
- mixture
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- Prior art date
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- 239000007908 nanoemulsion Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 170
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 119
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 104
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 223
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 111
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 224
- 235000010482 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 115
- 229920000053 polysorbate 80 Polymers 0.000 claims description 115
- DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 112
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical compound FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 alkane hydrocarbon Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 4
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- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- ODWNBAWYDSWOAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yloxybenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)OC1=CC=CC=C1 ODWNBAWYDSWOAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 229920013746 hydrophilic polyethylene oxide Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 125000001165 hydrophobic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims 2
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 19
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 206010035148 Plague Diseases 0.000 abstract description 3
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229920004890 Triton X-100 Polymers 0.000 description 177
- 239000013504 Triton X-100 Substances 0.000 description 177
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N Sorbitan monooleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N 0.000 description 168
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- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 58
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- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 12
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 6
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 3
- CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N (2r,3r,4r,5s)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol;(z)-octadec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XZIIFPSPUDAGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-chloro-2-n,2-n-diethylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=NC(N)=CC(Cl)=N1 XZIIFPSPUDAGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001214 Polysorbate 60 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- SJWFXCIHNDVPSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-2-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCC(C)O SJWFXCIHNDVPSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940035044 sorbitan monolaurate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- JYKSTGLAIMQDRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglycerol Chemical compound OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO JYKSTGLAIMQDRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJXSLZRUXGTLPF-HKIWRJGFSA-N (z)-octadec-9-enoic acid;propane-1,2,3-triol Chemical compound OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O FJXSLZRUXGTLPF-HKIWRJGFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-NMQOAUCRSA-N 1,2-dideuteriooxyethane Chemical compound [2H]OCCO[2H] LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-NMQOAUCRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WOKDXPHSIQRTJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[3-[3-[3-[3-[3-[3-[3-[3-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-hydroxypropoxy]propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound OCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)COCC(O)CO WOKDXPHSIQRTJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPVVYTCTZKCSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol distearate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC FPVVYTCTZKCSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- MMQZBEXYFLXHEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O Chemical compound OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O MMQZBEXYFLXHEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WTAYIFXKJBMZLY-XZABIIKCSA-N OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O Chemical compound OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O WTAYIFXKJBMZLY-XZABIIKCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004147 Sorbitan trioleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N Sorbitan trioleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LWZFANDGMFTDAV-BURFUSLBSA-N [(2r)-2-[(2r,3r,4s)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl] dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O LWZFANDGMFTDAV-BURFUSLBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002015 acyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013530 defoamer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940100608 glycol distearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N linolenic acid Natural products CC=CCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006193 liquid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002114 octoxynol-9 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011067 sorbitan monolaureate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960005078 sorbitan sesquioleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019337 sorbitan trioleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960000391 sorbitan trioleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
- C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
- C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
- C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
- C10L1/1826—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms poly-hydroxy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
- C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
- C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/043—Kerosene, jet fuel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/0438—Middle or heavy distillates, heating oil, gasoil, marine fuels, residua
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/0438—Middle or heavy distillates, heating oil, gasoil, marine fuels, residua
- C10L2200/0446—Diesel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
- C10L2230/08—Inhibitors
- C10L2230/082—Inhibitors for anti-foaming
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
- C10L2250/08—Emulsion details
- C10L2250/084—Water in oil (w/o) emulsion
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
- C10L2250/08—Emulsion details
- C10L2250/086—Microemulsion or nanoemulsion
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
- C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/04—Specifically adapted fuels for turbines, planes, power generation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/24—Mixing, stirring of fuel components
Definitions
- Increasing the efficiency of fuel can be obtained by adding water to the fuel or injecting water into the intake of an engine.
- Creating an emulsion of water in diesel fuel is an example fuel that has been used to reduce the emission pollution for combustion engines.
- these known fuel emulsions only permit a limited water ratio and are not as stable as a nanoemulsion.
- the present disclosure is directed to a composition and method for producing a nanoemulsion comprising fuel and water.
- the composition and method can produce a transparent and stable water in fuel nanoemulsion.
- the disclosure is directed to various surfactants and water contents that may be usable to improve fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions that plague known fuels.
- the particulars described herein are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the examples of the subject disclosure only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the subject disclosure.
- the present disclosure is directed to a composition and method for producing a nanoemulsion comprising fuel and water.
- the composition and method can produce a transparent and stable water in fuel nanoemulsion.
- the disclosure is directed to various surfactants and water contents that may be usable to improve fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions that plague known fuels.
- the particulars described herein are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the examples of the subject disclosure only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the subject disclosure.
- the method of mixture of emulsifiers or surfactants and the ratio of the emulsifiers or surfactants permits a stable nanoemulsion of various water contents with various base fuels.
- the nanoemulsion can be kinetically stable and can include small droplet sizes ranging from 10-200 nanometers.
- the present disclosure advantageously and unexpectedly discloses a formulation and method of producing a nanoemulsion that is applicable to various oleaginous fluids or fuels, including but not limited to natural or synthetic oils, selected from a group that may include diesel, biodiesel, gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil, synthetic oils, fuel oils, such as bunker oil, jet oil, and heating oil.
- the nanoemulsion of the disclosure can comprise an oleaginous external phase and an aqueous internal phase that are stabilized by one or more surfactants.
- the internal phase of the nanoemulsion may comprise an aqueous internal phase, such as fresh water, sea water, tap water and treated water, such as Filtered, reverse osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), protonated, alkaline and plasma treated water.
- RO reverse osmosis
- DI de-ionized
- protonated alkaline and plasma treated water.
- the nanoemulsion is capable having a high-water content.
- the nanoemulsion may have percent by weight (wt %) of aqueous internal phase in a range having a lower limit selected from any of 10 wt %, 15 wt %, 20 wt %, 25 wt %, and 30% wt to an upper limit selected from any of 30 wt %, 35 wt %, 40 wt %, 45 wt %, and 50 wt %.
- the nanoemulsion may have percent by weight (wt %) of oleaginous external phase in a range having a lower limit selected from any of 35 wt %, 40 wt %, and 45 wt % to an upper limit selected from any of 50 wt %, 55 wt %, 60 wt %, 70 wt %, and 80 wt %.
