US20230022390A1 - Vectors for Liver-Directed Gene Therapy of Hemophilia and Methods and Use Thereof - Google Patents

Vectors for Liver-Directed Gene Therapy of Hemophilia and Methods and Use Thereof Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20230022390A1
US20230022390A1 US17/812,951 US202217812951A US2023022390A1 US 20230022390 A1 US20230022390 A1 US 20230022390A1 US 202217812951 A US202217812951 A US 202217812951A US 2023022390 A1 US2023022390 A1 US 2023022390A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
vector
hemophilia
fix
liver
mvm
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
US17/812,951
Inventor
Thierry Vandendriessche
Marinee Chuah
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel VUB
Original Assignee
Vrije Universiteit Brussel VUB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/EP2012/071297 external-priority patent/WO2014063753A1/en
Application filed by Vrije Universiteit Brussel VUB filed Critical Vrije Universiteit Brussel VUB
Priority to US17/812,951 priority Critical patent/US20230022390A1/en
Assigned to Vrije Universiteit Brussell reassignment Vrije Universiteit Brussell ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHUAH, MARINEE, VANDENDRIESSCHE, THIERRY
Publication of US20230022390A1 publication Critical patent/US20230022390A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
    • A61K48/005—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'active' part of the composition delivered, i.e. the nucleic acid delivered
    • A61K48/0058—Nucleic acids adapted for tissue specific expression, e.g. having tissue specific promoters as part of a contruct
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/36—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/36—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
    • A61K38/37—Factors VIII
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
    • A61K38/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • A61K38/482—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • A61K38/4846—Factor VII (3.4.21.21); Factor IX (3.4.21.22); Factor Xa (3.4.21.6); Factor XI (3.4.21.27); Factor XII (3.4.21.38)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
    • A61K48/005—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'active' part of the composition delivered, i.e. the nucleic acid delivered
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/04—Antihaemorrhagics; Procoagulants; Haemostatic agents; Antifibrinolytic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
    • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2750/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssDNA viruses
    • C12N2750/00011—Details
    • C12N2750/14011—Parvoviridae
    • C12N2750/14311—Parvovirus, e.g. minute virus of mice
    • C12N2750/14341—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
    • C12N2750/14343—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2799/00—Uses of viruses
    • C12N2799/02—Uses of viruses as vector
    • C12N2799/021—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid
    • C12N2799/025—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid where the vector is derived from a parvovirus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2830/00—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription
    • C12N2830/008—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription cell type or tissue specific enhancer/promoter combination
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2830/00—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription
    • C12N2830/42—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription being an intron or intervening sequence for splicing and/or stability of RNA

Definitions

  • the invention relates to expression vectors for gene therapy with improved liver-specific expression capabilities, particularly for use as a gene therapy means for the treatment of hemophilia, more particularly for restoring coagulation factor IX (FIX) and/or coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) in liver-directed gene therapy of respectively, hemophilia B and hemophilia A.
  • FIX coagulation factor IX
  • FVIII coagulation factor VIII
  • Hemophilia B is an X-linked, recessive bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of clotting factor IX (FIX).
  • FIX clotting factor IX
  • the clinical presentation for hemophilia B is characterized by episodes of spontaneous and prolonged bleeding. There are an estimated 1 in 20,000 individuals who suffer from hemophilia B.
  • hemophilia B is treated with protein replacement therapy using either plasma-derived or recombinant FIX.
  • FIX protein replacement markedly improved the life expectancy of patients suffering from hemophilia, they are still at risk for severe bleeding episodes and chronic joint damage, since prophylactic treatment is restricted by the short half-life, the limited availability and the high cost of purified FIX, which can approach 100.000$/patient/year.
  • Hemophilia A is a serious bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in, or complete absence of, the blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII).
  • the severity of hemophilia A and hemophilia B has been classified by the subcommittee on Factor VIII and Factor IX of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis into three forms, depending on respectively, the FVIII level and the FIX level: 1) severe form (FVIII or FIX level less than 0.01 international units (IU)/ml, i.e. less than 1% of normal FVIII or FIX level), 2) moderate form (FVIII or FIX level from 0.01 to 0.05 IU/ml, i.e.
  • Hemophilia A is the most common hereditary coagulation disorder with an incidence approaching approximately 1 in 5000 males.
  • Protein substitution therapy with purified or recombinant FVIII has significantly improved the patients' quality of life.
  • PST is not curative and patients are still at risk of developing potentially life-threatening hemorrhages and crippling joint inflammation.
  • many patients suffering from hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies to FVIII (i.e. “inhibitors”) following PST. These inhibitors complicate the management of bleeding episodes and can render further PST ineffective.
  • Inhibitors neutralizing antibodies to FVIII
  • These limitations of PST justify the development of gene therapy as a potential alternative for hemophilia treatment.
  • only a modest increase in FVIII plasma concentration is needed for therapeutic benefit, with levels of more than 1% of normal levels able to achieve markedly reduced rates of spontaneous bleeding and long-term arthropathy.
  • the liver is the main physiological site of FIX and FVIII synthesis and hence, hepatocytes are well suited target cells for hemophilia gene therapy. From this location, FIX protein can easily enter into the circulation. Moreover, the hepatic niche may favor the induction of immune tolerance towards the transgene product (Annoni et al., 2007; Follenzi et al., 2004; Brown et al., 2007; Herzog et al., 1999; Matrai et al., 2011; Matsui et al., 2009).
  • Liver-directed gene therapy for hemophilia can be accomplished with different viral vectors including retroviral (Axelrod et al., 1990; Kay et al., 1992; VandenDriessche et al., 1999, Xu et al., 2003, 2005), lentiviral (Ward et al., 2011, Brown et al., 2007, Matrai et al., 2011), adeno-associated viral (AAV) (Herzog et al., 1999) and adenoviral vectors (Brown et al., 2004)(Ehrhardt & Kay, 2002).
  • retroviral Anaxelrod et al., 1990; Kay et al., 1992; VandenDriessche et al., 1999, Xu et al., 2003, 2005
  • lentiviral Ward et al., 2011, Brown et al., 2007, Matrai et al., 2011
  • AAV adeno-associated viral
  • AAV vectors have a favorable safety profile and are capable of achieving persistent transgene expression. Long-term expression is predominantly mediated by episomally retained AAV genomes. More than 90% of the stably transduced vector genomes are extra-chromosomal, mostly organized as high-molecular-weight concatamers. Therefore, the risk of insertional oncogenesis is minimal, especially in the context of hemophilia gene therapy where no selective expansion of transduced cells is expected to occur. Nevertheless, oncogenic events have been reported following AAV-based gene transfer (Donsante et al., 2007) but it has been difficult to reproduce these findings in other model systems (Li et al., 2011). The major limitation of AAV vectors is the limited packaging capacity of the vector particles (i.e.
  • AAV-mediated hepatic gene transfer is an attractive alternative for gene therapy of hemophilia for both liver and muscle-directed gene therapy (Herzog et al., 1997, 1999, 2002; Arruda et al., 2010; Fields et al., 2001; Buchlis et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 2006; Kay et al., 2000).
  • AAV serotypes could be used (e.g. AAV8 or AAV5) that result in increased transduction into hepatocytes, improve intra-nuclear vector import and reduce the risk of T cell activation (Gao et al., 2002; Vandenberghe et al., 2006). Liver-directed gene therapy for hemophilia B with AAV8 or AAV9 is more efficient than when lentiviral vectors are used, at least in mice, and resulted in less inflammation (VandenDriessche et al., 2007, 2002).
  • liver-directed preclinical studies paved the way toward the use of AAV vectors for clinical gene therapy in patients suffering from severe hemophilia B.
  • Hepatic delivery of AAV-FIX vectors resulted in transient therapeutic FIX levels (maximum 12% of normal levels) in subjects receiving AAV-FIX by hepatic artery catheterization (Kay et al., 2000).
  • the transduced hepatocytes were able to present AAV capsid-derived antigens in association with MHC class I to T cells (Manno et al., 2006, Mingozzi et al., 2007). Although antigen presentation was modest, it was sufficient to flag the transduced hepatocytes for T cell-mediated destruction.
  • AAV8 allows for a substantial increase in hepatic transduction compared to AAV2, though this advantage may be lost in higher species, like dog, rhesus monkeys and man.
  • Subjects received escalating doses of the scAAV8-FIX vector, with two participants per dose. All of the treated subjects expressed FIX above the therapeutic 1% threshold for several months after vector administration, yielding sustained variable expression levels (i.e. 2 to 11% of normal levels).
  • sustained variable expression levels i.e. 2 to 11% of normal levels.
  • the main difference with the previous liver-directed AAV trial is that for the first time sustained therapeutic FIX levels could be achieved after gene therapy.
  • T-cell mediated clearance of AAV-transduced hepatocytes remains a concern consistent with elevated liver enzyme levels in some of the patients. Transient immune suppression using a short course of glucocorticoids was used in an attempt to limit this vector-specific immune response.
  • FVIII constructs in which the B domain is deleted are used for gene transfer purposes since their smaller size is more easily incorporated into vectors. Furthermore, it has been shown that deletion of the B domain leads to a 17-fold increase in mRNA and primary translation product.
  • FVIII wherein the B domain is deleted and replaced by a short 14-amino acid linker is currently produced as a recombinant product and marketed as Refacto® for clinical use (Wyeth Pharma) (Sandberg et al., 2001).
  • Miao et al. added back a short B domain sequence to a B domain deleted FVIII, optimally 226 amino acids and retaining 6 sites for N-linked glycosylation, to improve secretion.
  • McIntosh et al. (2013) replaced the 226 amino-acid spacer of Miao et al. with a 17 amino-acid peptide in which six glycosylation triplets from the B-domain were juxtaposed. Yet, production was still not sufficient for therapeutic purposes
  • Non-viral vectors typically rely on a plasmid-based gene delivery system, where only the naked DNA is delivered, potentially in conjunction with physicochemical methods that facilitate transfection. Consequently, the non-viral approach maybe less immunogenic and potentially safer than viral vectors, though innate immune response may still occur.
  • the non-viral gene transfer method is simple, but the efficiency is generally low compared to most viral vector-mediated gene transfer approaches. Efficient in vivo gene delivery of non-viral vectors remains a bottleneck. Typically, for hepatic gene delivery, plasmids are administered by hydrodynamic injection.
  • a hydrodynamic pressure is generated by rapid injection of a large volume of DNA solution into the circulation, in order to deliver the gene of interest in the liver (Miao et al., 2000).
  • Efforts are being made to adapt hydrodynamic injection towards a clinically relevant modality by reducing the volume of injection along with maintaining localized hydrodynamic pressure for gene transfer.
  • Alternative approaches based on targetable nanoparticles are being explored to achieve target specific delivery of FIX into hepatocytes. Expression could be prolonged by removing bacterial backbone sequences which interfere with long term expression (i.e. mini-circle DNA)
  • transposons could be used that result in stable genomic transgene integration.
  • transposons could be used to obtain stable clotting factor expression following in vivo gene therapy (Yant et al., 2000; Mates, Chuah et al., 2009, VandenDriessche et al., 2009; Kren et al., 2009; Ohlfest et al., 2004).
  • FIX liver-specific expression of FIX
  • WO2009/130208 An exemplary state of the art vector for liver-specific expression of FIX is described in WO2009/130208 and is composed of a single-stranded AAV vector that contains the TTR/Serp regulatory sequences driving a factor cDNA.
  • a FIX first intron was included in the vector, together with a poly-adenylation signal.
  • Using said improved vector yielded about 25-30% stable circulating factor IX.
  • FIX transgenes optimized for codon usage and carrying an R338L amino acid substitution associated with clotting hyperactivity and thrombophilia increase the efficacy of gene therapy using lentiviral vector up to 15-fold in hemophilia B mice, without detectable adverse effects, substantially reducing the dose requirement for reaching therapeutic efficacy and thus facilitating future scale up and its clinical translation (Cantore et al., 2012).
  • the above objective is accomplished by providing a vector, either a viral vector, in particular an AAV-based vector, or a non-viral vector, in particular a transposon-based vector, comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette with specific regulatory elements that enhance liver-directed gene expression, while retaining tissue specificity, in conjunction with the use of a human FIX gene containing a hyper-activating mutation and/or a codon-optimized transgene.
  • the resulting vector and nucleic acid expression cassette results in unexpectedly high expression levels of FIX in the liver, due to its unique combination of regulatory elements and the choice of vector type and transgene. The combined effect of these elements could not have been predicted.
  • the given AAV-based vector yielded about 25-30% stable circulating factor IX.
  • the new vector obtained 500-600% of stable circulating factor IX levels. This represents a more than 20-fold increase in FIX levels due to the unique combination of elements of the nucleic acid expression cassette and vector of the present invention.
  • Example 7 specific combinations of the Serpin enhancer (called “Serp” or “SerpEnh” herein) with codon-optimized hFIX transgene or the Serpin enhancer with transgene encoding hFIX containing the Padua mutation provide for synergistic effects on FIX activity.
  • Serpin Serpin enhancer
  • SerpinEnh codon-optimized hFIX transgene
  • the highest hFIX activity was measured in mice hydrodynamically injected with a plasmid comprising the unique combination of the Serpin enhancer with a codon-optimized transgene encoding hFIX containing the Padua mutation.
  • hFIX activity in these mice was up to 265-fold higher as compared to hFIX activity in mice injected with a corresponding hFIX plasmid without the Serpin enhancer, the codon-optimization and the Padua mutation. This increase in hFIX activity was shown to be synergistic.
  • this objective is accomplished by providing a vector either a viral vector, in particular an AAV-based vector, or a non-viral vector, in particular a transposon-based vector, comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette with specific regulatory elements that enhance liver-directed gene expression, while retaining tissue specificity, in particular the Serpin enhancer, in conjunction with the use of a codon-optimized human FVIII construct, in particular a codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII construct.
  • the resulting AAV-based vector and nucleic acid expression cassette resulted in unprecedented, supra-physiologic FVIII expression levels (i.e. more than 200% of normal level) using relatively low vector doses (5 ⁇ 10 9 vg/mouse).
  • Example 6 The inventors demonstrated in Example 6 that the specific combination of the Serpin enhancer with the codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII transgene provides for a synergistic effect on FVIII expression levels compared to expression cassettes containing either the Serpin enhancer or the codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII transgene.
  • Example 5 The inventors further demonstrated in Example 5 that the inclusion of the MVM intron into the nucleic acid expression cassettes disclosed herein provides for unexpectedly increased expression of the transgene operably linked thereto.
  • the invention therefore provides the following aspects:
  • a vector comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a liver-specific regulatory element, a promoter, optionally a minute virus of mouse (MVM) intron, a transgene, preferably a codon-optimized transgene, and a transcriptional termination signal.
  • VMM minute virus of mouse
  • Aspect 2 The vector according to aspect 1, wherein said transgene encodes for factor VIII or factor IX.
  • Aspect 3 The vector according to aspect 2, wherein said coagulation factor VIII has a deletion of the B domain.
  • Aspect 4 The vector according to aspect 3, wherein said B domain of said FVIII is replaced by a linker having SEQ ID NO:16.
  • Aspect 5 The vector according to aspect 2, wherein said coagulation factor IX contains a hyper-activating mutation.
  • Aspect 6 The vector according to aspect 5, wherein said hyper-activating mutation in coagulation factor IX corresponds to an R338L amino acid substitution.
  • Aspect 7 The vector according to any one of aspects 2 to 6, wherein said transgene encoding for coagulation factor VIII or IX is codon-optimized.
  • Aspect 8 The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, or 7, wherein said transgene encoding for coagulation factor VIII has SEQ ID NO:7.
  • Aspect 9 The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 8, wherein said liver-specific regulatory element contains sequences from the serpin promoter.
  • liver-specific regulatory element comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO:8, or a sequence having 95% identity to said sequence, preferably wherein said liver-specific regulatory element is the Serpin enhancer.
  • Aspect 11 The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 10, wherein said promoter is derived from the transthyretin (TTR) promoter, preferably the minimal TTR promotor.
  • TTR transthyretin
  • Aspect 12 The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein said transcriptional termination signal is derived from the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal or from the Simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal.
  • Aspect 13 The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein said vector is a viral vector.
  • Aspect 14 The vector according to aspect 13, wherein said vector is derived from an adeno-associated virus (AAV), preferably AAV serotype 9.
  • AAV adeno-associated virus
  • Aspect 15 The vector according to aspect 14, wherein said vector is a single-stranded AAV, preferably single-stranded AAV serotype 9.
  • Aspect 16 The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, 7 to 15, having SEQ ID NO: 6, or the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 7, 9 to 15, or 17, having SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.
  • Aspect 17 The vector according to aspect 14, wherein said vector is a self-complementary AAV, preferably self-complementary AAV serotype 9.
  • Aspect 18 The vector according to any one of claims 1 to 12 , wherein said vector is a non-viral vector.
  • Aspect 19 The vector according to aspect 18, wherein said vector is a transposon-based vector.
  • Aspect 20 The vector according to aspect 19, wherein said vector is a PiggyBac(PB)-based vector, such as the PB-based vector having SEQ ID NO:13, preferably a PiggyBac-based vector comprising micro inverted repeats, more preferably the PB-based vector having SEQ ID NO: 14 or 15, or a Sleeping Beauty(SB)-based vector, preferably the SB-based vector having SEQ ID NO:16.
  • PB PiggyBac-based vector
  • PB-based vector having SEQ ID NO:13 preferably a PiggyBac-based vector comprising micro inverted repeats, more preferably the PB-based vector having SEQ ID NO: 14 or 15, or a Sleeping Beauty(SB)-based vector, preferably the SB-based vector having SEQ ID NO:16.
  • a method to obtain levels of factor VIII in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml plasma in a subject comprising the transduction or transfection of the vector according to any one of claims 1 to 4 , 7 to 20 into a subject.
  • Aspect 22 The method according to aspect 21, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of claims 1 to 4 , 7 to 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than 2.5 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg.
  • a method to obtain levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml plasma in a subject comprising the transduction or transfection of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 to 20 into a subject.
  • Aspect 24 The method according to aspect 23, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than 2 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 24 The method according to aspect 23, used to obtain levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 100 mU/ml in a subject, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than or equal than 6 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 25 The method according to aspect 23, used to obtain levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 50 mU/ml in a subject, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than or equal than 6 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 26 The method according to aspect 23, used to obtain levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 200 mU/ml in a subject, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than or equal than 2 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 27 The method according to aspect 23, used to obtain levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 150 mU/ml in a subject, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of claims 1 , 2 , 5 to 15 , 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than or equal than 2 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 28 The method according to any one of aspects 21 to 27, wherein said transduction or transfection is by intravenous administration.
  • Aspect 29 The method according to any one of aspects 21 or 23, wherein said transfection is by hydrodynamic transfection.
  • Aspect 30 The method according to any one of aspects 21, 23, 28 or 29, wherein a vector according to any one of aspects 19 or 20 is administered in combination with a vector encoding a transposase, preferably a hyperactive transposase.
  • Aspect 31 The method according to any one of aspects 21 to 30, wherein said subject is a mammalian subject, preferably a human subject.
  • Aspect 32 A method for treating hemophilia A in a mammalian subject, comprising performing the method according to any one of aspects 21, 22, 28 to 31.
  • Aspect 33 The use of the vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, 7 to 20 for the manufacture of a medicament to treat hemophilia A.
  • Aspect 34 The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, 7 to 20 for use in the treatment of hemophilia A.
  • Aspect 35 A method for treating hemophilia B in a mammalian subject, comprising performing the method according to any one of aspects 23 to 31.
  • Aspect 36 The use of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 to 20 for the manufacture of a medicament to treat hemophilia B.
  • Aspect 37 The vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 to 20 for use in the treatment of hemophilia B.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, 7 to 20 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, optionally further comprising an active ingredient for treating hemophilia A.
  • Aspect 39 The pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 38 for use in treating hemophilia A.
  • Aspect 40 The pharmaceutical composition for use according to aspect 39, or the vector for use according to aspect 34, wherein said treatment results in levels of factor VIII in plasma of the treated subject that are equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml plasma in a subject.
  • Aspect 41 The pharmaceutical composition for use according to any one of aspects 39 or 40, or the vector for use according to any one of aspects 34 or 40, wherein said treatment comprises the transduction of the vector according to any one of claims 1 to 4 , 7 to 17 into the subject at a dose lower than or equal than 2.5 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 to 20 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, optionally further comprising an active ingredient for treating hemophilia B.
  • Aspect 43 The pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 42, for use in treating hemophilia B.
  • Aspect 44 The pharmaceutical composition for use according to aspect 43, or the vector for use according to aspect 37, wherein said treatment results in levels of factor IX in plasma of the treated subject that are equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml plasma in a subject, preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 50 mU/ml plasma in a subject, more preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 100 mU/ml plasma in a subject, even more preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 150 mU/ml plasma in a subject and even more preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 200 mU/ml plasma in a subject.
  • the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml plasma in a subject preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 50 mU/ml plasma in a subject, more preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 100 mU/ml plasma in a subject, even more preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 150 mU/ml
  • Aspect 45 The pharmaceutical composition for use according to aspect 43 or 44, or the vector for use according to aspect 37 or 44, wherein said treatment comprises the transduction of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 to 20 into the subject at a dose lower than or equal than 2 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, preferably at a dose lower than or equal than 6 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg, more preferably at a dose lower than or equal than 2 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg.
  • FIG. 1 A shows a schematic diagram of the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX construct (pdsAAVsc SerpTTRmMVMF9coptpA) with indication where the liver-specific Serpin regulatory element (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) is inserted upstream of the transthyretin minimal promoter (TTRm).
  • TTRm transthyretin minimal promoter
  • ITR viral inverted terminal repeat
  • mTTR minimal transthyretin promoter
  • MVM minute virus mouse
  • huFIXcoptMT codon-optimized FIX
  • bGHpA polyadenylation signal of bovine growth hormone
  • FIG. 1 B shows the sequence of the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX construct (SEQ ID No. 1) and FIG. 1 C ) shows the sequence of the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L construct (SEQ ID No. 2).
  • FIG. 2 shows FIX activity after intravenous injection of AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX construct (pdsAAVsc SerpTTRmMVMF9coptpA) or AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L construct in FIX-deficient hemophilia B mice.
  • AAV vectors expressing either the human codon-optimized FIX cDNA were designated as AAV-co-hFIX or the human codon-optimized FIX-R338L cDNA as AAV-co-padua-hFIX.
  • hFIX activity levels were determined using a chromogenic activity assay on citrated plasma. Mice were injected with different vectors dose of the cognate self-complementary AAV9 vectors (10 9 vg, 5 ⁇ 10 9 vg, 2 ⁇ 10 10 vg).
  • FIG. 3 A shows a schematic representation of the AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vector.
  • the expression cassette was packaged in a self-complimentary (sc) adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9), flanked by the 5′ and 3′ AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITR).
  • the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter drives the codon-optimized human FIX with R338L mutation (co-hFIX-R338L) transgene.
  • the hepatocyte-specific regulatory elements (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) are located upstream of the TTRm promoter.
  • FIG. 3 B shows a schematic representation of a control vector AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX, which is identical to the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vector, but the transgene, codon-optimized hFIX, does not contain the R338L mutation.
  • FIG. 3 C compares the R338L or Padua mutation in human FIX fragment (SEQ ID NO:23), making hFIX hyper-functional, with human FIX fragment (SEQ ID NO:24).
  • FIGS. 4 A- 4 K Evaluation of codon-optimized and hyper-functional FIX transgenes by AAV9 delivery in hemophilic mice. Mice were intravenously administered 1 ⁇ 10 9 vg/mouse ( FIG. 4 A , FIG. 4 B ), 5 ⁇ 10 9 vg/mouse ( FIG. 4 C , FIG. 4 D ) or 2 ⁇ 10 10 vg/mouse ( FIG. 4 E , FIG.
  • FIG. 4 F of AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L (indicated as cohFIX-R338L) or AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX- (indicated as cohFIX) vector.
  • hFIX activity FIG. 4 A , FIG. 4 C , FIG. 4 E
  • hFIX protein FIG. 4 B , FIG. 4 D , FIG. 4 F
  • hFIX expression hFIX protein was compared to the corresponding FIX clotting activity.
  • D-dimer levels and hFIX activity were determined in mice injected with AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L (indicated as AAV cohFIX R338L) or AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX (indicated as AAV cohFIX) vector at the indicated doses and compared to non-injected control mice.
  • D-dimer levels were determined by ELISA and hFIX activity was analyzed by chromogenic assay. The D-dimer positive control is shown. Results are presented as mean ⁇ SEM.
  • FIG. 5 A , FIG. 5 B AAV copy number relative to 100 ng of genomic DNA was determined for both constructs at a dose of 1 ⁇ 10 9 vg/mouse ( FIG. 5 A ) and 5 ⁇ 10 9 vg/mouse ( FIG. 5 B ).
  • FIG. 5 C Quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR analysis of hFIX mRNA levels in the different organs expressed relative to hFIX mRNA levels in the liver for both constructs at a dose of 1 ⁇ 10 9 vg/mouse ( FIG. 5 C ) and 5 ⁇ 10 9 vg/mouse ( FIG. 5 D ). GAPDH was used for normalization. Results are presented as mean ⁇ SEM. *: p ⁇ 0.05, **: p ⁇ 0.01, ***: p ⁇ 0.001 (t-test).
  • FIG. 6 A shows a schematic representation of AAVss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-sv40 pA vector.
  • the expression cassette was packaged in a single-stranded (ss) adeno-associated virus, flanked by the 5′ and 3′ AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITR).
  • the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter regulates transcription of the human codon-optimized B-domain deleted FVIII cDNA (hFVIIIcopt).
  • the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) is cloned upstream of the TTRm promoter.
  • FIG. 6 B shows a schematic of the AAVss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-sv40 pA construct (AAVss-SerpTTRm-MVM-FVIIIcopt-sv40 pA) with indication where the liver-specific Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) is inserted upstream of the transthyretin minimal promoter (TTRm).
  • Serp liver-specific Serpin enhancer
  • FIG. 6 C shows the sequence of the AAVss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-sv40 pA construct (SEQ ID NO. 6).
  • flanking inverted terminal repeat sequences are indicated in italics, the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) in bold (72 bp), the minimal transthyretin promoter (TTRm) is underlined (202 bp), the mTTR/5′ untranslated region is boxed (21 bp), the MVM intron is in italics and underlined (92 bp), the codon-optimized B domain deleted hFVIII (hFVIIIcopt) underlined and in bold (4377 bp), and the SV40 polyadenylation sequence is in italics and bold and underlined (134 bp).
  • Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh” in bold (72 bp)
  • TTRm minimal transthyretin promoter
  • mTTR/5′ untranslated region is boxed (21 bp)
  • the MVM intron is in italics and underlined (92
  • FIG. 6 D Nucleotide sequence of codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII (SEQ ID NO: 7).
  • FIG. 6 E Nucleotide sequence of the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) (SEQ ID NO: 8).
  • FIG. 6 F Nucleotide sequence of the minimal transthyretin promoter (TTRm) (SEQ ID NO: 9).
  • FIG. 6 G Nucleotide sequence of the minute virus mouse (MVM) intron (SEQ ID NO: 10).
  • FIG. 6 H Nucleotide sequence of the SV40 polyadenylation signal (SV40polyA) (SEQ ID NO: 11).
  • FIG. 7 shows FVIII expression levels in CB17.SCID mice in function of time (days) following intravenous injection with AAVss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-sv40 pA (5 ⁇ 10 9 vg/mouse).
  • FVIII levels were determined using a hFVIII-specific ELISA and are expressed as a percentage of normal levels (i.e. physiological level of human FVIII of 200 ng/ml or 1 IU/ml of FVIII in a normal individual) and in ng/ml plasma.
  • FIG. 8 A shows a schematic of the plasmid pcDNA3_mouseCO_hyPiggyBac_Transposase_MT encoding codon-optimized hyperactive PiggyBac (PB) transposase.
  • FIG. 8 B Nucleotide sequence of the pcDNA3_mouseCO_hyPiggyBac_Transposase_MT plasmid (SEQ ID NO:12).
  • FIG. 8 C shows a schematic of the PB_Minimal_T_(T53C-C136T)_D4Z4_TTRminSerpMVM_hFVIIIcopt_SV40 pA_D4Z4 transposon.
  • the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter is operably linked to the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) to regulate transcription of the human codon-optimized B-domain deleted FVIII cDNA (FVIIIcopt).
  • Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”
  • the minute virus of mouse mini-intron (MVM) and SV40 polyadenylation signal (SV40 pA) are indicated.
  • FIG. 8 D Nucleotide sequence of the PB_Minimal_T_(T53C-C136T)_D4Z4_TTRminSerpMVM_hFVIIIcopt_SV40 pA_D4Z4 transposon (SEQ ID NO:13).
  • FIG. 8 E schematically shows the PB_micro_T_No_ins_TTRminSerpMVM_FIXco_bghpA transposon. Codon-optimized human FIX expression is driven from the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter operably linked to the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”). The minute virus of mouse mini-intron (MVM) and bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal (bghpA) are indicated.
  • FIG. 8 F Nucleotide sequence of the PB_micro_T_No_ins_TTRminSerpMVM_FIXco_bghpA transposon (SEQ ID NO:14).
  • FIG. 8 G schematically shows the PB_micro_T_No_ins_TTRminSerpMVM_FIXco_Padua_bghpA transposon. Codon-optimized human Padua FIX expression is driven from the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter operably linked to the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”). The minute virus of mouse mini-intron (MVM) and bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal (bghpA) are indicated.
  • TTRm liver-specific minimal transthyretin
  • Serpin enhancer Serpin enhancer
  • MMVM minute virus of mouse mini-intron
  • bghpA bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal
  • FIG. 8 H Nucleotide sequence of the PB_micro_T_No_ins_TTRminSerpMVM_FIXco_Padua_bghpA transposon (SEQ ID NO:15).
  • FIG. 8 I shows the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon pT2BH_TTRminSerpMVM_hFIXco_bghpA transposon. Codon-optimized human FIX expression is driven from the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter operably linked to the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”). The minute virus of mouse mini-intron (MVM) and bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal (bghpA) are indicated.
  • TTRm minimal transthyretin
  • FIG. 8 J shows a schematic of the plasmid pCDNA3_CMVBGI SBMAX_bghpA encoding the hyperactive SBmax transposase.
  • FIG. 8 K Nucleotide sequence of the pCDNA3_CMVBGI_SBMAX_bghpA plasmid (SEQ ID NO:17).
  • FIG. 9 FIX expression levels in hemophilia B mice treated by liver-directed gene therapy using hyperactive PB transposon expressing either codon-optimized FIX or the hyperactive codon-optimized FIX-R338L mutant. The amount of transposon (IRpBAc micro ) and transposase plasmid (hypBase) is indicated. Human FIX levels were determined using activity assays.
  • FIGS. 10 A- 10 B FVIII expression levels in SCID mice treated by liver-directed gene therapy using hyperactive PB transposon systems: 1 ⁇ g pcDNA3_mouseCO_hyPiggyBac_Transposase_MT plasmid (hyPB plasmid)+5 ⁇ g PB_Minimal_T_(T53C-C136T)_D4Z4_TTRminSerpMVM_hFVIIIcopt_SV40 pA_D4Z4 transposon ( FIG.
  • FIG. 10 A or 1 ⁇ g hyPB plasmid+500 ng PB_Minimal_T_(T53C-C136T)_D4Z4_TTRminSerpMVM_hFVIIIcopt_SV40 pA_D4Z4 transposon ( FIG. 10 B ).
  • FIG. 11 Comparison of Sleeping Beauty transposon and PiggyBac transposon for codon-optimized hFIX hepatic gene delivery.
  • Sleeping Beauty transposon pT2BH_TTRminSerpMVM_hFIXco_bghpA
  • PiggyBac transposon PB_micro_T_No_Ins_SerpTTrminMVM_hFIXco_BGHpA
  • NOD SCID immunodeficient mice
  • plasmid encoding codon-optimized hyperactive PB transposase pcDNA3_mouseCO_hyPiggyBac_Transposase_MT
  • hyperactive SBmax transposase pCDNA3_CMVBGI_SBMAX_bghpA
  • FIGS. 12 A- 12 F Evaluation of effect of cloning MVM intron into nucleic acid constructs on in vivo expression of transgenes.
  • FIG. 12 A Schematic representation of the piggyBac transposon encoding for a wild-type hFIX (denoted as pB_hFIXIA) The expression cassette is flanked by the wild-type piggyBac transposon invert repeat (IRpBac).
  • the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter drives the human FIX transgene comprising a truncated 1.4 kb hFIX intron A between exon 1 and the following exons 2-8.
  • the hepatocyte-specific regulatory element (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) is located upstream of the TTRm promoter. Bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site (pA) is also indicated.
  • FIG. 12 B Schematic representation of the piggyBac transposon encoding for a codon-optimized hFIX (denoted as pB_hFIXco). The expression cassette is the same as pB_hFIXIA, except for the transgene.
  • the hFIX transgene is codon-optimized (hFIXco) and contains no intron A. MVM intron is cloned upstream of the FIXco transgene.
  • FIG. 12 C Schematic representation of the mouse piggyBac transposase plasmid (denoted as mpBase).
  • the mouse codon-optimized native piggyBac transposase (mpB) driven by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter is cloned upstream of a p-globin intron (pGI).
  • Bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site (bghpA) is also indicated.
  • FIG. 12 D Schematic representation of the empty control plasmid (denoted as empty) without a transposase gene.
  • the plasmid contains a multiple cloning site (MCS) between the CMV promoter and the bghpa polyadenylation signal.
  • MCS multiple cloning site
  • FIG. 12 E Hemophilia B mice were hydrodynamically injected with 10 ⁇ g of transposon plasmids comprising wild-type hFIX transgene and truncated intron A (pB_hFIXIA, E) or codon-optimized hFIX transgene and MVM intron (pB_MVM-FIXco, FIG.
  • hFIX mRNA levels relative to FIXIA mRNA levels are shown in FIG. 12 H .
  • FIGS. 13 A- 13 D Comparison of nucleic acid expression cassettes comprising hFVIII transgene.
  • FIG. 13 A , FIG. 13 B Predicted (a,b) and measured (c,d) hFVIII levels in mice hydrodynamically injected with, from left to right, (a) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA plasmid, (b) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA plasmid, (c) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid, or (d) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid, at 2 ⁇ g DNA (A) or 5 ⁇ g DNA (B).
  • FIG. 13 C Bars showing from left to right, predicted hFVIII levels in mice hydrodynamically injected with (b) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA plasmid; measured hFVIII levels in mice injected with (c) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid; sum of hFVIII levels predicted in mice injected with (b) and hFVIII levels measured in mice injected with (c); and hFVIII levels measured in mice transfected with (d) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid.
  • FIG. 13 C shows the data for mice that were injected with 2 ⁇ g DNA
  • FIG. 13 D shows the data for mice that were injected with 5 ⁇ g DNA.
  • FIGS. 14 A- 14 D Comparison of nucleic acid expression cassettes comprising hFIX transgene.
  • FIG. 14 A , FIG. 14 B Bars showing from left to right, hFIX activity in mice hydrodynamically injected with (a) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-SV40 pA plasmid; (b) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-SV40 pA plasmid; (c) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-SV40 pA plasmid; (b) and (c) calculated as the sum of hFIX activity measured in mice injected with (b) and (c); and (d) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-SV40 pA plasmid at day 2 (A) and day 6 (B) post-injection.
  • FIG. 14 C , FIG. 14 D Bars showing from left to right, hFIX activity in mice hydrodynamically injected with (c) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-SV40 pA plasmid; (d) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-SV40 pA plasmid; (e) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-SV40 pA plasmid; (d) and (e) calculated as the sum of hFIX activity measured in mice injected with (d) and (e); and (f) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-SV40 pA plasmid at day 2 ( FIG. 14 C ) and day 6 ( FIG. 14 D ) post-injection.
  • FIGS. 15 A- 15 K Schematic representation of the piggyBac transposon pB_hFIXco/IR mut16 .
  • the expression cassette is flanked by a wild-type piggyBac transposon inverted repeat (IRwt) and a piggybac transposon inverted repeat containing the indicated point mutations (IRmut16).
  • the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRmin) promoter drives a codon-optimized hFIX (hFIXco). Minute virus of mouse (MVM) intron is cloned upstream of the FIXco transgene.
  • the Serpin enhancer (denoted as HSH8) is located upstream of the TTRmin promoter.
  • Bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site (pA) is also indicated.
  • FIG. 15 B Schematic representation of the piggybac transposon pB_hFIXco/IR micro .
  • the transposon is the same as pB_hFIXco/IR mut16 , except for the inverted repeats, which are micro inverted repeats (IRmicro).
  • FIG. 15 C Schematic representation of the piggybac transposon pB_hFIXco-R338L.
  • the transposon is the same as pB_hFIXco/IR micro , except for the transgene which is codon-optimized human FIX containing the Padua mutation (hFIXco-R338L).
  • FIG. 15 D Schematic representation of the hyperactive piggyBac transposase (hyPBase) plasmid.
  • the hyperactive piggyBac transposase (hyPBase) driven by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter is cloned upstream of a p-globin intron (pGI).
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • pGI p-globin intron
  • the hyperactiving mutations are indicated.
  • Bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site bghpA
  • mice were subjected to immunization with recombinant hFIX antigen and adjuvant.
  • Anti-hFIX specific antibodies were measured by ELISA at week 2 (black) and week 4 (grey) post-immunization (p.i).
  • PBS-injected hemophilia B mice that were immunized with recombinant hFIX and adjuvant were used as positive control. Results are presented as mean ⁇ standard error of the mean. n.s.
  • FIG. 15 F , FIG. 15 G , FIG. 15 H , FIG. 15 I , FIG. 15 J , FIG. 15 K CB17/IcrTac/Prkdc scid mice were hydrodynamically transfected with 500 ng ( FIG. 15 F , FIG. 15 H , FIG. 15 J ) or 50 ng ( FIG. 15 G , FIG. 15 I , FIG. 15 K ) of pB-hF/Xco ( FIG. 15 F - FIG. 15 K ), pB-hF/Xco/R micro ( FIG. 15 H , FIG.
  • coagulation factor IX has the meaning as known in the art. Synonyms of coagulation factor IX are “FIX” or “Christmas factor” or “F9” and can be used interchangeably. In particular, the term “coagulation factor IX” encompasses the human protein encoded by the mRNA sequence as defined in Genbank accession number NM_000133.
  • said FIX is a mutated FIX, which is hyperactive or hyper-functional as compared to the wild type FIX.
  • Modifying functional activity of human coagulation factor can be done by bioengineering e.g. by introduction of point mutations.
  • a hyperactive R338A variant was reported, which showed a 3 fold increased clotting activity compared to the wild type human FIX in an in vitro activated partial thromboplastin time assay (APPT) (Chang et al., 1998) and a 2 to 6-fold higher specific activity in hemophilia B mice transduced with the mutant FIX gene (Schuettrumpf et al., 2005).
  • APPT in vitro activated partial thromboplastin time assay
  • FIX FIX
  • EGF-1 domain replaced with the EGF-1 domain from FVII, alone or in combination with a R338A point mutation
  • V86A/E277A/R338A triple mutant Li et al., 2010
  • Y259F, K265T, and/or Y345T single, double or triple mutants Milanov, et al., 2012
  • G190V point mutant Kao et al., 2010
  • the FIX mutant is the one described by Simioni et al., in 2009 and denominated as the “factor IX Padua” mutant, causing X-linked thrombophilia. Said mutant factor IX is hyperactive and carries an R338L amino acid substitution.
  • the FIX transgene used in expression vector encodes the human FIX protein, most preferably the FIX transgene encodes for the Padua mutant of the human FIX protein.
  • coagulation factor VIII has the meaning as known in the art. Synonyms of coagulation factor VIII are “FVIII” or “anti-hemophilic factor” or “AHF” and can be used interchangeably herein.
  • coagulation factor VIII encompasses, for example, the human protein having the amino acid sequence as defined in Uniprot accession number P00451.
  • said FVIII is a FVIII wherein the B domain is deleted (i.e. B domain deleted FVIII, also referred to as BDD FVIII or FVIIIAB herein).
  • B domain deleted FVIII encompasses for example, but without limitation, FVIII mutants wherein whole or a part of the B domain is deleted and FVIII mutants wherein the B domain is replaced by a linker.
  • Non-limiting examples of B domain deleted FVIII are described in Ward et al. (2011) and WO 2011/005968, which are specifically incorporated by reference herein.
  • said FVIII is B domain deleted FVIII wherein the B domain is replaced by a linker having the following sequence: SFSQNPPVLTRHQR (SEQ ID NO: 16) (i.e. SQ FVIII as defined in Ward et al. (2011)).
  • said FVIII has SEQ ID NO:7 (i.e. codon-optimized B domain deleted human FVIII or hFVIIIcopt), as disclosed also in WO 2011/0059.
  • a “regulatory element” as used herein refers to transcriptional control elements, in particular non-coding cis-acting transcriptional control elements, capable of regulating and/or controlling transcription of a gene, in particular tissue-specific transcription of a gene.
  • Regulatory elements comprise at least one transcription factor binding site (TFBS), more in particular at least one binding site for a tissue-specific transcription factor, most particularly at least one binding site for a liver-specific transcription factor.
  • TFBS transcription factor binding site
  • regulatory elements as used herein increase or enhance promoter-driven gene expression when compared to the transcription of the gene from the promoter alone, without the regulatory elements.
  • regulatory elements particularly comprise enhancer sequences, although it is to be understood that the regulatory elements enhancing transcription are not limited to typical far upstream enhancer sequences, but may occur at any distance of the gene they regulate. Indeed, it is known in the art that sequences regulating transcription may be situated either upstream (e.g. in the promoter region) or downstream (e.g. in the 3′UTR) of the gene they regulate in vivo, and may be located in the immediate vicinity of the gene or further away.
  • regulatory elements as disclosed herein typically are naturally occurring sequences, combinations of (parts of) such regulatory elements or several copies of a regulatory element, i.e. non-naturally occurring sequences, are themselves also envisaged as regulatory element. Regulatory elements as used herein may be part of a larger sequence involved in transcriptional control, e.g. part of a promoter sequence. However, regulatory elements alone are typically not sufficient to initiate transcription, but require a promoter to this end.
  • the regulatory elements contained in the nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein are preferably liver-specific.
  • Non-limiting examples of liver-specific regulatory elements are disclosed in WO 2009/130208, which is specifically incorporated by reference herein.
  • the regulatory element in the nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein is a liver-specific regulatory element derived from the serpin gene promotor.
  • Said regulatory element comprises the sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:8, a sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, such as 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%, identity to said sequence, or a functional fragment thereof.
  • Said regulatory element is herein referred to as “the Serpin enhancer”, “SerpEnh”, or “Serp”.
  • the regulatory element in the nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein consists of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:8 (i.e. the Serpin enhancer, also called “SerpEnh”, or “Serp” herein).
  • Liver-specific expression refers to the preferential or predominant expression of a (trans)gene (as RNA and/or polypeptide) in the liver as compared to other tissues. According to particular embodiments, at least 50% of the (trans)gene expression occurs within the liver. According to more particular embodiments, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99% or 100% of the (trans)gene expression occurs within the liver. According to a particular embodiment, liver-specific expression entails that there is no ‘leakage’ of expressed gene product to other organs, such as spleen, muscle, heart and/or lung.
  • hepatocyte-specific expression which may be considered as a particular form of liver-specific expression.
  • liver-specific is mentioned in the context of expression
  • hepatocyte-specific expression is also explicitly envisaged.
  • tissue-specific expression is used in the application, cell-type specific expression of the cell type(s) predominantly making up the tissue is also envisaged.
  • fragments refers to fragments of the sequences disclosed herein that retain the capability of regulating liver-specific expression, i.e. they still confer tissue specificity and they are capable of regulating expression of a (trans)gene in the same way (although possibly not to the same extent) as the sequence from which they are derived.
  • Fragments comprise at least 10 contiguous nucleotides from the sequence from which they are derived. In further particular embodiments, fragments comprise at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35 or at least 40 contiguous nucleotides from the sequence from which they are derived.
  • nucleic acid expression cassette refers to nucleic acid molecules that include one or more transcriptional control elements (such as, but not limited to promoters, enhancers and/or regulatory elements, polyadenylation sequences, and introns) that direct (trans)gene expression in one or more desired cell types, tissues or organs. Typically, they will also contain the FIX transgene or the FVIII transgene as defined herein.
  • transcriptional control elements such as, but not limited to promoters, enhancers and/or regulatory elements, polyadenylation sequences, and introns
  • operably linked refers to the arrangement of various nucleic acid molecule elements relative to each such that the elements are functionally connected and are able to interact with each other.
  • Such elements may include, without limitation, a promoter, an enhancer and/or a regulatory element, a polyadenylation sequence, one or more introns and/or exons, and a coding sequence of a gene of interest to be expressed (i.e., the transgene).
  • the nucleic acid sequence elements when properly oriented or operably linked, act together to modulate the activity of one another, and ultimately may affect the level of expression of the transgene. By modulate is meant increasing, decreasing, or maintaining the level of activity of a particular element.
  • the position of each element relative to other elements may be expressed in terms of the 5′ terminus and the 3′ terminus of each element, and the distance between any particular elements may be referenced by the number of intervening nucleotides, or base pairs, between the elements.
  • promoter refers to nucleic acid sequences that regulate, either directly or indirectly, the transcription of corresponding nucleic acid coding sequences to which they are operably linked (e.g. a transgene or endogenous gene).
  • a promoter may function alone to regulate transcription or may act in concert with one or more other regulatory sequences (e.g. enhancers or silencers).
  • a promoter is typically operably linked to regulatory elements to regulate transcription of a transgene.
  • the regulatory element when operably linked to both a promoter and a transgene, the regulatory element can (1) confer a significant degree of liver specific expression in vivo (and/or in hepatocytes/hepatic cell lines in vitro) of the transgene, and/or (2) can increase the level of expression of the transgene in the liver (and/or in hepatocytes/hepatocyte cell lines in vitro).
  • the promoter contained in the nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein is a liver-specific promoter.