- a mixture of surfactants will be used with oleaginous external phase and an aqueous internal phase to form the nanoemulsion.
- the surfactants may comprise one or more nonionic surfactant.
- the nonionic surfactants can be combined in a ratio to provide a synergistic effect to permit stable emulsions with significant water ratios.
- the surfactants may be soluble in water, miscible in organic solvents and/or insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons.
- the surfactants may have an amphipathic structure comprising a polar, hydrophilic “head” region and a non-polar hydrophobic “tail” region.
- the surfactants may include a mixture of esters from fatty acids, including but not limited to stearic acid, lauric acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acid.
- the surfactants may be derived from sorbitol, polyols form sorbitol, glycol, including but not limited to ethylene glycol, any polymer of ethylene glycol, or other alcohol.
- the surfactants can comprise one or more of the following sorbitan monolaurate (“Span 20”), sorbitan sesquioleate (“Span 83”), sorbitan monooleate (“Span 80”), polyoxyethylene (6) sorbitan monolaurate (“Tween 21”), polyoxyethylene (6) sorbitan monooleate (“Tween 81”), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (“Tween 60”), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (“Tween 80”), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate (“Tween 85”), polyethylene glycol (10EO) monostearate (“MYS 10”), polyethylene glycol (10EO) monolaurate (“MYL 10”), polyethylene glycol (25EO) monostearate (“MYS 25”), polyethylene glycol distearate (“CDS-400”), polyethylene glycol diisostearate (“CDIS-400”), tetraglycerol monoo
- a first surfactant used in the nanoemulsion has a HLB value in a range having a lower limit selected from any of 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 to an upper limit selected from any of 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, and 6. In one or more embodiments, the first surfactant has a HLB value of around 4. In one or more embodiments, a second surfactant may be used with or without the first surfactant.
- the second surfactant can have a HLB value in a range having a lower limit selected from any of 13, 14, and 15 to an upper limit selected from any of 15, 16 and 17. In one or more embodiments, the second surfactant has a HLB value of around 15. Furthermore, in one or more embodiments, a third surfactant can be used in the nanoemulsion with or without the first surfactant and the second surfactant. The third surfactant can have a HLB value in a range having a lower limit selected from any of 10, 11, 12, 13 to an upper limit selected from any of 13, 14, 15, 16.
- the first surfactant, the second surfactant and the third surfactant are provided in the nanoemulsion in equal weight percent.
- the weight percent of the surfactants in the nanoemulsion can have a range having a lower limit selected from any of 4, 5, 6, and 7 weight percent to an upper limit selected from any of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 weight percent.
- Additives may be included in the nanoemulsion.
- a first additive may be applied to prevent freezing.
- the first additive may be glycol based, including but not limited to ethylene glycol.
- the first additive ethylene glycol destabilizes the aqueous internal phase so as not to freeze at low temperatures.
- the weight percent of the first additive in the nanoemulsion can have a range having a lower limit selected from any of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 weight percent to an upper limit selected from any of 5, 6, and 7 weight percent.
- a second additive may be provided to improve burning efficiency, depending on the use of the nanoemulsion.
- the second additive may be alkane hydrocarbon, such as an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon, including but not limited to hexadecane (cetane).
- the second additive may have a range having a lower limit selected from any of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 weight percent to an upper limited selected from any of 0.75, 1, 2 and 3.
- a third additive may be provided as a defoamer to prevent or reduce foam within the nanoemulsion.
- the third additive can be immiscible in water.
- the third additive may comprise an alcohol with an alkane, including but not limited to 1-octanol, 2-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, or other de-foaming agents.
- the third additive may have a range having a lower limit selected from any of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 weight percent to an upper limited selected from any of 0.075, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 weight percent.
- the method of producing the nanoemulsion fuel can be produced using a specific process that may be modified based on the use of the nanoemulsion fuel, base fuel used and/or desired weight percent water.
- the unexpected process provides a method that is applicable over a range of fuels and a weight percent range of aqueous fluid.
- Aqueous fluid such as water
- Oleaginous fluid such as fuel
- Each oleaginous fluid or fuel has different specific processing parameters and conditions to produce different nanoemulsion fuels.
- This process can provide a unique ratio of surfactants with agitation to provide a nanoemulsion usable as a fuel.
- Degassing of the nanoemulsion fluid through processing in a vacuum desiccator or planetary vacuum mixer and/or addition of the third additive can prevent gas and/or entrapped air bubbles in the nanoemulsion fluid and can produce improved and stable fuels.
- the disclosure provides a method of producing a nanoemulsion with the use of elevated temperatures in the process.
- High temperature and pressure systems can be combined, and different sonication wavelengths (e.g., microwave and other wavelengths) or heat sources can be used for the nanoemulsion process in order to improve nanofuel production systems.
- microwave and/or any other heat sources can enhance the nanoemulsion process.
- the process uses temperatures that can range from a lower limit selected from any of 30, 35, 40, and 45 degrees Celsius to an upper limit selected from any of 45, 50, 55, 60 and 70 degrees Celsius to provide the nanoemulsion fuel.
- nanoemulsion fuels can be obtained by changing the processing parameters for each fuel.
- Chemical formulations, processing parameters, and production steps are the key parameters to produce nanoemulsion fuels.
- the nanoemulsion fuels set forth in the examples present new fuels that will not only improve the fuel efficiency and engine performance, but also reduce the various emissions, such as NOx, CO, CO 2 , and particulate matters from combustion engines and fuel burners.
- specific step-by-step processes can produce stable nanoemulsion fuels.
- the nanoemulsion can be used in transportation, energy, and petroleum industries to provide environmentally friendlier fuels.
- transportation car, aircraft, ship, train, truck, heavy machineries, and so on
- fuel burners power plants
- steam generators household heating
- various other chemical and biomedical industries can benefit from this process.
- results are significantly improved by adding the third additive.
- a few drops e.g., 2 drops or about 0.1 wt %) of octanol (e.g., an alcohol with a formula CsHnOH) is added to the mixture.