  • the liver-specific promoter is from the transthyretin (TTR) gene.
  • the TTR promoter is a minimal promoter (also referred to as TTRm, mTTR or TRRmin herein), most particularly the minimal TTR promoter as defined in SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the promoter in the nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein is a minimal promoter.
  • a ‘minimal promoter’ as used herein is part of a full-size promoter still capable of driving expression, but lacking at least part of the sequence that contributes to regulating (e.g. tissue-specific) expression.
  • This definition covers both promoters from which (tissue-specific) regulatory elements have been deleted—that are capable of driving expression of a gene but have lost their ability to express that gene in a tissue-specific fashion and promoters from which (tissue-specific) regulatory elements have been deleted that are capable of driving (possibly decreased) expression of a gene but have not necessarily lost their ability to express that gene in a tissue-specific fashion.
  • Minimal promoters have been extensively documented in the art, a non-limiting list of minimal promoters is provided in the specification.
  • the nucleic acid expression cassette in the expression vector according to the invention comprises a plasmid origin, a promotor and/or enhancer, a (trans)gene, a transcription terminator, and a selection gene.
  • nucleic acid expression cassette in the expression vector according to the invention comprises the following elements:
  • said nucleic acid expression cassette in the expression vector comprises the following elements (cf. FIG. 1 ):
  • the vector is an adeno-associated virus-derived vector, in combination with the Padua-mutant FIX gene.
  • said nucleic acid expression cassette in the vector comprises the following elements:
  • the vector is an adeno-associated virus(AAV)-derived vector in combination with codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII cDNA.
  • said nucleic acid expression cassette in the vectors disclosed herein comprises:
  • said nucleic acid expression cassette in the vectors disclosed herein comprises:
  • said nucleic acid expression cassette in the vectors disclosed herein comprises:
  • transgene refers to particular nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide or a portion of a polypeptide to be expressed in a cell into which the nucleic acid sequence is inserted. However, it is also possible that transgenes are expressed as RNA, typically to lower the amount of a particular polypeptide in a cell into which the nucleic acid sequence is inserted.
  • RNA molecules include but are not limited to molecules that exert their function through RNA interference (shRNA, RNAi), micro-RNA regulation (miR), catalytic RNA, antisense RNA, RNA aptamers, etc.
  • nucleic acid sequence is introduced into a cell is not essential to the invention, it may for instance be through integration in the genome or as an episomal plasmid.
  • expression of the transgene may be restricted to a subset of the cells into which the nucleic acid sequence is inserted.
  • transgene is meant to include (1) a nucleic acid sequence that is not naturally found in the cell (i.e., a heterologous nucleic acid sequence); (2) a nucleic acid sequence that is a mutant form of a nucleic acid sequence naturally found in the cell into which it has been introduced; (3) a nucleic acid sequence that serves to add additional copies of the same (i.e., homologous) or a similar nucleic acid sequence naturally occurring in the cell into which it has been introduced; or (4) a silent naturally occurring or homologous nucleic acid sequence whose expression is induced in the cell into which it has been introduced.
  • mutant form is meant a nucleic acid sequence that contains one or more nucleotides that are different from the wild-type or naturally occurring sequence, i.e., the mutant nucleic acid sequence contains one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions.
  • the transgene may also include a sequence encoding a leader peptide or signal sequence such that the transgene product will be secreted from the cell.
  • vector refers to nucleic acid molecules, usually double-stranded DNA, which may have inserted into it another nucleic acid molecule (the insert nucleic acid molecule) such as, but not limited to, a cDNA molecule.
  • the vector is used to transport the insert nucleic acid molecule into a suitable host cell.
  • a vector may contain the necessary elements that permit transcribing the insert nucleic acid molecule, and, optionally, translating the transcript into a polypeptide.
  • the insert nucleic acid molecule may be derived from the host cell, or may be derived from a different cell or organism. Once in the host cell, the vector can replicate independently of, or coincidental with, the host chromosomal DNA, and several copies of the vector and its inserted nucleic acid molecule may be generated.
  • vector may thus also be defined as a gene delivery vehicle that facilitates gene transfer into a target cell.
  • This definition includes both non-viral and viral vectors.
  • Non-viral vectors include but are not limited to cationic lipids, liposomes, nanoparticles, PEG, PEI, etc.
  • Viral vectors are derived from viruses including but not limited to: retrovirus, lentivirus, adeno-associated virus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, hepatitis virus or the like.
  • viral vectors are replication-deficient as they have lost the ability to propagate in a given cell since viral genes essential for replication have been eliminated from the viral vector.
  • some viral vectors can also be adapted to replicate specifically in a given cell, such as e.g. a cancer cell, and are typically used to trigger the (cancer) cell-specific (onco)lysis.
  • Preferred vectors are derived from adeno-associated virus, adenovirus, retroviruses and Antiviruses.
  • gene delivery systems can be used to combine viral and non-viral components, such as nanoparticles or virosomes (Yamada et al., 2003).
  • Retroviruses and Antiviruses are RNA viruses that have the ability to insert their genes into host cell chromosomes after infection. Retroviral and lentiviral vectors have been developed that lack the genes encoding viral proteins, but retain the ability to infect cells and insert their genes into the chromosomes of the target cell (Miller, 1990; Naldini et al., 1996, VandenDriessche et al., 1999).
  • lentiviral vectors can transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells whereas MLV-based retroviral vectors can only transduce dividing cells.
  • Adenoviral vectors are designed to be administered directly to a living subject. Unlike retroviral vectors, most of the adenoviral vector genomes do not integrate into the chromosome of the host cell. Instead, genes introduced into cells using adenoviral vectors are maintained in the nucleus as an extrachromosomal element (episome) that persists for an extended period of time. Adenoviral vectors will transduce dividing and nondividing cells in many different tissues in vivo including airway epithelial cells, endothelial cells, hepatocytes and various tumors (Trapnell, 1993; Chuah et al., 2003). Another viral vector is derived from the herpes simplex virus, a large, double-stranded DNA virus. Recombinant forms of the vaccinia virus, another dsDNA virus, can accommodate large inserts and are generated by homologous recombination.
  • Adeno-associated virus is a small ssDNA virus which infects humans and some other primate species, not known to cause disease and consequently causing only a very mild immune response. AAV can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells and may incorporate its genome into that of the host cell. These features make AAV a very attractive candidate for creating viral vectors for gene therapy, although the cloning capacity of the vector is relatively limited.
  • the vector used is therefore derived from adeno-associated virus (i.e. AAV vector).
  • AAV serotype 2 AAV serotype 5
  • AAV serotype 8 AAV serotype 9
  • all AAV serotypes are contemplated herein.
  • the vector used is AAV serotype 9.
  • the AAV vectors disclosed herein may be single-stranded (i.e. ssAAV vectors) or self-complementary (i.e. scAAV vectors).
  • AAV vectors that comprise a FIX transgene as disclosed herein are preferably self-complementary
  • AAV vectors that comprise a FVIII transgene as disclosed herein are preferably single-stranded.
  • self-complementary AAV is meant herein a recombinant AAV-derived vector wherein the coding region has been designed to form an intra-molecular double-stranded DNA template.
  • Gene therapy with adeno-associated viral vectors disclosed herein was shown to induce immune tolerance towards the transgene comprised in the vector.
  • the vector is a transposon-based vector.
  • said transposon-based vectors are preferably derived from Sleeping Beauty (SB) or PiggyBac (PB).
  • SB Sleeping Beauty
  • PB PiggyBac
  • a preferred SB transposon has been described in Ivics et al. (1997).
  • said transposon-based vectors comprise the nucleic acid expression cassettes disclosed herein.
  • said transposon-based vectors are PiggyBac-based transposons. Such vectors are safe in that they do no enhance the tumorigenic risk. Furthermore, liver-directed gene therapy with these vectors was shown to induce immune tolerance towards the transgene, in particular hFIX, comprised in the vector.
  • said PiggyBac-based vectors comprise micro inverted repeats, preferably inverted repeats having SEQ ID NO:29 and SEQ ID NO:30.
  • micro inverted repeats is meant herein inverted repeats wherein the majority of the native sequence has been removed. Exemplary micro inverted repeats have been described in Meir et al. (2011.
  • said transposon-based vector is a PiggyBac-based transposon comprising the Serpin enhancer, the minimal transthyretin promoter, the minute virus of mouse intron, the codon-optimized human FIX Padua mutant, and the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal, such as, e.g., the transposon defined by SEQ ID NO:15.
  • said transposon-based vector comprises micro inverted repeats.
  • said transposon-based vector is a PiggyBac-based transposon comprising the Serpin enhancer, the minimal transthyretin promoter, the minute virus of mouse intron, codon-optimized human FIX cDNA, and the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal, such as, e.g., the transposon defined by SEQ ID NO:14.
  • said transposon-based vector comprises micro inverted repeats.
  • said transposon-based vector is a PiggyBac-based transposon comprising the Serpin enhancer, the minimal transthyretin promoter, the minute virus of mouse intron, a codon-optimized human B domain deleted FVIII cDNA, and the SV40 polyadenylation signal, such as, e.g., the transposon defined by SEQ ID NO:13.
  • said transposon-based vector comprises micro inverted repeats.
  • said transposon-based vector is a Sleeping Beauty-based transposon comprising the Serpin enhancer, the minimal transthyretin promoter, the minute virus of mouse intron, codon-optimized human FIX cDNA, and the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal ( FIG. 8 I ).
  • the transposon-based vectors disclosed herein are preferably administered in combination with a vector encoding a transposase for gene therapy.
  • the PiggyBac-derived transposon-based vector can be administered with wild-type PiggyBac transposase (Pbase) or mouse codon-optimized PiggyBac transposase (mPBase)
  • said transposases are hyperactive transposases, such as, for example, SBmax transposase and hyperactive PB (hyPB) transposase containing seven amino acid substitutions (130V, S103P, G165S, M282V, S509G, N538K, N570S) as described in Yusa et al. (2011), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein.
  • Transposon/transposase constructs can be delivered by hydrodynamic injection or using non-viral nanoparticles to transfect hepatocytes.
  • nucleic acid regulatory elements can be used in gene therapy.
  • Gene therapy protocols intended to achieve therapeutic gene product expression in target cells, in vitro, but also particularly in vivo, have been extensively described in the art.
  • intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA naked or in liposomes
  • interstitial injection instillation in airways
  • application to endothelium intra-hepatic parenchyme
  • intravenous or intra-arterial administration e.g. intra-hepatic artery, intra-hepatic vein
  • intravenous or intra-arterial administration e.g. intra-hepatic artery, intra-hepatic vein
  • Various devices have been developed for enhancing the availability of DNA to the target cell. A simple approach is to contact the target cell physically with catheters or implantable materials containing DNA.
  • Another approach is to utilize needle-free, jet injection devices which project a column of liquid directly into the target tissue under high pressure.
  • These delivery paradigms can also be used to deliver viral vectors.
  • molecular conjugates consist of protein or synthetic ligands to which a nucleic acid- or DNA-binding agent has been attached for the specific targeting of nucleic acids to cells (Cristiano et al., 1993).
  • the use of the nucleic acid regulatory elements, nucleic acid expression cassettes or vectors as described herein is envisaged for gene therapy of liver cells.
  • the use of the regulatory elements, expression cassettes or vectors is for gene therapy in vivo.
  • the use is for a method of gene therapy to treat hemophilia, in particular to treat hemophilia B or hemophilia A.
  • methods for expressing a protein in liver cells comprising the steps of introducing in liver cells the nucleic acid expression cassette (or a vector) as described herein and expressing the transgene protein product in the liver cells. These methods may be performed both in vitro and in vivo.
  • Methods of gene therapy for a subject in need thereof comprising the steps of introducing in the liver of the subject a nucleic acid expression cassette containing a transgene encoding a therapeutic protein, and expressing a therapeutic amount of the therapeutic protein in the liver.
  • the method comprises the steps of introducing in the liver of the subject a vector comprising the nucleic acid expression cassette containing a transgene encoding a therapeutic protein, and expressing a therapeutic amount of the therapeutic protein in the liver.
  • the therapeutic protein encoded by the transgene in the nucleic acid expression cassette is factor IX
  • the method is a method for treating hemophilia B.
  • factor IX By expressing factor IX in the liver via gene therapy, hemophilia B can be treated (Snyder et al., 1999).
  • the therapeutic protein encoded by the transgene in the nucleic acid expression cassette is factor VIII, and the method is a method for treating hemophilia A.
  • the terms “subject” or “patient” are used interchangeably and refer to animals, preferably vertebrates, more preferably mammals, and specifically includes human patients and non-human mammals.
  • “mammalian” subjects include, but are not limited to, humans, domestic animals, commercial animals, farm animals, zoo animals, sport animals, pet and experimental animals such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, cows; primates such as apes, monkeys, orang-utans, and chimpanzees; canids such as dogs and wolves; felids such as cats, lions, and tigers; equids such as horses, donkeys, and zebras; food animals such as cows, pigs, and sheep; ungulates such as deer and giraffes; rodents such as mice, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs; and so on. Accordingly, “subject” or “patient” as
  • the terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the development or spread of proliferative disease, e.g., cancer.
  • beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilised (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable.
  • Treatment can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
  • a phrase such as “a subject in need of treatment” includes subjects, such as mammalian subjects, that would benefit from treatment of a given condition, such as, hemophilia B. Such subjects will typically include, without limitation, those that have been diagnosed with the condition, those prone to have or develop the said condition and/or those in whom the condition is to be prevented.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention effective to treat a disease or disorder in a subject, i.e., to obtain a desired local or systemic effect and performance.
  • the term implies that levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml (milli-units per milliliter) plasma, 50 mU/ml plasma, 100 mU/ml plasma, 150 mU/ml or 200 mU/ml plasma in a subject can be obtained by transduction or transfection of the vector according to any one the embodiments described herein into a subject.
  • the term implies that levels of factor VIII in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml (milli-units per milliliter) plasma, 50 mU/ml plasma, 100 mU/ml plasma, 150 mU/ml plasma, 200 mU/ml plasma or higher can be obtained by transduction or transfection of any of the vectors disclosed herein into a subject.
  • these high physiological levels of factor VIII in the subject can be obtained even by administering relatively low doses of vector.
  • the term thus refers to the quantity of compound or pharmaceutical composition that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal, or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the hemophilia being treated.
  • these terms refer to the quantity of compound or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention which is necessary to prevent, cure, ameliorate, or at least minimize the clinical impairment, symptoms, or complications associated with hemophilia, in particular hemophilia B or hemophilia A, in either a single or multiple dose.
  • the transduction of the vector according to any one of the embodiments defined herein into the subject can be done at a dose lower than 2 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg (viral genomes per kilogram) to obtain a physiological factor IX level of 10 mU/ml plasma or of 50 mU/ml plasma in a subject.
  • the transduction of the vector according to any one of the embodiments defined herein into the subject can be done at a dose lower than or equal to 6 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg.
  • the transduction of the vector according to any one of the embodiments defined herein into the subject can be done at a dose lower than or equal than 2 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg.
  • a level of factor IX of 200 mU/ml plasma or higher can be reached in a subject, when the transduction of the vector according to any one of the embodiments defined herein into the subject is done at a dose lower than or equal to 2 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg.
  • the transduction of the vector according to any one of the embodiments defined herein into the subject can be done at a dose lower than or equal to 2 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg (viral genomes per kilogram), such as lower than or equal to 1 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg, 2.5 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 10 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 10 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 9 vg/kg, or 1 ⁇ 10 9 vg/kg preferably at a dose lower than or equal to 2.5 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg, to obtain a physiological factor VIII level of 10 mU/ml plasma, 50 mU/ml plasma, 100 mU/ml plasma, 150 mU/ml plasma, 200 mU/ml plasma, or higher in a subject.
  • efficacy of the treatment can, for example, be measured by assessing the hemophilia-caused bleeding in the subject.
  • In vitro tests such as, but not limited to the in vitro actived partial thromboplastin time assay (APPT), test factor IX chromogenic activity assays, blood clotting times, factor IX or human factor VIII-specific ELISAs are also available. Any other tests for assessing the efficacy of the treatment known in the art can of course be used.
  • the compound or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be used alone or in combination with any of the know hemophilia therapies, such as the administration of recombinant or purified clotting factors.
  • the compound or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention can thus be administered alone or in combination with one or more active compounds.
  • the latter can be administered before, after or simultaneously with the administration of the said agent(s).
  • a further object of the invention are pharmaceutical preparations which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of the expression vector of the invention as defined herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, i.e., one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substances and/or additives, e.g., buffers, carriers, excipients, stabilisers, etc.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier i.e., one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substances and/or additives, e.g., buffers, carriers, excipients, stabilisers, etc.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable as used herein is consistent with the art and means compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts as used herein means an inorganic acid addition salt such as hydrochloride, sulfate, and phosphate, or an organic acid addition salt such as acetate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, and citrate.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable metal salts are alkali metal salts such as sodium salt and potassium salt, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium salt and calcium salt, aluminum salt, and zinc salt.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable ammonium salts are ammonium salt and tetramethylammonium salt.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable organic amine addition salts are salts with morpholine and piperidine.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable amino acid addition salts are salts with lysine, glycine, and phenylalanine.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention can be administered orally, for example in the form of pills, tablets, lacquered tablets, sugar-coated tablets, granules, hard and soft gelatin capsules, aqueous, alcoholic or oily solutions, syrups, emulsions or suspensions, or rectally, for example in the form of suppositories. Administration can also be carried out parenterally, for example subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously in the form of solutions for injection or infusion.
  • suitable administration forms are, for example, percutaneous or topical administration, for example in the form of ointments, tinctures, sprays or transdermal therapeutic systems, or the inhalative administration in the form of nasal sprays or aerosol mixtures, or, for example, microcapsules, implants or rods.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be prepared in a manner known per se to one of skill in the art.
  • the expression vector according to the invention as defined herein, one or more solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and, if desired, in combination with other pharmaceutical active compounds are brought into a suitable administration form or dosage form which can then be used as a pharmaceutical in human medicine or veterinary medicine.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette containing a transgene encoding a therapeutic protein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a vector containing the nucleic acid expression cassette containing a transgene encoding a therapeutic protein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the transgene encodes factor IX and the pharmaceutical composition is for treating hemophilia B or the transgene encodes factor VIII and the pharmaceutical composition is for treating hemophilia A.
  • nucleic acid expression cassette preferably hemophilia B or hemophilia A
  • vector components as disclosed herein for the manufacture of these pharmaceutical compositions for use in treating hemophilia, preferably hemophilia B or hemophilia A, is also envisaged.
  • Example 1 In Vivo Validation of Liver-Specific Regulatory Enhancer Sequences Expressing Hyper-Active FIX Via AAV Vector Gene Delivery
  • AAV-based vectors were constructed that express either the codon-optimized factor IX or the codon-optimized factor IX with the Padua R338L mutation from the TTRm promoter operably linked to the Serpin regulatory sequence.
  • the Serpin regulatory sequence has been identified and described under patent application WO2009/130208.
  • FIG. 1 B An intron and poly-A sequence were also provided.
  • the full sequence of the construct containing the codon-optimized factor IX is given in SEQ ID No.1 ( FIG. 1 B ) and the construct containing the codon-optimized factor IX with the Padua R338L mutation in SEQ ID No.2 ( FIG. 1 C ).
  • the vectors were constructed by conventional cloning and DNA synthesis.
  • a schematic overview of the AAV vector containing the codon-optimized huFIX is shown in FIG. 1 A .
  • the vector with the Padua R338L is identical except for the specific R338L mutation that results in FIX hyper-activity.
  • 293T cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine (Gln), 100 IU/ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin and 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen, Merelbeke, Belgium).
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
  • Gln L-glutamine
  • penicillin 100 IU/ml
  • streptomycin 100 IU/ml streptomycin
  • FBS heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum
  • the AAV serotype 9 viral vector was chosen to package the construct, known to be a promising vector for gene therapy (Vandendriessche et al. 2007).
  • AAV vectors expressing human FIX were produced at high-titer by calcium phosphate transfection according to the manufacturer's instruction (Calcium phosphate transfection kit, Invitrogen) of 293 cells with AAV2-vector DNA (26 ⁇ g/10 cm dish), an adenoviral helper plasmid (52 ⁇ g/10 cm dish) and AAV helper plasmids expressing Rep2 and Cap9 (26 ⁇ g/10 cm dish) for production of AAV9 serotypes, as described in Gao et al. (2002), Mingozzi et al. (2003) and Gehrke (2003).
  • Vector genome titers were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using TaqMan® probes and primers specific for the polyadenylation signal (forward primer: 5′GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT (SEQ ID No.3), probe: 5′TGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTGC (SEQ ID No.4), reverse primer: 5′GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG (SEQ ID No.5)).
  • AAV vectors expressing either the human codon-optimized FIX cDNA (designated as AAV-co-hFIX in FIG. 2 ) or the human codon-optimized FIX-R338L cDNA (designated as AAV-co-padua-hFIX in FIG. 2 ) from a chimeric liver-specific promoter (SerpEnh/TTRm) were injected into FIX-deficient hemophilic mice that suffered from hemophilia B.
  • a dose-response was observed and the AAV vector expressing the codon-optimized FIX-R338L yielded significantly higher FIX activity than the codon-optimized FIX control without the hyper-activating mutation.
  • the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vector reached therapeutic FIX levels at a relatively low dose (>50% of normal FIX levels at 1 ⁇ 10 9 gc/mouse, >250% of normal FIX levels at 5 ⁇ 10 9 gc/mouse and >700% of normal FIX levels at 2 ⁇ 10 10 gc/mouse after 5 days), which underscores its potency.
  • Example 2 Enhanced, Liver-Specific Expression of FIX Via AAV Vector Gene Delivery
  • a FIX construct comprising human FIX cDNA (hFIX), was cloned downstream of a liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter in an adeno-associated viral vector 9 (AAV9) backbone.
  • TTRm liver-specific minimal transthyretin
  • AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-hFIX which comprised an additional hepatocyte-specific regulatory element, namely the Serpin regulatory sequence (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”), upstream of the TTRm promoter.
  • a minute virus of mice (MVM) intron was cloned in between the TTRm promoter and the hFIX transgene (AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX).
  • the hFIX transgene was codon-optimized in order to augment the expression of the protein (AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX).
  • a further improvement encompassed a mutation, namely the R338L, Padua mutation ( FIG. 3 C ), of the co-hFIX fragment (AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L).
  • Quantitative real-time PCR with SYBR® Green and primers for the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation sequence (bGHpolyA) was used to determine vector titers.
  • the forward primer sequence was 5′-GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3).
  • the reverse primer used was 5′-GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:5).
  • known copy numbers (10 2 _10 7 ) of the corresponding vector plasmids were used.
  • FIX antigen concentration in citrated plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for hFIX antigen (Diagnostica Stago, France) using manufacturer's protocol.
  • FIX activity was assessed using BIOPHEN Factor IX chromogenic assay (Hyphen BioMed, Neuville-sur-Oise, France) according to the manufacturer's protocol. For both assays, serially diluted hFIX standards were used for calibration.
  • D-dimer levels were determined by ELISA, according to the manufacturers instructions (Hyphen Biomed, Neuville-sur-Oise, France).
  • Tail-clipping assay was performed. Mice were anesthetized and tail was placed in pre-warmed 37° C. normal saline solution for 2 minutes and subsequently cut at 2-3 mm diameter. Tail was then immediately placed in 37° C. normal saline solution and monitored for bleeding and survival.
  • Immunizations were carried out by subcutaneous injection of 5 ⁇ g of recombinant human (rh)FIX protein (BeneFix, Pfizer, Italy) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Briefly, 96-well microtiter plates were coated with hFIX (1 ⁇ g/ml) and serially diluted standards made of purified mouse IgG (Invitrogen, Europe). The plate was incubated overnight at 4° C. On day 2, the samples of mouse plasma were diluted in dilution buffer, loaded on the pre-coated plates and incubated overnight at 4° C.
  • mice were obtained from mice injected with AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L.
  • the plate was then incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-goat anti-mouse IgG (Invitrogen, Europe) secondary antibody.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • Anti-hFIX antibody levels were measured following incubation with detection buffer constituting 12 ml 0.01M sodium citrate, 12 mg o-phenylenediamine and 2.5 ⁇ l hydrogen peroxide (Invitrogen, Europe).
  • the chromogenic reaction was monitored by determining the absorbance at 450 nm.
  • Genomic DNA was extracted from different tissues using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, Calif., USA). 100 ng DNA was analyzed using qPCR ABI Prism 7900HT (Applied Biosystems, Foster City/CA, USA) with bGHPolyA specific primers 5′-GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3) (forward) and 5′-GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4) (Reverse). To generate standard curves, known copy numbers of the corresponding vector plasmid was used.
  • RNA from different organs was reverse transcribed to cDNA.
  • cDNA was then analyzed by qPCR ABI Prism 7900HT (Applied Biosystems, Foster City/CA, USA) using bGHPolyA specific primers 5′-GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3) (forward) and 5′-GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4) (Reverse).
  • GPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • FIG. 4 shows that administration of the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vector to hemophilia B mice provides for significantly higher FIX levels and activity compared to the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX vector.
  • the FIX response was dose-dependent.
  • Therapeutic FIX levels could be attained at relatively low vector doses of 1 ⁇ 10 9 vgc/mouse, 5 ⁇ 10 9 vgc/mouse, and 2 ⁇ 10 10 vgc/mouse. Furthermore, these vector doses are safe as no thrombolysis was observed ( FIG. 4 J ).
  • FIG. 5 shows that FIX was specifically expressed in the liver ( FIG. 5 C-D), despite transduction of the vector in other organs ( FIG. 5 A-B).
  • AAV-based vectors were constructed that express a codon-optimized B domain-deleted human coagulation factor VIII (hFVIIIcopt) cDNA (Ward et al., 2011) from the minimal TTR (TTRm) promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid regulatory element Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) described in WO 2009/130208, which is specifically incorporated by reference herein.
  • TTRm minimal TTR
  • Serpin enhancer Serpin enhancer
  • the codon-optimized B domain-deleted human FVIII cDNA was PCR amplified and subcloned into a pGEM-T easy plasmid (Promega, Belgium) and after restriction with SpeI-BamHI, the FVIII cDNA was cloned into the NheI-BglII restricted pAAV-SerpEnh-TTRm vector to generate AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA (also indicated as AAVss-SerpTTRm-MVM-FVIIIcopt-sv40 pA herein).
  • This vector also contained a small intron from minute virus of mouse (MVM) to boost FVIII expression levels.
  • primers binding the SV40 polyA region were used, including 5′-TGATGCTATTGCTTTATTTGTAACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:20) as forward primer, 5′-CCTGAACCTGAAACATAAAATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:21) as reverse primer and 5′-FAM-AGCTGCAATAAACAAGTTAACAACAACAATTGCA-TAMRA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:22) as probe. Titers were achieved in the normal range of 2-5 ⁇ 10 12 vg/ml.
  • the AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA vectors were injected intravenously into adult male SCID mice (CB17/IcrTac/Prkdc scid) at a dose of 5 ⁇ 10 9 vg/mouse or 2.5 ⁇ 10 11 vg/kg.
  • FVIII antigen levels were assayed in citrated mouse plasma using a hFVIII-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Asserachrom® VIII:Ag, Diagnostica Stago, France), as per the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were diluted in sample diluent provided and analyzed in triplicate. Standard curves in percentage FVIII antigen activity were constructed by diluting normal control plasma. In brief, 200 ml diluted samples and standards were pipetted into the wells of the strips pre-coated with mouse monoclonal anti-human FVIII Fab fragments and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature for antigen immobilization.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • the wells were then washed with the wash buffer for 5 times before adding 200 ml mouse monoclonal anti-hFVIII antibody coupled with peroxidase for immobilization of immunoconjugate. After incubation for 2 hr at room temperature and washing, 200 ml of TMB substrate was added to the wells for color development. This mixture was incubated at room temperature for exactly 5 minutes. The reaction was then stopped by 50 ml 1M H 2 SO 4 and then read at 450 nm within 1h.
  • AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA vectors expressing a codon-optimized B-domain deleted human FVIII cDNA (hFVIIIcopt) from a liver-specific promoter (TTRm) operably linked to a regulatory element (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) could be produced with a total insert size of 4913 bp (excluding ITR) ( FIG. 6 ).
  • Intravenous injection of a very low vector dose (5 ⁇ 10 9 vg/mouse) resulted in therapeutic FVIII levels approximating 421.8 ⁇ 4.9 ng/ml (i.e. 210.9 ⁇ 3.1% of normal levels) ( FIG. 7 ).
  • AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA vector is the most robust AAV-FVIII vector design to date.
  • the codon-optimized hyperactive PB transposase (huPB) was cloned into pcDNA3 and expressed from the CAG promoter ( FIG. 8 A ,B).
  • the hyperactive SBmax transposase was cloned into pcDNA3 and expressed from the CAG promoter ( FIG. 8 K ,L).
  • a codon-optimized B-domain deleted FVIII (hFVIIIcopt), described as SQ FVIII (co) in Ward et al.
  • FIGS. 8 E ,F and PB_micro_T_No_Ins_TTRminSerpMVM_hFIXco_Padua_bghpA ( FIGS. 8 G ,H), respectively.
  • the human codon-optimized FIX cDNA was cloned by conventional cloning techniques into an SB-based vector to generate pT2BH_TTRminSerpMVM_hFIXco_bghpA ( FIGS. 8 I ,J).
  • the transgenes were expressed from a liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter along with the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”).
  • TTRm liver-specific minimal transthyretin
  • Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”).
  • the contructs also contained a mouse mini-intron (MVM) and a polyadenylation site.
  • VMM mouse mini-intron
  • the recombinant clones were verified by restriction analysis and sequencing.
  • the different FVIII-transposons and matching plasmids encoding the cognate hyperactive transposases were purified by ion exchange chromatography and transfected by hydrodynamic transfection at varying transposon/transposase ratios and concentrations into adult mice. Controls without transposase were employed.
  • the FIX expression was monitored by ELISA or using chromogenic activity assays in hemophilia B mice. FVIII expression in SCID mice was assessed using a human FVIII-specific ELISA.
  • FIG. 10 demonstrates that the use of the liver-specific Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) in conjunction with codon-optimized B-domain deleted FVIII (hFVIIIcopt), and the hyperactive hyPB system resulted in robust, stable gene transfer efficiencies in hepatocytes, yielding high unprecedented expression levels of FVIII. Conversely, in the absence of the hyperactive hyPB transposase, expression declined gradually to basal levels. This confirms that stable genomic integration by transposition is required for stable hepatic FVIII gene expression.
  • Serpin codon-optimized B-domain deleted FVIII
  • SB Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon
  • PB PiggyBac
  • PB_micro_T_No_Ins_SerpTTrminMVM_hFIXco_BGHpA PiggyBac
  • FIX ELISA was performed to determine the amount of FIX expression. About 1500-2000 ng/ml of FIX antigen was detected in both, SB and PB, transposons. These data show that the SB and PB vectors are equally potent and can induce high therapeutic level of FIX expression amounting to about 30-40% of normal FIX.
  • mice were injected repeatedly with the carcinogen N,N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and developed hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • DEN carcinogen N,N-diethylnitrosamine
  • the tumor burden was assessed 36 weeks post-DEN injection.
  • a piggyBac transposon plasmid was constructed that comprises human FIX cDNA cloned downstream of a liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRmin) promoter operably linked to the Serpin regulatory sequence (“Serp” or “SerpEnh” or “HSH8”).
  • TTRmin liver-specific minimal transthyretin
  • the bovine growth hormone poly A (bghpA) was provided as a transcription termination signal.
  • Human FIX cDNA comprises a truncated 1.4 kb intron A between exons 1 and the following exons 2-8.
  • a schematic representation of said transposon, denoted as pB_hFIXIA is shown in FIG. 12 A .
  • a piggyBac transposon plasmid was constructed that contains a synthetic codon-optimized human FIX cDNA without intron A.
  • Said codon-optimized hFIX cDNA was cloned downstream of a liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRmin) promoter operably linked to the Serpin regulatory sequence (“Serp” or “SerpEnh” or “HSH8”).
  • TTRmin liver-specific minimal transthyretin
  • Serp Serpin regulatory sequence
  • SerpEnh Serpin regulatory sequence
  • a minute virus of mice (MVM) intron was cloned between the TTRmin promoter and the hFIXco transgene.
  • the bovine growth hormone poly A (bghpA) was provided as a transcription termination signal.
  • FIG. 12 B A schematic representation of said transposon, denoted as pB_hFIXco, is shown in FIG. 12 B .
  • the plasmids were constructed by conventional
  • Hemophilia B mice were hydrodynamically injected with 10 ⁇ g transposon plasmid and 2 ⁇ g of mouse transposase plasmid mpBase ( FIG. 12 C ) or empty control plasmid ( FIG. 12 D ) diluted in 2 ml of PBS into the tail vein. Typically, the injection took less than 10 s for each mouse. Determination of hFIX levels and activity occurred as described in Example 2.
  • Genomic DNA was extracted from frozen liver samples according to DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit protocol (Qiagen, Chatsworth, Calif., USA). RNase A (Qiagen, Chatsworth, Calif., USA) treatment was carried out to eliminate carry-over RNA.
  • Transposon copy numbers were quantified by qPCR using a primer set against a specific region common to both transposon constructs using forward primer 5′-AACAGGGGCTAAGTCCACAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 25) and reverse primer 5′-GAGCGAGTGTTCCGATACTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 26).
  • the following primer set was used: forward primer 5′-GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3), reverse primer 5′-GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4).
  • the hFIX mRNA levels were normalized using a primer set against the mRNA of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGAPDH) which is uniformly and constantly expressed in all samples (i.e. forward primer 5′-ATCAAGAAGGTGGTGAAGCAGGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:27) and reverse primer 5′-TGGAAGAGTGGGAGTTGCTGTTGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:28)).
  • mGAPDH housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • RNA samples were amplified with and without reverse transcriptase to exclude genomic DNA amplification.
  • the 2-mct relative quantification method was used to determine the relative changes in hFIX mRNA expression level.
  • the ⁇ Ct was calculated by subtracting the Ct of mGAPDH mRNA from the Ct of the hFIX mRNA (Ct hFIx -Ct GAPDH ).
  • the ⁇ Ct was calculated by subtracting the ⁇ Ct of the reference sample (highest Ct) from the ⁇ Ct of each sample ( ⁇ Ct sample - ⁇ Ct reference ). Fold-change was determined by using the equation 2-Act
  • FIGS. 12 E and F hFIX expression and activity is transient and gradually declines to basal levels in mice that were co-injected with the empty control plasmid
  • FIG. 12 E pB_hFIXIA+empty plasmid: 46 ⁇ 13 ng/ml hFIX, 0.87 ⁇ 0.2% normal clotting activity
  • FIG. 12 F pB_hFIXco+empty plasmid: 48 ⁇ 22 ng/ml hFIX, 0.97 ⁇ 0.49% normal clotting activity).
  • transposon plasmid comprising the MVM intron yielded significantly higher hFIX levels and activity as compared to the plasmid without MVM intron when co-delivered with the mouse transposase plasmid ( FIG. 12 E ,F).
  • liver-directed hydrodynamic co-transfection of the pB-hFIXIA transposon without MVM intron (10 ⁇ g) along with 2 ⁇ g mPB plasmid resulted in stable therapeutic hFIX antigen and activity levels for at least up to 12 months in hemophilic FIX-deficient mice ( FIG. 12 E , 1168 ⁇ 218 ng/ml hFIX and 32 ⁇ 6% normal clotting activity).
  • liver-directed co-transfection of the pB_hFIXco transposon with MVM intron and mPB plasmid resulted in a significant ⁇ 12-fold higher (p ⁇ 0.001) hFIX protein and activity level that stabilized in the supra-physiologic range ( FIG.
  • Example 3 The AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid of Example 3 was compared to:
  • AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid was constructed by excising the Serpin enhancer from AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid.
  • mice were hydrodynamically injected with 2 ⁇ g or 5 ⁇ g of the plasmid DNA diluted in 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and injected into the tail vein. Typically, the injection took less than 10 s for each mouse. FVIII expression analysis was carried out as described in Example 3.
  • AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA (c) and AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA (d) constructs were hydrodynamically injected in mice at 2 ⁇ g and 5 ⁇ g DNA, and human FVIII levels were measured 1, 2 and 6 days post-transfection.
  • the effect of cloning the Serpin enhancer into the expression cassette on hFVIII levels can be calculated by dividing the hFVIII levels measured in mice injected with construct (d) by the levels measured in mice injected with construct (c). 3- to 6-fold higher hFVIII levels can be obtained by cloning the Serpin enhancer into the expression cassette (Table 2).
  • the codon-optimized B domain-deleted human coagulation factor VIII (hFVIIIcopt) cDNA was reported to achieve 29- to 44-fold increase in expression (Ward et al. 2011).
  • mice that are hydrodynamically injected with AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA construct we can further predict the hFVIII levels in mice that are hydrodynamically injected with AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA construct (a) by dividing said predicted hFVIII levels by the calculated effect of cloning the Serpin enhancer into the expression cassette on hFVIII levels.
  • mice hydrodynamically injected with the different constructs a-d are summarized in Table 3 and FIGS. 13 A and 13 B .
  • mice hydrodynamically injected with 2 or 5 ⁇ g of plasmids (a) AAV9ss- TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40pA, (b) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40pA, (c) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40pA, and (d) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM- hFVIIIcopt-SV40pA.
  • the data shows that expression cassettes comprising the specific combination of the codon-optimized B domain-deleted human coagulation factor VIII (hFVIIIcopt) cDNA described in Ward et al. (2011) and the Serpin enhancer can induce hFVIII levels that are significantly higher as compared to the sum of the hFVIII levels that are obtained by expression cassettes comprising each of these elements alone (Table 4, FIGS. 13 C and 13 D).
  • said specific combination of hFVIIIcopt cDNA and the Serpin enhancer provides for a synergistic effect on hFVIII levels.
  • AAV-based plasmids comprising a FIX transgene were constructed as described in Example 2.
  • FIX knockout mice were hydrodynamically injected with 2 ⁇ g of each of the following FIX plasmids diluted in 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) into the tail vein:
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • FIX activity was determined as described in Example 2.
  • FIX activity as measured in the different mice is summarized in Table 5.
  • mice hydrodynamically injected with 2 ⁇ g of (a) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-pA plasmid, (b) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-pA plasmid, (c) AAVsc- TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-pA plasmid, (d) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-pA plasmid, (e) AAVsc-TTRm- MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid, and (f) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid.
  • hFIX activity in mice hydrodynamically injected with (f) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid was compared versus hFIX activity in mice hydrodynamically injected with (d) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-pA plasmid and (e) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid (Table 6, FIGS. 14 C and 14 D ).
  • the combination of the Serpin enhancer and the Padua mutation provides for a synergistic effect on hFIX activity.
  • the combination of the Serpin enhancer with codon-optimized transgene encoding hFIX containing the Padua mutation shows synergy on hFIX activity, as revealed by comparing hFIX activity in mice injected with (f) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid versus hFIX activity in mice injected with (b) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-pA plasmid, and (e) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid.
  • pB_hFIXIA FIG. 12 A
  • pB_hFIXco FIG. 12 B
  • a terminal inverted repeat of pB_hFIXco (IR wt ) was replaced by a terminal inverted repeat containing T53C and C136T point mutation (IR mut16 ) to generate pB_hFIXco/IR mut16 ( FIG. 15 A ).
  • pB_hFIX-R338L plasmid ( FIG. 15 C ) containing hyper-functional, codon-optimized hFIX transgene with Padua mutation was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis using pB_hFIXco/IR micro as template.
  • Plasmids were diluted in 2 ml of Dulbecco's PBS and hydrodynamically delivered to adult mice (6-7-week-old) by rapid tail vein injection. At different time intervals, we collected whole blood ( ⁇ 200 ⁇ l) by phlebotomy of the retro-orbital plexus in eppendorf tubes pre-filled with 20% citrate buffer that were centrifuged at 14000 r.p.m. for 5 min at 4° C. The citrated plasma was stored at ⁇ 80° C. for future analysis.
  • hFIX antigen levels and activity and antibodies directed against hFIX were analyzed as described in Example 2.
  • a tail-clipping assay was used on hemophilic mice to assess phenotypic correction of the bleeding phenotype. Briefly, the tails of mice were transected (1 cm from the end) and mice were monitored for clotting and survival. Tail clip was performed on immobilized mice, allowing continuous blood collection at room temperature and total blood volume, bleeding time and survival rate were monitored.
  • a tail-clip assay showed that the bleeding diathesis of hemophilia B mice transfected with pB-hFIXIA or pB-hFIXco and plasmid encoding mPBase was phenotypically corrected 1 year post-transfection (Table 7). Bleeding time and volume were lower in mice transfected with plasmid comprising codon-optimized hFIX transgene and MVM intron compared to mice transfected with wild-type hFIX transgene.
  • the efficiency of the piggyBac platform could be improved by using the hyperactive PB transposase (hyPBase) described in Yusa et al. (2011) ( FIG. 15 D ), allowing the use of lower transposon/transposase doses.
  • This hyPBase contained several mutated residues compared to the mouse codon-usage optimized mPBase (compare FIG. 15 D with 12C).
  • Liver-directed hydrodynamic transfection of immune deficient SCID mice with 500 ng of pB-hF/Xco transposon along with 1000 ng hyPB resulted in stable supra-physiologic hFIX levels corresponding to 200% of normal hFIX levels ( FIG. 15 F ).
  • FIX levels were significantly higher (p ⁇ 0.001) than what could be achieved with the original mPB transposase.
  • liver-directed transfection of SCID mice with 50 ng of pB-hF/Xco transposon plasmid along with 100 ng hyPB resulted in a dose-dependent effect yielding therapeutic hFIX levels corresponding to 20% of normal levels. This represented a significant 20-fold increase (p ⁇ 0.001) in FIX levels compared to when the mPB transposase was used ( FIG. 15 G ).
  • mice were hydrodynamically injected with pB-hF/Xco ( FIG. 12 B ), pB-hF/Xco/IR mut16 . ( FIG. 15 A ) or B-hF/Xco/IR micro ( FIG. 15 B ) along with hyPBase.
  • FIG. 15 A A significant 1.5-fold increase in hFIX expression was apparent when the IR micro was used compared to its wild-type counterpart ( FIG. 15 H-I).

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Diabetes (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to vectors containing liver-specific regulatory sequences and codon-optimized factor IX or factor VIII genes, methods employing these vectors and uses of these vectors. Expression cassettes and vectors containing these liver-specific regulatory elements and codon-optimized factor IX or factor VIII genes are also disclosed. The present invention is particularly useful for applications using gene therapy, in particular for the treatment of hemophilia A and B.

Description

    CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/229,491, filed on Dec. 21, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/438,571, filed on Apr. 24, 2015, which is a U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/EP2013/072450, filed Oct. 25, 2013, which claims the benefit of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2012/071297, filed Oct. 26, 2012 and International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2013/064054, filed Jul. 3, 2013, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
    • REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING
  • The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted as an electronic sequence file and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The name of the file is “15-611-US-CON-DIV SequenceListing.xml,” it was created on Jul. 13, 2022, and is 102,000 bytes in size.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The invention relates to expression vectors for gene therapy with improved liver-specific expression capabilities, particularly for use as a gene therapy means for the treatment of hemophilia, more particularly for restoring coagulation factor IX (FIX) and/or coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) in liver-directed gene therapy of respectively, hemophilia B and hemophilia A.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Hemophilia B is an X-linked, recessive bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of clotting factor IX (FIX). The clinical presentation for hemophilia B is characterized by episodes of spontaneous and prolonged bleeding. There are an estimated 1 in 20,000 individuals who suffer from hemophilia B. Currently, hemophilia B is treated with protein replacement therapy using either plasma-derived or recombinant FIX. Although FIX protein replacement markedly improved the life expectancy of patients suffering from hemophilia, they are still at risk for severe bleeding episodes and chronic joint damage, since prophylactic treatment is restricted by the short half-life, the limited availability and the high cost of purified FIX, which can approach 100.000$/patient/year. In addition, the use of plasma-derived factors obtained from contaminated blood sources increases the risk of viral transmission. Gene therapy offers the promise of a new method of treating hemophilia B, since the therapeutic window is relatively broad and levels slightly above 1% of normal physiologic levels are therapeutic. If successful, gene therapy could provide constant FIX synthesis which may lead to a cure for this disease. The different modalities for gene therapy of hemophilia have been extensively reviewed (Chuah et al., 2012a, 2012b, 2012c; VandenDriessche et al., 2012; High 2001, 2011; Matrai et al., 2010a, 2010b).
  • Hemophilia A is a serious bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in, or complete absence of, the blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). The severity of hemophilia A and hemophilia B has been classified by the subcommittee on Factor VIII and Factor IX of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis into three forms, depending on respectively, the FVIII level and the FIX level: 1) severe form (FVIII or FIX level less than 0.01 international units (IU)/ml, i.e. less than 1% of normal FVIII or FIX level), 2) moderate form (FVIII or FIX level from 0.01 to 0.05 IU/ml, i.e. from 1 to 5% of normal FVIII or FIX level), and 3) mild from (FVIII or FIX level higher than 0.05 to 0.4 IU/ml, i.e. higher than 5 to 40% of normal FVIII or FIX level). Hemophilia A is the most common hereditary coagulation disorder with an incidence approaching approximately 1 in 5000 males.
  • Protein substitution therapy (PST) with purified or recombinant FVIII has significantly improved the patients' quality of life. However, PST is not curative and patients are still at risk of developing potentially life-threatening hemorrhages and crippling joint inflammation. Unfortunately, many patients suffering from hemophilia A (up to 40%) develop neutralizing antibodies to FVIII (i.e. “inhibitors”) following PST. These inhibitors complicate the management of bleeding episodes and can render further PST ineffective. These limitations of PST, justify the development of gene therapy as a potential alternative for hemophilia treatment. Furthermore, only a modest increase in FVIII plasma concentration is needed for therapeutic benefit, with levels of more than 1% of normal levels able to achieve markedly reduced rates of spontaneous bleeding and long-term arthropathy.
  • The liver is the main physiological site of FIX and FVIII synthesis and hence, hepatocytes are well suited target cells for hemophilia gene therapy. From this location, FIX protein can easily enter into the circulation. Moreover, the hepatic niche may favor the induction of immune tolerance towards the transgene product (Annoni et al., 2007; Follenzi et al., 2004; Brown et al., 2007; Herzog et al., 1999; Matrai et al., 2011; Matsui et al., 2009). Liver-directed gene therapy for hemophilia can be accomplished with different viral vectors including retroviral (Axelrod et al., 1990; Kay et al., 1992; VandenDriessche et al., 1999, Xu et al., 2003, 2005), lentiviral (Ward et al., 2011, Brown et al., 2007, Matrai et al., 2011), adeno-associated viral (AAV) (Herzog et al., 1999) and adenoviral vectors (Brown et al., 2004)(Ehrhardt & Kay, 2002). In particular, AAV is a naturally occurring replication defective non-pathogenic virus with a single stranded DNA genome. AAV vectors have a favorable safety profile and are capable of achieving persistent transgene expression. Long-term expression is predominantly mediated by episomally retained AAV genomes. More than 90% of the stably transduced vector genomes are extra-chromosomal, mostly organized as high-molecular-weight concatamers. Therefore, the risk of insertional oncogenesis is minimal, especially in the context of hemophilia gene therapy where no selective expansion of transduced cells is expected to occur. Nevertheless, oncogenic events have been reported following AAV-based gene transfer (Donsante et al., 2007) but it has been difficult to reproduce these findings in other model systems (Li et al., 2011). The major limitation of AAV vectors is the limited packaging capacity of the vector particles (i.e. approximately 4.7 kb), constraining the size of the transgene expression cassette to obtain functional vectors (Jiang et al., 2006). Several immunologically distinct AAV serotypes have been isolated from human and non-human primates (Gao et al., 2002, Gao et al. 2004), although most vectors for hemophilia gene therapy were initially derived from the most prevalent AAV serotype 2. The first clinical success of AAV-based gene therapy for congenital blindness underscores the potential of this gene transfer technology (Bainbridge et al., 2008).
  • AAV-mediated hepatic gene transfer is an attractive alternative for gene therapy of hemophilia for both liver and muscle-directed gene therapy (Herzog et al., 1997, 1999, 2002; Arruda et al., 2010; Fields et al., 2001; Buchlis et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 2006; Kay et al., 2000). Preclinical studies with the AAV vectors in murine and canine models of hemophilia or non-human primates have demonstrated persistent therapeutic expression, leading to partial or complete correction of the bleeding phenotype in the hemophilic models (Snyder et al., 1997, 1999; Wang et al., 1999, 2000; Mount et al., 2002; Nathwani et al., 2002). Particularly, hepatic transduction conveniently induces immune tolerance to FIX that required induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) (Mingozzi et al., 2003; Dobrzynski et al., 2006). Long-term correction of the hemophilia phenotype without inhibitor development was achieved in inhibitor-prone null mutation hemophilia B dogs treated with liver-directed AAV2-FIX gene therapy (Mount et al, 2002). In order to further reduce the vector dose, more potent FIX expression cassettes have been developed. This could be accomplished by using stronger promoter/enhancer elements, codon-optimized FIX or self-complementary, double-stranded AAV vectors (scAAV) that overcome one of the limiting steps in AAV transduction (i.e. single-stranded to double-stranded AAV conversion) (McCarty, 2001, 2003; Nathwani et al, 2002, 2006, 2011; Wu et al., 2008). Alternative AAV serotypes could be used (e.g. AAV8 or AAV5) that result in increased transduction into hepatocytes, improve intra-nuclear vector import and reduce the risk of T cell activation (Gao et al., 2002; Vandenberghe et al., 2006). Liver-directed gene therapy for hemophilia B with AAV8 or AAV9 is more efficient than when lentiviral vectors are used, at least in mice, and resulted in less inflammation (VandenDriessche et al., 2007, 2002). Furthermore, recent studies indicate that mutations of the surface-exposed tyrosine residues allow the vector particles to evade phosphorylation and subsequent ubiquitination and, thus, prevent proteasome-mediated degradation, which resulted in a 10-fold increase in hepatic expression of FIX in mice (Zhong et al., 2008).
  • These liver-directed preclinical studies paved the way toward the use of AAV vectors for clinical gene therapy in patients suffering from severe hemophilia B. Hepatic delivery of AAV-FIX vectors resulted in transient therapeutic FIX levels (maximum 12% of normal levels) in subjects receiving AAV-FIX by hepatic artery catheterization (Kay et al., 2000). However, the transduced hepatocytes were able to present AAV capsid-derived antigens in association with MHC class I to T cells (Manno et al., 2006, Mingozzi et al., 2007). Although antigen presentation was modest, it was sufficient to flag the transduced hepatocytes for T cell-mediated destruction. Recently, gene therapy for hemophilia made an important step forward (Nathwani et al., 2011; Commentary by VandenDriessche & Chuah, 2012). Subjects suffering from severe hemophilia B (<1% FIX) were injected intravenously with self-complementary (sc) AAV8 vectors expressing codon-optimized FIX from a liver-specific promoter. This AAV8 serotype exhibits reduced cross-reactivity with pre-existing anti-AAV2 antibodies. Interestingly, its uptake by dendritic cells may be reduced compared to conventional AAV2 vectors, resulting in reduced T cell activation (Vandenberghe et al., 2006). In mice, AAV8 allows for a substantial increase in hepatic transduction compared to AAV2, though this advantage may be lost in higher species, like dog, rhesus monkeys and man. Subjects received escalating doses of the scAAV8-FIX vector, with two participants per dose. All of the treated subjects expressed FIX above the therapeutic 1% threshold for several months after vector administration, yielding sustained variable expression levels (i.e. 2 to 11% of normal levels). The main difference with the previous liver-directed AAV trial is that for the first time sustained therapeutic FIX levels could be achieved after gene therapy. Despite this progress, T-cell mediated clearance of AAV-transduced hepatocytes remains a concern consistent with elevated liver enzyme levels in some of the patients. Transient immune suppression using a short course of glucocorticoids was used in an attempt to limit this vector-specific immune response.
  • One of the significant limitations in the generation of efficient viral gene delivery systems for the treatment of hemophilia A by gene therapy is the large size of the FVIII cDNA. Previous viral vector-based gene therapy studies for hemophilia A typically relied on the use of small but weak promoters, required excessively high vector doses that were not clinically relevant or resulted in severely compromised vector titers. Several other ad hoc strategies were explored, such as the use of split or dual vector design to overcome the packaging constraints of AAV, but these approaches were overall relatively inefficient and raised additional immunogenicity concerns (reviewed in Petrus et al., 2010). It has been found that the FVIII B domain is dispensable for procoagulant activity. Consequently, FVIII constructs in which the B domain is deleted are used for gene transfer purposes since their smaller size is more easily incorporated into vectors. Furthermore, it has been shown that deletion of the B domain leads to a 17-fold increase in mRNA and primary translation product. FVIII wherein the B domain is deleted and replaced by a short 14-amino acid linker is currently produced as a recombinant product and marketed as Refacto® for clinical use (Wyeth Pharma) (Sandberg et al., 2001). Miao et al. (2004) added back a short B domain sequence to a B domain deleted FVIII, optimally 226 amino acids and retaining 6 sites for N-linked glycosylation, to improve secretion. McIntosh et al. (2013) replaced the 226 amino-acid spacer of Miao et al. with a 17 amino-acid peptide in which six glycosylation triplets from the B-domain were juxtaposed. Yet, production was still not sufficient for therapeutic purposes.
  • Non-viral vectors typically rely on a plasmid-based gene delivery system, where only the naked DNA is delivered, potentially in conjunction with physicochemical methods that facilitate transfection. Consequently, the non-viral approach maybe less immunogenic and potentially safer than viral vectors, though innate immune response may still occur. The non-viral gene transfer method is simple, but the efficiency is generally low compared to most viral vector-mediated gene transfer approaches. Efficient in vivo gene delivery of non-viral vectors remains a bottleneck. Typically, for hepatic gene delivery, plasmids are administered by hydrodynamic injection. In this case, a hydrodynamic pressure is generated by rapid injection of a large volume of DNA solution into the circulation, in order to deliver the gene of interest in the liver (Miao et al., 2000). Efforts are being made to adapt hydrodynamic injection towards a clinically relevant modality by reducing the volume of injection along with maintaining localized hydrodynamic pressure for gene transfer. Alternative approaches based on targetable nanoparticles are being explored to achieve target specific delivery of FIX into hepatocytes. Expression could be prolonged by removing bacterial backbone sequences which interfere with long term expression (i.e. mini-circle DNA) Finally, to increase the stability of FIX expression after non-viral transfection, transposons could be used that result in stable genomic transgene integration. We and others have shown that transposons could be used to obtain stable clotting factor expression following in vivo gene therapy (Yant et al., 2000; Mates, Chuah et al., 2009, VandenDriessche et al., 2009; Kren et al., 2009; Ohlfest et al., 2004).
  • An exemplary state of the art vector for liver-specific expression of FIX is described in WO2009/130208 and is composed of a single-stranded AAV vector that contains the TTR/Serp regulatory sequences driving a factor cDNA. A FIX first intron was included in the vector, together with a poly-adenylation signal. Using said improved vector yielded about 25-30% stable circulating factor IX.
  • In order to translate viral-vector based gene therapy for hemophilia to the clinic, the safety concerns associated with administering large vector doses to the liver and the need for manufacturing large amounts of clinical-grade vector must be addressed. Increasing the potency (efficacy per dose) of gene transfer vectors is crucial towards achieving these goals. It would allow using lower doses to obtain therapeutic benefit, thus reducing potential toxicities and immune activation associated with in vivo administration, and easing manufacturing needs.
  • One way to increase potency is to engineer the transgene sequence itself to maximize expression and biological activity per vector copy. We have shown that FIX transgenes optimized for codon usage and carrying an R338L amino acid substitution associated with clotting hyperactivity and thrombophilia (Simioni et al., 2009), increase the efficacy of gene therapy using lentiviral vector up to 15-fold in hemophilia B mice, without detectable adverse effects, substantially reducing the dose requirement for reaching therapeutic efficacy and thus facilitating future scale up and its clinical translation (Cantore et al., 2012).
  • Also codon optimization of human factor VIII cDNAs leads to high-level expression. Significantly greater levels (up to a 44-fold increase and in excess of 200% normal human levels) of active FVIII protein were detected in the plasma of neonatal hemophilia A mice transduced with lentiviral vector expressing FVIII from a codon-optimized cDNA sequence, thereby successfully correcting the disease model (Ward et al., 2011).
  • It is an object of the present invention to increase the efficiency and safety of liver-directed gene therapy for hemophilia A and B.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • It is an object of the present invention to increase the efficiency and safety of liver-directed gene therapy for hemophilia B. The above objective is accomplished by providing a vector, either a viral vector, in particular an AAV-based vector, or a non-viral vector, in particular a transposon-based vector, comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette with specific regulatory elements that enhance liver-directed gene expression, while retaining tissue specificity, in conjunction with the use of a human FIX gene containing a hyper-activating mutation and/or a codon-optimized transgene.
  • The resulting vector and nucleic acid expression cassette results in unexpectedly high expression levels of FIX in the liver, due to its unique combination of regulatory elements and the choice of vector type and transgene. The combined effect of these elements could not have been predicted. In WO2009/130208 for example, the given AAV-based vector yielded about 25-30% stable circulating factor IX. In the current application the new vector obtained 500-600% of stable circulating factor IX levels. This represents a more than 20-fold increase in FIX levels due to the unique combination of elements of the nucleic acid expression cassette and vector of the present invention. In particular, the inventors demonstrated in Example 7 that specific combinations of the Serpin enhancer (called “Serp” or “SerpEnh” herein) with codon-optimized hFIX transgene or the Serpin enhancer with transgene encoding hFIX containing the Padua mutation provide for synergistic effects on FIX activity. The highest hFIX activity was measured in mice hydrodynamically injected with a plasmid comprising the unique combination of the Serpin enhancer with a codon-optimized transgene encoding hFIX containing the Padua mutation. hFIX activity in these mice was up to 265-fold higher as compared to hFIX activity in mice injected with a corresponding hFIX plasmid without the Serpin enhancer, the codon-optimization and the Padua mutation. This increase in hFIX activity was shown to be synergistic.
  • It is another object of the present invention to increase the efficiency and safety of liver-directed gene therapy for hemophilia A. As shown in the experimental section, this objective is accomplished by providing a vector either a viral vector, in particular an AAV-based vector, or a non-viral vector, in particular a transposon-based vector, comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette with specific regulatory elements that enhance liver-directed gene expression, while retaining tissue specificity, in particular the Serpin enhancer, in conjunction with the use of a codon-optimized human FVIII construct, in particular a codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII construct.
  • The resulting AAV-based vector and nucleic acid expression cassette resulted in unprecedented, supra-physiologic FVIII expression levels (i.e. more than 200% of normal level) using relatively low vector doses (5×109 vg/mouse). This constitutes a robust 50-fold improvement in FVIII expression levels, when compared to AAV vectors that expressed a codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII cDNA from a truncated liver-specific promoter (McIntosh et al. 2013). This represents a significant improvement over the latest generation AAV-FVIII vectors and an important step towards clinical translation. The inventors demonstrated in Example 6 that the specific combination of the Serpin enhancer with the codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII transgene provides for a synergistic effect on FVIII expression levels compared to expression cassettes containing either the Serpin enhancer or the codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII transgene.
  • The inventors further demonstrated in Example 5 that the inclusion of the MVM intron into the nucleic acid expression cassettes disclosed herein provides for unexpectedly increased expression of the transgene operably linked thereto.
  • The invention therefore provides the following aspects:
  • Aspect 1. A vector comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a liver-specific regulatory element, a promoter, optionally a minute virus of mouse (MVM) intron, a transgene, preferably a codon-optimized transgene, and a transcriptional termination signal.
  • Aspect 2. The vector according to aspect 1, wherein said transgene encodes for factor VIII or factor IX.
  • Aspect 3. The vector according to aspect 2, wherein said coagulation factor VIII has a deletion of the B domain.
  • Aspect 4. The vector according to aspect 3, wherein said B domain of said FVIII is replaced by a linker having SEQ ID NO:16.
  • Aspect 5. The vector according to aspect 2, wherein said coagulation factor IX contains a hyper-activating mutation.
  • Aspect 6. The vector according to aspect 5, wherein said hyper-activating mutation in coagulation factor IX corresponds to an R338L amino acid substitution.
  • Aspect 7. The vector according to any one of aspects 2 to 6, wherein said transgene encoding for coagulation factor VIII or IX is codon-optimized.
  • Aspect 8. The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, or 7, wherein said transgene encoding for coagulation factor VIII has SEQ ID NO:7.
  • Aspect 9. The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 8, wherein said liver-specific regulatory element contains sequences from the serpin promoter.
  • Aspect 10. The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein said liver-specific regulatory element comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO:8, or a sequence having 95% identity to said sequence, preferably wherein said liver-specific regulatory element is the Serpin enhancer.
  • Aspect 11. The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 10, wherein said promoter is derived from the transthyretin (TTR) promoter, preferably the minimal TTR promotor.
  • Aspect 12. The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein said transcriptional termination signal is derived from the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal or from the Simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal.
  • Aspect 13. The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein said vector is a viral vector.
  • Aspect 14. The vector according to aspect 13, wherein said vector is derived from an adeno-associated virus (AAV), preferably AAV serotype 9.
  • Aspect 15. The vector according to aspect 14, wherein said vector is a single-stranded AAV, preferably single-stranded AAV serotype 9.
  • Aspect 16. The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, 7 to 15, having SEQ ID NO: 6, or the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 7, 9 to 15, or 17, having SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.
  • Aspect 17. The vector according to aspect 14, wherein said vector is a self-complementary AAV, preferably self-complementary AAV serotype 9.
  • Aspect 18. The vector according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein said vector is a non-viral vector.
  • Aspect 19. The vector according to aspect 18, wherein said vector is a transposon-based vector.
  • Aspect 20. The vector according to aspect 19, wherein said vector is a PiggyBac(PB)-based vector, such as the PB-based vector having SEQ ID NO:13, preferably a PiggyBac-based vector comprising micro inverted repeats, more preferably the PB-based vector having SEQ ID NO: 14 or 15, or a Sleeping Beauty(SB)-based vector, preferably the SB-based vector having SEQ ID NO:16.
  • Aspect 21. A method to obtain levels of factor VIII in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml plasma in a subject, comprising the transduction or transfection of the vector according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 7 to 20 into a subject.
  • Aspect 22. The method according to aspect 21, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 7 to 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than 2.5×1011 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 23. A method to obtain levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml plasma in a subject, comprising the transduction or transfection of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 to 20 into a subject.
  • Aspect 24. The method according to aspect 23, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than 2×1011 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 24. The method according to aspect 23, used to obtain levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 100 mU/ml in a subject, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than or equal than 6×1011 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 25. The method according to aspect 23, used to obtain levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 50 mU/ml in a subject, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than or equal than 6×1011 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 26. The method according to aspect 23, used to obtain levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 200 mU/ml in a subject, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than or equal than 2×1012 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 27. The method according to aspect 23, used to obtain levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 150 mU/ml in a subject, wherein the transduction of the vector according to any one of claims 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 into the subject is done at a dose lower than or equal than 2×1012 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 28. The method according to any one of aspects 21 to 27, wherein said transduction or transfection is by intravenous administration.
  • Aspect 29. The method according to any one of aspects 21 or 23, wherein said transfection is by hydrodynamic transfection.
  • Aspect 30. The method according to any one of aspects 21, 23, 28 or 29, wherein a vector according to any one of aspects 19 or 20 is administered in combination with a vector encoding a transposase, preferably a hyperactive transposase.
  • Aspect 31. The method according to any one of aspects 21 to 30, wherein said subject is a mammalian subject, preferably a human subject.
  • Aspect 32. A method for treating hemophilia A in a mammalian subject, comprising performing the method according to any one of aspects 21, 22, 28 to 31.
  • Aspect 33. The use of the vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, 7 to 20 for the manufacture of a medicament to treat hemophilia A.
  • Aspect 34. The vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, 7 to 20 for use in the treatment of hemophilia A.
  • Aspect 35. A method for treating hemophilia B in a mammalian subject, comprising performing the method according to any one of aspects 23 to 31.
  • Aspect 36. The use of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 to 20 for the manufacture of a medicament to treat hemophilia B.
  • Aspect 37. The vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 to 20 for use in the treatment of hemophilia B.
  • Aspect 38. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a vector according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, 7 to 20 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, optionally further comprising an active ingredient for treating hemophilia A.
  • Aspect 39. The pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 38 for use in treating hemophilia A.
  • Aspect 40. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to aspect 39, or the vector for use according to aspect 34, wherein said treatment results in levels of factor VIII in plasma of the treated subject that are equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml plasma in a subject.
  • Aspect 41. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to any one of aspects 39 or 40, or the vector for use according to any one of aspects 34 or 40, wherein said treatment comprises the transduction of the vector according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 7 to 17 into the subject at a dose lower than or equal than 2.5×1011 vg/kg.
  • Aspect 42. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 to 20 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, optionally further comprising an active ingredient for treating hemophilia B.
  • Aspect 43. The pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 42, for use in treating hemophilia B.
  • Aspect 44. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to aspect 43, or the vector for use according to aspect 37, wherein said treatment results in levels of factor IX in plasma of the treated subject that are equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml plasma in a subject, preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 50 mU/ml plasma in a subject, more preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 100 mU/ml plasma in a subject, even more preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 150 mU/ml plasma in a subject and even more preferably equal to or higher than the therapeutic concentration of 200 mU/ml plasma in a subject.
  • Aspect 45. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to aspect 43 or 44, or the vector for use according to aspect 37 or 44, wherein said treatment comprises the transduction of the vector according to any one of aspects 1, 2, 5 to 15, 17 to 20 into the subject at a dose lower than or equal than 2×1012 vg/kg, preferably at a dose lower than or equal than 6×1011 vg/kg, more preferably at a dose lower than or equal than 2×1011 vg/kg.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
  • The present invention is illustrated by the following figures which are to be considered for illustrative purposes only and in no way limit the invention to the embodiments disclosed therein:
  • FIG. 1A) shows a schematic diagram of the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX construct (pdsAAVsc SerpTTRmMVMF9coptpA) with indication where the liver-specific Serpin regulatory element (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) is inserted upstream of the transthyretin minimal promoter (TTRm). Abbreviations used are: ITR: viral inverted terminal repeat; mTTR: minimal transthyretin promoter; MVM: minute virus mouse; huFIXcoptMT: codon-optimized FIX; bGHpA: polyadenylation signal of bovine growth hormone; FIG. 1B) shows the sequence of the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX construct (SEQ ID No. 1) and FIG. 1C) shows the sequence of the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L construct (SEQ ID No. 2).
  • FIG. 2 shows FIX activity after intravenous injection of AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX construct (pdsAAVsc SerpTTRmMVMF9coptpA) or AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L construct in FIX-deficient hemophilia B mice. AAV vectors expressing either the human codon-optimized FIX cDNA were designated as AAV-co-hFIX or the human codon-optimized FIX-R338L cDNA as AAV-co-padua-hFIX. hFIX activity levels were determined using a chromogenic activity assay on citrated plasma. Mice were injected with different vectors dose of the cognate self-complementary AAV9 vectors (109 vg, 5×109 vg, 2×1010 vg).
  • FIG. 3A) shows a schematic representation of the AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vector. The expression cassette was packaged in a self-complimentary (sc) adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9), flanked by the 5′ and 3′ AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITR). The liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter drives the codon-optimized human FIX with R338L mutation (co-hFIX-R338L) transgene. The hepatocyte-specific regulatory elements (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) are located upstream of the TTRm promoter. The minute virus of mouse mini-intron (MVM) intron and bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site (pA) are also indicated. FIG. 3B) shows a schematic representation of a control vector AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX, which is identical to the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vector, but the transgene, codon-optimized hFIX, does not contain the R338L mutation. FIG. 3C) compares the R338L or Padua mutation in human FIX fragment (SEQ ID NO:23), making hFIX hyper-functional, with human FIX fragment (SEQ ID NO:24).
  • FIGS. 4A-4K. Evaluation of codon-optimized and hyper-functional FIX transgenes by AAV9 delivery in hemophilic mice. Mice were intravenously administered 1×109 vg/mouse (FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B), 5×109 vg/mouse (FIG. 4C, FIG. 4D) or 2×1010 vg/mouse (FIG. 4E, FIG. 4F) of AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L (indicated as cohFIX-R338L) or AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX- (indicated as cohFIX) vector. hFIX activity (FIG. 4A, FIG. 4C, FIG. 4E) and hFIX protein (FIG. 4B, FIG. 4D, FIG. 4F) were measured by clotting activity using chromogenic FIX activity assays (n=3) and by ELISA (n=3), respectively, on plasma samples collected at the indicated times after AAV administration. (FIG. 4G, FIG. 4H, FIG. 4I) Hemophilic mice were intravenously administered 1×109 vg/mouse (G), 5×109 vg/mouse (H) or 2×1010 vg/mouse (I) of AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L (n=3). For each dose, hFIX expression (hFIX protein) was compared to the corresponding FIX clotting activity. (FIG. 4J) D-dimer levels and hFIX activity were determined in mice injected with AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L (indicated as AAV cohFIX R338L) or AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX (indicated as AAV cohFIX) vector at the indicated doses and compared to non-injected control mice. D-dimer levels were determined by ELISA and hFIX activity was analyzed by chromogenic assay. The D-dimer positive control is shown. Results are presented as mean±SEM. *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 (t-test). (FIG. 4K) Analysis of immune tolerance induction in hemophilia B mice injected with 5×109 vg/mouse of AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L (indicated as cohFIX-R338L, n=4). FIX-specific antibodies were measured by ELISA at week 2 (w2), w4, w6 and w8 after immunization with hFIX protein, as indicated. The immunizations were initiated 2 weeks after vector administration. Immunized PBS-injected hemophilia B mice (n=4) were used as control.
  • FIGS. 5A-5D. Biodistribution and transduction efficiency in different organs of mice injected with AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L (indicated as cohFIX-R338L, n=3) or AAV9sc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX (indicated as cohFIX, n=3). (FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B) AAV copy number relative to 100 ng of genomic DNA was determined for both constructs at a dose of 1×109 vg/mouse (FIG. 5A) and 5×109 vg/mouse (FIG. 5B). (FIG. 5C, FIG. 5D) Quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR analysis of hFIX mRNA levels in the different organs expressed relative to hFIX mRNA levels in the liver for both constructs at a dose of 1×109 vg/mouse (FIG. 5C) and 5×109 vg/mouse (FIG. 5D). GAPDH was used for normalization. Results are presented as mean±SEM. *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 (t-test).
  • FIG. 6A) shows a schematic representation of AAVss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-sv40 pA vector. The expression cassette was packaged in a single-stranded (ss) adeno-associated virus, flanked by the 5′ and 3′ AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITR). The liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter regulates transcription of the human codon-optimized B-domain deleted FVIII cDNA (hFVIIIcopt). The Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) is cloned upstream of the TTRm promoter. The minute virus of mouse mini-intron (MVM) and SV40 polyadenylation site (pA) are indicated. FIG. 6B) shows a schematic of the AAVss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-sv40 pA construct (AAVss-SerpTTRm-MVM-FVIIIcopt-sv40 pA) with indication where the liver-specific Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) is inserted upstream of the transthyretin minimal promoter (TTRm). Abbreviations used are: ITR: viral inverted terminal repeat; MVM intron: minute virus mouse intron; FVIIIcopt: codon-optimized B domain deleted human FIX; SvpolyA: polyadenylation signal of SV40. FIG. 6C) shows the sequence of the AAVss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-sv40 pA construct (SEQ ID NO. 6). The flanking inverted terminal repeat sequences are indicated in italics, the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) in bold (72 bp), the minimal transthyretin promoter (TTRm) is underlined (202 bp), the mTTR/5′ untranslated region is boxed (21 bp), the MVM intron is in italics and underlined (92 bp), the codon-optimized B domain deleted hFVIII (hFVIIIcopt) underlined and in bold (4377 bp), and the SV40 polyadenylation sequence is in italics and bold and underlined (134 bp). FIG. 6D) Nucleotide sequence of codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII (SEQ ID NO: 7). FIG. 6E) Nucleotide sequence of the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) (SEQ ID NO: 8). FIG. 6F) Nucleotide sequence of the minimal transthyretin promoter (TTRm) (SEQ ID NO: 9). FIG. 6G) Nucleotide sequence of the minute virus mouse (MVM) intron (SEQ ID NO: 10). FIG. 6H) Nucleotide sequence of the SV40 polyadenylation signal (SV40polyA) (SEQ ID NO: 11).
  • FIG. 7 shows FVIII expression levels in CB17.SCID mice in function of time (days) following intravenous injection with AAVss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-sv40 pA (5×109 vg/mouse). FVIII levels were determined using a hFVIII-specific ELISA and are expressed as a percentage of normal levels (i.e. physiological level of human FVIII of 200 ng/ml or 1 IU/ml of FVIII in a normal individual) and in ng/ml plasma.