- the total amount of octanol is about 0.1 wt %.
- Fuel #1 is Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil, Wichita, Kans.
- Fuel #2 is Diesel Fuel sourced from QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.
- Fuel #6 is Bunker Oil sourced from Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX
- Fuel #4 is 1:1 mixture of Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) and Diesel Fuel (Fuel #2).
- Example A Diesel Fuel with 30 wt % Water Content
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a sonicator at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat).
- Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about 9 g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature, resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. Clear nanoemulsion fuel is observed when the temperature of the nanoemulsion fuel is reduced to room temperature.
- Example B Diesel Fuel with 40 wt % Water Content
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a sonicator at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat).
- Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about 12.5 g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature, resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. Clear nanoemulsion fuel is observed when the temperature of the nanoemulsion fuel is reduced to room temperature.
- Example C Diesel Fuel with 22 wt % Water Content
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a sonicator at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat).
- Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about 6 g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature, resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. Clear nanoemulsion fuel is observed when the temperature of the nanoemulsion fuel is reduced to room temperature.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a sonicator. Stop adding these surfactants when nanofuel mixture turns clear.
- Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about 12 g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature, resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. 2 and 4 g of Ethylene Glycol provides better nanoemulsion fuels.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Fuel Oil #4 obtained from Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) well mixed with Diesel (Fuel #2) at a 1:1 ratio
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Example F Biter Oil—Ship Fuel (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- the above mixture was sonicated for 10 mins (20% power on a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB)) to obtain a homogeneous product (may not be clear because of the black color of the fuel) at both room temperature and 40-50° C.
- Step #2 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), was weighed to determine the actual weights, and added drop-wise into the previous solution using a sonicator.
- Step #3 4 ml of above mixture was put into four separate vials and respectively add 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt % of Ethylene Glycol (four separate subexamples) and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N).
- Step #3 Freezing tests between 22 C and 0° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N).
- Step #3 Freezing tests between 22° C. and 0° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- Liquid Dishwasher Liquid Soap
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80+Liquid Dishwasher solution (25:25:50), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it dropwise into the previous solution while sonicating the solution with a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). During the homogenization, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Freezing tests were conducted between 22 C and 0° C. in a freezer to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution while homogenizing the solution.
- Step #3 Freezing tests between 22 C and 0° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the dishwasher liquid solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N).
- Step #3 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Fuel oil #4 is the mixture of Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) and Diesel (Fuel Oil #2) at 50:50 mixture.
- Step #2 Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #3 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Fuel Oil #4 is the mixture of Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) and Diesel (Fuel Oil #2) at 50:50 mixture.
- Step #2 Take 4 ml of Fuel Oil #4, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, diesel and ethanol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes. Label all the tests properly.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Plantaren® 2000 N UP and LumisorbTM PSMO-20 FGK (1:1 ratio), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- Step #3 Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #5 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Take 4 g of mixture, put into vials, and add drop wise 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g of ethylene glycol, ethanol and pure diesel separately into the vials while stirring (magnetic bar) on a hot plate. Let's compare all the tests each other. Total tests will be 10.
- Step #2 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #3 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- Step #3 Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #5 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- Step #3 Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #5 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. Make sure that the 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N) works well in both steps.
- Step #3 Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #5 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4 Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #5 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4 Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #5 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4 Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #5 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4 Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #5 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, diesel and ethanol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes. Label all the tests properly.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Observe any phase changes for 1-2 weeks
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- Step #3 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- Step #3 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1 ratio), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- Step #3 Freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and ⁇ 22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #3 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid.
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 (No hexadecane): Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution while homogenizing the solution at 20,000 rpm until clear fuel is observed. During the homogenization, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemaulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution while high speed mixing the solution at 10,000 rpm until clear fuel is observed. During the mixing, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution at 48 C while sonication with our 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N) until clear fuel is observed. During the mixing, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using high speed homogenization. At this stage, increase the high speed homogenization. Increasing homogenization time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using high speed homogenization. At this stage, increase the high speed homogenization. Increasing homogenization time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using high speed homogenization. At this stage, increase the high speed homogenization. Increasing homogenization time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Step #2 Take 12 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weight (about ⁇ 12.5 g), add this 12.5 g into the previous solution and hand shake till temperature is reduced from 45 C to room temperature (21 C) (No sonication in this step).
- ice bath immersing the jar into water/ice mixture
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 5.5 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weight (about ⁇ 6 g), add this 6 g into the previous solution and hand shake till temperature is reduced from 45 C to room temperature (21 C) (No sonication in this step).
- ice bath immersing the jar into water/ice mixture
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Take 8.5 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weight (about ⁇ 9 g), add this 9 g into the previous solution and hand shake till temperature is reduced from 45 C to room temperature (21 C) (No sonication in this step).
- ice bath immersing the jar into water/ice mixture
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Heat the above solution in the glass jar up to 45-50 C with microwave (or up to milky level temperature), and hand shake while cooling it down to 2 1 C for 4-5 minutes in an ice bath (or use freezer). It can produce stable nanoemulsions.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50 C and ⁇ 8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Heat the above solution in the glass jar up to 45-50° C. with microwave (or up to milky level temperature), and hand shake while cooling it down to 21° C. for 4-5 minutes in an ice bath (or use freezer). It can produce stable nanoemulsions.
- Step #3 Do the freezing tests between 50° C. and ⁇ 8° C. in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Add 12.5 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio) into the previous solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.
- Step #3 Put this solution in the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup, place into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm, 96 kPa vacuum and 3 minutes of mixing.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Add 9 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio) into the previous solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.
- Step #3 This solution was placed in a Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup, placed into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm, 96 kPa vacuum for 3 minutes of mixing.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Add 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio) into the previous solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.
- Step #3 This solution was placed in a Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup, placed into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm, 96 kPa vacuum for 3 minutes of mixing.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Add 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:3 weight ratio) into the previous solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.
- Step #3 This solution was placed in a Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup, placed into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm, 96 kPa vacuum for 3 minutes of mixing.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:
- Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- Step #2 Add 9 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:2 weight ratio) into the previous solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.
- Step #3 Put this solution in the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup, place into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm and 96 kPa for 3 minutes of mixing. You can try other speeds, vacuums and mixing times later to get better nanofuels.
Abstract
The present disclosure is directed to a composition and method for producing a nanoemulsion comprising fuel and water. The composition and method can produce a transparent and stable water in fuel nanoemulsion. The disclosure is directed to various surfactants and water contents that may be usable to improve fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions that plague known fuels.
Description
- This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. National Stage application Ser. No. 16/639,638, which was filed under 35 U.S.C. 371 on Feb. 17, 2020, which claimed priority to PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/047013 filed Aug. 19, 2018, which claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/547,136, filed Aug. 18, 2017, the contents of which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
- The demand for hydrocarbon is increasing even as alternative energy sources become more common. Transportation is still a major use of energy and demand for fuels used for transportation, jet fuel and diesel, for example, continues to rise. Use of these fuels generates emissions that can cause increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which has been cited as a cause of global warming.
- Increasing the efficiency of fuel can be obtained by adding water to the fuel or injecting water into the intake of an engine. Creating an emulsion of water in diesel fuel is an example fuel that has been used to reduce the emission pollution for combustion engines. However, these known fuel emulsions only permit a limited water ratio and are not as stable as a nanoemulsion.
- The present disclosure is directed to a composition and method for producing a nanoemulsion comprising fuel and water. The composition and method can produce a transparent and stable water in fuel nanoemulsion. The disclosure is directed to various surfactants and water contents that may be usable to improve fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions that plague known fuels. The particulars described herein are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the examples of the subject disclosure only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the subject disclosure.
- The present disclosure is directed to a composition and method for producing a nanoemulsion comprising fuel and water. The composition and method can produce a transparent and stable water in fuel nanoemulsion. The disclosure is directed to various surfactants and water contents that may be usable to improve fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions that plague known fuels. The particulars described herein are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the examples of the subject disclosure only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the subject disclosure.
- Advantageously and unexpectedly, the method of mixture of emulsifiers or surfactants and the ratio of the emulsifiers or surfactants permits a stable nanoemulsion of various water contents with various base fuels. The nanoemulsion can be kinetically stable and can include small droplet sizes ranging from 10-200 nanometers. The present disclosure advantageously and unexpectedly discloses a formulation and method of producing a nanoemulsion that is applicable to various oleaginous fluids or fuels, including but not limited to natural or synthetic oils, selected from a group that may include diesel, biodiesel, gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil, synthetic oils, fuel oils, such as bunker oil, jet oil, and heating oil.
- The nanoemulsion of the disclosure can comprise an oleaginous external phase and an aqueous internal phase that are stabilized by one or more surfactants. The internal phase of the nanoemulsion may comprise an aqueous internal phase, such as fresh water, sea water, tap water and treated water, such as Filtered, reverse osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), protonated, alkaline and plasma treated water. Advantageously and unexpectedly, the nanoemulsion is capable having a high-water content. For example, the nanoemulsion may have percent by weight (wt %) of aqueous internal phase in a range having a lower limit selected from any of 10 wt %, 15 wt %, 20 wt %, 25 wt %, and 30% wt to an upper limit selected from any of 30 wt %, 35 wt %, 40 wt %, 45 wt %, and 50 wt %.
- In one or more embodiments, the nanoemulsion may have percent by weight (wt %) of oleaginous external phase in a range having a lower limit selected from any of 35 wt %, 40 wt %, and 45 wt % to an upper limit selected from any of 50 wt %, 55 wt %, 60 wt %, 70 wt %, and 80 wt %.
- In an embodiment, a mixture of surfactants will be used with oleaginous external phase and an aqueous internal phase to form the nanoemulsion. As an example, the surfactants may comprise one or more nonionic surfactant. The nonionic surfactants can be combined in a ratio to provide a synergistic effect to permit stable emulsions with significant water ratios. The surfactants may be soluble in water, miscible in organic solvents and/or insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons. The surfactants may have an amphipathic structure comprising a polar, hydrophilic “head” region and a non-polar hydrophobic “tail” region. In one or more embodiments, the surfactants may include a mixture of esters from fatty acids, including but not limited to stearic acid, lauric acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acid. In one or more embodiments, the surfactants may be derived from sorbitol, polyols form sorbitol, glycol, including but not limited to ethylene glycol, any polymer of ethylene glycol, or other alcohol.
- In one or more embodiments, the surfactants can comprise one or more of the following sorbitan monolaurate (“Span 20”), sorbitan sesquioleate (“Span 83”), sorbitan monooleate (“Span 80”), polyoxyethylene (6) sorbitan monolaurate (“Tween 21”), polyoxyethylene (6) sorbitan monooleate (“Tween 81”), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (“Tween 60”), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (“Tween 80”), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate (“Tween 85”), polyethylene glycol (10EO) monostearate (“MYS 10”), polyethylene glycol (10EO) monolaurate (“MYL 10”), polyethylene glycol (25EO) monostearate (“MYS 25”), polyethylene glycol distearate (“CDS-400”), polyethylene glycol diisostearate (“CDIS-400”), tetraglycerol monooleate (“MO-310”), hexaglycerol monooleate (“MO-500”), tetraglycerol monolaurate (“ML-310”), tetraglycerol monosterate (“MS-310”), hexaglycerol sesquistearate (“SS-500”), decaglycerol tristearate (“TS-750”), and 4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl) phenyl-polyethylene glycol, t-Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, Polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether (“Triton X-100”).
- In one or more embodiments, a first surfactant used in the nanoemulsion has a HLB value in a range having a lower limit selected from any of 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 to an upper limit selected from any of 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, and 6. In one or more embodiments, the first surfactant has a HLB value of around 4. In one or more embodiments, a second surfactant may be used with or without the first surfactant.