  • FIG. 8A) shows a schematic of the plasmid pcDNA3_mouseCO_hyPiggyBac_Transposase_MT encoding codon-optimized hyperactive PiggyBac (PB) transposase. FIG. 8B) Nucleotide sequence of the pcDNA3_mouseCO_hyPiggyBac_Transposase_MT plasmid (SEQ ID NO:12). FIG. 8C) shows a schematic of the PB_Minimal_T_(T53C-C136T)_D4Z4_TTRminSerpMVM_hFVIIIcopt_SV40 pA_D4Z4 transposon. The liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter is operably linked to the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) to regulate transcription of the human codon-optimized B-domain deleted FVIII cDNA (FVIIIcopt). The minute virus of mouse mini-intron (MVM) and SV40 polyadenylation signal (SV40 pA) are indicated. FIG. 8D) Nucleotide sequence of the PB_Minimal_T_(T53C-C136T)_D4Z4_TTRminSerpMVM_hFVIIIcopt_SV40 pA_D4Z4 transposon (SEQ ID NO:13). FIG. 8E) schematically shows the PB_micro_T_No_ins_TTRminSerpMVM_FIXco_bghpA transposon. Codon-optimized human FIX expression is driven from the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter operably linked to the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”). The minute virus of mouse mini-intron (MVM) and bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal (bghpA) are indicated. FIG. 8F) Nucleotide sequence of the PB_micro_T_No_ins_TTRminSerpMVM_FIXco_bghpA transposon (SEQ ID NO:14). FIG. 8G) schematically shows the PB_micro_T_No_ins_TTRminSerpMVM_FIXco_Padua_bghpA transposon. Codon-optimized human Padua FIX expression is driven from the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter operably linked to the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”). The minute virus of mouse mini-intron (MVM) and bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal (bghpA) are indicated. FIG. 8H) Nucleotide sequence of the PB_micro_T_No_ins_TTRminSerpMVM_FIXco_Padua_bghpA transposon (SEQ ID NO:15). FIG. 8I) shows the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon pT2BH_TTRminSerpMVM_hFIXco_bghpA transposon. Codon-optimized human FIX expression is driven from the liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter operably linked to the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”). The minute virus of mouse mini-intron (MVM) and bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal (bghpA) are indicated. FIG. 8J) shows a schematic of the plasmid pCDNA3_CMVBGI SBMAX_bghpA encoding the hyperactive SBmax transposase. FIG. 8K) Nucleotide sequence of the pCDNA3_CMVBGI_SBMAX_bghpA plasmid (SEQ ID NO:17).
  • FIG. 9 . FIX expression levels in hemophilia B mice treated by liver-directed gene therapy using hyperactive PB transposon expressing either codon-optimized FIX or the hyperactive codon-optimized FIX-R338L mutant. The amount of transposon (IRpBAcmicro) and transposase plasmid (hypBase) is indicated. Human FIX levels were determined using activity assays.
  • FIGS. 10A-10B. FVIII expression levels in SCID mice treated by liver-directed gene therapy using hyperactive PB transposon systems: 1 μg pcDNA3_mouseCO_hyPiggyBac_Transposase_MT plasmid (hyPB plasmid)+5 μg PB_Minimal_T_(T53C-C136T)_D4Z4_TTRminSerpMVM_hFVIIIcopt_SV40 pA_D4Z4 transposon (FIG. 10A); or 1 μg hyPB plasmid+500 ng PB_Minimal_T_(T53C-C136T)_D4Z4_TTRminSerpMVM_hFVIIIcopt_SV40 pA_D4Z4 transposon (FIG. 10B). (lines: with hyPB, broken lines: without hyPB control). Physiologic FVIII concentration (100%=200 ng/ml plasma) is indicated. Human FVIII levels were detected by ELISA.
  • FIG. 11 . Comparison of Sleeping Beauty transposon and PiggyBac transposon for codon-optimized hFIX hepatic gene delivery. Sleeping Beauty transposon (pT2BH_TTRminSerpMVM_hFIXco_bghpA) and PiggyBac transposon (PB_micro_T_No_Ins_SerpTTrminMVM_hFIXco_BGHpA) were injected in immunodeficient (NOD SCID) mice along with plasmid encoding codon-optimized hyperactive PB transposase (pcDNA3_mouseCO_hyPiggyBac_Transposase_MT) or hyperactive SBmax transposase (pCDNA3_CMVBGI_SBMAX_bghpA), respectively using the doses as indicated. One month post-injection FIX plasma levels were determined in plasma by ELISA.
  • FIGS. 12A-12F. Evaluation of effect of cloning MVM intron into nucleic acid constructs on in vivo expression of transgenes. (FIG. 12A) Schematic representation of the piggyBac transposon encoding for a wild-type hFIX (denoted as pB_hFIXIA) The expression cassette is flanked by the wild-type piggyBac transposon invert repeat (IRpBac). The liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter drives the human FIX transgene comprising a truncated 1.4 kb hFIX intron A between exon 1 and the following exons 2-8. The hepatocyte-specific regulatory element (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) is located upstream of the TTRm promoter. Bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site (pA) is also indicated. (FIG. 12B) Schematic representation of the piggyBac transposon encoding for a codon-optimized hFIX (denoted as pB_hFIXco). The expression cassette is the same as pB_hFIXIA, except for the transgene. The hFIX transgene is codon-optimized (hFIXco) and contains no intron A. MVM intron is cloned upstream of the FIXco transgene. (FIG. 12C) Schematic representation of the mouse piggyBac transposase plasmid (denoted as mpBase). The mouse codon-optimized native piggyBac transposase (mpB) driven by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter is cloned upstream of a p-globin intron (pGI). Bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site (bghpA) is also indicated. (FIG. 12D) Schematic representation of the empty control plasmid (denoted as empty) without a transposase gene. The plasmid contains a multiple cloning site (MCS) between the CMV promoter and the bghpa polyadenylation signal. (FIG. 12E, FIG. 12F) Hemophilia B mice were hydrodynamically injected with 10 μg of transposon plasmids comprising wild-type hFIX transgene and truncated intron A (pB_hFIXIA, E) or codon-optimized hFIX transgene and MVM intron (pB_MVM-FIXco, FIG. 12F) in conjunction with 2 μg of plasmids encoding mouse piggyBac transposase (+ mpBase, full lines) or an empty control plasmid (+ empty, dashed lines) hFIX antigen expression (black squares) and hFIX clotting activity (grey squares) were measured on plasma samples collected at the indicated times by ELISA and a chromogenic hFIX activity assay, respectively. Transposon copies per diploid genome (FIG. 12G) and hFIX mRNA levels (FIG. 12H) were measured by a quantitative RT-PCR method (qRT-PCR) at the end of the experiments from total RNA extracted from liver biopsies. hFIX mRNA levels relative to FIXIA mRNA levels are shown in FIG. 12H. The pB hFIXco plasmid showed more than 57-fold expression of mRNA as compared to the pB FIXIA plasmid. Results were presented as mean±standard error of the mean. n.s. indicates not significant, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 (n=3 mice/group).
  • FIGS. 13A-13D. Comparison of nucleic acid expression cassettes comprising hFVIII transgene. (FIG. 13A, FIG. 13B) Predicted (a,b) and measured (c,d) hFVIII levels in mice hydrodynamically injected with, from left to right, (a) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA plasmid, (b) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA plasmid, (c) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid, or (d) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid, at 2 μg DNA (A) or 5 μg DNA (B). (FIG. 13C FIG. 13D) Bars showing from left to right, predicted hFVIII levels in mice hydrodynamically injected with (b) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA plasmid; measured hFVIII levels in mice injected with (c) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid; sum of hFVIII levels predicted in mice injected with (b) and hFVIII levels measured in mice injected with (c); and hFVIII levels measured in mice transfected with (d) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid. (FIG. 13C) shows the data for mice that were injected with 2 μg DNA, (FIG. 13D) shows the data for mice that were injected with 5 μg DNA.
  • FIGS. 14A-14D. Comparison of nucleic acid expression cassettes comprising hFIX transgene. (FIG. 14A, FIG. 14B) Bars showing from left to right, hFIX activity in mice hydrodynamically injected with (a) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-SV40 pA plasmid; (b) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-SV40 pA plasmid; (c) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-SV40 pA plasmid; (b) and (c) calculated as the sum of hFIX activity measured in mice injected with (b) and (c); and (d) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-SV40 pA plasmid at day 2 (A) and day 6 (B) post-injection. (FIG. 14C, FIG. 14D) Bars showing from left to right, hFIX activity in mice hydrodynamically injected with (c) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-SV40 pA plasmid; (d) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-SV40 pA plasmid; (e) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-SV40 pA plasmid; (d) and (e) calculated as the sum of hFIX activity measured in mice injected with (d) and (e); and (f) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-SV40 pA plasmid at day 2 (FIG. 14C) and day 6 (FIG. 14D) post-injection.
  • FIGS. 15A-15K. (FIG. 15A) Schematic representation of the piggyBac transposon pB_hFIXco/IRmut16. wherein the expression cassette is flanked by a wild-type piggyBac transposon inverted repeat (IRwt) and a piggybac transposon inverted repeat containing the indicated point mutations (IRmut16). The liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRmin) promoter drives a codon-optimized hFIX (hFIXco). Minute virus of mouse (MVM) intron is cloned upstream of the FIXco transgene. The Serpin enhancer (denoted as HSH8) is located upstream of the TTRmin promoter. Bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site (pA) is also indicated. (FIG. 15B) Schematic representation of the piggybac transposon pB_hFIXco/IRmicro. The transposon is the same as pB_hFIXco/IRmut16, except for the inverted repeats, which are micro inverted repeats (IRmicro). (FIG. 15C) Schematic representation of the piggybac transposon pB_hFIXco-R338L. The transposon is the same as pB_hFIXco/IRmicro, except for the transgene which is codon-optimized human FIX containing the Padua mutation (hFIXco-R338L). (FIG. 15D) Schematic representation of the hyperactive piggyBac transposase (hyPBase) plasmid. The hyperactive piggyBac transposase (hyPBase) driven by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter is cloned upstream of a p-globin intron (pGI). The hyperactiving mutations are indicated. Bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site (bghpA) is also indicated. (FIG. 15E) Three months after transfection with pB transposons pB_hFIXIA, pB_hFIXco, or pB_hFIXco-R338L, mice were subjected to immunization with recombinant hFIX antigen and adjuvant. Anti-hFIX specific antibodies were measured by ELISA at week 2 (black) and week 4 (grey) post-immunization (p.i). PBS-injected hemophilia B mice that were immunized with recombinant hFIX and adjuvant were used as positive control. Results are presented as mean±standard error of the mean. n.s. indicates not significant, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 (n=3 mice/group). (FIG. 15F, FIG. 15G, FIG. 15H, FIG. 15I, FIG. 15J, FIG. 15K) CB17/IcrTac/Prkdcscid mice were hydrodynamically transfected with 500 ng (FIG. 15F, FIG. 15H, FIG. 15J) or 50 ng (FIG. 15G, FIG. 15I, FIG. 15K) of pB-hF/Xco (FIG. 15F-FIG. 15K), pB-hF/Xco/Rmicro (FIG. 15H, FIG. 15I; triangle) or pB-hF/Xco/IRmut16 (J,K; triangle) transposon plasmids along with 1000 ng (FIG. 15F, FIG. 15H, FIG. 15J) or 100 ng (FIG. 15G, FIG. 15I, FIG. 15K) mPB (triangle FIG. 15F, FIG. 15G) or hyPB-expressing plasmid (FIG. 15F, FIG. 15G; square and FIG. 15H-FIG. 15K) or empty control plasmid (hatched lines). hFIX expression was measured on plasma samples collected at the indicated times by a specific ELISA assay. Results were presented as mean±standard error of the mean. n.s. indicates not significant, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 (n=3 mice/group).
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention will be described with respect to particular embodiments and with reference to certain drawings but the invention is not limited thereto but only by the claims.
  • Any reference signs in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope. The drawings described are only schematic and are non-limiting. In the drawings, the size of some of the elements may be exaggerated and not drawn on scale for illustrative purposes.
  • Where the term “comprising” is used in the present description and claims, it does not exclude other elements or steps. The term “comprising” also encompasses the more specific embodiments defined as “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”.
  • Where an indefinite or definite article is used when referring to a singular noun e.g. “a” or “an”, “the”, this includes a plural of that noun unless something else is specifically stated. Furthermore, the terms first, second, third and the like in the description and in the claims, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order.
  • It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and that the embodiments of the invention described herein are capable of operation in other sequences than described or illustrated herein.
  • The following terms or definitions are provided to aid in the understanding of the invention. Unless specifically defined herein, all terms used herein have the same meaning as they would to one skilled in the art of the present invention. Practitioners are particularly directed to Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainsview, N.Y. (1989); and Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Supplement 47), John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999), for definitions and terms of the art.
  • The definitions provided herein should not be construed to have a scope less than understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • The term “coagulation factor IX” has the meaning as known in the art. Synonyms of coagulation factor IX are “FIX” or “Christmas factor” or “F9” and can be used interchangeably. In particular, the term “coagulation factor IX” encompasses the human protein encoded by the mRNA sequence as defined in Genbank accession number NM_000133.
  • Preferably, said FIX is a mutated FIX, which is hyperactive or hyper-functional as compared to the wild type FIX. Modifying functional activity of human coagulation factor can be done by bioengineering e.g. by introduction of point mutations. By this approach a hyperactive R338A variant was reported, which showed a 3 fold increased clotting activity compared to the wild type human FIX in an in vitro activated partial thromboplastin time assay (APPT) (Chang et al., 1998) and a 2 to 6-fold higher specific activity in hemophilia B mice transduced with the mutant FIX gene (Schuettrumpf et al., 2005). Further exemplary FIX point-mutants or domain exchange mutants with even higher clotting activities have been described: FIX, with the EGF-1 domain replaced with the EGF-1 domain from FVII, alone or in combination with a R338A point mutation (Brunetti-Pierri et al., 2009), the V86A/E277A/R338A triple mutant (Lin et al., 2010), the Y259F, K265T, and/or Y345T single, double or triple mutants (Milanov, et al., 2012), and the G190V point mutant (Kao et al., 2010), all incorporated herein by reference. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the FIX mutant is the one described by Simioni et al., in 2009 and denominated as the “factor IX Padua” mutant, causing X-linked thrombophilia. Said mutant factor IX is hyperactive and carries an R338L amino acid substitution. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the FIX transgene used in expression vector encodes the human FIX protein, most preferably the FIX transgene encodes for the Padua mutant of the human FIX protein.
  • The term “coagulation factor VIII” has the meaning as known in the art. Synonyms of coagulation factor VIII are “FVIII” or “anti-hemophilic factor” or “AHF” and can be used interchangeably herein. The term “coagulation factor VIII” encompasses, for example, the human protein having the amino acid sequence as defined in Uniprot accession number P00451.
  • In embodiments, said FVIII is a FVIII wherein the B domain is deleted (i.e. B domain deleted FVIII, also referred to as BDD FVIII or FVIIIAB herein). The term “B domain deleted FVIII” encompasses for example, but without limitation, FVIII mutants wherein whole or a part of the B domain is deleted and FVIII mutants wherein the B domain is replaced by a linker. Non-limiting examples of B domain deleted FVIII are described in Ward et al. (2011) and WO 2011/005968, which are specifically incorporated by reference herein.
  • In preferred embodiments, said FVIII is B domain deleted FVIII wherein the B domain is replaced by a linker having the following sequence: SFSQNPPVLTRHQR (SEQ ID NO: 16) (i.e. SQ FVIII as defined in Ward et al. (2011)). In particularly preferred embodiments, said FVIII has SEQ ID NO:7 (i.e. codon-optimized B domain deleted human FVIII or hFVIIIcopt), as disclosed also in WO 2011/0059.
  • A “regulatory element” as used herein refers to transcriptional control elements, in particular non-coding cis-acting transcriptional control elements, capable of regulating and/or controlling transcription of a gene, in particular tissue-specific transcription of a gene. Regulatory elements comprise at least one transcription factor binding site (TFBS), more in particular at least one binding site for a tissue-specific transcription factor, most particularly at least one binding site for a liver-specific transcription factor. Typically, regulatory elements as used herein increase or enhance promoter-driven gene expression when compared to the transcription of the gene from the promoter alone, without the regulatory elements. Thus, regulatory elements particularly comprise enhancer sequences, although it is to be understood that the regulatory elements enhancing transcription are not limited to typical far upstream enhancer sequences, but may occur at any distance of the gene they regulate. Indeed, it is known in the art that sequences regulating transcription may be situated either upstream (e.g. in the promoter region) or downstream (e.g. in the 3′UTR) of the gene they regulate in vivo, and may be located in the immediate vicinity of the gene or further away. Of note, although regulatory elements as disclosed herein typically are naturally occurring sequences, combinations of (parts of) such regulatory elements or several copies of a regulatory element, i.e. non-naturally occurring sequences, are themselves also envisaged as regulatory element. Regulatory elements as used herein may be part of a larger sequence involved in transcriptional control, e.g. part of a promoter sequence. However, regulatory elements alone are typically not sufficient to initiate transcription, but require a promoter to this end.
  • The regulatory elements contained in the nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein are preferably liver-specific. Non-limiting examples of liver-specific regulatory elements are disclosed in WO 2009/130208, which is specifically incorporated by reference herein.
  • In preferred embodiments, the regulatory element in the nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein is a liver-specific regulatory element derived from the serpin gene promotor. Said regulatory element comprises the sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO:8, a sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, such as 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%, identity to said sequence, or a functional fragment thereof. Said regulatory element is herein referred to as “the Serpin enhancer”, “SerpEnh”, or “Serp”.
  • In further embodiments, the regulatory element in the nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein consists of the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:8 (i.e. the Serpin enhancer, also called “SerpEnh”, or “Serp” herein).
  • ‘Liver-specific expression’, as used in the application, refers to the preferential or predominant expression of a (trans)gene (as RNA and/or polypeptide) in the liver as compared to other tissues. According to particular embodiments, at least 50% of the (trans)gene expression occurs within the liver. According to more particular embodiments, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99% or 100% of the (trans)gene expression occurs within the liver. According to a particular embodiment, liver-specific expression entails that there is no ‘leakage’ of expressed gene product to other organs, such as spleen, muscle, heart and/or lung. The same applies mutatis mutandis for hepatocyte-specific expression, which may be considered as a particular form of liver-specific expression. Throughout the application, where liver-specific is mentioned in the context of expression, hepatocyte-specific expression is also explicitly envisaged. Similarly, where tissue-specific expression is used in the application, cell-type specific expression of the cell type(s) predominantly making up the tissue is also envisaged.
  • The term “functional fragment” as used in the application refers to fragments of the sequences disclosed herein that retain the capability of regulating liver-specific expression, i.e. they still confer tissue specificity and they are capable of regulating expression of a (trans)gene in the same way (although possibly not to the same extent) as the sequence from which they are derived. Fragments comprise at least 10 contiguous nucleotides from the sequence from which they are derived. In further particular embodiments, fragments comprise at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35 or at least 40 contiguous nucleotides from the sequence from which they are derived.
  • As used herein, the term “nucleic acid expression cassette” refers to nucleic acid molecules that include one or more transcriptional control elements (such as, but not limited to promoters, enhancers and/or regulatory elements, polyadenylation sequences, and introns) that direct (trans)gene expression in one or more desired cell types, tissues or organs. Typically, they will also contain the FIX transgene or the FVIII transgene as defined herein.
  • The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to the arrangement of various nucleic acid molecule elements relative to each such that the elements are functionally connected and are able to interact with each other. Such elements may include, without limitation, a promoter, an enhancer and/or a regulatory element, a polyadenylation sequence, one or more introns and/or exons, and a coding sequence of a gene of interest to be expressed (i.e., the transgene). The nucleic acid sequence elements, when properly oriented or operably linked, act together to modulate the activity of one another, and ultimately may affect the level of expression of the transgene. By modulate is meant increasing, decreasing, or maintaining the level of activity of a particular element. The position of each element relative to other elements may be expressed in terms of the 5′ terminus and the 3′ terminus of each element, and the distance between any particular elements may be referenced by the number of intervening nucleotides, or base pairs, between the elements.
  • As used in the application, the term “promoter” refers to nucleic acid sequences that regulate, either directly or indirectly, the transcription of corresponding nucleic acid coding sequences to which they are operably linked (e.g. a transgene or endogenous gene). A promoter may function alone to regulate transcription or may act in concert with one or more other regulatory sequences (e.g. enhancers or silencers). In the context of the present application, a promoter is typically operably linked to regulatory elements to regulate transcription of a transgene.
  • When a regulatory element as described herein is operably linked to both a promoter and a transgene, the regulatory element can (1) confer a significant degree of liver specific expression in vivo (and/or in hepatocytes/hepatic cell lines in vitro) of the transgene, and/or (2) can increase the level of expression of the transgene in the liver (and/or in hepatocytes/hepatocyte cell lines in vitro).
  • According to a particular embodiment, the promoter contained in the nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein is a liver-specific promoter. According to a further particular embodiment, the liver-specific promoter is from the transthyretin (TTR) gene. According to yet a further particular embodiment, the TTR promoter is a minimal promoter (also referred to as TTRm, mTTR or TRRmin herein), most particularly the minimal TTR promoter as defined in SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • According to another particular embodiment, the promoter in the nucleic acid expression cassettes and vectors disclosed herein is a minimal promoter.
  • A ‘minimal promoter’ as used herein is part of a full-size promoter still capable of driving expression, but lacking at least part of the sequence that contributes to regulating (e.g. tissue-specific) expression. This definition covers both promoters from which (tissue-specific) regulatory elements have been deleted—that are capable of driving expression of a gene but have lost their ability to express that gene in a tissue-specific fashion and promoters from which (tissue-specific) regulatory elements have been deleted that are capable of driving (possibly decreased) expression of a gene but have not necessarily lost their ability to express that gene in a tissue-specific fashion. Minimal promoters have been extensively documented in the art, a non-limiting list of minimal promoters is provided in the specification.
  • Typically, the nucleic acid expression cassette in the expression vector according to the invention comprises a plasmid origin, a promotor and/or enhancer, a (trans)gene, a transcription terminator, and a selection gene.
  • In embodiments, the nucleic acid expression cassette in the expression vector according to the invention comprises the following elements:
      • a plasmid origin such as the f1 origin,
      • an Inverted Terminal Repeat sequence (ITR), sometimes mutated,
      • an enhancer, preferably the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”),
      • a promoter, preferably the minimal TTR promoter (TTRm),
      • the MVM intron,
      • a (trans)gene, preferably a codon-optimized transgene
      • a transcription terminator, preferably a polyadenylation signal such as the bGHpA,
      • an Inverted Terminal Repeat sequence (ITR),
      • a selection gene (e.g. an antibiotic resistance gene such as an ampicilin resistance gene), and
      • a plasmid origin such as the pBR322 origin.
  • The cloning of the MVM intron into a nucleic acid expression cassette described herein was shown to unexpectedly high expression levels of the transgene operably linked thereto.
  • In a typical embodiment of the present invention, said nucleic acid expression cassette in the expression vector comprises the following elements (cf. FIG. 1 ):
      • an plasmid origin such as the f1 origin,
      • an Inverted Terminal Repeat sequence (ITR), sometimes mutated,
      • an enhancer, preferably the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”),
      • a promoter, preferably the minimal TTR promoter (TTRm),
      • an intron sequence, preferably the MVM intron,
      • a (trans)gene, preferably the FIX encoding gene, or its Padua mutant form,
      • a transcription terminator, preferably a polyadenylation signal such as the bGHpA,
      • an Inverted Terminal Repeat sequence (ITR),
      • a selection gene (e.g. an antibiotic resistance gene such as an ampicilin resistance gene), and
      • a plasmid origin such as the pBR322 origin.
  • The combination of said elements results in an unexpectedly high expression level of FIX and in particular of the Padua mutant thereof in the liver of subjects. Preferably, the vector is an adeno-associated virus-derived vector, in combination with the Padua-mutant FIX gene.
  • In another typical embodiment of the present invention, said nucleic acid expression cassette in the vector comprises the following elements:
      • a plasmid origin, such as the f1 Origin,
      • an Inverted Terminal Repeat sequence (ITR), optionally mutated,
      • a liver-specific regulatory element, preferably the Serpin enhancer,
      • a promoter, preferably the minimal TTR promoter,
      • an intron sequence, preferably the MVM intron,
      • a (trans)gene, preferably codon-optimized factor VIII cDNA, even more preferably codon-optimized B domain deleted factor VIII cDNA,
      • a transcription terminator, preferably a polyadenylation signal such as the Simian vacuolating virus 40 or Simian virus 40 (SV40) polyadenylation signal,
      • an Inverted Terminal Repeat sequence (ITR),
      • a selection gene (e.g. an antibiotic resistance gene such as an ampicilin resistance gene), and
      • a plasmid origin, such as the pBR322 origin.
  • The combination of said elements results in an unexpectedly high expression level of FVIII specifically in the liver of subjects. Preferably, the vector is an adeno-associated virus(AAV)-derived vector in combination with codon-optimized B domain deleted FVIII cDNA.
  • In typical embodiment of the invention, said nucleic acid expression cassette in the vectors disclosed herein comprises:
      • a liver-specific regulatory element, preferably the Serpin enhancer,
      • a promoter, preferably the minimal TTR promoter,
      • the MVM intron
      • a (trans)gene, preferably a codon-optimized transgene
      • a transcription terminator, preferably a polyadenylation signal such as the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal.
  • In another typical embodiment of the present invention, said nucleic acid expression cassette in the vectors disclosed herein comprises:
      • a liver-specific regulatory element, preferably the Serpin enhancer,
      • a promoter, preferably the minimal TTR promoter,
      • an intron sequence, preferably the MVM intron,
      • a (trans)gene, preferably codon-optimized factor IX cDNA, even more preferably codon-optimized factor IX Padua cDNA,
      • a transcription terminator, preferably a polyadenylation signal such as the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal,
  • In yet another typical embodiment of the present invention, said nucleic acid expression cassette in the vectors disclosed herein comprises:
      • a liver-specific regulatory element, preferably the Serpin enhancer,
      • a promoter, preferably the minimal TTR promoter,
      • an intron sequence, preferably the MVM intron,
      • a (trans)gene, preferably codon-optimized factor VIII cDNA, even more preferably codon-optimized B domain deleted factor VIII cDNA,
      • a transcription terminator, preferably a polyadenylation signal such as the Simian vacuolating virus 40 or Simian virus 40 (SV40) polyadenylation signal,
  • The term “transgene” or “(trans)gene” as used herein refers to particular nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide or a portion of a polypeptide to be expressed in a cell into which the nucleic acid sequence is inserted. However, it is also possible that transgenes are expressed as RNA, typically to lower the amount of a particular polypeptide in a cell into which the nucleic acid sequence is inserted. These RNA molecules include but are not limited to molecules that exert their function through RNA interference (shRNA, RNAi), micro-RNA regulation (miR), catalytic RNA, antisense RNA, RNA aptamers, etc. How the nucleic acid sequence is introduced into a cell is not essential to the invention, it may for instance be through integration in the genome or as an episomal plasmid. Of note, expression of the transgene may be restricted to a subset of the cells into which the nucleic acid sequence is inserted. The term ‘transgene’ is meant to include (1) a nucleic acid sequence that is not naturally found in the cell (i.e., a heterologous nucleic acid sequence); (2) a nucleic acid sequence that is a mutant form of a nucleic acid sequence naturally found in the cell into which it has been introduced; (3) a nucleic acid sequence that serves to add additional copies of the same (i.e., homologous) or a similar nucleic acid sequence naturally occurring in the cell into which it has been introduced; or (4) a silent naturally occurring or homologous nucleic acid sequence whose expression is induced in the cell into which it has been introduced. By ‘mutant form’ is meant a nucleic acid sequence that contains one or more nucleotides that are different from the wild-type or naturally occurring sequence, i.e., the mutant nucleic acid sequence contains one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions. In some cases, the transgene may also include a sequence encoding a leader peptide or signal sequence such that the transgene product will be secreted from the cell.
  • The term ‘vector’ as used in the application refers to nucleic acid molecules, usually double-stranded DNA, which may have inserted into it another nucleic acid molecule (the insert nucleic acid molecule) such as, but not limited to, a cDNA molecule. The vector is used to transport the insert nucleic acid molecule into a suitable host cell. A vector may contain the necessary elements that permit transcribing the insert nucleic acid molecule, and, optionally, translating the transcript into a polypeptide. The insert nucleic acid molecule may be derived from the host cell, or may be derived from a different cell or organism. Once in the host cell, the vector can replicate independently of, or coincidental with, the host chromosomal DNA, and several copies of the vector and its inserted nucleic acid molecule may be generated.
  • The term “vector” may thus also be defined as a gene delivery vehicle that facilitates gene transfer into a target cell. This definition includes both non-viral and viral vectors. Non-viral vectors include but are not limited to cationic lipids, liposomes, nanoparticles, PEG, PEI, etc. Viral vectors are derived from viruses including but not limited to: retrovirus, lentivirus, adeno-associated virus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, hepatitis virus or the like. Typically, but not necessarily, viral vectors are replication-deficient as they have lost the ability to propagate in a given cell since viral genes essential for replication have been eliminated from the viral vector. However, some viral vectors can also be adapted to replicate specifically in a given cell, such as e.g. a cancer cell, and are typically used to trigger the (cancer) cell-specific (onco)lysis.
  • Preferred vectors are derived from adeno-associated virus, adenovirus, retroviruses and Antiviruses. Alternatively, gene delivery systems can be used to combine viral and non-viral components, such as nanoparticles or virosomes (Yamada et al., 2003). Retroviruses and Antiviruses are RNA viruses that have the ability to insert their genes into host cell chromosomes after infection. Retroviral and lentiviral vectors have been developed that lack the genes encoding viral proteins, but retain the ability to infect cells and insert their genes into the chromosomes of the target cell (Miller, 1990; Naldini et al., 1996, VandenDriessche et al., 1999). The difference between a lentiviral and a classical Moloney-murine leukemia-virus (MLV) based retroviral vector is that lentiviral vectors can transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells whereas MLV-based retroviral vectors can only transduce dividing cells.
  • Adenoviral vectors are designed to be administered directly to a living subject. Unlike retroviral vectors, most of the adenoviral vector genomes do not integrate into the chromosome of the host cell. Instead, genes introduced into cells using adenoviral vectors are maintained in the nucleus as an extrachromosomal element (episome) that persists for an extended period of time. Adenoviral vectors will transduce dividing and nondividing cells in many different tissues in vivo including airway epithelial cells, endothelial cells, hepatocytes and various tumors (Trapnell, 1993; Chuah et al., 2003). Another viral vector is derived from the herpes simplex virus, a large, double-stranded DNA virus. Recombinant forms of the vaccinia virus, another dsDNA virus, can accommodate large inserts and are generated by homologous recombination.
  • Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small ssDNA virus which infects humans and some other primate species, not known to cause disease and consequently causing only a very mild immune response. AAV can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells and may incorporate its genome into that of the host cell. These features make AAV a very attractive candidate for creating viral vectors for gene therapy, although the cloning capacity of the vector is relatively limited. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the vector used is therefore derived from adeno-associated virus (i.e. AAV vector).
  • Different serotypes of AAVs have been isolated and characterized, such as, for example AAV serotype 2, AAV serotype 5, AAV serotype 8, and AAV serotype 9, and all AAV serotypes are contemplated herein. In a preferred embodiment, the vector used is AAV serotype 9.
  • The AAV vectors disclosed herein may be single-stranded (i.e. ssAAV vectors) or self-complementary (i.e. scAAV vectors). In particular, AAV vectors that comprise a FIX transgene as disclosed herein are preferably self-complementary, and AAV vectors that comprise a FVIII transgene as disclosed herein are preferably single-stranded. With the term “self-complementary AAV” is meant herein a recombinant AAV-derived vector wherein the coding region has been designed to form an intra-molecular double-stranded DNA template.
  • Gene therapy with adeno-associated viral vectors disclosed herein was shown to induce immune tolerance towards the transgene comprised in the vector.
  • In another aspect, the vector is a transposon-based vector. Preferably, said transposon-based vectors are preferably derived from Sleeping Beauty (SB) or PiggyBac (PB). A preferred SB transposon has been described in Ivics et al. (1997).
  • In preferred embodiments, said transposon-based vectors comprise the nucleic acid expression cassettes disclosed herein.
  • In embodiments, said transposon-based vectors are PiggyBac-based transposons. Such vectors are safe in that they do no enhance the tumorigenic risk. Furthermore, liver-directed gene therapy with these vectors was shown to induce immune tolerance towards the transgene, in particular hFIX, comprised in the vector.
  • In further embodiments, said PiggyBac-based vectors comprise micro inverted repeats, preferably inverted repeats having SEQ ID NO:29 and SEQ ID NO:30. With “micro inverted repeats” is meant herein inverted repeats wherein the majority of the native sequence has been removed. Exemplary micro inverted repeats have been described in Meir et al. (2011. BMC Biotechnology 11:28) and are characterized by the sequences ttaaccctagaaagataatcatattgtgacgtacgttaaagataatcatgcgtaaaattgacgcatg (SEQ ID NO:29) and gcatgcgtcaattttacgcagactatctttctagggttaa (SEQ ID NO:30). Such micro inverted repeats advantageously increase the expression level of the transgene comprised in the vector.
  • In a particularly preferred embodiment, said transposon-based vector is a PiggyBac-based transposon comprising the Serpin enhancer, the minimal transthyretin promoter, the minute virus of mouse intron, the codon-optimized human FIX Padua mutant, and the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal, such as, e.g., the transposon defined by SEQ ID NO:15. In further embodiments, said transposon-based vector comprises micro inverted repeats.
  • In another particularly preferred embodiment, said transposon-based vector is a PiggyBac-based transposon comprising the Serpin enhancer, the minimal transthyretin promoter, the minute virus of mouse intron, codon-optimized human FIX cDNA, and the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal, such as, e.g., the transposon defined by SEQ ID NO:14. In further embodiments, said transposon-based vector comprises micro inverted repeats.
  • In another particularly preferred embodiment, said transposon-based vector is a PiggyBac-based transposon comprising the Serpin enhancer, the minimal transthyretin promoter, the minute virus of mouse intron, a codon-optimized human B domain deleted FVIII cDNA, and the SV40 polyadenylation signal, such as, e.g., the transposon defined by SEQ ID NO:13. In further embodiments, said transposon-based vector comprises micro inverted repeats.
  • In yet another particularly preferred embodiment, said transposon-based vector is a Sleeping Beauty-based transposon comprising the Serpin enhancer, the minimal transthyretin promoter, the minute virus of mouse intron, codon-optimized human FIX cDNA, and the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal (FIG. 8I).