- The second surfactant can have a HLB value in a range having a lower limit selected from any of 13, 14, and 15 to an upper limit selected from any of 15, 16 and 17. In one or more embodiments, the second surfactant has a HLB value of around 15. Furthermore, in one or more embodiments, a third surfactant can be used in the nanoemulsion with or without the first surfactant and the second surfactant. The third surfactant can have a HLB value in a range having a lower limit selected from any of 10, 11, 12, 13 to an upper limit selected from any of 13, 14, 15, 16.
- In one or more embodiments, the first surfactant, the second surfactant and the third surfactant are provided in the nanoemulsion in equal weight percent. In one or more embodiment, the weight percent of the surfactants in the nanoemulsion can have a range having a lower limit selected from any of 4, 5, 6, and 7 weight percent to an upper limit selected from any of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 weight percent.
- Additives may be included in the nanoemulsion. For example, a first additive may be applied to prevent freezing. In one or more embodiments, the first additive may be glycol based, including but not limited to ethylene glycol. The first additive ethylene glycol destabilizes the aqueous internal phase so as not to freeze at low temperatures. In one or more embodiment, the weight percent of the first additive in the nanoemulsion can have a range having a lower limit selected from any of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 weight percent to an upper limit selected from any of 5, 6, and 7 weight percent.
- A second additive may be provided to improve burning efficiency, depending on the use of the nanoemulsion. In one or more embodiments, the second additive may be alkane hydrocarbon, such as an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon, including but not limited to hexadecane (cetane). The second additive may have a range having a lower limit selected from any of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 weight percent to an upper limited selected from any of 0.75, 1, 2 and 3.
- A third additive may be provided as a defoamer to prevent or reduce foam within the nanoemulsion. The third additive can be immiscible in water. In one or more embodiment, the third additive may comprise an alcohol with an alkane, including but not limited to 1-octanol, 2-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, or other de-foaming agents. The third additive may have a range having a lower limit selected from any of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 weight percent to an upper limited selected from any of 0.075, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 weight percent.
- The method of producing the nanoemulsion fuel can be produced using a specific process that may be modified based on the use of the nanoemulsion fuel, base fuel used and/or desired weight percent water. The unexpected process provides a method that is applicable over a range of fuels and a weight percent range of aqueous fluid.
- Aqueous fluid, such as water, is added during the nanoemulsion process to produce fuels with the respective water content desired. Oleaginous fluid, such as fuel, is added in the desired weight percent. Each oleaginous fluid or fuel has different specific processing parameters and conditions to produce different nanoemulsion fuels.
- This process can provide a unique ratio of surfactants with agitation to provide a nanoemulsion usable as a fuel. Degassing of the nanoemulsion fluid through processing in a vacuum desiccator or planetary vacuum mixer and/or addition of the third additive can prevent gas and/or entrapped air bubbles in the nanoemulsion fluid and can produce improved and stable fuels.
- In addition to the unexpected combination of surfactants, the disclosure provides a method of producing a nanoemulsion with the use of elevated temperatures in the process. High temperature and pressure systems can be combined, and different sonication wavelengths (e.g., microwave and other wavelengths) or heat sources can be used for the nanoemulsion process in order to improve nanofuel production systems. For example, microwave and/or any other heat sources can enhance the nanoemulsion process. In one or more embodiments, the process uses temperatures that can range from a lower limit selected from any of 30, 35, 40, and 45 degrees Celsius to an upper limit selected from any of 45, 50, 55, 60 and 70 degrees Celsius to provide the nanoemulsion fuel.
- The examples below illustrate that many different nanoemulsion fuels can be obtained by changing the processing parameters for each fuel. Chemical formulations, processing parameters, and production steps are the key parameters to produce nanoemulsion fuels. The nanoemulsion fuels set forth in the examples present new fuels that will not only improve the fuel efficiency and engine performance, but also reduce the various emissions, such as NOx, CO, CO2, and particulate matters from combustion engines and fuel burners.
- In various other embodiments of the disclosure, specific step-by-step processes can produce stable nanoemulsion fuels. The nanoemulsion can be used in transportation, energy, and petroleum industries to provide environmentally friendlier fuels. Specifically, transportation (car, aircraft, ship, train, truck, heavy machineries, and so on), fuel burners, power plants, steam generators, household heating, and various other chemical and biomedical industries can benefit from this process.
- Although only a few examples are set forth in detail, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the examples without materially departing from this subject disclosure. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the claims.
- In several of the following examples, results are significantly improved by adding the third additive. For example, a few drops (e.g., 2 drops or about 0.1 wt %) of octanol (e.g., an alcohol with a formula CsHnOH) is added to the mixture. In certain examples, the total amount of octanol is about 0.1 wt %.
- In the Examples, note that: Fuel #1 is Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil, Wichita, Kans.; Fuel #2 is Diesel Fuel sourced from QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.; Fuel #6 is Bunker Oil sourced from Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX; and, Fuel #4 is 1:1 mixture of Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) and Diesel Fuel (Fuel #2).
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 24 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 4 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of octanol (0.1 wt %)
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins to obtain a homogeneous milky product at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat).
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a sonicator at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat). Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about 9 g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature, resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. Clear nanoemulsion fuel is observed when the temperature of the nanoemulsion fuel is reduced to room temperature.
- Results: Freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C validate that this Example avoids any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 39 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 5.34 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of octanol (0.1 wt %)
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins to obtain a homogeneous milky product at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat).
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a sonicator at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat). Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about 12.5 g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature, resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. Clear nanoemulsion fuel is observed when the temperature of the nanoemulsion fuel is reduced to room temperature.
- Results: Freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C validate that this example avoids any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 14 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 3.5 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of octanol (0.1 wt %)
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins to obtain a homogeneous milky product at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat).
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a sonicator at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat). Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about 6 g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature, resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. Clear nanoemulsion fuel is observed when the temperature of the nanoemulsion fuel is reduced to room temperature.
- Results: Freezing tests between 50° C. and −8° C. validate that this example avoids any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 0, 2, 4, and 8 g Ethylene Glycol (four separate sub examples)
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins (20% power on a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB)) to obtain a homogeneous milky product at both room temperature and 40-50° C.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a sonicator. Stop adding these surfactants when nanofuel mixture turns clear. Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about 12 g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature, resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. 2 and 4 g of Ethylene Glycol provides better nanoemulsion fuels.