  • The transposon-based vectors disclosed herein are preferably administered in combination with a vector encoding a transposase for gene therapy. For example, the PiggyBac-derived transposon-based vector can be administered with wild-type PiggyBac transposase (Pbase) or mouse codon-optimized PiggyBac transposase (mPBase) Preferably, said transposases are hyperactive transposases, such as, for example, SBmax transposase and hyperactive PB (hyPB) transposase containing seven amino acid substitutions (130V, S103P, G165S, M282V, S509G, N538K, N570S) as described in Yusa et al. (2011), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein.
  • Transposon/transposase constructs can be delivered by hydrodynamic injection or using non-viral nanoparticles to transfect hepatocytes.
  • In a further particular aspect, the nucleic acid regulatory elements, the nucleic acid expression cassettes and the vectors described herein can be used in gene therapy. Gene therapy protocols, intended to achieve therapeutic gene product expression in target cells, in vitro, but also particularly in vivo, have been extensively described in the art.
  • These include, but are not limited to, intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA (naked or in liposomes), interstitial injection, instillation in airways, application to endothelium, intra-hepatic parenchyme, and intravenous or intra-arterial administration (e.g. intra-hepatic artery, intra-hepatic vein). Various devices have been developed for enhancing the availability of DNA to the target cell. A simple approach is to contact the target cell physically with catheters or implantable materials containing DNA. Another approach is to utilize needle-free, jet injection devices which project a column of liquid directly into the target tissue under high pressure. These delivery paradigms can also be used to deliver viral vectors. Another approach to targeted gene delivery is the use of molecular conjugates, which consist of protein or synthetic ligands to which a nucleic acid- or DNA-binding agent has been attached for the specific targeting of nucleic acids to cells (Cristiano et al., 1993).
  • According to a particular embodiment, the use of the nucleic acid regulatory elements, nucleic acid expression cassettes or vectors as described herein is envisaged for gene therapy of liver cells. According to a further particular embodiment, the use of the regulatory elements, expression cassettes or vectors is for gene therapy in vivo. According to yet a further particular embodiment, the use is for a method of gene therapy to treat hemophilia, in particular to treat hemophilia B or hemophilia A.
  • Gene transfer into mammalian hepatocytes has been performed using both ex vivo and in vivo procedures. The ex vivo approach requires harvesting of the liver cells, in vitro transduction with long-term expression vectors, and reintroduction of the transduced hepatocytes into the portal circulation (Kay et al., 1992; Chowdhury et al., 1991). In vivo targeting has been done by injecting DNA or viral vectors into the liver parenchyma, hepatic artery, or portal vein, as well as via transcriptional targeting (Kuriyama et al., 1991; Kistner et al., 1996). Recent methods also include intraportal delivery of naked DNA (Budker et al., 1996) and hydrodynamic tail vein transfection (Liu et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 1999).
  • According to a further aspect, methods for expressing a protein in liver cells are provided, comprising the steps of introducing in liver cells the nucleic acid expression cassette (or a vector) as described herein and expressing the transgene protein product in the liver cells. These methods may be performed both in vitro and in vivo.
  • Methods of gene therapy for a subject in need thereof are also provided, comprising the steps of introducing in the liver of the subject a nucleic acid expression cassette containing a transgene encoding a therapeutic protein, and expressing a therapeutic amount of the therapeutic protein in the liver. According to a further embodiment, the method comprises the steps of introducing in the liver of the subject a vector comprising the nucleic acid expression cassette containing a transgene encoding a therapeutic protein, and expressing a therapeutic amount of the therapeutic protein in the liver.
  • According to a very specific embodiment, the therapeutic protein encoded by the transgene in the nucleic acid expression cassette is factor IX, and the method is a method for treating hemophilia B. By expressing factor IX in the liver via gene therapy, hemophilia B can be treated (Snyder et al., 1999).
  • According to another very specific embodiment, the therapeutic protein encoded by the transgene in the nucleic acid expression cassette is factor VIII, and the method is a method for treating hemophilia A.
  • Except when noted differently, the terms “subject” or “patient” are used interchangeably and refer to animals, preferably vertebrates, more preferably mammals, and specifically includes human patients and non-human mammals. “mammalian” subjects include, but are not limited to, humans, domestic animals, commercial animals, farm animals, zoo animals, sport animals, pet and experimental animals such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, cows; primates such as apes, monkeys, orang-utans, and chimpanzees; canids such as dogs and wolves; felids such as cats, lions, and tigers; equids such as horses, donkeys, and zebras; food animals such as cows, pigs, and sheep; ungulates such as deer and giraffes; rodents such as mice, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs; and so on. Accordingly, “subject” or “patient” as used herein means any mammalian patient or subject to which the compositions of the invention can be administered. Preferred patients or subjects are human subjects.
  • As used herein, the terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the development or spread of proliferative disease, e.g., cancer. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilised (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
  • As used herein, a phrase such as “a subject in need of treatment” includes subjects, such as mammalian subjects, that would benefit from treatment of a given condition, such as, hemophilia B. Such subjects will typically include, without limitation, those that have been diagnosed with the condition, those prone to have or develop the said condition and/or those in whom the condition is to be prevented.
  • The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention effective to treat a disease or disorder in a subject, i.e., to obtain a desired local or systemic effect and performance. In a particular embodiment, the term implies that levels of factor IX in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml (milli-units per milliliter) plasma, 50 mU/ml plasma, 100 mU/ml plasma, 150 mU/ml or 200 mU/ml plasma in a subject can be obtained by transduction or transfection of the vector according to any one the embodiments described herein into a subject. Due to the very high efficiency of the vector and nucleic acid expression cassette of the present invention, this high physiological level of factor IX in the subject can be obtained even by administering relatively low doses of vector. In another particular embodiment, the term implies that levels of factor VIII in plasma equal to or higher than the therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml (milli-units per milliliter) plasma, 50 mU/ml plasma, 100 mU/ml plasma, 150 mU/ml plasma, 200 mU/ml plasma or higher can be obtained by transduction or transfection of any of the vectors disclosed herein into a subject. Due to the very high efficiency of the vectors and nucleic acid expression cassettes disclosed herein, these high physiological levels of factor VIII in the subject can be obtained even by administering relatively low doses of vector. The term thus refers to the quantity of compound or pharmaceutical composition that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal, or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the hemophilia being treated. In particular, these terms refer to the quantity of compound or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention which is necessary to prevent, cure, ameliorate, or at least minimize the clinical impairment, symptoms, or complications associated with hemophilia, in particular hemophilia B or hemophilia A, in either a single or multiple dose.
  • In particular, the transduction of the vector according to any one of the embodiments defined herein into the subject can be done at a dose lower than 2×1011 vg/kg (viral genomes per kilogram) to obtain a physiological factor IX level of 10 mU/ml plasma or of 50 mU/ml plasma in a subject.
  • Alternatively, if a level of factor IX of 100 mU/ml plasma needs to be reached in a subject, the transduction of the vector according to any one of the embodiments defined herein into the subject can be done at a dose lower than or equal to 6×1011 vg/kg.
  • Further, if a level of factor IX equal to 150 mU/ml plasma or higher needs to be reached, the transduction of the vector according to any one of the embodiments defined herein into the subject can be done at a dose lower than or equal than 2×1012 vg/kg. In a preferred embodiment, a level of factor IX of 200 mU/ml plasma or higher can be reached in a subject, when the transduction of the vector according to any one of the embodiments defined herein into the subject is done at a dose lower than or equal to 2×1012 vg/kg.
  • In particular, the transduction of the vector according to any one of the embodiments defined herein into the subject can be done at a dose lower than or equal to 2×1012 vg/kg (viral genomes per kilogram), such as lower than or equal to 1×1012 vg/kg, 5×1011 vg/kg, 2.5×1011 vg/kg, 1×1011 vg/kg, 5×1010 vg/kg, 1×1010 vg/kg, 5×109 vg/kg, or 1×109 vg/kg preferably at a dose lower than or equal to 2.5×1011 vg/kg, to obtain a physiological factor VIII level of 10 mU/ml plasma, 50 mU/ml plasma, 100 mU/ml plasma, 150 mU/ml plasma, 200 mU/ml plasma, or higher in a subject.
  • For hemophilia therapy, efficacy of the treatment can, for example, be measured by assessing the hemophilia-caused bleeding in the subject. In vitro tests such as, but not limited to the in vitro actived partial thromboplastin time assay (APPT), test factor IX chromogenic activity assays, blood clotting times, factor IX or human factor VIII-specific ELISAs are also available. Any other tests for assessing the efficacy of the treatment known in the art can of course be used.
  • The compound or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be used alone or in combination with any of the know hemophilia therapies, such as the administration of recombinant or purified clotting factors. The compound or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention can thus be administered alone or in combination with one or more active compounds. The latter can be administered before, after or simultaneously with the administration of the said agent(s).
  • A further object of the invention are pharmaceutical preparations which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of the expression vector of the invention as defined herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, i.e., one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substances and/or additives, e.g., buffers, carriers, excipients, stabilisers, etc. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein is consistent with the art and means compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” as used herein means an inorganic acid addition salt such as hydrochloride, sulfate, and phosphate, or an organic acid addition salt such as acetate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, and citrate. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable metal salts are alkali metal salts such as sodium salt and potassium salt, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium salt and calcium salt, aluminum salt, and zinc salt. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable ammonium salts are ammonium salt and tetramethylammonium salt. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable organic amine addition salts are salts with morpholine and piperidine. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable amino acid addition salts are salts with lysine, glycine, and phenylalanine. The pharmaceutical composition according to the invention can be administered orally, for example in the form of pills, tablets, lacquered tablets, sugar-coated tablets, granules, hard and soft gelatin capsules, aqueous, alcoholic or oily solutions, syrups, emulsions or suspensions, or rectally, for example in the form of suppositories. Administration can also be carried out parenterally, for example subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously in the form of solutions for injection or infusion. Other suitable administration forms are, for example, percutaneous or topical administration, for example in the form of ointments, tinctures, sprays or transdermal therapeutic systems, or the inhalative administration in the form of nasal sprays or aerosol mixtures, or, for example, microcapsules, implants or rods. The pharmaceutical composition can be prepared in a manner known per se to one of skill in the art. For this purpose, the expression vector according to the invention as defined herein, one or more solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and, if desired, in combination with other pharmaceutical active compounds, are brought into a suitable administration form or dosage form which can then be used as a pharmaceutical in human medicine or veterinary medicine.
  • According to another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette containing a transgene encoding a therapeutic protein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. According to another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a vector containing the nucleic acid expression cassette containing a transgene encoding a therapeutic protein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. According to further particular embodiments, the transgene encodes factor IX and the pharmaceutical composition is for treating hemophilia B or the transgene encodes factor VIII and the pharmaceutical composition is for treating hemophilia A.
  • The use of the nucleic acid expression cassette, its regulatory elements and the vector components as disclosed herein for the manufacture of these pharmaceutical compositions for use in treating hemophilia, preferably hemophilia B or hemophilia A, is also envisaged.
  • It is to be understood that although particular embodiments, specific constructions and configurations, as well as materials, have been discussed herein for methods and applications according to the present invention, various changes or modifications in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention.
  • The following examples are provided to better illustrate particular embodiments, and they should not be considered limiting the application. The application is limited only by the claims.
    • Examples Example 1: In Vivo Validation of Liver-Specific Regulatory Enhancer Sequences Expressing Hyper-Active FIX Via AAV Vector Gene Delivery Materials and Methods Vector Construction
  • AAV-based vectors were constructed that express either the codon-optimized factor IX or the codon-optimized factor IX with the Padua R338L mutation from the TTRm promoter operably linked to the Serpin regulatory sequence. The Serpin regulatory sequence has been identified and described under patent application WO2009/130208.
  • An intron and poly-A sequence were also provided. The full sequence of the construct containing the codon-optimized factor IX is given in SEQ ID No.1 (FIG. 1B) and the construct containing the codon-optimized factor IX with the Padua R338L mutation in SEQ ID No.2 (FIG. 1C). The vectors were constructed by conventional cloning and DNA synthesis. A schematic overview of the AAV vector containing the codon-optimized huFIX is shown in FIG. 1A. The vector with the Padua R338L is identical except for the specific R338L mutation that results in FIX hyper-activity.
    • Cell Lines and Culture Conditions
  • 293T cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine (Gln), 100 IU/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen, Merelbeke, Belgium).
    • AAV Vector Production
  • As an example, the AAV serotype 9 viral vector was chosen to package the construct, known to be a promising vector for gene therapy (Vandendriessche et al. 2007). AAV vectors expressing human FIX were produced at high-titer by calcium phosphate transfection according to the manufacturer's instruction (Calcium phosphate transfection kit, Invitrogen) of 293 cells with AAV2-vector DNA (26 μg/10 cm dish), an adenoviral helper plasmid (52 μg/10 cm dish) and AAV helper plasmids expressing Rep2 and Cap9 (26 μg/10 cm dish) for production of AAV9 serotypes, as described in Gao et al. (2002), Mingozzi et al. (2003) and Gehrke (2003).
  • Two days post-transfection, cells were lysed by successive freeze-thaw cycles and sonication. Lysates were treated with benzonase (Merck) and deoxycholate (Sigma-Aldrich) and subsequently subjected to three successive rounds of cesium chloride density ultracentrifugation. The fractions containing the AAV particles were concentrated using an Amicon filter (Millipore) and washed with PBS 1 mM MgCl2. Vector genome titers were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using TaqMan® probes and primers specific for the polyadenylation signal (forward primer: 5′GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT (SEQ ID No.3), probe: 5′TGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTGC (SEQ ID No.4), reverse primer: 5′GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG (SEQ ID No.5)).
    • Animal Studies
  • Animal procedures were approved by the animal Ethical Commission of the VUB. Animals were housed under Biosafety Level II conditions. Mice were injected with the AAV9 vectors as described in Vandendriessche et al. (2007). Briefly, 109 vg, 5×109 vg, 2×1010 vg (vector genomes=vg) were injected (i.v.) into the tail vein of adult hemophilia B mice (3 mice/group). Blood was collected by retro-orbital bleeds under general anesthesia. Human FIX expression was determined in citrated mouse plasma using a chromogenic FIX activity assay, according to the manufacturer (Hyphen Biomed, Neuville-sur-Oise, France) using serially diluted hFIX standards for calibration.
    • Results
  • AAV vectors expressing either the human codon-optimized FIX cDNA (designated as AAV-co-hFIX in FIG. 2 ) or the human codon-optimized FIX-R338L cDNA (designated as AAV-co-padua-hFIX in FIG. 2 ) from a chimeric liver-specific promoter (SerpEnh/TTRm) were injected into FIX-deficient hemophilic mice that suffered from hemophilia B. A dose-response was observed and the AAV vector expressing the codon-optimized FIX-R338L yielded significantly higher FIX activity than the codon-optimized FIX control without the hyper-activating mutation. Remarkably, the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vector reached therapeutic FIX levels at a relatively low dose (>50% of normal FIX levels at 1×109 gc/mouse, >250% of normal FIX levels at 5×109 gc/mouse and >700% of normal FIX levels at 2×1010 gc/mouse after 5 days), which underscores its potency. These levels typically increase more than 2-fold to stable levels in subsequent weeks, reaching respectively approximately >100%, >500% and >1400% FIX at doses of respectively, 1×109 gc/mouse, 5×109 gc/mouse and 2×1010 gc/mouse. These levels were still increasing in subsequent days following vector injection. Hence, this new vector produced unprecedented, high levels of human IX and can be used at much lower doses than described in the art to cure hemophilia B in a clinically relevant animal model.
    • Example 2: Enhanced, Liver-Specific Expression of FIX Via AAV Vector Gene Delivery Materials and Methods Vector Constructs
  • A FIX construct comprising human FIX cDNA (hFIX), was cloned downstream of a liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter in an adeno-associated viral vector 9 (AAV9) backbone. This vector was further improved to AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-hFIX, which comprised an additional hepatocyte-specific regulatory element, namely the Serpin regulatory sequence (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”), upstream of the TTRm promoter. To improve the function of this vector, a minute virus of mice (MVM) intron was cloned in between the TTRm promoter and the hFIX transgene (AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX). Next, the hFIX transgene was codon-optimized in order to augment the expression of the protein (AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX). A further improvement encompassed a mutation, namely the R338L, Padua mutation (FIG. 3C), of the co-hFIX fragment (AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L).
  • Vectors:
      • AAV9-TTRm-hFIX
      • AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-hFIX
      • AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX
      • AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX (FIG. 3B)
      • AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L (FIG. 3A,C)
    Vector Production and Purification
  • Calcium phosphate (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) co-transfection of AAV-293 cells with the AAV plasmid of interest, a chimeric packaging construct and an adenoviral helper plasmid, were used to produce AAV vectors as described in VandenDriessche T et al. (2007, VandenDriessche T., Thorrez L, Acosta-Sanchez, Petrus I, Wang L, Ma L, De Waele L, Iwasaki Y, Giillijns V, Wilson J M, Collen D, Chuah M K; Efficacy and safety of adeno-associated viral vectors based on serotype 8 and 9 vs. lentiviral vectors for hemophilia B gene therapy. J Thromb Haemost, 2007. 5(1): p. 16-24), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein. Cells were harvested two days after transfection and lysed by freeze/thaw cycles and sonication, followed by bezonase (Novagen, Madison, Wis., USA) and deoxycholic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, Mo., USA) treatments and 3 consecutive rounds of cesium chloride (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) density gradient ultracentrifugation. AAV vector containing fractions were collected and concentrated in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Gibco, BRL) containing 1 mM MgCl2.
  • Quantitative real-time PCR with SYBR® Green and primers for the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation sequence (bGHpolyA) was used to determine vector titers. The forward primer sequence was 5′-GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3). The reverse primer used was 5′-GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:5). To generate standard curves, known copy numbers (102_107) of the corresponding vector plasmids were used.
  • Animal Experiments and Clotting Assays
    Figure US20230022390A1-20230126-P00001
  • Vector administration was carried out by tail vein injection on adult hemophilia B mice at doses of 1×109 vg/mouse, 5×109 vg/mouse and 2×1010 vg/mouse. Whole blood was collected into buffered citrate by phlebotomy of the retro-orbital plexus. Human FIX antigen concentration in citrated plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for hFIX antigen (Diagnostica Stago, France) using manufacturer's protocol. FIX activity was assessed using BIOPHEN Factor IX chromogenic assay (Hyphen BioMed, Neuville-sur-Oise, France) according to the manufacturer's protocol. For both assays, serially diluted hFIX standards were used for calibration.
  • D-dimer levels were determined by ELISA, according to the manufacturers instructions (Hyphen Biomed, Neuville-sur-Oise, France).
  • Tail-clipping assay was performed. Mice were anesthetized and tail was placed in pre-warmed 37° C. normal saline solution for 2 minutes and subsequently cut at 2-3 mm diameter. Tail was then immediately placed in 37° C. normal saline solution and monitored for bleeding and survival.
    • Immunizations and Detection of Anti-FIX Antibodies
  • Immunizations were carried out by subcutaneous injection of 5 μg of recombinant human (rh)FIX protein (BeneFix, Pfizer, Italy) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Briefly, 96-well microtiter plates were coated with hFIX (1 μg/ml) and serially diluted standards made of purified mouse IgG (Invitrogen, Europe). The plate was incubated overnight at 4° C. On day 2, the samples of mouse plasma were diluted in dilution buffer, loaded on the pre-coated plates and incubated overnight at 4° C. Experimental plasma samples were obtained from mice injected with AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L. Plasma from phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected mice immunized with rhFIX was used as control. The plate was then incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-goat anti-mouse IgG (Invitrogen, Europe) secondary antibody. Anti-hFIX antibody levels were measured following incubation with detection buffer constituting 12 ml 0.01M sodium citrate, 12 mg o-phenylenediamine and 2.5 μl hydrogen peroxide (Invitrogen, Europe). The chromogenic reaction was monitored by determining the absorbance at 450 nm.
  • Vector DNA and mRNA Quantification
    Figure US20230022390A1-20230126-P00001
  • Genomic DNA was extracted from different tissues using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, Calif., USA). 100 ng DNA was analyzed using qPCR ABI Prism 7900HT (Applied Biosystems, Foster City/CA, USA) with bGHPolyA specific primers 5′-GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3) (forward) and 5′-GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4) (Reverse). To generate standard curves, known copy numbers of the corresponding vector plasmid was used.
  • The mRNA was isolated from different organs using a NucleoSpin RNA extraction kit (Machery-Nagel, Germany). Using a cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen corp, Carlsbad, Calif., USA), RNA from each organ was reverse transcribed to cDNA. cDNA was then analyzed by qPCR ABI Prism 7900HT (Applied Biosystems, Foster City/CA, USA) using bGHPolyA specific primers 5′-GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3) (forward) and 5′-GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4) (Reverse). To expression levels were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA expression, obtained by using the forward primer 5′-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:18) and reverse primer 5′-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:19).
    • Statistics
  • Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel Statistics package. Values shown in the figures are the mean+SEM. Specific values were obtained by comparison using t-test.
    • Results
  • FIG. 4 shows that administration of the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vector to hemophilia B mice provides for significantly higher FIX levels and activity compared to the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX vector. The FIX response was dose-dependent. Therapeutic FIX levels could be attained at relatively low vector doses of 1×109 vgc/mouse, 5×109 vgc/mouse, and 2×1010 vgc/mouse. Furthermore, these vector doses are safe as no thrombolysis was observed (FIG. 4J). FIG. 5 shows that FIX was specifically expressed in the liver (FIG. 5 C-D), despite transduction of the vector in other organs (FIG. 5 A-B).
  • To further assess the clinical relevance of the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vector, a tail-clipping assay was performed on hemophilia B mice treated with 1×109 vg/mouse of the vector (n=5). Wild-type (C57BL6) (n=4) and untreated hemophilia B (HemoB) mice (n=4) were used as controls. Survival rate for each cohort was monitored and the FIX clotting activity were analyzed. The results are summarized in Table 1 and show that administration of the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vector allows for correcting the bleeding phenotype.
  • TABLE 1
    Tail-clipping assay
    Survival FIX activity
    Wild-type mice 4/4 —
    untreated HemoB mice 0/4 0.0013%
    treated HemoB mice 5/5    33%
  • To assess the immune consequences of expressing the hyper-functional FIX Padua at high levels, the anti-FIX antibody response before and after active immunization with wild-type FIX protein and adjuvant was analyzed. The results show that immune tolerance could be achieved since none of the mice treated with the AAV9-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-co-hFIX-R338L vectors developed anti-FIX antibodies, in contrast to the controls that were not treated with this vector (FIG. 4K).
    • Example 3: Liver-Specific Expression of FVIII Via AAV Vector Gene Delivery Materials and Methods Vector Construction
  • AAV-based vectors were constructed that express a codon-optimized B domain-deleted human coagulation factor VIII (hFVIIIcopt) cDNA (Ward et al., 2011) from the minimal TTR (TTRm) promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid regulatory element Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) described in WO 2009/130208, which is specifically incorporated by reference herein. The codon-optimized B domain-deleted human FVIII cDNA was PCR amplified and subcloned into a pGEM-T easy plasmid (Promega, Belgium) and after restriction with SpeI-BamHI, the FVIII cDNA was cloned into the NheI-BglII restricted pAAV-SerpEnh-TTRm vector to generate AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA (also indicated as AAVss-SerpTTRm-MVM-FVIIIcopt-sv40 pA herein). This vector also contained a small intron from minute virus of mouse (MVM) to boost FVIII expression levels.
    • Vector Production
  • For titration of the AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA vector, primers binding the SV40 polyA region were used, including 5′-TGATGCTATTGCTTTATTTGTAACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:20) as forward primer, 5′-CCTGAACCTGAAACATAAAATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:21) as reverse primer and 5′-FAM-AGCTGCAATAAACAAGTTAACAACAACAATTGCA-TAMRA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:22) as probe. Titers were achieved in the normal range of 2-5×1012 vg/ml. Briefly, reactions were performed in TaqMan® Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA), on an ABI 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA). Known copy numbers (102-107) of the vector plasmid used to generate the AAV vector were used to generate the standard curves.
    • Animal Studies
  • The AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA vectors were injected intravenously into adult male SCID mice (CB17/IcrTac/Prkdc scid) at a dose of 5×109 vg/mouse or 2.5×1011 vg/kg.
    • FVIII Expression Analysis
  • Human (h) FVIII antigen levels were assayed in citrated mouse plasma using a hFVIII-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Asserachrom® VIII:Ag, Diagnostica Stago, France), as per the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were diluted in sample diluent provided and analyzed in triplicate. Standard curves in percentage FVIII antigen activity were constructed by diluting normal control plasma. In brief, 200 ml diluted samples and standards were pipetted into the wells of the strips pre-coated with mouse monoclonal anti-human FVIII Fab fragments and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature for antigen immobilization. The wells were then washed with the wash buffer for 5 times before adding 200 ml mouse monoclonal anti-hFVIII antibody coupled with peroxidase for immobilization of immunoconjugate. After incubation for 2 hr at room temperature and washing, 200 ml of TMB substrate was added to the wells for color development. This mixture was incubated at room temperature for exactly 5 minutes. The reaction was then stopped by 50 ml 1M H2SO4 and then read at 450 nm within 1h.
    • Results
  • High-titer AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA vectors expressing a codon-optimized B-domain deleted human FVIII cDNA (hFVIIIcopt) from a liver-specific promoter (TTRm) operably linked to a regulatory element (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) could be produced with a total insert size of 4913 bp (excluding ITR) (FIG. 6 ). Intravenous injection of a very low vector dose (5×109 vg/mouse) resulted in therapeutic FVIII levels approximating 421.8±4.9 ng/ml (i.e. 210.9±3.1% of normal levels) (FIG. 7 ). To our knowledge, AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA vector is the most robust AAV-FVIII vector design to date.
    • Example 4: Enhanced, Liver-Specific Expression of FVIII and FIX Via Transposon-Based Gene Delivery Materials and Methods
  • The codon-optimized hyperactive PB transposase (huPB) was cloned into pcDNA3 and expressed from the CAG promoter (FIG. 8A,B). The hyperactive SBmax transposase was cloned into pcDNA3 and expressed from the CAG promoter (FIG. 8K,L). A codon-optimized B-domain deleted FVIII (hFVIIIcopt), described as SQ FVIII (co) in Ward et al. (2011) was cloned by conventional cloning techniques into a PB transposon to generate the PB_Minimal_T_(T53C-C136T)_D4Z4_TTRminSerpMVM_hFVIIIcopt_SV40 pA-D4Z4 (FIG. 8C,D). The human codon-optimized FIX cDNA and the codon-optimized FIX cDNA with the hyperactivating Padua mutation were cloned by conventional cloning techniques into a PB transposon to generate the PB_micro_T_No_Ins_TTRminSerpMVM_hFIXco_bghpA (FIGS. 8E,F) and PB_micro_T_No_Ins_TTRminSerpMVM_hFIXco_Padua_bghpA (FIGS. 8G,H), respectively. The human codon-optimized FIX cDNA was cloned by conventional cloning techniques into an SB-based vector to generate pT2BH_TTRminSerpMVM_hFIXco_bghpA (FIGS. 8I,J).
  • The transgenes were expressed from a liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRm) promoter along with the Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”). The contructs also contained a mouse mini-intron (MVM) and a polyadenylation site. The recombinant clones were verified by restriction analysis and sequencing.
  • The different FVIII-transposons and matching plasmids encoding the cognate hyperactive transposases (i.e. hyPB and SBmax, respectively) were purified by ion exchange chromatography and transfected by hydrodynamic transfection at varying transposon/transposase ratios and concentrations into adult mice. Controls without transposase were employed. The FIX expression was monitored by ELISA or using chromogenic activity assays in hemophilia B mice. FVIII expression in SCID mice was assessed using a human FVIII-specific ELISA.
    • Results
  • Incorporation of the Serpin enhancer into the PB transposons resulted in robust, stable gene transfer efficiencies in hepatocytes yielding high unprecedented activity of the codon-optimized FIX Padua (hFIXco-R338L), when the hyperactive hyPB transposase was employed (FIG. 9A). Conversely, in the absence of the hyperactive hyPB transposase, expression declined gradually to basal levels, consistent with our previous observations that transposition is required for stable gene expression in the liver. Molecular analysis, performed 1 year post-transfection, confirmed stable genomic integration of the FIX-transposons. Moreover, side-by-side comparisons revealed a nearly 100-fold increase in FIX expression with this optimized FIX transposon compared to early-generation transposon design.
  • FIG. 10 demonstrates that the use of the liver-specific Serpin enhancer (“Serp” or “SerpEnh”) in conjunction with codon-optimized B-domain deleted FVIII (hFVIIIcopt), and the hyperactive hyPB system resulted in robust, stable gene transfer efficiencies in hepatocytes, yielding high unprecedented expression levels of FVIII. Conversely, in the absence of the hyperactive hyPB transposase, expression declined gradually to basal levels. This confirms that stable genomic integration by transposition is required for stable hepatic FVIII gene expression.
  • Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon (pT2BH_TTRminSerpMVM_hFIXco_bghpa) was compared side by side with the PiggyBac (PB) transposon (PB_micro_T_No_Ins_SerpTTrminMVM_hFIXco_BGHpA)) in immunodeficient NOD SCID mice using two different doses as indicated (FIG. 11 ). One month post-injection of the transposon and transposase plasmids, blood was collected. FIX ELISA was performed to determine the amount of FIX expression. About 1500-2000 ng/ml of FIX antigen was detected in both, SB and PB, transposons. These data show that the SB and PB vectors are equally potent and can induce high therapeutic level of FIX expression amounting to about 30-40% of normal FIX.
  • No adverse events were noted in the different mouse models with any of the transposons, regardless of the transgene, that could be ascribed to the transposition or to the transient transposase expression.
  • To further ascertain the safety of the PB transposons we administered the transposons by hydrodynamic transfection into a tumor prone mouse model. In this model, mice were injected repeatedly with the carcinogen N,N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and developed hepatocellular carcinoma. The tumor burden was assessed 36 weeks post-DEN injection. We did not observe any statistically significant difference in tumor mass or number of tumor nodules in mice treated with the transposons vs. controls without transposition. These data indicate that PB transposition in itself does not significantly increase tumorigenicity, even in an HCC tumor-prone mouse model, which supports its safety.
    • Example 5: Enhanced Expression of FVIII and FIX by Cloning the MVM Intron into the Nucleic Acid Expression Cassette Materials and Methods
  • A piggyBac transposon plasmid was constructed that comprises human FIX cDNA cloned downstream of a liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRmin) promoter operably linked to the Serpin regulatory sequence (“Serp” or “SerpEnh” or “HSH8”). The bovine growth hormone poly A (bghpA) was provided as a transcription termination signal. Human FIX cDNA comprises a truncated 1.4 kb intron A between exons 1 and the following exons 2-8. A schematic representation of said transposon, denoted as pB_hFIXIA, is shown in FIG. 12A.
  • A piggyBac transposon plasmid was constructed that contains a synthetic codon-optimized human FIX cDNA without intron A. Said codon-optimized hFIX cDNA was cloned downstream of a liver-specific minimal transthyretin (TTRmin) promoter operably linked to the Serpin regulatory sequence (“Serp” or “SerpEnh” or “HSH8”). A minute virus of mice (MVM) intron was cloned between the TTRmin promoter and the hFIXco transgene. The bovine growth hormone poly A (bghpA) was provided as a transcription termination signal. A schematic representation of said transposon, denoted as pB_hFIXco, is shown in FIG. 12B.The plasmids were constructed by conventional cloning and DNA synthesis.
  • Hemophilia B mice were hydrodynamically injected with 10 μg transposon plasmid and 2 μg of mouse transposase plasmid mpBase (FIG. 12C) or empty control plasmid (FIG. 12D) diluted in 2 ml of PBS into the tail vein. Typically, the injection took less than 10 s for each mouse. Determination of hFIX levels and activity occurred as described in Example 2.
    • Transposon Genome Copy Number Quantification
  • Genomic DNA was extracted from frozen liver samples according to DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit protocol (Qiagen, Chatsworth, Calif., USA). RNase A (Qiagen, Chatsworth, Calif., USA) treatment was carried out to eliminate carry-over RNA. Transposon copy numbers were quantified by qPCR using a primer set against a specific region common to both transposon constructs using forward primer 5′-AACAGGGGCTAAGTCCACAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 25) and reverse primer 5′-GAGCGAGTGTTCCGATACTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 26). Briefly, 50 ng of genomic DNA from each sample was subjected to qPCR in triplicate using an ABI Prism 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City/CA, USA) and Power SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City/CA, USA). Copy number was determined comparing the amplification signal with a standard curve consisting of serial dilutions over a 6 log range of the corresponding linearized plasmid spiked with 50 ng of liver genomic DNA from saline-injected mouse (slope=−3.3, intercept=35, efficiency %=100). Average copies per diploid genome were calculated taking into account that one murine diploid genome=5.92 μg.
  • hFIX mRNA Expression Analysis
  • Total RNA was extracted from frozen liver samples using a miRCURY™ RNA isolation kit (Exiqon, Denmark). DNase (Thermo Scientific, USA) treatment was carried out. The reverse transcription reaction was performed starting from 1 μg of total RNA from each sample using the SuperScript® III First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Life Technologies, USA). Next, a cDNA amount corresponding to 10 ng of total RNA from each sample was analyzed in triplicate by quantitative (q)PCR using an ABI Prism 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City/CA, USA) and Power SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City/CA, USA). The following primer set was used: forward primer 5′-GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3), reverse primer 5′-GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4). The hFIX mRNA levels were normalized using a primer set against the mRNA of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGAPDH) which is uniformly and constantly expressed in all samples (i.e. forward primer 5′-ATCAAGAAGGTGGTGAAGCAGGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:27) and reverse primer 5′-TGGAAGAGTGGGAGTTGCTGTTGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:28)). RNA samples were amplified with and without reverse transcriptase to exclude genomic DNA amplification. The 2-mct relative quantification method was used to determine the relative changes in hFIX mRNA expression level. The ΔCt was calculated by subtracting the Ct of mGAPDH mRNA from the Ct of the hFIX mRNA (CthFIx-CtGAPDH). The ΔΔCt was calculated by subtracting the ΔCt of the reference sample (highest Ct) from the ΔCt of each sample (ΔCtsample-ΔCtreference). Fold-change was determined by using the equation 2-Act
    • Results
  • As shown in FIGS. 12E and F, hFIX expression and activity is transient and gradually declines to basal levels in mice that were co-injected with the empty control plasmid (FIG. 12E: pB_hFIXIA+empty plasmid: 46±13 ng/ml hFIX, 0.87±0.2% normal clotting activity and FIG. 12F: pB_hFIXco+empty plasmid: 48±22 ng/ml hFIX, 0.97±0.49% normal clotting activity). These results indicate that stable transposition is necessary for sustained expression, but the non-integrated pB-hFIXIA or pB-hFIXco plasmids may have contributed to the initial surge in hFIX expression The transposon plasmid comprising the MVM intron yielded significantly higher hFIX levels and activity as compared to the plasmid without MVM intron when co-delivered with the mouse transposase plasmid (FIG. 12E,F). Liver-directed hydrodynamic co-transfection of the pB-hFIXIA transposon without MVM intron (10 μg) along with 2 μg mPB plasmid, resulted in stable therapeutic hFIX antigen and activity levels for at least up to 12 months in hemophilic FIX-deficient mice (FIG. 12E, 1168±218 ng/ml hFIX and 32±6% normal clotting activity). Similarly, liver-directed co-transfection of the pB_hFIXco transposon with MVM intron and mPB plasmid resulted in a significant ˜12-fold higher (p<0.001) hFIX protein and activity level that stabilized in the supra-physiologic range (FIG. 12F: 13290±990 ng/ml hFIX and 313±7% normal clotting activity). The increase in hFIX protein levels was consistent with a more than 57-fold increase in hFIX mRNA levels when comparing the transposon with and without the MVM intron (FIG. 12 H), although the transposon copies per genome content were similar in the liver of mice that were injected with pB hFIXIA and pB hFIXco (FIG. 12G).
    • Example 6: Comparison of Expression Cassettes Comprising a FVIII Transgene Material and Methods
  • The AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid of Example 3 was compared to:
    • (a) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA,
    • (b) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA, and
    • (c) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA.
  • AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid (c) was constructed by excising the Serpin enhancer from AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA plasmid.
  • Mice were hydrodynamically injected with 2 μg or 5 μg of the plasmid DNA diluted in 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and injected into the tail vein. Typically, the injection took less than 10 s for each mouse. FVIII expression analysis was carried out as described in Example 3.
    • Results
  • The AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA (c) and AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40 pA (d) constructs were hydrodynamically injected in mice at 2 μg and 5 μg DNA, and human FVIII levels were measured 1, 2 and 6 days post-transfection.
  • The effect of cloning the Serpin enhancer into the expression cassette on hFVIII levels can be calculated by dividing the hFVIII levels measured in mice injected with construct (d) by the levels measured in mice injected with construct (c). 3- to 6-fold higher hFVIII levels can be obtained by cloning the Serpin enhancer into the expression cassette (Table 2).
  • The codon-optimized B domain-deleted human coagulation factor VIII (hFVIIIcopt) cDNA was reported to achieve 29- to 44-fold increase in expression (Ward et al. 2011). We used the average increase in expression of 36.5 to predict the hFVIII levels in mice that are transfected with AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA construct (b), namely by dividing the hFVIII levels measured in mice transfected with construct (d) by 36.5.
  • Based on said predicted hFVIII levels in mice that are hydrodynamically injected with AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA construct (b), we can further predict the hFVIII levels in mice that are hydrodynamically injected with AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40 pA construct (a) by dividing said predicted hFVIII levels by the calculated effect of cloning the Serpin enhancer into the expression cassette on hFVIII levels.
  • The measured and predicted hFVIII levels in mice hydrodynamically injected with the different constructs a-d are summarized in Table 3 and FIGS. 13A and 13B.
  • TABLE 3
    hFVIII levels in mice hydrodynamically injected with 2 or 5 μg of plasmids (a) AAV9ss-
    TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40pA, (b) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40pA,
    (c) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-SV40pA, and (d) AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-
    hFVIIIcopt-SV40pA.
    (a) AAVSS-TTRm- (d) AAVss-SERP-
    MVM-hFVIII (b) AAVss-SERP- (c) AAVss-TTR- TTR-MVM-
    Predicted level: TTRm-hFVIII MVM-hFVIIIcopt hFVIIIcopt
    (a) = (b):[(d):(c)] Predicted level: Measured level Measured level
    no SERP, no codon- (b) = (d):36.5× codon- SERP + codon-
    optimization SERP optimization optimization
    Day 1 2 μg = 11/4 = 3 ng/ml 2 μg = 11 ng/ml 2 μg = 102 ng/ml 2 μg = 412 ng/ml
    5 μg = 20/3.3 = 6 ng/ml 5 μg = 20 ng/ml 5 μg = 227 ng/ml 5 μg = 751 ng/ml
    Day 2 2 μg = 4.1/1.9 = 2 ng/ml 2 μg = 4.1 ng/ml 2 μg = 77 ng/ml 2 μg = 150 ng/ml
    5 μg = 11.7/3.3 = 3.5 ng/ml 5 μg = 11.7 ng/ml 5 μg = 129 ng/ml 5 μg = 429 ng/ml
    Day 6 2 μg = 1/3.5 = 0.28 ng/ml 2 μg = 1 ng/ml 2 μg = 11 ng/ml 2 μg = 39 ng/ml
    5 μg = 6.4/5.9 = 1 ng/ml 5 μg = 6.4 ng/ml 5 μg = 39 ng/ml 5 μg = 233 ng/ml
  • The data shows that expression cassettes comprising the specific combination of the codon-optimized B domain-deleted human coagulation factor VIII (hFVIIIcopt) cDNA described in Ward et al. (2011) and the Serpin enhancer can induce hFVIII levels that are significantly higher as compared to the sum of the hFVIII levels that are obtained by expression cassettes comprising each of these elements alone (Table 4, FIGS. 13C and 13D). In other words, said specific combination of hFVIIIcopt cDNA and the Serpin enhancer provides for a synergistic effect on hFVIII levels.
  • TABLE 4
    Comparison of hFVIII levels induced by AAV9ss-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-
    hFVIIIcopt-SV40pA construct (d) as compared to the levels induced by (b) AAV9ss-
    SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFVIII-SV40pA construct and (c) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-hFVIIIcopt-
    SV40pA construct, and as comparer to the levels induced by (a) AAV9ss-TTRm-MVM-
    hFVIII-SV40pA construct.
    (b) + (c) (d)/[(b) + (c)] (d)/(a)
    Day 1 2 μg = 11 + 102 = 113 ng/ml 2 μg = 412/113 = 3.6× >>> 2 μg = 412/3 = 137× >>>
    5 μg = 20 + 227 = 247 ng/ml 5 μg = 751/247 = 3× >>> 5 μg = 751/6 = 125× >>>
    Day 2 2 μg = 77 + 4 = 81 ng/ml 2 μg = 150/81 = 1.8× >>> 2 μg = 150/2 = 75× >>>
    5 μg = 11 + 129 = 140 ng/ml 5 μg = 429/140 = 3× >>> 5 μg = 429/3.5= 122× >>>
    Day 6 2 μg = 11 +1 =12 ng/ml 2 μg = 39/12 = 3.25× >>> 2 μg = 39/0.28 = 139× >>>
    5 μg = 39 + 6.4 = 45.4 ng/ml 5 μg = 233/45.4 = 5.1× >>> 5 μg = 233/1 = 223× >>>
    • Example 7: Comparison of Expression Cassettes Comprising a FIX Transgene Material and Methods
  • AAV-based plasmids comprising a FIX transgene were constructed as described in Example 2.
  • FIX knockout mice were hydrodynamically injected with 2 μg of each of the following FIX plasmids diluted in 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) into the tail vein:
    • (a): AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-pA;
    • (b): AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-pA;
    • (c): AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-pA
    • (d): AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-pA
    • (e): AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA
    • (f): AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA
  • Blood was collected from these mice at day 2 and day 6 post-injection. FIX activity was determined as described in Example 2.
    • Results
  • FIX activity as measured in the different mice is summarized in Table 5.
  • TABLE 5
    hFIX activity at days 2 and 6 post-injection in mice hydrodynamically injected with 2 μg of
    (a) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-pA plasmid, (b) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-pA plasmid, (c) AAVsc-
    TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-pA plasmid, (d) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-pA plasmid, (e) AAVsc-TTRm-
    MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid, and (f) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid.
    (a) (e) (f)
    AAVsc- (c) (d) AAVsc- AAVsc-SerpEnh-
    TTRm-MVM- (b) AAVsc- AAVsc-SerpEnh- TTRm-MVM- TTRm-MVM-
    hFIX-pA AAVsc-SerpEnh- TTRm-MVM- TTRm-MVM- hFIXcoPadua-pA hFIXcoPadua-pA
    no SERP, no codon- TTRm-MVM- hFIXco-pA hFIXco-pA codon- SERP + codon-
    optimization, hFIX-pA codon- SERP + codon- optimization + optimization +
    no Padua SERP optimization optimization Padua Padua
    Day
    2 5.92% 42.99% 6.36% 74.25% 75.09% 289.34%
    Day
    6 1.00% 12.90% 0.23% 34.32% 18.48% 265.71%
  • The data shows that the specific combination of codon-optimized human coagulation factor IX (hFIXco) cDNA and the Serpin enhancer results in hFIX activity that is higher than would have been predicted based on the sum of the hFIX activity determined in mice hydrodynamically injected with plasmids (b) and (c) comprising either a Serpin enhancer (b) or a codon-optimized hFIX transgene (c) (Table 6, FIGS. 14A and 14B). In other words, said specific combination of hFIXco cDNA and the Serpin enhancer provides for a synergistic effect on hFIX activity.
  • To evaluate the combination of the Serpin enhancer and the Padua mutation on hFIX activity, hFIX activity in mice hydrodynamically injected with (f) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid was compared versus hFIX activity in mice hydrodynamically injected with (d) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-pA plasmid and (e) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid (Table 6, FIGS. 14C and 14D). The combination of the Serpin enhancer and the Padua mutation provides for a synergistic effect on hFIX activity.
  • Also the combination of the Serpin enhancer with codon-optimized transgene encoding hFIX containing the Padua mutation shows synergy on hFIX activity, as revealed by comparing hFIX activity in mice injected with (f) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid versus hFIX activity in mice injected with (b) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-pA plasmid, and (e) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid.
  • TABLE 6
    Comparison of hFIX activity induced by the different FIX plasmids: (a) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-pA plasmid, (b) AAVsc-
    SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIX-pA plasmid, (c) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-pA plasmid, (d) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXco-pA
    plasmid, (e) AAVsc-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid, and (f) AAVsc-SerpEnh-TTRm-MVM-hFIXcoPadua-pA plasmid.
    (f)/(b) + (e)
    (d)/(b) + (c) (f)/(d) + (e) SERP + codon-
    SERP + codon- SERP + optimization +
    (b) + (c) optimization (d) + (e) Padua (b) + (e) Padua (d)/(a) (f)/(a)
    42.99 + 6.36 = 74.25/49.35 = 74.25 + 75.09 = 289.34/149.34 = 42.99 + 75.09 = 289.34/118.08 = 74.25/5.92 = 289.34/5.92 =
    49.35% 1.5x ↑ 149.34% 1.9x ↑ 118.08% 2.5x↑ 12.5x 48.9x
    12.90 + 0.23 = 34.32/13.13 = 34.32 + 18.48 = 265.71/52.80 = 12.90 + 18.48 = 265.71/31.38 = 34.32/1 = 265.71/1 =
    13.13% 2.6x ↑ 52.80% 5.0x ↑ 31.38% 8.5x↑ 34.32x 265.71x
    • Example 8: Evaluation of the piggyBac Transposon System Materials and Methods Transposon Constructs
  • pB_hFIXIA (FIG. 12A) and pB_hFIXco (FIG. 12B) plasmids were constructed as described in Example 5.
  • A terminal inverted repeat of pB_hFIXco (IRwt) was replaced by a terminal inverted repeat containing T53C and C136T point mutation (IRmut16) to generate pB_hFIXco/IRmut16 (FIG. 15A).
  • The terminal inverted repeats of pB_hFIXco were replaced by micro terminal inverted repeats as described in Meir et al. (2011) (IRmicro) to yield pB_hFIXco/IRmicro (FIG. 15B).
  • pB_hFIX-R338L plasmid (FIG. 15C) containing hyper-functional, codon-optimized hFIX transgene with Padua mutation was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis using pB_hFIXco/IRmicro as template.
  • Hydrodynamic injection, analysis of hFIX levels and activity and anti-hFIX antibodies
  • Plasmids were diluted in 2 ml of Dulbecco's PBS and hydrodynamically delivered to adult mice (6-7-week-old) by rapid tail vein injection. At different time intervals, we collected whole blood (˜ 200 μl) by phlebotomy of the retro-orbital plexus in eppendorf tubes pre-filled with 20% citrate buffer that were centrifuged at 14000 r.p.m. for 5 min at 4° C. The citrated plasma was stored at −80° C. for future analysis.
  • hFIX antigen levels and activity and antibodies directed against hFIX were analyzed as described in Example 2.
    • Tail Clipping Assay
  • A tail-clipping assay was used on hemophilic mice to assess phenotypic correction of the bleeding phenotype. Briefly, the tails of mice were transected (1 cm from the end) and mice were monitored for clotting and survival. Tail clip was performed on immobilized mice, allowing continuous blood collection at room temperature and total blood volume, bleeding time and survival rate were monitored.
    • Results
  • To assess the immune consequences of treating hemophilia B mice with piggyBac transposons expressing hFIXIA, hFIXco or hFIXco-R338L, the anti-FIX antibody response was analyzed after active immunization with recombinant hFIX antigen and adjuvant. None of the hemophilia B mice treated with the PB transposons expressing hFIXIA, hFIXco or hFIXco-R338L (Padua) developed an anti-hFIX specific antibody response (FIG. 15E). This indicates that liver-directed gene therapy using the various PB transposons encoding either hFIXIA, hFIXco or hFIXco-R338L (Padua) induced immune tolerance to the hFIX protein.
  • A tail-clip assay showed that the bleeding diathesis of hemophilia B mice transfected with pB-hFIXIA or pB-hFIXco and plasmid encoding mPBase was phenotypically corrected 1 year post-transfection (Table 7). Bleeding time and volume were lower in mice transfected with plasmid comprising codon-optimized hFIX transgene and MVM intron compared to mice transfected with wild-type hFIX transgene.
  • TABLE 7
    Phenotypic correction of murine hemophilia B following tail clipping
    48 weeks after gene transfer. 2 μg plasmid encoding mPBase was co-
    delivered with the indicated transposon plasmids via hydrodynamic
    injection. hFIX concentration (ng/ml) at the time of tail clipping is
    indicated. Bleeding time and volume were assayed following clipping
    of a section of tail 1 cm in length. Values represent means ± SEM
    Bleeding
    Transposon hFIX Bleeding volume
    Group plasmid (ng/ml) time (min) (μl) Survival
    C57BL/6 none 0 30 ± 5  146 ± 31 3/3
    FIX−/− none 0 294 ± 50 1433 ± 57 0/3
    FIX−/− pB_hFIXIA  1168 ± 218 109 ± 10  677 ± 52 3/3
    FIX−/− pB_hFIXco 13290 ± 990  57 ± 12  500 ± 45 3/3
  • The efficiency of the piggyBac platform could be improved by using the hyperactive PB transposase (hyPBase) described in Yusa et al. (2011) (FIG. 15D), allowing the use of lower transposon/transposase doses. This hyPBase contained several mutated residues compared to the mouse codon-usage optimized mPBase (compare FIG. 15D with 12C). Liver-directed hydrodynamic transfection of immune deficient SCID mice with 500 ng of pB-hF/Xco transposon along with 1000 ng hyPB resulted in stable supra-physiologic hFIX levels corresponding to 200% of normal hFIX levels (FIG. 15F). These FIX levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) than what could be achieved with the original mPB transposase. Similarly, liver-directed transfection of SCID mice with 50 ng of pB-hF/Xco transposon plasmid along with 100 ng hyPB resulted in a dose-dependent effect yielding therapeutic hFIX levels corresponding to 20% of normal levels. This represented a significant 20-fold increase (p<0.001) in FIX levels compared to when the mPB transposase was used (FIG. 15G).
  • To evaluate the effect of the terminal repeats IRmicro and IRmut16 on the in vivo potency of the PB transposons, mice were hydrodynamically injected with pB-hF/Xco (FIG. 12B), pB-hF/Xco/IRmut16. (FIG. 15A) or B-hF/Xco/IRmicro (FIG. 15B) along with hyPBase. A significant 1.5-fold increase in hFIX expression was apparent when the IRmicro was used compared to its wild-type counterpart (FIG. 15 H-I). Liver-directed transfection of the PB-hF/Xco/Rmicro transposon (500 ng) along with 1000 ng hyPB transposase-encoding plasmid resulted in stable FIX levels reaching approximately 300% of normal hFIX levels (FIG. 15H). Similarly, at 10-fold lower PB-hF/Xco/Rmicro and hyPB doses a dose-dependent decrease in hFIX expression was apparent, yielding 30% of normal hFIX levels (FIG. 15I). In contrast, FIX expression was not or only slightly increased when the IRmut16 was used compared to the IRwt. (FIG. 15 J-K).
    • REFERENCES
    • ANNONI A, BROWN B D, CANTORE A, SERGI L S, NALDINI L, and RONCAROLO M G. (2009). In vivo delivery of a microRNA-regulated transgene induces antigen-specific regulatory T cells and promotes immunologic tolerance. Blood 114, 5152-5161
    • ARRUDA V R, STEDMAN H H, HAURIGOT V, and BUCHLIS G. (2010). Peripheral transvenular delivery of adeno-associated viral vectors to skeletal muscle as a novel therapy for hemophilia B. Blood 115, 4678-88.
    • AXELROD J H, READ M S, BRINKHOUS K M, and VERMA I M. (1990). Phenotypic correction of factor IX deficiency in skin fibroblasts of hemophilic dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 87, 5173-7.
    • BROWN B D, SHI C X, POWELL S HURLBUT D, GRAHAM F L, and LILLICRAP D. (2004). Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors mediate therapeutic factor VIII expression for several months with minimal accompanying toxicity in a canine model of severe hemophilia A. Blood 103, 804-10.
    • BROWN B D, CANTORE A, ANNONI A, SERGI L S, LOMBARDO A, DELLA VALLE P, D'ANGELO A, and NALDINI L. (2007). A microRNA-regulated lentiviral vector mediates stable correction of hemophilia B mice. Blood 110, 4144-52.
    • Brunetti-Pierri N, Grove N C, Zuo Y, Edwards R, Palmer D, Cerullo V, Teruya J, Ng P. Bioengineered factor IX molecules with increased catalytic activity improve the therapeutic index of gene therapy vectors for hemophilia B. Hum Gene Ther. 2009 May; 20(5):479-85.
    • BUCHLIS G, PODSAKOFF G M, RADU A, HAWK S M, FLAKE A W, MINGOZZI F, and HIGH K A. (2012). Factor IX expression in skeletal muscle of a severe hemophilia B patient 10 years after AAV-mediated gene transfer. Blood 119, 3038-41.
    • BUDKER V, ZHANG G, KNECHTLE S, WOLFF J A. Naked DNA delivered intraportally expresses efficiently in hepatocytes. (1996) Gene Ther. July; 3(7):593-8.
    • CANTORE A, NAIR N, DELLA VALLE P, D I MATTEO M, MÀTRAI J, SANVITO F, BROMBIN C, DI SERIO C, D'ANGELO A, CHUAH M, NALDINI L, VANDENDRIESSCHE T. Hyper-functional coagulation factor IX improves the efficacy of gene therapy in hemophilic mice. Blood. 2012. October 4.
    • CHANG, J., JIN, J., LOLLAR, P., BODE, W., BRANDSTETTER, H., HAMAGUCHI, N., STRAIGHT, D. L. &STAFFORD, D. W. (1998). Changing residue 338 in human factor IX from arginine to alanine causes an increase in catalytic activity. J Biol Chem 273(20): 12089-12094.
    • CHOWDHURY J R, GROSSMAN M, GUPTA S, CHOWDHURY N R, BAKER J R J R, WILSON J M. (1991) Long-term improvement of hypercholesterolemia after ex vivo gene therapy in LDLR-deficient rabbits. Science. December 20; 254(5039):1802-5.
    • CHUAH M K, SCHIEDNER G, THORREZ L, BROWN B, JOHNSTON M, GILLIJNS V, HERTEL S, VAN ROOIJEN N, LILLICRAP D, COLLEN D, VANDENDRIESSCHE T, and KOCHANEK S. (2003). Therapeutic factor VIII levels and negligible toxicity in mouse and dog models of hemophilia A following gene therapy with high-capacity adenoviral vectors. Blood 101, 1734-43.
    • Chuah M K, Nair N, VandenDriessche T. Recent progress in gene therapy for hemophilia. Hum Gene Ther. 2012a June; 23(6):557-65.
    • Chuah M K, Nair N, VandenDriessche T. Recent progress in gene therapy for hemophilia. Hum Gene Ther. 2012b June; 23(6):557-65.
    • Chuah M K, VandenDriessche T. Platelet-directed gene therapy overcomes inhibitory antibodies to factor VIII. J Thromb Haemost. 2012c August; 10(8):1566-9
    • DONSANTE A, MILLER D G, LI Y, VOGLER C, BRUNT E M, RUSSELL D W, and SANDS M S. (2007). AAV vector integration sites in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma. Science 317, 477.
    • DOBRZYNSKI E, FITZGERALD J C, CAO O, MINGOZZI F, WANG L, and HERZOG R W (2006) Prevention of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to factor IX-expressing hepatocytes by gene transfer-induced regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 4592-4597.
    • EHRHARDT A, and KAY M A. (2002). A new adenoviral helper-dependent vector results in long-term therapeutic levels of human coagulation factor IX at low doses in vivo. Blood 99, 3923-30.
    • FIELDS P A, ARRUDA V R, ARMSTRONG E, KIRK CHU, MINGOZZI, F. HAGSTROM, J., HERZOG R, HIGH K A. (2001). Risk and prevention of anti-factor IX formation in AAV-mediated gene transfer in the context of a large deletion of F9. Mol. Ther. 4, 201-210.
    • FOLLENZI A, BATTAGLIA M, LOMBARDO A, ANNONI A, RONCAROLO M G, and NALDINI L. (2004). Targeting lentiviral vector expression to hepatocytes limits transgene-specific immune response and establishes long-term expression of human antihemophilic factor IX in mice. Blood 103, 3700-9.
    • GAO G P, ALVIRA M R, WANG L, JOHNSTON J, WILSON J M. (2002). Novel adeno-associated viruses from rhesus monkeys as vectors for human gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 11854-9.
    • GAO G, VANDENBERGH L H, ALVIRA M R L U Y, CALCEDO R, ZHOU X, and WILSON J M. (2004). Clades of Adeno-associated viruses are widely disseminated in human tissues. J. Viro 178, 6381-6388.
    • HERZOG R W, YANG E Y, COUTO L B, HAGSTROM J N, ELWELL D, FIELDS P A, BURTON M, BELLINGER D A, READ M S, BRINKHOUS K M, PODSAKOFF G M, NICHOLS T C, KURTZMAN G J, and HIGH K A. (1999). Long-term correction of canine hemophilia B by gene transfer of blood coagulation factor IX mediated by adeno-associated viral vector. Nat Med. 5, 56-63.
    • HERZOG R W, MOUNT J D, ARRUDA V R, HIGH K A, and LOTHROP C D Jr. (2001). Muscle-directed gene transfer and transient immune suppression result in sustained partial correction of canine hemophilia B caused by a null mutation. Mol Ther. 4, 192-200.
    • HERZOG R W, HAGSTROM J N, KUNG S H, TAI S J, WILSON J M, FISHER K J, and HIGH K A. (1997) Stable gene transfer and expression of human blood coagulation factor IX after intramuscular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94, 5804-5809.
    • HERZOG R W, FIELDS P A, ARRUDA V R, BRUBAKER J O, ARMSTRONG E, MCCLINTOCK D, BELLINGER D A, COUTO L B, NICHOLS T C, HIGH K A (2002) Influence of vector dose on factor IX-specific T and B cell responses in muscle-directed gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 13, 1281-1291.
    • HIGH K A. (2001). Gene Transfer as an approach to treating Hemophilia. Circ Res. 88, 137-144.
    • HIGH K A. (2011) Gene therapy for hemophilia: a long and winding road. J Thromb Haemost. 9 Suppl. 1: 2-11.
    • BAINBRIDGE J, SMITH A J, BARKER S, et al. (2008) Effect of Gene Therapy on Visual Function in Leber's Congenital Amaurosis. N Engl J Med. 358, 2231-2239.
    • JIANG H, LILLICRAP D, and PATARROYO-WHITE S. (2006). Multiyear therapeutic benefit of AAV serotypes 2, 6, and 8 delivering factor VIII to hemophilia A mice and dogs. Blood. 108, 107-15.
    • KAO, C. Y., LIN, C. N., Y U, I. S., TAO, M. H., W U, H. L., SHI, G. Y., YANG, Y. L., KAO, J. T. &LIN, S. W. (2010). FIX-Triple, a gain-of-function factor IX variant, improves haemostasis in mouse models without increased risk of thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 104(2): 355-365.
    • KAY M A, BALEY P, ROTHENBERG S, LELAND F, FLEMING L, PONDER K P, LIU T, FINEGOLD M, DARLINGTON G, POKORNY W, WOO SLC. (1992) Expression of human alpha 1-antitrypsin in dogs after autologous transplantation of retroviral transduced hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. January 1; 89(1):89-93.
    • KAY M A, MANNO C S, RAGNI M V, COUTO L B, MCCLELLAND A, GLADER B, CHEW A J, TAI S J, HERZOG R W, ARRUDA V, JOHNSON F, SCALLAN C, SKARSGARD E, FLAKE A W, and HIGH K A. (2000). Evidence for gene transfer and expression of factor IX in hemophilia B patients treated with an AAV vector. Nat Genet. 24, 257-61.
    • KISTNER A, GOSSEN M, ZIMMERMANN F, JERECIC J, ULLMER C, LYBBERT H, BUJARD H. (1996) Doxycycline-mediated quantitative and tissue-specific control of gene expression in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. October 1; 93(20): 10933-8.
    • KREN B T, UNGER G M, SJEKLOCHA L, TROSSEN A A, KORMAN V, DIETHELEM-OKITA B M, REDING M T, and STEER C J. (2009). Nanocapsule-delivered Sleeping Beauty mediates therapeutic Factor VIII expression in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells of hemophilia A mice. J Clin Invest. 19, 2086-99.
    • KURIYAMA S, YOSHIKAWA M, ISHIZAKA S, TSUJII T, LKENAKA K, KAGAWA T, MORITA N, MIKOSHIBA K. (1991) A potential approach for gene therapy targeting hepatoma using a liver-specific promoter on a retroviral vector. Cell Struct Funct. December; 16(6):503-10.
    • LI H, MALANI N, HAMILTON S R, SCHLACHTERMAN A, BUSSADORI G, EDMONSON S E, SHAH R, ARRUDA V R, MINGOZZI F, WRIGHT J F, BUSHMAN F D, and HIGH K A. (2011). Assessing the potential for AAV vector genotoxicity in a murine model. Blood. 117, 3311-9.
    • LIN, C. N., KAO, C. Y., MIAO, C. H., HAMAGUCHI, N., W U, H. L., SHI, G. Y., LIU, Y. L., HIGH, K. A. &LIN, S. W. (2010). Generation of a novel factor IX with augmented clotting activities in vitro and in vivo. J Thromb Haemost 8(8): 1773-1783.
    • LIU F, SONG Y, LIU D. (1999) Hydrodynamics-based transfection in animals by systemic administration of plasmid DNA. Gene Ther. July; 6(7):1258-66.
    • MANNO C S, PIERCE G F, and ARRUDA V R. (2006). Successful transduction of liver in hemophilia by AAV-Factor IX and limitations imposed by the host immune response. Nat Med. 12, 342-7.
    • MÁTÉS L, CHUAH M K, BELAY E, JERCHOW B, MANOJ N, ACOSTA-SANCHEZ A, GRZELA D P, SCHMITT A, BECKER K, MATRAI J, M A L, SAMARA-KUKO E, GYSEMANS C, PRYPUTNIEWICZ D, MISKEY C, FLETCHER B, VANDENDRIESSCHE T, IVICS Z, and IZSVAK Z. (2009). Molecular evolution of a novel hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposase enables robust stable gene transfer in vertebrates. Nat Genet. 41, 753-61.
    • MÁTRAI J, CHUAH M K, and VANDENDRIESSCHE T. (2010a). Pre clinical and clinical progress in hemophilia gene therapy. Curr Opin Hematol. 17, 387-92.
    • MÁTRAI J, CHUAH M K, and VANDENDRIESSCHE T. (2010b). Recent advances in lentiviral vector development and applications. Mol Ther. 18, 477-90.
    • MÁTRAI J, CANTORE A, BARTHOLOMAE C C, ANNONI A, WANG W, ACOSTA-SANCHEZ A, SAMARA-KUKO E, D E WAELE L, M A L, GENOVESE P, DAMO M, ARENS A, GOUDY K, NICHOLS T C, VON KALLE C, L CHUAH M K, RONCAROLO M G, SCHMIDT M, VANDENDRIESSCHE T, and NALDINI L. (2011). Hepatocyte-targeted expression by integrase-defective lentiviral vectors induces antigen-specific tolerance in mice with low genotoxic risk. Hepatology 53, 1696-707.
    • MATSUI H, SHIBATA M, BROWN B, LABELLE A, HEGADRON C, ANDREWS C, CHUAH M, VANDENDRIESSCHE T, MIAO C H, HOUGH C, and LILLICRAP D. (2009). A murine model for induction of long-term immunologic tolerance to factor VIII does not require persistent detectable levels of plasma factor VIII and involves contributions from Foxp3+T regulatory cells. Blood. 114, 677-85.
    • MATSUI H, HEGADORN C, OZELO M, BURNETT E, TUTTLE A, LABELLE A, McCARY P B Jr., NALDINI L, BROWN B, HOUGH C, and LILLICRAP D. (2011). A microRNA-regulated and GP64-pseudotyped lentiviral vector mediates stable expression of FVIII in a murine model of Hemophilia A. Mol Ther. 19, 723-30.
    • McCARTY D M, MONAHAN P E, and SAMULSKI R J. (2001). Self-complementary recombinant adeno-associated virus (scAAV) vectors promote efficient transduction independently of DNA synthesis. Gene Ther. 8, 1248-54.
    • McCARTY D M, F U H, MONAHAN P E, TOULSON C E, NAIK P, and SAMULSKI R J. (2003). Adeno-associated virus terminal repeat (T R) mutant generates self-complementary vectors to overcome the rate-limiting step to transduction in vivo. Gene Ther. 10, 2112-8.
    • McIntosh, J. et al. Therapeutic levels of FVIII following a single peripheral vein administration of rAAV vector encoding a novel human factor VIII variant. Blood (2013).
    • MIAO C H, OHASHI K, PATIJN G A, MEUSE L, Y E X, THOMPSON A R, and KAY M A. (2000). Inclusion of the hepatic locus control region, an intron, and untranslated region increases and stabilizes hepatic factor IX gene expression in vivo but not in vitro. Mol Ther. 1, 522-32.
    • MIAO H. Z., SIRACHAINAN N., PALMER L., et al. (2004). Bioengineering of coagulation factor VIII for improved secretion. Blood 103(9):3412-3419.
    • MILANOV, ET A L., 2012 Engineered factor IX variants bypass FVIII and correct hemophilia A phenotype in mice Blood 119:602-611.
    • MILLER A D. (1990) Retrovirus packaging cells. Hum Gene Ther. Spring; 1 (1):5-14.
    • MINGOZZI F, LIU Y L, DOBRZYNSKI E, KAUFHOLD A, LIU J H, WANG Y, ARRUDA V R, HIGH K A, and HERZOG R W. (2003). Induction of immune tolerance to coagulation factor IX antigen by in vivo hepatic gene transfer. J Clin Invest. 111, 1347-56.
    • MINGOZZI F, MAUS M V, HUI D J, SABATINO D E, MURPHY S L, RASKO J E, RAGINI M V, MANNO C S, SOMMER J, JIANG H, PIERCE G F, ERTL H C, and HIGH K A. (2007). CD8(+) T-cell responses to adeno-associated virus capsid in humans. Nat Med. 13, 419-22.
    • MOUNT J D, HERZOG R W, TILLSON D M, GOODMAN S A, ROBINSON N, MCCLELAND M L, BELLINGER D, NICHOLS T C, ARRUDA V R, LOTHROP C D J R, and HIGH K A. (2002). Sustained phenotypic correction of hemophilia B dogs with a factor IX null mutation by liver-directed gene therapy. Blood 99, 2670-6.
    • NALDINI L, BLOMER U, GALLAY P, ORY D, MULLIGAN R, GAGE F H, VERMA I M, TRONO D. (1996) In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector. Science. April 12; 272(5259):263-7.
    • NATHWANI A C, DAVIDOFF A M, HANAWA H, YUNYU H U, HOFFER F A, NIKANOROV A, SLAUGHTER C, N G CYC, ZHOU J, LOZIER J, MANDRELL T D, VANIN E F, and NIENHUIS A W. (2002). Sustained high-level expression of human factor IX (hFIX) after liver-targeted delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding the hFIX gene in rhesus macaques. Blood 100, 1662-1669.
    • NATHWANI A C, GRAY J T, N G C Y, ZHOU J, SPENCE Y, WADDINGTON S N, TUDDENHAM E G, KEMBALL COOK G, McINTOSH J, BOON-SPIJKER M, MERTENS K, DAVIDOFF A M. (2006).Self-complementary adeno-associated virus vectors containing a novel liver-specific human factor IX expression cassette enable highly efficient transduction of murine and nonhuman primate liver. Blood 107, 2653-61.
    • NATHWANI A C, TUDDENHAM E G, RANGARAJAN S, ROSALES C, MCINTOSH J, LINCH D C, CHOWDARY P, RIDDELL A, PIE A J, HARRINGTON C, O'BEIRNE J, SMITH K, PASI J, GLADER B, RUSTAGI P, N G C Y, KAY M A, ZHOU J, SPENCE Y, MORTON C L, ALLAY J, COLEMAN J, SLEEP S, CUNNINGHAM J M, SRIVASTAVA D, BASNER-TSCHAKARJAN E, MINGOZZI F, HIGH K A, GRAY J T, REISS U M, NIENHUIS A W, and DAVIDOFF A M. (2011). Adenovirus-associated virus vector-mediated gene transfer in hemophilia B. N Engl J Med. 365, 2357-2365.
    • OHLFEST J R, FRANDSEN J L, FRITZ S, LOBITZ P D, PERKINSON S G, CLARK K J, NELSESTUEN G, KEY N S, MCLVOR R S, HACKETT P B, and LARGAESPADA D A. (2004). Phenotypic correction and long-term expression of factor VIII in hemophilic mice by immunotolerization and nonviral gene transfer using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Blood 105, 2691-8.
    • Petrus, I., Chuah, M. & VandenDriessche, T. Gene therapy strategies for hemophilia: benefits versus risks. J Gene Med 12, 797-809 (2010).SANDBERG H, ALMSTEDT A, BRANDT J, et al. (2001). Structural and functional characteristics of the B domain-deleted recombinant factor VIII proteint, r-VIII SQ. Thromb Haemost. 85(1): 93-100.
    • SCHUETTRUMPF, J., HERZOG, R. W., SCHLACHTERMAN, A., KAUFHOLD, A., STAFFORD, D. W. &ARRUDA, V. R. (2005). Factor IX variants improve gene therapy efficacy for hemophilia B. Blood 105(6): 2316-2323.
    • SIMIONI, P., TORMENE, D., TOGNIN, G., GAVASSO, S., BULATO, C., IACOBELLI, N. P., FINN, J. D., SPIEZIA, L., RADU, C. &ARRUDA, V. R. (2009). X-linked thrombophilia with a mutant factor IX (factor IX Padua). N Engl J Med 361(17): 1671-1675.
    • SNYDER R O, MIAO C H, PATIJN G A, SPRATT S K, DANOS O, NAGY D, GOWN A M, WINTHER B, MEUSE L, COHEN L K, THOMPSON A R, and KAY M A. (1997). Persistent and therapeutic concentrations of human factor IX in mice after hepatic gene transfer of recombinant AAV vectors. Nat Genet. 16, 270-276.
    • SNYDER R O, MIAO C, MEUSE L, TUBB J, DONAHUE B A, HUI-FENG LIN, STAFFORD D W, PATEL S, THOMPSON A R, NICHOLS T, READ M S, BELLINGER D A, BRINKHOUS K M, and KAY M A. (1999). Correction of hemophilia B in canine and murine models using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Nat Med. 5, 64-70.
    • TRAPNELL B C. (1993) Adenoviral vectors for gene transfer. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 12: 185-199.
    • VANDENBERGHE L H, WANG L, SOMANATHAN S, ZHI Y, FIGUEREDO J, CALCEDO R, SANMIGUEL J, DESAI R A, CHEN C S, JOHNSTON J, GRANT R L, GAO G, and WILSON J M. (2006). Heparin binding directs activation of T cells against adeno-associated virus serotype 2 capsid. Nat Med. 12, 967-71.
    • VANDENDRIESSCHE T, VANSLEMBROUCK V, GOOVAERTS I, ZWINNEN H, VANDERHAEGHEN M L, COLLEN D, and CHUAH M K. (1999). Long-term expression of human coagulation factor VIII and correction of hemophilia A after in vivo retroviral gene transfer in factor VIII-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96, 10379-84.
    • VANDENDRIESSCHE T, THORREZ L, NALDINI L, FOLLENZI A, MOONS L, ZWI BERNEMAN, COLLEN D, and CHUAH M K. (2002). Lentiviral vectors containing the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 central polypurine tract can efficiently transduce nondividing hepatocytes and antigen-presenting cells in vivo. Blood 100, 813-22.
    • VANDENDRIESSCHE T, THORREZ L, ACOSTA-SANCHEZ A, PETRUS I, WANG L, M A L, D E WAELE L, IWASAKI Y, GILLIJNS V, WILSON J M, COLLEN D, and CHUAH M K. (2007). Efficacy and safety of adeno-associated viral vectors based on serotype 8 and 9 vs. lentiviral vectors for hemophilia B gene therapy. J Thromb Haemost. 5, 16-24.
    • VANDENDRIESSCHE T, IVICS Z, IZSVAK Z, and CHUAH M K. (2009). Emerging potential of transposons for gene therapy and generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Blood 114, 1461-8.
    • VANDENDRIESSCHE T, and CHUAH M K. (2012). Clinical progress in gene therapy: sustained partial correction of the bleeding disorder in patients suffering from severe hemophilia B. Hum Gene Ther. 23, 4-6.
    • WANG L, TAKABE K, BIDLINGMAIER S M, ILL C R, and VERMA I M. (1999). Sustained correction of bleeding disorder in hemophilia B mice by gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 3906-3910.
    • WANG L, NICHOLS T C, READ M S, BELLINGER D A, and VERMA I M. (2000). Sustained expression of therapeutic level of factor IX in hemophilia B dogs by AAV-mediated gene therapy in liver. Mol Ther. 1, 154-158.
    • WANG L, CAO O, SWALM B, DOBRZYNSKI E, MINGOZZI F, and HERZOG R W (2005) Major role of local immune responses in antibody formation to factor IX in AAV gene transfer. Gene Ther 12, 1453-464.
    • WARD N J, BUCKLEY S M, WADDINGTON S N, VANDENDRIESSCHE T, CHUAH M K, NATHWANI A C, McLNTOSH J, TUDDENHAM E G, KINNON C, THRASHER A J, and McVEY J H (2010) Codon optimization of human factor VIII cDNAs leads to high-level expression. Blood 117, 798-807.
    • Ward, N.J. et al. Codon optimization of human factor VIII cDNAs leads to high-level expression. Blood 117, 798-807 (2011).
    • W U Z, SUN J, ZHANG T, YIN C, YIN F, VAN DYKE T, SAMULSKI R J, and MONAHAN P E. (2008). Optimization of self-complementary AAV vectors for liver-directed expression results in sustained correction of hemophilia B at low vector dose. Mol Ther. 16, 280-9.
    • XU L, GAO C, and SANDS M S. (2003). Neonatal or hepatocyte growth factor-potentiated adult gene therapy with a retroviral vector results in therapeutic levels of canine factor IX for hemophilia B. Blood 101, 3924-3932.
    • X U L, NICHOLS T C, SARKAR R, Mc CORQUODALE S, BELLINGER D A, PONDER K P. (2005). Absence of a desmopressin response after therapeutic expression of factor VIII in hemophilia A dogs with liver-directed neonatal gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102, 6080-6085.
    • YAMADA T, IWASAKI Y, TADA H, IWABUKI H, CHUAH M K, VANDENDRIESSCHE T, FUKUDA H, KONDO A, UEDA M, SENO M, TANIZAWA K, KURODA S. (2003) Nanoparticles for the delivery of genes and drugs to human hepatocytes. Nat Biotechnol. August; 21 (8):885-90.
    • YANT S R, MEUSE L, CHIU W, IVICS Z, IZSVAK Z, and KAY M A. (2000). Somatic integration and long-term transgene expression in normal and haemophilic mice using a DNA transposon system. Nat Genet. 25, 35-41.
    • Yusa et al. A hyperactive piggyBac transposase for mammalian applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108(4):1531-6.
    • ZHANG G, BUDKER V, WOLFF J A. (1999) High levels of foreign gene expression in hepatocytes after tail vein injections of naked plasmid DNA. Hum Gene Ther. July 1; 10(10):1735-7.
    • ZHONG L, LI B, MAH C S, GOVINDASAMY L, AGBANDJE-MCKENNA, COOPER M, HERZOG R W, ZOLOTUKHIN I, WARRINGTON J R. K H, WEIGEL-VAN AKEN K, HOBBS J A, ZOLOTUKHIN S, MUZYCZKA N, and SRIVASTAVA A (2008). Next generation of adeno-associated virus 2 vectors: point mutations in tyrosines lead to high-efficiency transduction at lower doses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105, 7827-32.