- Results: Freezing tests between 22° C. and 0° C. validate that this example avoids any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 62 g Fuel Oil #4 (obtained from Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) well mixed with Diesel (Fuel #2) at a 1:1 ratio)
- 38 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 0, 2, 4, and 8 g Ethylene Glycol (four separate sub examples)
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins to obtain a homogeneous product (may not be clear because of the black color of the fuel) at both room temperature and 40-50° C.
- Results: Freezing tests between 22° C. and 0° C. validate that this example avoids any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 55 g Bunker Oil
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span
-
- 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- The above mixture was sonicated for 10 mins (20% power on a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB)) to obtain a homogeneous product (may not be clear because of the black color of the fuel) at both room temperature and 40-50° C.
- Step #2: 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), was weighed to determine the actual weights, and added drop-wise into the previous solution using a sonicator.
- Step #3: 4 ml of above mixture was put into four separate vials and respectively add 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt % of Ethylene Glycol (four separate subexamples) and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Results: Freezing tests between 22 C and 0° C. validated that this example avoided any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 42 g Pure Kerosene (Ace Hardware®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-
- 100+Span
-
- 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 0.5 g Hexadecane
- 0.5 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N).
- As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step.
- Step #3: Freezing tests between 22 C and 0° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Results: The above emulsion was mixed well, and test results were good (stable and clear nanoemulsion fuel). This was deemed a successful test.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 42 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 0.5 g Hexadecane
- 0.5 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N).
- As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step.
- Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and 0° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span
-
- 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 3 g Liquid Dishwasher (Liquid Soap)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80+Liquid Dishwasher solution (25:25:50), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it dropwise into the previous solution while sonicating the solution with a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). During the homogenization, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Freezing tests were conducted between 22 C and 0° C. in a freezer to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Homogenize the above mixture at 35,000 rpm for 10 mins using a homogenizer. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step. In this step, please don't use sonication.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution while homogenizing the solution.
- During the homogenization, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Freezing tests between 22 C and 0° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Results: The above emulsion was mixed well, and test results were good (stable and clear nanofuel). This was deemed a successful test, but this results were not as good as Fuel Oil #1 Test 7 (Jet Fuel) test above.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span
-
- 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the dishwasher liquid solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N).
- Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 0, 2, 4 and 8 g Ethylene Glycol (Four Tests)
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step. Later you can play with the amount of the hexadecane contents and other surfactants and solvents.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 62 g Bunker Oil+Diesel (1:1 ratio)—mix well before adding into sonication
- 38 g Filtered Brita® Water
- Homogenize the above mixture for 10 mins using a homogenizer. Make sure that you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil/Diesel mixture is black, so you may not get a clear nanoemulsion.
- Fuel oil #4 is the mixture of Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) and Diesel (Fuel Oil #2) at 50:50 mixture.
- Step #2: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #3: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 60 g Bunker Oil+Diesel (1:1 ratio) makes Fuel #4—mix well before adding into sonication
- 38 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 0%, 0.25 wt %, 0.50 wt % and 1.00 wt % SDS in Filtered water (Four Tests Here)
- 2 g Hexadecane
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil/Diesel mixture is black, so you may not get a clear nanoemulsion.
- Fuel Oil #4 is the mixture of Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) and Diesel (Fuel Oil #2) at 50:50 mixture.
- Step #2: Take 4 ml of Fuel Oil #4, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, diesel and ethanol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes. Label all the tests properly.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Results: The above nanoemulsion was mixed well, but failed when higher concentration of SDS was added (made a thick solution). This was deemed a failed test.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Plantaren® 2000 N UP and Lumisorb™ PSMO-20 FGK (1:1 weight ratio)
- 2 g Hexadecane
- 2 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Plantaren® 2000 N UP and Lumisorb™ PSMO-20 FGK (1:1 ratio), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of Plantaren® 2000 N UP and Lumisorb™ PSMO-20 FGK.
- Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Take 4 g of mixture, put into vials, and add drop wise 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g of ethylene glycol, ethanol and pure diesel separately into the vials while stirring (magnetic bar) on a hot plate. Let's compare all the tests each other. Total tests will be 10.
- Step #2: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #3: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step. We can replace Triton X-100, Span 80 and Tween 80 with other alternatives later.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step. We can replace Triton X-100, Span 80 and Tween 80 with other alternatives later.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- If you see some cloudiness on the nanofuel, please sonicate second or third times.
- Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 5 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. Make sure that the 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N) works well in both steps.
- As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step.
- If you see some cloudiness on the nanofuel, please sonicate second and third times to make them clear and stable.
- Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may not get clear nanoemulsion.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 40 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may not get clear nanoemulsion.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 45 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may not get clear nanoemulsion.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 55 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may not get clear nanoemulsion.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.
- Step #4: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 60 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)
- 38 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 0, 0.25 wt %, 0.50 wt % and 1.00 wt % SDS in Filtered water (Four Tests Here)
- 2 g Hexadecane
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may not get a clear nanoemulsion.
- Step #2: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % of ethylene glycol, diesel and ethanol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes. Label all the tests properly.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Results: The above emulsion was mixed well but failed when higher concentrations of SDS was added (made a thick solution). This was deemed a failed test.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 59 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)
- 35 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 4.5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1.5 g Hexadecane
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a sonicator. Make sure that you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may not get clear nanoemulsion.
- Step #2: Observe any phase changes for 1-2 weeks
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Results: The above emulsion was mixed well, and test results were good (clear and stabile nanoemulsion). This was deemed a successful test.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 60 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)
- 38 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 0, 0.50 wt %, 1.00 wt % and 2.00 wt % SDS in Filtered water (Four Tests Here)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 60 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)
- 36 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 0, 1, 2 and 4 g Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) (Four Tests Here)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Note that when we add more than 40 wt % of water into diesel, burning of the nanoemulsion fuel is slower and ignition time drops.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 44 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 2 g Tween 80
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step. Tween 80 can be replaced with other alternatives if desired.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1 ratio), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.
- As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer were conducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 62 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)
- 38 g Filtered Brita® Water
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may not get a clear nanoemulsion.
- Step #2: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Results: The above nanoemulsion was mixed well, but failed after a few hours. This test was deemed a failure.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 60 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)
- 38 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 2 g liquid dishwasher soap
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may not get a clear nanoemulsion.
- Step #2: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer to determine if there is any changes.
- Step #3: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Results: The above emulsion was mixed well, but failed because dishwasher soap was not a good surfactant. This was deemed a failed test.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 23 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span
-
- 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid.
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 13 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span
-
- 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station-200 , Wichita, Kans.)
- 23 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 4 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span
-
- 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)
- 13 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span
-
- 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 (No hexadecane): Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 0 g, 1 g, 2 g, 4 g and 8 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not too high.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Heat the mixture in a jar up to 120 F (−49 C) in an oven, and then homogenize the above mixture at 20,000 rpm for 10 mins (or high speed mixer) using a homogenizer. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step. In this step, please don't use sonication or microwave.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution while homogenizing the solution at 20,000 rpm until clear fuel is observed. During the homogenization, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemaulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Heat the mixture in a jar up to 120 F (−49 C) in an oven, and then mix the above mixture at 10,000 rpm for 10 mins using our high speed mixer in WH 125 (or kitchen blender). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step. In this step, please don't use sonication or microwave. Later we can use microwave and induction heater to heat up the solution.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution while high speed mixing the solution at 10,000 rpm until clear fuel is observed. During the mixing, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 40 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Heat up the mixture in a jar up to 120 F (−48 C) in an oven, and then sonicate for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step. Heating solution to −48 C will help us make the clear nanoemulsion faster.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution at 48 C while sonication with our 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N) until clear fuel is observed. During the mixing, pay attention about the color changes in the nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 15 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 4 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 24 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 4 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 39 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span
-
- 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 6 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 39 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 4 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 14 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 0.67 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 2.67 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 39 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 5.34 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 14 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 0.5 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 1 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 14 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 3 and 5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 0.5 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 2 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 14 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span
-
- 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 3.5 g Ethylene Glycol
- Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 14 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 3.5 g Ethylene Glycol
- High speed homogenize the above mixture for 10 mins at 20,000 and 48 C. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using high speed homogenization. At this stage, increase the high speed homogenization. Increasing homogenization time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 24 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 4 g Ethylene Glycol
- High speed homogenize the above mixture for 10 mins at 20,000 and 48 C. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using high speed homogenization. At this stage, increase the high speed homogenization. Increasing homogenization time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 39 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 5.34 g Ethylene Glycol
- High speed homogenize the above mixture for 10 mins at 20,000 and 48 C. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using high speed homogenization. At this stage, increase the high speed homogenization. Increasing homogenization time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 39 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 5.34 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of Octanol
- High speed homogenize the above mixture for 10 mins at 20,000 and 48 C. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step. Cool it down to room temperature before sonication in the second step.
- Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
-
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 39 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 5.34 g Ethylene Glycol 2 drops of Octanol
- High speed homogenize the above mixture for 1 minute at 20,000 and 45 C (microwave oven). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 12 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weight (about −12.5 g), add this 12.5 g into the previous solution and hand shake till temperature is reduced from 45 C to room temperature (21 C) (No sonication in this step). During the cooling and hand shaking, use ice bath (immersing the jar into water/ice mixture) to get clear nanoemulsion fuel. Make sure that don't keep the jar in the ice water longer, which may get gelated at lower temperature.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 14 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 3.5 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of Octanol
- High speed homogenize the above mixture for 1 minute at 20,000 and 45 C (microwave oven). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 5.5 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weight (about ˜6 g), add this 6 g into the previous solution and hand shake till temperature is reduced from 45 C to room temperature (21 C) (No sonication in this step). During the cooling and hand shaking, use ice bath (immersing the jar into water/ice mixture) to get clear nanoemulsion fuel. Make sure that don't keep the jar in the ice water longer, which may get gelated at lower temperature.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 24 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 4 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of Octanol
- High speed homogenize the above mixture for 1 minute at 20,000 and 45 C (microwave oven). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.
- Step #2: Take 8.5 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), weigh them to find the actual weight (about ˜9 g), add this 9 g into the previous solution and hand shake till temperature is reduced from 45 C to room temperature (21 C) (No sonication in this step). During the cooling and hand shaking, use ice bath (immersing the jar into water/ice mixture) to get clear nanoemulsion fuel. Make sure that don't keep the jar in the ice water longer, which may get gelated at lower temperature. Note that if you heat too much (above 55-60 C) with microwave oven, it destroys the nanoemulsion systems and makes the nanofuel cloudy.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 39 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 12.5 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio)
- 1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 5.34 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of Octanol
- Step #2: Heat the above solution in the glass jar up to 45-50 C with microwave (or up to milky level temperature), and hand shake while cooling it down to 2 1 C for 4-5 minutes in an ice bath (or use freezer). It can produce stable nanoemulsions.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:
- 35 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)
- 24 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 9 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 4 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of Octanol
- This test can eliminate step two process for a better prototype development.
- Step #2: Heat the above solution in the glass jar up to 45-50° C. with microwave (or up to milky level temperature), and hand shake while cooling it down to 21° C. for 4-5 minutes in an ice bath (or use freezer). It can produce stable nanoemulsions.
- Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50° C. and −8° C. in freezer to determine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, and viscosity changes.
- Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conducted to determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 39 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 5.34 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of Octanol
- Heat it up to 50 C in microwave, and hand shake for a couple minutes.
- Step #2: Add 12.5 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio) into the previous solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.
- Step #3: Put this solution in the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup, place into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm, 96 kPa vacuum and 3 minutes of mixing.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 24 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 4 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of Octanol
- Heat it up to 50 C in microwave, and hand shake for a couple minutes.
- Step #2: Add 9 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio) into the previous solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.
- Step #3: This solution was placed in a Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup, placed into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm, 96 kPa vacuum for 3 minutes of mixing.
- Results: The above emulsion was mixed well, and test results were as good at the beginning and then nanoemulsion got cloudy after 2-3 weeks later at room temperature. At low temperatures (0-15° C.), it got cloudy easily. This was deemed a failed test.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 14 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 1 g Hexadecane (HD)
- 3.5 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of Octanol
- Heat it up to 50 C in microwave, and hand shake for a couple minutes.
- Step #2: Add 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio) into the previous solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.
- Step #3: This solution was placed in a Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup, placed into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm, 96 kPa vacuum for 3 minutes of mixing.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 14 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 3.5 g Ethylene Glycol
- 2 drops of Octanol
- Heat it up to 50 C in microwave, and hand shake for a couple minutes.
- Step #2: Add 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:3 weight ratio) into the previous solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.
- Step #3: This solution was placed in a Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup, placed into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm, 96 kPa vacuum for 3 minutes of mixing.
- Note that in Test 187, 2 drops of octanol was not used because of the absence of bubbles in nanofuel.
- Step #1: Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:
- 35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)
- 24 g Filtered Brita® Water
- 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)
- 4 g Ethylene Glycol
- Heat it up to 50 C in microwave, and hand shake for a couple minutes.
- Step #2: Add 9 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:2 weight ratio) into the previous solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.
- Step #3: Put this solution in the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup, place into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm and 96 kPa for 3 minutes of mixing. You can try other speeds, vacuums and mixing times later to get better nanofuels.
Claims (20)
1. A clear nanoemulsion fuel that is 20 to 40 weight percent water resulting from the following steps:
providing an oleaginous base fuel;
adding water in an amount of 20 to 40 weight percent to said resulting clear nanoemulsion fuel;
providing a first surfactant mixture comprising, in substantially equal weight ratios, polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether, sorbitan monooleate, and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate;
adding the first surfactant mixture to the water and the base fuel;
high-speed mixing the first surfactant mixture, water, and base fuel mixture at a temperature between 40 and 50 degrees Celsius to create a homogeneous milky product cooled to room temperature;
providing a second surfactant mixture comprising in substantially equal weight ratios polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate and sorbitan monooleate;
adding the second surfactant mixture to the homogeneous milky product;
high-speed mixing the second surfactant mixture and the homogeneous milky product at a temperature between 40 and 50 degrees Celsius; and
continuing to mix the second surfactant mixture and the homogeneous milky product mixture while cooling the mixture to between 20 and 25 degrees Celsius to create said clear nanoemulsion fuel.
2. The clear nanoemulsion fuel of claim 1 wherein the step of adding the first surfactant mixture to the water and the base fuel further comprises adding a first additive of ethylene glycol and a second additive of hexadecane.
3. The clear nanoemulsion fuel of claim 1 wherein the base fuel is selected from the group consisting of diesel, biodiesel, gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil, synthetic oil, fuel oil, bunker oil, jet oil, and Fuel #4.
4. A nanoemulsion fuel comprising:
an external oleaginous phase comprised of base fuel more than 35 weight percent but less than 80 weight percent;
an internal aqueous phase comprised of water more than 10 weight percent but less than 50 wt percent; and
a surfactant mixture comprising a first nonionic surfactant, a second nonionic surfactant and a third nonionic surfactant in substantially equal weight ratios, wherein the first surfactant has a HLB value above 11, the second surfactant has a HLB value below 5, and the third surfactant has a HLB value above 11.
5. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 4 further comprising:
a first additive comprising an alkane glycol less than 7 weight percent.
6. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 4 further comprising:
a second additive comprising an alkane hydrocarbon less than 3 weight percent.
7. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 4 wherein the first surfactant comprises a hydrophilic polyethylene oxide chain and an aromatic hydrocarbon lipophilic or hydrophobic group.
8. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 7 wherein the second surfactant and the third surfactant are derived from sorbitol and a fatty acid.
9. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 8 wherein the third surfactant is polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate and the second surfactant is sorbitan monooleate.
10. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 9 wherein the nanoemulsion is mixed with a second surfactant mixture comprised of the first surfactant and the second surfactant to form a stable nanoemulsion fuel.
11. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 10 wherein the base fuel is selected from diesel, biodiesel, gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil, synthetic oil, fuel oil, bunker oil, jet oil, and Fuel #4.
12. A nanoemulsion fuel comprising:
an external oleaginous phase comprised of base fuel;
an internal aqueous phase comprised of water; and
a surfactant mixture comprised of a plurality of surfactants, the first surfactant derived from ethylene oxide, the second surfactant and the third surfactant are detergents having a fatty acid.
13. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 12 further comprising:
a first additive comprising an alkane glycol less than 7 weight percent.
14. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 12 further comprising:
a second additive comprising an alkane hydrocarbon less than 3 weight percent.
15. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 12 wherein the first surfactant comprises a hydrophilic polyethylene oxide chain and an aromatic hydrocarbon lipophilic or hydrophobic group.
16. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 15 wherein the second surfactant and the third surfactant are derived from sorbitol and a fatty acid.
17. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 16 wherein the third surfactant is polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate and the second surfactant is sorbitan monooleate.
18. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 17 wherein a nanoemulsion is formed from mixing the base fuel and water with a first surfactant mixture comprising equal weight percentages of the first, second and third surfactants.
19. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 18 wherein the nanoemulsion is mixed with a second surfactant mixture comprised of the first surfactant and the second surfactant to form a stable nanoemulsion fuel.
20. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 19 wherein the base fuel is selected from diesel, biodiesel, gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil, synthetic oil, fuel oil, bunker oil, jet oil, and Fuel #4, and further wherein the weight percentage of water is at least 10 percent.
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US202016639638A | 2020-02-17 | 2020-02-17 | |
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US20130118058A1 (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2013-05-16 | Thu Thi Le Nguyen | Diesel microemulsion biofuels |
US9303228B2 (en) * | 2014-05-15 | 2016-04-05 | Seachange Group Llc | Biodiesel glycerol emulsion fuel mixtures |
US10316264B2 (en) * | 2014-11-10 | 2019-06-11 | Eme International Limited | Water in diesel oil fuel micro-emulsions |
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