Claims (20)

1. A method for expressing a protein in a liver cell, the method comprising:
introducing into the liver cell a vector comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a liver-specific regulatory element consisting of the Serpin enhancer having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, a promoter, a minute virus of mice (MVM) intron, a codon-optimized transgene, and a transcriptional termination signal; and
expressing the transgene protein product in the liver cell.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the transgene encodes coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) or coagulation factor IX (FIX).
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the B domain of the FVIII is replaced by a linker having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:16.
4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the FIX contains a hyper-activating mutation.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the hyper-activating mutation is an R338L amino acid substitution.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the promoter is a liver-specific promoter.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the promoter is the transthyretin (TTR) promoter.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the promoter is a minimal promoter.
9. A method for obtaining levels of a coagulation factor equal to or higher than a therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml in plasma of a subject, wherein the coagulation factor is coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) or coagulation factor IX (FIX), the method comprising transducing or transfecting a vector into the subject, said vector comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a liver-specific regulatory element consisting of the Serpin enhancer having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, a promoter, a minute virus of mice (MVM) intron, a codon-optimized transgene, and a transcriptional termination signal, wherein the transgene encodes FVIII when the coagulation factor is FVIII and wherein the transgene encodes FIX when the coagulation factor is FIX.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the coagulation factor is coagulation factor IX, and wherein the therapeutic threshold concentration is 50 mU/ml, 100 mU/ml, 150 mU/ml or 200 mU/ml in the plasma of the subject.
11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the vector is an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector.
12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the transduction of the vector into the subject is done at a dose lower than 2×1012 vg/kg.
13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the vector is a transposon-based vector selected from the group consisting of a PiggyBac-based vector and a Sleeping Beauty-based vector.
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the transposon-based vector is administered in combination with a vector encoding a transposase.
15. A method of treating hemophilia in a subject in need thereof, wherein the hemophilia is hemophilia A or hemophilia B, said method comprising performing the method according to claim 9, wherein the coagulation factor is coagulation factor VIII when the hemophilia is hemophilia A, and wherein the coagulation factor is coagulation factor IX when the hemophilia is hemophilia B.
16. A method of treating hemophilia in a subject in need thereof, wherein the hemophilia is hemophilia A or hemophilia B, the method comprising administering to the subject:
(A) a vector, said vector comprising a nucleic acid expression cassette comprising a liver-specific regulatory element consisting of the Serpin enhancer having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, a promoter, a minute virus of mice (MVM) intron, a codon-optimized transgene, and a transcriptional termination signal, wherein said transgene encodes coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) when the hemophilia is hemophilia A or encodes coagulation factor IX (FIX) when the hemophilia is hemophilia B; or
(B) a pharmaceutical composition comprising the vector of (A) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, optionally further comprising an active ingredient for treating the hemophilia.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said treatment results in levels of factor VIII in plasma of the subject that are equal to or higher than a therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml plasma when the hemophilia is hemophilia A, or in levels of factor IX in plasma of the subject that are equal to or higher than a therapeutic threshold concentration of 10 mU/ml, 50 mU/ml, 100 mU/ml, 150 mU/ml, or 200 mU/ml plasma when the hemophilia is hemophilia B.
18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the vector is an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector.
19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the vector is a transposon-based vector selected from the group consisting of a PiggyBac-based vector and a Sleeping Beauty-based vector.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the transposon-based vector is administered in combination with a vector encoding a transposase.
US17/812,951 2012-10-26 2022-07-15 Vectors for Liver-Directed Gene Therapy of Hemophilia and Methods and Use Thereof Pending US20230022390A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US17/812,951 US20230022390A1 (en) 2012-10-26 2022-07-15 Vectors for Liver-Directed Gene Therapy of Hemophilia and Methods and Use Thereof

Applications Claiming Priority (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2012/071297 WO2014063753A1 (en) 2012-10-26 2012-10-26 Hyper-active factor ix vectors for liver-directed gene therapy of hemophilia 'b' and methods and use thereof
EPPCT/EP2012/071297 2012-10-26
EP2013064054 2013-07-03
EPPCT/EP2013/064054 2013-07-03
PCT/EP2013/072450 WO2014064277A1 (en) 2012-10-26 2013-10-25 Vector for liver-directed gene therapy of hemophilia and methods and use thereof
US201514438571A 2015-04-24 2015-04-24
US16/229,491 US11419950B2 (en) 2012-10-26 2018-12-21 Vectors for liver-directed gene therapy of hemophilia and methods and use thereof
US17/812,951 US20230022390A1 (en) 2012-10-26 2022-07-15 Vectors for Liver-Directed Gene Therapy of Hemophilia and Methods and Use Thereof

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US16/229,491 Division US11419950B2 (en) 2012-10-26 2018-12-21 Vectors for liver-directed gene therapy of hemophilia and methods and use thereof

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20230022390A1 true US20230022390A1 (en) 2023-01-26

Family

ID=49554217

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US16/229,491 Active 2035-08-14 US11419950B2 (en) 2012-10-26 2018-12-21 Vectors for liver-directed gene therapy of hemophilia and methods and use thereof
US17/812,951 Pending US20230022390A1 (en) 2012-10-26 2022-07-15 Vectors for Liver-Directed Gene Therapy of Hemophilia and Methods and Use Thereof

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US16/229,491 Active 2035-08-14 US11419950B2 (en) 2012-10-26 2018-12-21 Vectors for liver-directed gene therapy of hemophilia and methods and use thereof

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US11419950B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2911687B1 (en)
JP (1) JP6454643B2 (en)
AU (1) AU2013336601B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2888931C (en)
DK (1) DK2911687T3 (en)
WO (1) WO2014064277A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (45)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3513802B1 (en) 2012-10-26 2023-11-29 Vrije Universiteit Brussel Vector for liver-directed gene therapy of hemophilia and methods and use thereof
US10415024B2 (en) 2012-11-16 2019-09-17 Poseida Therapeutics, Inc. Site-specific enzymes and methods of use
EP3757116A1 (en) 2013-12-09 2020-12-30 Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. Methods and compositions for genome engineering
US20170107541A1 (en) * 2014-06-17 2017-04-20 Poseida Therapeutics, Inc. A method for directing proteins to specific loci in the genome and uses thereof
CA3237630A1 (en) * 2014-08-13 2016-02-18 The Children's Hospital Of Philadelphia An improved expression cassette for packaging and expression of variant factor viii for the treatment of hemostasis disorders
GB201420139D0 (en) 2014-11-12 2014-12-24 Ucl Business Plc Factor IX gene therapy
KR102554850B1 (en) * 2015-02-06 2023-07-13 더 유니버시티 오브 노쓰 캐롤라이나 엣 채플 힐 Optimized human coagulation factor VIII gene expression cassette and use thereof
AU2016232146B2 (en) 2015-03-17 2021-11-04 Vrije Universiteit Brussel Optimized liver-specific expression systems for FVIII and FIX
TWI707951B (en) * 2015-04-08 2020-10-21 美商健臻公司 Production of oversized adeno-associated vectors
WO2016168728A2 (en) 2015-04-16 2016-10-20 Emory University Recombinant promoters and vectors for protein expression in liver and use thereof
CA2983593A1 (en) 2015-05-14 2016-11-17 St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Inc. Nucleic acid molecules containing spacers and methods of use thereof
JP2018521689A (en) 2015-06-17 2018-08-09 ポセイダ セラピューティクス， インコーポレイテッド Compositions and methods for directing proteins to specific loci in the genome
PE20181338A1 (en) 2015-09-24 2018-08-21 Biomarin Pharm Inc FACTOR VIII VECTORS OF ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS, ASSOCIATED VIRIC PARTICLES, AND THERAPEUTIC FORMULATIONS THAT INCLUDE THEM
CA3001594A1 (en) 2015-10-14 2017-04-20 Audentes Therapeutics, Inc. Nucleic acid molecules containing spacers and methods of use thereof
PE20181206A1 (en) 2015-10-28 2018-07-23 Sangamo Therapeutics Inc SPECIFIC LIVER CONSTRUCTIONS, FACTOR VIII EXPRESSION CASSETTES AND METHODS OF USE OF THESE
JP6695426B2 (en) 2015-11-13 2020-05-20 バクスアルタ インコーポレイテッド Highly Expressing Viral Vector for Hemophilia A Gene Therapy Encoding a Recombinant FVIII Variant
BR112018009717B1 (en) 2015-11-13 2021-12-14 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited POLYNUCLEOTIDE, ADENE-ASSOCIATED VIRUS VECTOR, ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS Particle, METHODS FOR PRODUCING AN ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS Particle, AND FOR TRANSDUCING A HOST CELL, AND, USE OF AN ADENE-ASSOCIATED VIRUS Particle
WO2017180861A1 (en) 2016-04-15 2017-10-19 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsulvania Gene therapy for treating hemophilia b
CN109562191A (en) * 2016-04-15 2019-04-02 宾夕法尼亚州大学信托人 For treating the gene therapy of hemophilia A
EP3458477A1 (en) 2016-05-16 2019-03-27 Baxalta Incorporated Anti-factor ix padua antibodies
US10960085B2 (en) 2016-09-07 2021-03-30 Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. Modulation of liver genes
MA47820A (en) 2017-03-10 2020-01-15 Genethon TREATMENT OF TYPE III GLYCOGENOSIS
EP3600445A1 (en) 2017-03-27 2020-02-05 Vrije Universiteit Brussel Diaphragm-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements and methods and use thereof
WO2018208973A1 (en) 2017-05-09 2018-11-15 Emory University Clotting factor variants and their use
CN110945127B (en) * 2017-05-22 2024-07-12 武田药品工业株式会社 Viral vectors encoding recombinant FIX with increased expression for gene therapy of hemophilia B
JP2020526203A (en) * 2017-07-10 2020-08-31 ユニキュアー アイピー ビー．ブイ． Means and Methods for AAV Gene Therapy in Humans
US10610606B2 (en) 2018-02-01 2020-04-07 Homology Medicines, Inc. Adeno-associated virus compositions for PAH gene transfer and methods of use thereof
EP3755795A4 (en) 2018-02-19 2022-07-20 Homology Medicines, Inc. Adeno-associated virus compositions for restoring f8 gene function and methods of use thereof
WO2020018419A1 (en) 2018-07-16 2020-01-23 Baxalta Incorporated Gene therapy of hemophilia a using viral vectors encoding recombinant fviii variants with increased expression
US10842885B2 (en) 2018-08-20 2020-11-24 Ucl Business Ltd Factor IX encoding nucleotides
WO2020084161A1 (en) 2018-10-26 2020-04-30 Vrije Universiteit Brussel New tools for improving gene therapy and use thereof
WO2020084162A1 (en) 2018-10-26 2020-04-30 Vrije Universiteit Brussel Liver-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements and methods and use thereof
WO2020150375A1 (en) 2019-01-16 2020-07-23 Baxalta Incorporated Viral vectors encoding recombinant fviii variants with increased expression for gene therapy of hemophilia a
US11596671B2 (en) 2019-02-01 2023-03-07 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Gene therapy of hemophilia B using viral vectors encoding recombinant fix variants with increased expression
JP2022553083A (en) 2019-10-23 2022-12-21 シャイアー ヒューマン ジェネティック セラピーズ インコーポレイテッド Gene therapy for hereditary angioedema based on adeno-associated virus vector
CN114981299A (en) 2019-12-12 2022-08-30 武田药品工业株式会社 Gene therapy for hemophilia A using viral vectors encoding recombinant FVIII variants with increased expression
TW202140791A (en) 2020-01-13 2021-11-01 美商霍蒙拉奇醫藥公司 Methods of treating phenylketonuria
TW202208632A (en) 2020-05-27 2022-03-01 美商同源醫藥公司 Adeno-associated virus compositions for restoring pah gene function and methods of use thereof
KR20230066453A (en) * 2020-09-16 2023-05-15 제너레이션 바이오 컴퍼니 Non-viral DNA vectors and their use for expressing FVIII therapeutics
CN111926041B (en) * 2020-10-16 2020-12-25 广州吉妮欧生物科技有限公司 SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus mouse internal packaging system and its preparation method
WO2022187671A1 (en) * 2021-03-04 2022-09-09 Poseida Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions and methods for the treatment of hemophilia
WO2022264040A1 (en) 2021-06-14 2022-12-22 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Gene therapy of hemophilia a using viral vectors encoding recombinant fviii variants with increased expression
AR126660A1 (en) 2021-07-28 2023-11-01 Univ Brussel Vrije IMPROVING THE EFFICACY OF MUSCLE-TARGETED GENE THERAPY
WO2023135273A2 (en) 2022-01-14 2023-07-20 Anjarium Biosciences Ag Compositions of dna molecules encoding factor viii, methods of making thereof, and methods of use thereof
CN118715025A (en) * 2022-10-08 2024-09-27 凌意(杭州)生物科技有限公司 Constructs for enhancing gene expression

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6200560B1 (en) * 1998-10-20 2001-03-13 Avigen, Inc. Adeno-associated virus vectors for expression of factor VIII by target cells
WO2001027303A1 (en) 1999-10-12 2001-04-19 The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Adeno-associated virus vectors encoding factor viii and methods of using the same
US8198421B2 (en) * 2006-06-19 2012-06-12 Asklepios Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Modified factor VIII and factor IX genes and vectors for gene therapy
WO2009071679A1 (en) * 2007-12-05 2009-06-11 Vib Vzw Novel aav vector and uses thereof
WO2009130208A1 (en) 2008-04-22 2009-10-29 Vib Vzw Liver-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements and methods and use thereof
AU2010266065B2 (en) * 2009-06-25 2016-01-14 The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Chimeric Factor VII molecules
GB0911870D0 (en) 2009-07-08 2009-08-19 Ucl Business Plc Optimised coding sequence and promoter
TWI557135B (en) 2010-11-03 2016-11-11 介控生化科技公司 Modified factor ix polypeptides and uses thereof
EP3513802B1 (en) * 2012-10-26 2023-11-29 Vrije Universiteit Brussel Vector for liver-directed gene therapy of hemophilia and methods and use thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2911687A1 (en) 2015-09-02
WO2014064277A1 (en) 2014-05-01
EP2911687B1 (en) 2019-02-13
US20190240350A1 (en) 2019-08-08
US11419950B2 (en) 2022-08-23
CA2888931A1 (en) 2014-05-01
AU2013336601B2 (en) 2018-01-25
JP6454643B2 (en) 2019-01-16
DK2911687T3 (en) 2019-05-13
AU2013336601A1 (en) 2015-05-28
CA2888931C (en) 2023-09-05
JP2016500519A (en) 2016-01-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20230022390A1 (en) Vectors for Liver-Directed Gene Therapy of Hemophilia and Methods and Use Thereof
US10398787B2 (en) Vectors for liver-directed gene therapy of hemophilia and methods and use thereof
US20210369868A1 (en) Optimized Liver-Specific Expression Systems for FVIII and FIX
ES2436741T3 (en) Improved expression of Factor IX in gene therapy vectors
US20200038522A1 (en) Liver-specific nucleic acid regulatory elements and methods and use thereof
Nathwani Gene therapy for hemophilia
JP2020103300A (en) Treatment of hyperbilirubinemia
AU2016343887A1 (en) Liver-specific constructs, factor VIII expression cassettes and methods of use thereof
WO2014063753A1 (en) Hyper-active factor ix vectors for liver-directed gene therapy of hemophilia &#39;b&#39; and methods and use thereof
US20210379203A1 (en) New Tools for Improving Gene Therapy and Use Thereof
WO2020160303A1 (en) Gene therapy of hemophilia b using viral vectors encoding recombinant fix variants with increased expression
EP3658676B1 (en) Endothelial-specific promoter sequences and uses thereof

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSELL, BELGIUM

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:VANDENDRIESSCHE, THIERRY;CHUAH, MARINEE;REEL/FRAME:060535/0396

Effective date: 20150612

STPP Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general

Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION