US20220370628A9 - Brush prodrugs and uses thereof - Google Patents

Brush prodrugs and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20220370628A9
US20220370628A9 US17/047,279 US201917047279A US2022370628A9 US 20220370628 A9 US20220370628 A9 US 20220370628A9 US 201917047279 A US201917047279 A US 201917047279A US 2022370628 A9 US2022370628 A9 US 2022370628A9
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macromonomer
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US20210386861A1 (en
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Jeremiah A. Johnson
Farrukh Vohidov
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Definitions

  • Bottlebrush polymers have found widespread applications in fields ranging from drug delivery and molecular imaging to novel materials preparation.
  • 1-3 Graft-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) offers distinct advantages over other bottlebrush synthesis methods.
  • the fast-initiating Grubb's 3 rd generation catalyst (G3-Cat) has been shown to sustain propagation of polymer chains with exceptionally high tolerance towards a wide range of sterically-hindered multivalent macromonomers (MMs), reaching high degrees of polymerization and low dispersity values, even at low millimolar concentrations.
  • MMs sterically-hindered multivalent macromonomers
  • 67 Furthermore, using G3-Cat, it is possible to control composition, morphology, and size of final macro molecules, preparing remarkable polymeric architectures such as bottlebrushes and stars.
  • the present disclosure provides, in one aspect, Brush prodrugs of pharmaceutical agents (Brush prodrugs).
  • the pharmaceutical agents are therapeutic agents, diagnostic agents, and prophylactic agents.
  • the therapeutic agents are bromo and extra terminal protein (BET) inhibitors (iBETs).
  • BET inhibitors are promising anti-cancer agents, but their clinical development has been limited by hematological and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity.
  • GI gastrointestinal
  • DLTs dose-limiting toxicities
  • the Brush prodrugs of BET inhibitors described herein have been found to improve the narrow therapeutic index of the free BET inhibitors, with a favorable biodistribution and release of free BET inhibitors in tumor compared to other tissues, including gut and bone marrow.
  • the Brush prodrugs of BET inhibitors were evaluated for myelosuppression and GI toxicity using in vitro, clinical pathology, and immunohistopathology techniques.
  • free BET inhibitors which showed dose-dependent body weight loss, diarrhea, and suppression of white blood cells
  • the Brush prodrugs of BET inhibitors spared the lymphocytes, platelets, and neutrophils, and showed minimal suppression of the reservoir of myeloid cells in the bone marrow.
  • the release (e.g., the rate of release) of the free BET inhibitors from the Brush prodrugs of BET inhibitors may be tuned by changing one or more moieties of the Brush prodrugs of BET inhibitors.
  • the Brush prodrugs of other pharmaceutical agents are expected to show similar and optionally additional advantages over the free pharmaceutical agents.
  • the Brush prodrugs may be polymers prepared by polymerizing a macromonomer of Formula (I):
  • the metathesis catalyst is a Grubbs catalyst.
  • the advantages of the Brush prodrugs may be due to the moiety
  • the properties (e.g., release of the free pharmaceutical agents) of the Brush prodrugs may be tuned, e.g., by changing the moiety
  • the size, polarity, chemical reactivity, and/or photochemical reactivity of W, R K , and/or R L may affect the cleavage (e.g., rate of cleavage) of the moiety W—C( ⁇ O)—W′ (e.g, the C—O bond).
  • Bulkier R K may slow the cleavage.
  • Bulkier R L may also slow the cleavage.
  • Less polar R K may slow the cleavage.
  • Less polar R L may also slow the cleavage.
  • Smaller R K may expedite the cleavage.
  • Smaller R L may also expedite the cleavage.
  • More polar R K may expedite the cleavage.
  • More polar R L may also expedite the cleavage.
  • the moiety W—C( ⁇ O)—W′ may also affect the cleavage.
  • C( ⁇ O)—O may be cleaved faster than C( ⁇ O)—N. Therefore, the cleavage may be fine tuned by modifying one or more moieties include in
  • each instance of T is substituted or unsubstituted methylene; and each instance of M is independently an ammonium salt or iminium salt of a pharmaceutical agent, wherein the attachment point is the N + of the ammonium salt or iminium salt.
  • the compounds and conjugates may be useful for conjugating with a delivery vehicle a pharmaceutical agent that does not contain a conventional reaction handle.
  • the pharmaceutical agent may be cleaved from the compounds or conjugates in the way shown in FIG. 4A . The cleavage may be fine tuned as described herein, e.g., by modifying one or more moieties include in
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preparing the Brush prodrugs.
  • the present disclosure provides macromonomers of Formula (I), and salts thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preparing the macromonomers, and salts thereof.
  • compositions comprising a Brush prodrug and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • compositions comprising a conjugate and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • kits comprising: a macromonomer, or a salt thereof, a Brush prodrug, or a pharmaceutical composition; and instructions for using the macromonomer, or a salt thereof, the polymer, or the pharmaceutical composition.
  • kits comprising a compound; and instructions for using the compound.
  • kits comprising a conjugate, or a salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition; and instructions for using the conjugate, or a salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a cell comprising contacting the cell with a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of: a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a prophylactically effective amount of: a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of diagnosing a disease in a subject comprising administering to or implanting in the subject a diagnostically effective amount of: a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a cell comprising contacting the cell with a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of: a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a prophylactically effective amount of: a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of diagnosing a disease in a subject comprising administering to or implanting in the subject a diagnostically effective amount of: a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent.
  • the disease is cancer.
  • Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various stereoisomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and/or diastereomers.
  • the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer.
  • Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses.
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • range When a range of values (“range”) is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range.
  • a range is inclusive of the values at the two ends of the range unless otherwise provided.
  • an integer between 1 and 4 refers to 1, 2, 3, and 4.
  • C 1-6 alkyl is intended to encompass, C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 1-6 , C 1-5 , C 1-4 , C 1-3 , C 1-2 , C 2-6 , C 2-5 , C 2-4 , C 2-3 , C 3-6 , C 3-5 , C 3-4 , C 4-6 , C 4-5 , and C 5-6 alkyl.
  • alkyl refers to a radical of a C 1 -C 1000 straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group.
  • an alkyl group has 1 to 200 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 200 alkyl”), 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 20 alkyl”), 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 10 alkyl”), 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 9 alkyl”), 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 8 alkyl”), 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 7 alkyl”), 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 6 alkyl”), 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 5 alkyl”), 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 4 alkyl”), 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 3 alkyl”), 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C 1 -C 2 alkyl”), or
  • C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups include methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), n-propyl (C 3 ), isopropyl (C 3 ), n-butyl (C 4 ), tert-butyl (C 4 ), sec-butyl (C 4 ), iso-butyl (C 4 ), n-pentyl (C 5 ), 3-pentanyl (C 5 ), amyl (C 5 ), neopentyl (C 5 ), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C 5 ), tertiary amyl (C 5 ), and n-hexyl (C 6 ).
  • alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C 7 ), n-octyl (C 8 ) and the like.
  • C 30 -C 1000 alkyl may be obtained from polymerization.
  • each instance of an alkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • alkenyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 200 carbon atoms (“C 2-200 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 20 carbon atoms (“C 2-20 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 2-9 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 2-8 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 2-7 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 2-5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 2-4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 2-3 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C 2 alkenyl”).
  • the one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl).
  • Examples of C 2-4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C 2 ), 1-propenyl (C 3 ), 2-propenyl (C 3 ), 1-butenyl (C 4 ), 2-butenyl (C 4 ), butadienyl (C 4 ), and the like.
  • Examples of C 2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2-4 alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C 5 ), pentadienyl (C 5 ), hexenyl (C 6 ), and the like.
  • C 30 -C 1000 alkenyl may be obtained from polymerization.
  • each instance of an alkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • an alkenyl group a C ⁇ C double bond for which the stereochemistry is not specified (e.g., —CH ⁇ CHCH 3 ,
  • alkynyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds) (“C 2-10 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 200 carbon atoms (“C 2-200 alkynyl”), 2 to 20 carbon atoms (“C 2-20 alkynyl”), 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 2-9 alkynyl”), 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 2-8 alkynyl”), 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 2-7 alkynyl”), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkynyl”), 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 2-5 alkynyl”), 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 2-4 alkynyl”), 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 2-3 alkynyl”), or 2 carbon atoms (“C 2 alkynyl”).
  • the one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl).
  • Examples of C 2-4 alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C 2 ), 1-propynyl (C 3 ), 2-propynyl (C 3 ), 1-butynyl (C 4 ), 2-butynyl (C 4 ), and the like.
  • Examples of C 2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2-4 alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C 5 ), hexynyl (C 6 ), and the like.
  • C 30 -C 1000 alkynyl may be obtained from polymerization. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or more heteroatoms, as valency permits) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain.
  • heteroatom e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or more heteroatoms, as valency permits
  • a heteroalkyl group refers to a saturated group having from 1 to 1000 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C 1 -C 1000 heteroalkyl”), 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C 1 -C 10 heteroalkyl”), 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C 1 -C 10 heteroalkyl”), 1 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C 1 -C 9 heteroalkyl”), 1 to 8 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C 1 -C 8 heteroalkyl”), 1 to 7 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C 1 -C 7 heteroalkyl”), 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl”), 1 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain
  • C 30 -C 1000 heteroalkyl may be obtained from polymerization.
  • each instance of a heteroalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • heteroalkenyl refers to an alkenyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or more heteroatoms, as valency permits) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain.
  • a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-1000 alkenyl”).
  • a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-20 alkenyl”). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-10 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-9 alkenyl”).
  • a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-8 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-7 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-6 alkenyl”).
  • a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-3 alkenyl”).
  • a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-6 alkenyl”).
  • C 30 -C 1000 heteroalkenyl may be obtained from polymerization.
  • each instance of a heteroalkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkenyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heteroalkenyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC 2-10 alkenyl.
  • the heteroalkenyl group is a substituted heteroC 2-10 alkenyl.
  • heteroalkynyl refers to an alkynyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or more heteroatoms, as valency permits) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain.
  • a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-1000 alkynyl”).
  • a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-20 alkynyl”). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-10 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2 -9 alkynyl”).
  • a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-8 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-7 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-6 alkynyl”).
  • a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-5 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-4 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-3 alkynyl”).
  • a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-6 alkynyl”).
  • C 30 -C 1000 heteroalkynyl may be obtained from polymerization.
  • each instance of a heteroalkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkynyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heteroalkynyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC 2-10 alkynyl.
  • the heteroalkynyl group is a substituted heteroC 2-10 alkynyl.
  • Carbocyclyl or “carbocyclic” or “cycloalkyl” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-10 carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system.
  • a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-8 carbocyclyl”), 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-7 carbocyclyl”), 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-6 carbocyclyl”), 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 4-6 carbocyclyl”), 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-6 carbocyclyl”), or 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-10 carbocyclyl”).
  • Exemplary C 3-6 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C 3 ), cyclopropenyl (C 3 ), cyclobutyl (C 4 ), cyclobutenyl (C 4 ), cyclopentyl (C 5 ), cyclopentenyl (C 5 ), cyclohexyl (C 6 ), cyclohexenyl (C 6 ), cyclohexadienyl (C 6 ), and the like.
  • Exemplary C 3-8 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C 3-6 carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ), cycloheptenyl (C 7 ), cycloheptadienyl (C 7 ), cycloheptatrienyl (C 7 ), cyclooctyl (C 8 ), cyclooctenyl (C 8 ), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C 7 ), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • Exemplary C 3-10 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C 3-8 carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C 9 ), cyclononenyl (C 9 ), cyclodecyl (C 10 ), cyclodecenyl (C 10 ), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C 9 ), decahydronaphthalenyl (C 10 ), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C 10 ), and the like.
  • the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., containing a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic carbocyclyl”)) and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
  • Carbocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a radical of a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur (“3-14 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • a heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic heterocyclyl”)), and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
  • Heterocyclyl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heterocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system.
  • each instance of heterocyclyl is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
  • Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and thiiranyl.
  • Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl and thietanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxathiolanyl and dithiolanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl.
  • Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl, and thiepanyl.
  • Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl.
  • bicyclic heterocyclyl groups include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzofuranyl, tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydroisochromenyl, decahydronaphthyridinyl, decahydro-1,8-naphthyridinyl, octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole, indolinyl, phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, 1H-benzo[e][1,4-
  • aryl refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C 6-14 aryl”).
  • an aryl group has 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 6 aryl”; e.g., phenyl).
  • an aryl group has 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 10 aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl).
  • an aryl group has 14 ring carbon atoms (“C 14 aryl”; e.g, anthracyl).
  • Aryl also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system.
  • each instance of an aryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents.
  • heteroaryl refers to a radical of a 5-14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-14 membered heteroaryl”).
  • the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heteroaryl includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused polycyclic (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system.
  • Polycyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like
  • the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g, 5-indolyl).
  • a heteroaryl group be monovalent or may have more than one point of attachment to another moiety (e.g, it may be divalent, trivalent, etc), although the valency may be specified directly in the name of the group.
  • triazoldiyl refers to a divalent triazolyl moiety.
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”).
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 or 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl.
  • Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl.
  • Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
  • Exemplary tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, phenanthridinyl, dibenzofuranyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl and phenazinyl.
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups are, in certain embodiments, optionally substituted.
  • Optionally substituted refers to a group which may be substituted or unsubstituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl).
  • substituted means that at least one hydrogen present on a group is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g, a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.
  • a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position.
  • substituted is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound.
  • the present invention contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound.
  • heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety.
  • Affixing the suffix “ene” to a group indicates the group is a polyvalent (e.g., bivalent, trivalent, tetravalent, or pentavalent) moiety. In certain embodiments, affixing the suffix “ene” to a group indicates the group is a bivalent moiety.
  • Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —N 3 , —SO 2 H, —SO 3 H, —OH, —OR aa , —ON(R bb ) 2 , —N(R bb ) 2 , —N(R bb ) 3 + X ⁇ , —N(OR cc )R bb , —SH, —SR aa , —SSR cc , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 H, —CHO, —C(OR cc ) 2 , —CO 2 R aa , —OC( ⁇ O)R aa , —OCO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —NR bb C
  • the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —OR aa , —SR aa , —N(R bb ) 2 , —CN, —SCN, —NO 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)R aa , —OCO 2 R aa , —OC( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —NR bb C( ⁇ O)R aa , —NR bb CO 2 R aa , or —NR bb C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 .
  • the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —OR aa , —SR aa , —N(R bb ) 2 , —CN, —SCN, or —NO 2 .
  • Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms.
  • Exemplary nitrogen atom substituents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, —OH, —OR aa , —N(R cc ) 2 , —CN, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R cc ) 2 , —CO 2 R aa , —SO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )R aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )OR aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 R cc , —SO 2 OR cc , —SOR 33 , —C( ⁇ S)N(R c
  • the substituent present on the nitrogen atom is an nitrogen protecting group (also referred to herein as an “amino protecting group”).
  • Nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —OH, —OR 33 , —N(R cc ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R 33 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R cc ) 2 , —CO 2 R 33 , —SO 2 R 33 , —C( ⁇ NR cc )R 33 , —C( ⁇ NR cc )OR 33 , —C( ⁇ NR cc )N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 R cc , —SO 2 OR cc , —SOR 33 , —C( ⁇ S)N(R cc ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)SR cc , —C( ⁇ S)SR cc , C 1
  • Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
  • nitrogen protecting groups such as amide groups (e.g., —C( ⁇ O)R 33 ) include, but are not limited to, formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenyl acetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N′-dithiobenzyloxyacylamino)acetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitro
  • Nitrogen protecting groups such as carbamate groups include, but are not limited to, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate
  • Nitrogen protecting groups such as sulfonamide groups include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide
  • Ts p-toluenesulfonamide
  • nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, phenothiazinyl-(10)-acyl derivative, N′-p-toluenesulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N′-phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative, 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4
  • the substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to herein as an “hydroxyl protecting group”).
  • Oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —R aa , —N(R bb ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)SR aa , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —C( ⁇ NR bb )R aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )OR aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )N(R bb ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R aa , —SO 2 R aa , —Si(R aa ) 3 , —P(R cc ) 2 , —P(R cc ) 3 + X ⁇ , —P(OR cc
  • Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
  • oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP), 4-meth
  • the substituent present on a sulfur atom is a sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a “thiol protecting group”).
  • Sulfur protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —R aa , —N(R bb ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)SR aa , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —C( ⁇ NR bb )R aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )OR aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )N(R bb ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R aa , —SO 2 R aa , —Si(R aa ) 3 , —P(R cc ) 2 , —P(R cc ) 3 + X ⁇ , —P(OR c
  • Sulfur protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
  • halo or halogen refers to fluorine (fluoro, —F), chlorine (chloro, —Cl), bromine (bromo, —Br), or iodine (iodo, —I).
  • hydroxyl or “hydroxy” refers to the group —OH.
  • thiol or “thio” refers to the group —SH.
  • amine or “amino” refers to the group —NH— or —NH 2 .
  • polyethylene glycol refers to an ethylene glycol polymer that contains about 20 to about 2,000,000 linked monomers, typically about 50-1,000 linked monomers, usually about 100-300.
  • Polyethylene glycols include ethylene glycol polymer containing various numbers of linked monomers, e.g., PEG20, PEG30, PEG40, PEG60, PEG80, PEG100, PEG115, PEG200, PEG300, PEG400, PEG500, PEG600, PEG1000, PEG1500, PEG2000, PEG3350, PEG4000, PEG4600, PEG5000, PEG6000, PEG8000, PEG11000, PEG12000, PEG2000000 and any mixtures thereof.
  • salt refers to ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
  • a salt is composed of one or more cations (positively charged ions) and one or more anions (negative ions) so that the salt is electrically neutral (without a net charge).
  • Salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid, or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid
  • organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange.
  • salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persul
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N + (C 1-4 alkyl) 4 salts.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
  • Further salts include ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid or with organic acids, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid
  • organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange.
  • salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate,
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, and N + (C 1-4 alkyl) 4 ⁇ salts.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
  • Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.
  • leaving group is given its ordinary meaning in the art of synthetic organic chemistry and refers to an atom or a group capable of being displaced by a nucleophile.
  • suitable leaving groups include halogen (such as F, Cl, Br, or I (iodine)), alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, alkanesulfonyloxy, arenesulfonyloxy, alkyl-carbonyl oxy (e.g., acetoxy), arylcarbonyloxy, aryl oxy, methoxy, N,O-dimethylhydroxylamino, pixyl, and haloformates.
  • the leaving group is a sulfonic acid ester, such as toluenesulfonate (tosylate, —OTs), methanesulfonate (mesylate, —OMs), p-bromobenzenesulfonyloxy (brosylate, —OBs), —OS( ⁇ O) 2 (CF 2 ) 3 CF 3 (nonaflate, —ONf), or trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate, —OTf).
  • toluenesulfonate tosylate, —OTs
  • methanesulfonate mesylate, —OMs
  • p-bromobenzenesulfonyloxy brosylate, —OBs
  • —OS( ⁇ O) 2 (CF 2 ) 3 CF 3 nonaflate, —ONf
  • triflate triflate, —OTf
  • the leaving group is a brosylate, such as p-bromobenzenesulfonyloxy, In some cases, the leaving group is a nosylate, such as 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy. In some embodiments, the leaving group is a sulfonate-containing group. In some embodiments, the leaving group is a tosylate group.
  • the leaving group may also be a phosphineoxide (e.g., formed during a Mitsunobu reaction) or an internal leaving group such as an epoxide or cyclic sulfate.
  • Other examples of leaving groups are water, ammonia, alcohols, ether moieties, thioether moieties, zinc halides, magnesium moieties, diazonium salts, and copper moieties.
  • composition and “formulation” are used interchangeably.
  • a “subject” to which administration is contemplated refers to a human (i.e., male or female of any age group, e.g, pediatric subject (e.g, infant, child, or adolescent) or adult subject (e.g, young adult, middle-aged adult, or senior adult)) or non-human animal.
  • the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g, primate (e.g, cynomolgus monkey or rhesus monkey), commercially relevant mammal (e.g, cattle, pig, horse, sheep, goat, cat, or dog), or bird (e.g, commercially relevant bird, such as chicken, duck, goose, or turkey)).
  • the non-human animal is a fish, reptile, or amphibian.
  • the non-human animal may be a male or female at any stage of development.
  • the non-human animal may be a transgenic animal or genetically engineered animal.
  • administer refers to implanting, absorbing, ingesting, injecting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing a compound described herein, or a composition thereof, in or on a subject.
  • treatment refers to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease described herein.
  • treatment may be administered after one or more signs or symptoms of the disease have developed or have been observed.
  • treatment may be administered in the absence of signs or symptoms of the disease.
  • treatment may be administered to a susceptible subject prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of exposure to a pathogen). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to delay and/or prevent recurrence.
  • prevent refers to a prophylactic treatment of a subject who is not and was not with a disease but is at risk of developing the disease or who was with a disease, is not with the disease, but is at risk of regression of the disease.
  • the subject is at a higher risk of developing the disease or at a higher risk of regression of the disease than an average healthy member of a population of subjects.
  • an “effective amount” of a compound described herein refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response.
  • An effective amount of a compound described herein may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the condition being treated, the mode of administration, and the age and health of the subject.
  • an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.
  • an effective amount is the amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein in a single dose.
  • an effective amount is the combined amounts of a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein in multiple doses.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound described herein is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a condition or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the condition.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of the condition.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms, signs, or causes of the condition, and/or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
  • a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound described herein is an amount sufficient to prevent a condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the condition or prevent its recurrence.
  • a prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of a therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the condition.
  • the term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.
  • therapeutic agent includes an agent that is capable of providing a local or systemic biological, physiological, or therapeutic effect in the biological system to which it is applied.
  • a therapeutic agent can act to control tumor growth, control infection or inflammation, act as an analgesic, promote anti-cell attachment, and enhance bone growth, among other functions.
  • suitable therapeutic agents can include anti-viral agents, hormones, antibodies, or therapeutic proteins.
  • prodrugs which are agents that are not biologically active when administered but, upon administration to a subject are converted to biologically active agents through metabolism or some other mechanism.
  • prodrug refers to a compound that becomes active, e.g., by solvolysis, reduction, oxidation, or under physiological conditions, to provide a pharmaceutically active compound, e.g., in vivo.
  • a prodrug can include a derivative of a pharmaceutically active compound, such as, for example, to form an ester by reaction of the acid, or acid anhydride, or mixed anhydrides moieties of the prodrug moiety with the hydroxyl moiety of the pharmaceutical active compound.
  • small molecule refers to molecules, whether naturally-occurring or artificially created (e.g., via chemical synthesis) that have a relatively low molecular weight.
  • a small molecule is an organic compound (i.e., it contains carbon).
  • the small molecule may contain multiple carbon-carbon bonds, stereocenters, and other functional groups (e.g., amines, hydroxyl, carbonyls, and heterocyclic rings, etc.).
  • the molecular weight of a small molecule is not more than 2,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, the molecular weight of a small molecule is not more than 1,500 g/mol.
  • the molecular weight of a small molecule is not more than 1,000 g/mol, not more than 900 g/mol, not more than 800 g/mol, not more than 700 g/mol, not more than 600 g/mol, not more than 500 g/mol, not more than 400 g/mol, not more than 300 g/mol, not more than 200 g/mol, or not more than 100 g/mol.
  • the molecular weight of a small molecule is at least 100 g/mol, at least 200 g/mol, at least 300 g/mol, at least 400 g/mol, at least 500 g/mol, at least 600 g/mol, at least 700 g/mol, at least 800 g/mol, or at least 900 g/mol, or at least 1,000 g/mol. Combinations of the above ranges (e.g, at least 200 g/mol and not more than 500 g/mol) are also possible.
  • the small molecule is a therapeutically active agent such as a drug (e.g., a molecule approved by the U.S.
  • the small molecule may also be complexed with one or more metal atoms and/or metal ions.
  • the small molecule is also referred to as a “small organometallic molecule.”
  • Preferred small molecules are biologically active in that they produce a biological effect in animals, preferably mammals, more preferably humans. Small molecules include radionuclides and imaging agents.
  • the small molecule is a drug.
  • the drug is one that has already been deemed safe and effective for use in humans or animals by the appropriate governmental agency or regulatory body. For example, drugs approved for human use are listed by the FDA under 21 C.F.R.
  • a “protein,” “peptide,” or “polypeptide” comprises a polymer of amino acid residues linked together by peptide bonds.
  • the term refers to proteins, polypeptides, and peptides of any size, structure, or function.
  • a protein may refer to an individual protein or a collection of proteins. Proteins preferably contain only natural amino acids, although non-natural amino acids (i.e., compounds that do not occur in nature but that can be incorporated into a polypeptide chain) and/or amino acid analogs as are known in the art may alternatively be employed.
  • the amino acid residues of a peptide are alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and/or valine, in D and/or L form.
  • the amino acid residues of a peptide are alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and/or valine, in L form.
  • One or more of the amino acids in a protein may be protected.
  • amino acids in a protein may be modified, for example, by the addition of a chemical entity such as a carbohydrate group, a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group, a farnesyl group, an isofarnesyl group, a fatty acid group, a linker for conjugation or functionalization, or other modification.
  • a protein may also be a single molecule or may be a multi-molecular complex.
  • a protein may be a fragment of a naturally occurring protein or peptide.
  • a protein may be naturally occurring, recombinant, synthetic, or any combination of these.
  • a protein comprises between 2 and 10, between 10 and 30, between 30 and 100, between 100 and 300, or between 300 and 1,000, inclusive, amino acids.
  • the amino acids in a protein are natural amino acids.
  • the amino acids in a protein are unnatural amino acids.
  • the amino acids in a protein are a combination of natural amino acids and unnatural amino acids.
  • FIGS. 1A and 1B show an exemplary synthesis of Brush macromolecular prodrugs ( FIG. 1A ) and modulating release kinetics of the BET inhibitors from Brush prodrugs via tuning linker structure ( FIG. 1 ).
  • FIGS. 2A to 2F show the in vitro release profile of Brush prodrugs T1 to T6.
  • FIG. 2A shows the macromolecule (MM) used for preparing T1 and the t 1/2 of T1.
  • FIG. 2B shows the MM used for preparing T2 and the t 1/2 of T2.
  • FIG. 2C shows the MM used for preparing T3 and the t 1/2 of T3.
  • FIG. 2D shows the MM used for preparing T4 and the t 1/2 of T4.
  • FIG. 2E shows the MM used for preparing T5 and the t 1/2 of T5.
  • FIG. 2F shows the MM used for preparing T6 and the t 1/2 of T6.
  • FIGS. 3A to 3D show the in vitro release profile of Brush prodrugs B1 to B4.
  • FIG. 3A shows the MM used for preparing B1 and the t 1/2 of B1.
  • FIG. 3B shows the MM used for preparing B2 and the t 1/2 of B2.
  • FIG. 3C shows the MM used for preparing B3 and the t 1/2 of B3.
  • FIG. 3D shows the MM used for preparing B4 and the t 1/2 of B4.
  • FIG. 4A shows an exemplary release of a pharmaceutical agent from a Brush prodrug.
  • FIG. 4B shows that the release of the pharmaceutical agents from the Brush prodrugs is tunable.
  • FIGS. 5A to 5F show the efficacy of Brush prodrug B4 in orthotopic, syngeneic tumor.
  • FIG. 5A shows the tumor volume
  • FIG. 5B shows the tumor weight, after B4 doses, or API (OTX-015 (OTX015 or OTX-15), as a competitor) doses (b.i.d. daily as a PO bolus).
  • API OTX-015 (OTX015 or OTX-15)
  • T2 Similar dosing regimen was followed for T2, and the tumor volumes are shown in FIG. 5D .
  • T2 was as effective in reducing final tumor weight (stats) at a lower cumulative dose than the tolerated dose of API ( FIG. 5E ).
  • “iBET” refers to OTX-015.
  • FIGS. 6A to 6D show the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of Brush prodrug B4.
  • FIG. 6B shows that B4 displayed favorable accumulation in tumors compared to other organs.
  • a representative whole organ fluorescent imaging shows accumulation of OTX-015 in tumor.
  • FIG. 6C shows tumor pharmacokinetics of B4 in mice treated with B4. B4 provides sustained release of OTX-015 at the tumor site.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B show Brush prodrug B4 offer efficacy without systemic side effects.
  • FIG. 7A shows significant reduction of OTX-015-caused toxicity in gut is achieved with B4 compared to free OTX-015 as evident by preservation of c-Myc production in cell of gut lining. Concurrently, in-tumor efficacy of B4 is comparable to free OTX-015 as shown by modulation of c-Myc, CD180, and HEXIM1.
  • FIG. 8 shows exemplary release of a pharmaceutical agent (niraparib) from two different brush prodrugs, P1 and P2.
  • FIG. 9 shows the GPC chromatogram of T2.
  • FIG. 10 shows the DLS analysis of ROMP aliquot of T2.
  • FIG. 11 shows the MALDI-MS spectrum of T2-MM.
  • the present disclosure provides, in some aspects, macromonomers, and salts thereof; methods of preparing the macromonomers, and salts thereof; Brush prodrugs (polymers); methods of preparing the Brush prodrugs; pharmaceutical compositions comprising a Brush prodrug; kits comprising: a macromonomer, or a salt thereof, a Brush prodrug, or a pharmaceutical composition; methods of using the Brush prodrugs; and uses of the Brush prodrugs.
  • the present disclosure provides macromonomers of Formula (I):
  • the macromonomers of the disclosure are macromonomers of Formula (I), and salts thereof, wherein:
  • the macromonomer is of the formula:
  • the macromonomer is of the formula:
  • the macromonomer is of the formula:
  • the macromonomer is of the formula:
  • the macromonomer is of the formula:
  • the macromonomer is of the formula:
  • the macromonomer is of the formula:
  • Formula (I) includes two or more instances of a moiety
  • the two or more instances of the moiety are independent from each other (e.g., any two of them may be the same or different).
  • At least one instance of R A is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each instance of R A is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R A is halogen (e.g., F). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R A is substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl, e.g., Me).
  • a is 1. In certain embodiments, a is an integer from 2 to 20, inclusive. In certain embodiments, a is 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. In certain embodiments, a is 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, a is 5.
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • each instance of —Y—Z— is independently
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • At least one instance of —Y—Z— is
  • each instance of —Y—Z— is independently
  • At least one instance of M is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each instance of M is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, no instance of M is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is a pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, each instance of M is independently a pharmaceutical agent.
  • the pharmaceutical agents include chemical compounds and mixtures of chemical compounds, e.g., small organic or inorganic molecules; saccharines; oligosaccharides; polysaccharides; biological macromolecules, e.g., peptides, proteins, and peptide analogs and derivatives; peptidomimetics; antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof; nucleic acids; nucleic acid analogs and derivatives; an extract made from biological materials such as bacteria, plants, fungi, or animal cells; animal tissues; naturally occurring or synthetic compositions; and any combinations thereof.
  • chemical compounds e.g., small organic or inorganic molecules; saccharines; oligosaccharides; polysaccharides; biological macromolecules, e.g., peptides, proteins, and peptide analogs and derivatives; peptidomimetics; antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof; nucleic acids; nucleic acid analogs and derivatives; an extract made from biological materials such as bacteria, plants, fungi, or animal cells;
  • the pharmaceutical agent is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical agent is a peptide or protein. Exemplary pharmaceutical agents include, but are not limited to, those found in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th Edition, Eds. T. R. Harrison et al.
  • At least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, each instance of M is a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, exemplary therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the agents listed in Paragraph 0148 of U.S. Pat. No. 9,381,253, incorporated by reference herein.
  • exemplary therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the therapeutic agents listed in WO 2013/169739, including the anti-hypertensive and/or a collagen modifying agents (“AHCM”) disclosed, e.g., in Paragraphs 40-49, 283, 286-295; the microenviroment modulators disclosed, e.g., in Paragraphs 113-121, of WO 2013/169739, incorporated herein by reference.
  • AHCM collagen modifying agents
  • therapeutic agents also include, but are not limited to, antimicrobial agents, analgesics, antinflammatory agents, counterirritants, coagulation modifying agents, diuretics, sympathomimetics, anorexics, antacids and other gastrointestinal agents; antiparasitics, antidepressants, antihypertensives, anticholinergics, stimulants, antihormones, central and respiratory stimulants, drug antagonists, lipid-regulating agents, uricosurics, cardiac glycosides, electrolytes, ergot and derivatives thereof, expectorants, hypnotics and sedatives, antidiabetic agents, dopaminergic agents, antiemetics, muscle relaxants, para-sympathomimetics, anticonvulsants, antihistamines, beta-blockers, purgatives, antiarrhythmics, contrast materials, radiopharmaceuticals, antiallergic agents, tranquilizers, vasodilators, antiviral agents, and antineoplastic or cytostatic agents
  • Suitable therapeutic agents include contraceptives and vitamins as well as micro- and macronutrients.
  • Still other examples include antiinfectives such as antibiotics and antiviral agents; analgesics and analgesic combinations; anorexics; antiheimintics; antiarthritics; antiasthmatic agents; anticonvulsants; antidepressants; antidiuretic agents; antidiarrleals; antihistamines; antiinflammatory agents; antimigraine preparations; antinauseants; antineoplastics; antiparkinsonism drugs; antipruritics; antipsychotics; antipyretics, antispasmodics; anticholinergics; sympathomimetics; xanthine derivatives; cardiovascular preparations including calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers such as pindolol and antiarrhythmics; antihypertensives; diuretics; vasodilators including general coronary, peripheral and cerebral; central nervous system stimulants; cough and cold preparations, including decongestants
  • At least one instance of the therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent.
  • Anti-cancer agents encompass biotherapeutic anti-cancer agents as well as chemotherapeutic agents.
  • Exemplary biotherapeutic anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, interferons, cytokines (e.g, tumor necrosis factor, interferon ⁇ , interferon ⁇ ), vaccines, hematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal serotherapy, immunostimulants and/or immunodulatory agents (e.g, IL-1, 2, 4, 6, or 12), immune cell growth factors (e.g, GM-CSF) and antibodies (e.g, HERCEPTIN (trastuzumab), T-DM1, AVASTIN (bevacizumab), ERBITUX (cetuximab), VECTIBIX (panitumumab), RITUXAN (rituximab), BEXXAR (tositumomab)).
  • cytokines e.
  • chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, anti-estrogens (e.g., tamoxifen, raloxifene, and megestrol), LHRH agonists (e.g, goscrclin and leuprolide), anti-androgens (e.g, flutamide and bicalutamide), photodynamic therapies (e.g, vertoporfin (BPD-MA), phthalocyanine, photosensitizer Pc4, and demethoxy-hypocrellin A (2BA-2-DMHA)), nitrogen mustards (e.g., cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, trofosfamide, chlorambucil, estramustine, and melphalan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)), alkylsulphonates (e.g, busulfan and treosulfan), triazenes (e.g.
  • the anti-cancer agent is abiraterone acetate (e.g., ZYTIGA), ABVD, ABVE, ABVE-PC, AC, AC-T, ADE, ado-trastuzumab emtansine (e.g, KADCYLA), afatinib dimaleate (e.g, GILOTRIF), aldesleukin (e.g, PROLEUKIN), alemtuzumab (e.g, CAMPATH), anastrozole (e.g, ARIMIDEX), arsenic trioxide (e.g, TRISENOX), asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi (e.g, ERWINAZE), axitinib (e.g, INLYTA), azacitidine (e.g., MYLOSAR, VIDAZA), BEACOPP, belinostat (e.g., BELEODAQ), bendamustine hydrochloride
  • At least one instance of the therapeutic agent is a bromodomain inhibitor. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is a bromo and extra terminal protein (BET) inhibitor. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is a bromodomain-containing protein 2 (BRD2) inhibitor, bromodomain-containing protein 3 (BRD3) inhibitor, bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor, TBP (TATA box binding protein)-associated factor protein (TAF) (e.g, TAF1 or TAF1L) inhibitor, CREB-binding protein (CBP) inhibitor, or E1A binding protein p300 (EP300) inhibitor. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is a PARP inhibitor, ALK inhibitor, or STING ligand. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is OTX-015. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is
  • At least one instance of M is of the formula:
  • At least one instance of -T-M is:
  • At least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent.
  • each instance of M is a prophylactic agent.
  • Prophylactic agents that can be included in the conjugates of the invention include, but are not limited to, antibiotics, nutritional supplements, and vaccines.
  • Vaccines may comprise isolated proteins or peptides, inactivated organisms and viruses, dead organisms and viruses, genetically altered organisms or viruses, and cell extracts.
  • Prophylactic agents may be combined with interleukins, interferon, cytokines, and adjuvants such as cholera toxin, alum, Freund's adjuvant.
  • At least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent.
  • each instance of M is a diagnostic agent.
  • Exemplary diagnostic agents include, but are not limited to, fluorescent molecules; gases; metals; imaging agents, such as commercially available imaging agents used in positron emissions tomography (PET), computer assisted tomography (CAT), single photon emission computerized tomography, x-ray, fluoroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and contrast agents.
  • PET positron emissions tomography
  • CAT computer assisted tomography
  • single photon emission computerized tomography single photon emission computerized tomography
  • x-ray x-ray
  • fluoroscopy fluoroscopy
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • contrast agents include gadolinium chelates, as well as iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, and chromium.
  • Examples of materials useful for CAT and x-ray imaging include iodine-based materials.
  • the diagnostic agent is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), such as iron oxide particles or gadolinium complexes.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • gadolinium complexes that have been approved for clinical use include gadolinium chelates with DTP A, DTPA-BMA, DOTA and HP-DO3A which are reviewed in Aime, et al. (Chemical Society Reviews (1998), 27:19-29), the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the diagnostic agent is a metal, inorganic compound, organometallic compound, organic compound, or salt thereof.
  • the imaging agent contains a metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, rutherfordium, dubnium, seaborgium, bohrium, hassium, meitnerium, gadolinium, gallium, thallium, and barium.
  • the diagnostic agent is an organic compound.
  • the diagnostic agent is metal-free.
  • the diagnostic agent is a metal-free organic compound.
  • the imaging agent is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent.
  • the MRI agent is gadolinium.
  • the MRI agent is a nitroxide radical-containing compound.
  • the imaging agent is a nuclear medicine imaging agent.
  • the nuclear medicine imaging agent is selected from the group consisting of 64 Cu diacetyl-bis(N 4 -methylthiosemicarbazone) ( 64 Cu-ASTM), 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 18 F-fluoride, 3′-deoxy-3′-[ 18 F]fluorothymidine (FLT), 18 F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO), gallium, technetium-99m, and thallium.
  • the imaging agent is radiographic imaging agent.
  • the radiographic imaging agent is selected from the group consisting of barium, gastrografin, and iodine contrast agent.
  • the imaging agent the diagnostic agent is a radical-containing compound. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent is a nitroxide radical-containing compound. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent the diagnostic agent is of the formula:
  • the imaging agent the diagnostic agent is an organic compound. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent is a salt of an organic compound. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent the diagnostic agent is of the formula:
  • the diagnostic agent may comprise a fluorescent molecule, a metal chelate, a contrast agent, a radionuclide, or a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent, an infrared imaging agent, a near-IR imaging agent, a computer assisted tomography (CAT) imaging agent, a photon emission computerized tomography imaging agent, an X-ray imaging agent, or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • an infrared imaging agent a near-IR imaging agent
  • CAT computer assisted tomography
  • a photon emission computerized tomography imaging agent an X-ray imaging agent
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • the diagnostic agent is a fluorescent molecule.
  • the fluorescent molecule comprises an acridine dye, a cyanine dye, a rhodamine dye, a BODIPY dye, a fluorescein dye, a dansyl dye, an Alexa dye, an atto dye, a quantum dot, or a fluorescent protein.
  • the fluorescent molecule is a cyanine dye (e.g., Cy3, Cy 3.5, Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7, or Cy7.5).
  • the diagnostic agent is an MRI agent (e.g., a contrast agent).
  • MRI agents e.g., contrast agents
  • suitable materials for use as MRI agents include gadolinium chelates, as well as iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, and chromium.
  • the diagnostic agent is a CAT imaging agent or an X-ray imaging agent.
  • materials useful for CAT and X-ray imaging include iodine-based materials.
  • the diagnostic agent is a PET imaging agent.
  • suitable PET imaging agents include compounds and compositions comprising the positron emitting radioisotopoes 18 F, 15 O, 13 N, 11 C, 82 Rb, 64 Cu, and 68 Ga, e.g., fludeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG), 68 Ga-DOTA-psuedopeptides (e.g., 68 Ga-DOTA-TOC), 11 C-metomidate, 11 C-acetate, 11 C-methionine, 11 C-choline, 18 F-fluciclovine, 18 F-fluorocholine, 18 F-fluorodeoxysorbitol, 18 F-3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine, 11 C-raclopride, and 18 F-desmethoxyfallypride.
  • the diagnostic agent is a near-IR imaging agent.
  • near-IR imaging agents include Pz 247, DyLight 750, DyLight 800, cyanine dyes (e.g., Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7), AlexaFluor 680, AlexaFluor 750, IRDye 680, IRDye 800CW, and Kodak X-SIGHT dyes.
  • the agent can be a radionuclide, e.g., for use as a therapeutic, diagnostic, or prognostic agents.
  • a radionuclide e.g., for use as a therapeutic, diagnostic, or prognostic agents.
  • gamma-emitters, positron-emitters, and X-ray emitters are suitable for diagnostic and/or therapy, while beta emitters and alpha-emitters may also be used for therapy.
  • Suitable radionuclides for forming use with various embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to, 123 I, 125 I, 130 I, 131 I, 133 I, 135 I, 47 Sc, 72 As, 72 Sc, 90 Y, 88 Y, 97 RU, 100 Pd, 101m Rh, 119 Sb, 128 Ba, 197 Hg, 211 At, 212 Bi, 212 Pb, 109 Pd, 111 In, 67 Ga, 68 Ga, 67 Cu, 75 Br, 77 Br, 99m Tc, 14 C, 13 N, 15 O, 32 P, 33 P, or 18 F.
  • At least one instance of the diagnostic agent is a contrast agent.
  • at least one instance of the contrast agent is a magnetic-resonance signal enhancing agent, X-ray attenuating agent, ultrasound scattering agent, or ultrasound frequency shifting agent.
  • M being a pharmaceutical agent refers to M being a monovalent radical of the pharmaceutical agent.
  • the monovalent radical of the pharmaceutical agent is formed by removing a hydrogen atom from the moiety HV of the pharmaceutical agent.
  • HV moiety of the pharmaceutical agent.
  • Visa carbon atom In certain embodiments, Visa heteroatom.
  • V is an oxygen atom.
  • V is a sulfur atom.
  • Visa nitrogen atom In certain embodiments, the monovalent radical of the pharmaceutical agent is formed further by changing the atom V of the pharmaceutical agent to substituted or unsubstituted U, wherein each of V and U is a heteroatom, and V and U are different from each other.
  • M being a pharmaceutical agent refers to M being an ammonium (e.g., a quaternary ammonium) salt or iminium (e.g., tertiary iminium) salt of the pharmaceutical agent, wherein the attachment point is the N + of the ammonium salt or iminium salt.
  • the nitrogen atom of the N + of the ammonium salt or iminium salt is part of the pharmaceutical agent.
  • M is electrically neutral
  • all instances of M are the same. In certain embodiments, at least two instances of M (e.g., all instances of M) are different from each other.
  • At least one instance of m is 1. In certain embodiments, each instance of m is 1. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of m is an integer from 2 to 10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of m is 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • a first divalent moiety comprises a second divalent moiety
  • the second divalent moiety is part of the backbone of the first divalent moiety.
  • L F comprises —S—S—
  • —S—S— is part of the backbone of L F .
  • At least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, Cu 200 alkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 3-30 alkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 alkenylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 alkynylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 3-30 heteroalkylene.
  • At least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkenylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkynylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene, wherein one or more carbons and/or one or more heteroatoms, of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene, are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.
  • At least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, C 3-30 heteroalkylene), wherein one or two carbons and/or one or two heteroatoms, of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, C 3-30 heteroalkylene) are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g, phenylene) or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 5- or 6-membered heteroarylene).
  • C 2-200 heteroalkylene e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, C 3-30 heteroalkylene
  • substituted or unsubstituted arylene e.g, phenylene
  • substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene e.g., substituted
  • At least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene, wherein one or more carbons and/or one or more heteroatoms, of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene, are independently replaced with
  • At least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene, wherein one carbon or one heteroatom, of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene, is replaced with
  • At least one instance of L comprises
  • At least one instance of L comprises
  • At least one instance of L F is substituted or unsubstituted, C 3-30 heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L F comprises —S—S—. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L F is substituted or unsubstituted, C 3-30 heteroalkylene comprising one —S—S— and no other heteroatoms in the backbone. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L F comprises a peptide comprising between 1 and 20 (e.g., between 1 and 4), inclusive, amino acid residues.
  • At least one instance of L is
  • At least one instance of L is
  • At least one instance of L comprises
  • a cleavable linker is “cleaved” or “degraded” when one or more bonds of the cleavable linker are broken, e.g., resulting in release of an agent, e.g., from the Brush prodrug or particle.
  • Linker cleavage or agent release need not be 100%, e.g., a cleavage or release of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or higher, e.g., over a period of seconds, minutes, hours (e.g, 6 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours), days (e.g, 2 days or 7 days), weeks, or months is encompassed by this term.
  • the cleavable linker is cleavable by or is sensitive to an enzyme (e.g, an esterase or a protease), pH (e.g, acidic pH, basic pH), light (e.g, ultraviolet light), a nucleophile, reduction, or oxidation.
  • an enzyme e.g, an esterase or a protease
  • pH e.g, acidic pH, basic pH
  • light e.g, ultraviolet light
  • the cleavable linker is cleavable by or is sensitive to an enzyme (e.g, an esterase or a protease) or pH (e.g, acidic pH, basic pH). In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is not cleavable by light (e.g, ultraviolet light). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is cleavable by ultraviolet irradiation. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is cleavable by hydrolysis, reduction, or oxidation. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is cleavable by contacting with an enzyme. In certain embodiments, no instance of L comprises in the backbone of L a linker that is more easily cleaved than the bond C—O in
  • the cleavable linker may include an atom or a part of a moiety that is derived in part from the agent (e.g, a therapeutic agent).
  • the cleavable linker is cleaved or degraded, e.g., preferentially cleaved or degraded, upon exposure to a first set of conditions relative to a second set of conditions.
  • the cleavable linker can be “preferentially cleaved” or “preferentially degraded” in a first set of conditions relative to a second set of conditions if at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of a bond or bonds of the cleavable linker are broken, or the agent is released, in the first set of conditions relative to the second set of conditions.
  • the cleavable linker is degraded or hydrolyzed at physiological conditions.
  • the linker is pH sensitive or cleaved at a certain pH.
  • the linker is degraded or hydrolyzed through the action of an enzyme (e.g., a protease or esterase).
  • the cleavable linker is preferentially cleaved in a tissue microenvironment, e.g., a tumor microenvironment, which is referred to herein as a “tissue microenvironment cleavable linker.”
  • tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is preferentially cleaved or degraded upon exposure to a first desired tissue or tumor microenvironment relative to a second tissue or non-tumor tissue.
  • a tissue (e.g., tumor) microenvironment cleavable linker can be preferentially cleaved if at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of a bond or bonds of the linker are broken, or the agent is released, in a desired tissue or tumor microenvironment relative to another tissue or non-tumor tissue.
  • the tissue (e.g., tumor) microenvironment cleavable linker is preferentially cleaved or degraded if one or more of the bonds of the linker are broken, or the agent is released, at least 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 100 times faster upon exposure to a first desired tissue or tumor microenvironment relative to a second tissue or non-tumor tissue.
  • the tissue (e.g., tumor) microenvironment can have a particular set of conditions, e.g, pH, enzymes, that cause the cleavage or degradation of the linker.
  • At least two instances of L are different from each other. In all instances of L are the same.
  • the tissue (e.g, tumor) microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable by an enzyme.
  • the enzyme comprises an esterase or a protease.
  • Exemplary proteases include MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-14, plasmin, PSA, PSMA, CATHEPSIND, CATHEPSINK, CATHEPSIN S, ADAM 10, ADAM12, ADAMTS, Caspase-1, Caspase-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-4, Caspase-5, Caspase-6, Caspase-7, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, Caspase-10, Caspase-11, Caspase-12, Caspase-13, Caspase-14, or TACE.
  • the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable at a particular pH. In some embodiments, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable at a pH between about 5.0 and about 7.4, between 5.0 and 7.0, between 5.0 and 6.5, between 5.0 and 5.5, or between 5.9 and 6.2. In one embodiment, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable at a pH between about 6.0 and about 7.0, between about 6.2 and about 6.9, between about 6.5 and about 6.8, or between about 6.5 and about 6.7.
  • the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable at a pH between about 5.5 and about 6.5, e.g., between 5.9 and 6.2. In one embodiment, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable at a hypoxic pH, e.g., a pH about 6.7 to 6.9, e.g., compared to a physiological pH of about 7.4.
  • the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable is cleaved at a pH of no more than 7.4, no more than 7.0, no more than 6.9, no more than 6.8, no more than 6.7, no more than 6.6, no more than 6.5, no more than 6.4, no more than 6.3, no more than 6.2, no more than 6.1, no more than 6.0, no more than 5.5 or lower.
  • the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker shows increased pH-sensitivity in a hypoxic microenvironment, e.g, in a tumor, or fibrotic tissue.
  • the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker exhibits an increased release rate or increased release yield of the agent at a desired site (e.g, a tumor), e.g, relative to the release rate or release yield at another site.
  • the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker comprises an electron withdrawing group (e.g, an electron withdrawing group that enhances the cleavage rate or yield, e.g, upon exposure to a first set of conditions relative to a second set of conditions).
  • an instance of m is an integer from 2 to 10, inclusive, the m instances of
  • L may be attached to L at the same atom and/or different atoms, as valency permits.
  • At least one substituent in at least one instance of L is ⁇ O, halogen (e.g., F), or substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • Click chemistry When each instance of M is hydrogen, at least one instance of -L(M) m comprises a click-chemistry handle.
  • Click chemistry includes Huisgen alkyne-azide cycloaddition. Any “click chemistry” reaction known in the art can be used to this end. Click chemistry is a chemical approach introduced by Sharpless in 2001 and describes chemistry tailored to generate substances quickly and reliably by joining small units together. See, e.g., Kolb, Finn and Sharpless Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2001) 40: 2004-2021; Evans, Australian Journal of Chemistry (2007) 60: 384-395).
  • Exemplary coupling reactions include, but are not limited to, formation of esters, thioesters, amides (e.g, such as peptide coupling) from activated acids or acyl halides; nucleophilic displacement reactions (e.g, such as nucleophilic displacement of a halide or ring opening of strained ring systems); azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition; thiol-yne addition; imine formation; Michael additions (e.g, maleimide addition); and Diels-Alder reactions (e.g, tetrazine [4+2] cycloaddition).
  • nucleophilic displacement reactions e.g, such as nucleophilic displacement of a halide or ring opening of strained ring systems
  • azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition thiol-yne addition
  • imine formation Michael additions (e.g, maleimide addition)
  • Diels-Alder reactions
  • At least one instance of the click-chemistry handle comprises C ⁇ C or C ⁇ C. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the click-chemistry handle comprises C ⁇ CH, C ⁇ CH, CH ⁇ CH, C ⁇ CH 2 , or CH ⁇ CH 2 .
  • At least one instance of the click-chemistry handle is —C ⁇ CH, substituted or unsubstituted cyclooctynyl optionally fused independently with one or more instances of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutenyl, substituted or unsubstituted trans-cyclooctenyl optionally fused independently with one or more instances of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted
  • each instance of the click-chemistry handle is —C ⁇ CH.
  • At least one (e.g., each) instance of W is a single bond. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W is —O—. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W is —S—. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W is —NR E — (e.g., —NH—). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R E is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R E is substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R E is Me.
  • At least one instance of R E is Et, Pr, Bu, substituted methyl, substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl.
  • at least one instance of R E is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g, Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts).
  • At least one (e.g., each) instance of W′ is —O—. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W′ is —S—. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W′ is —NR J — (e.g, —NH—).
  • At least one instance of R J is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R J is substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R J is Me. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R J is Et, Pr, Bu, substituted methyl, substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R J is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts).
  • a nitrogen protecting group e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts.
  • Ring A is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one instance of R K on at least one instance of
  • R K is substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl or —O (substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl).
  • R K is unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl (e.g., Me, Et, i-Pr).
  • C 1-6 alkyl e.g., Me, Et, i-Pr.
  • R K is —O (unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —OMe, —OEt, —O(i-Pr)).
  • R K is —O (unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —OMe, —OEt, —O(i-Pr)).
  • R K is independently unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl (e.g, Me, Et, i-Pr) or —O (unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g., —OMe, —OEt, —O(i-Pr)).
  • at least one instance of R K is substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkynyl.
  • At least one instance of R K is substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • At least one instance of R K is —OR a , —N(R a ) 2 , —SR a , —CN, —SCN, —C( ⁇ NR a )R a , —C( ⁇ NR a )OR a , —C( ⁇ NR a )N(R a ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)R a , —C( ⁇ O)OR a , —C( ⁇ O)N(R a ) 2 , —NO 2 , —NR a C( ⁇ O)R a , —NR a C( ⁇ O)OR a , —NR a C( ⁇ O)N(R a ) 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)R a , —OC( ⁇ O)OR a , or —OC( ⁇ O)N(R a ) 2 .
  • no instance of R K is an electron-withdrawing group
  • R L is halogen (e.g, Cl, Br, I), unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl (e.g, Me, Et, i-Pr), or —O (unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl) (e.g, —OMe, —OEt, —O(i-Pr)).
  • R L is an electron-withdrawing group (e.g, F).
  • At least one (e.g., each) instance of R a is hydrogen.
  • at least one instance of R a is substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom.
  • two instances of R a attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • At least one (e.g., each) instance of T is a single bond, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-20 alkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-20 heteroalkylene.
  • at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is a single bond; unsubstituted, C 1-20 alkylene; C 1-20 alkylene substituted with one or more halogen and/or one or more unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl; unsubstituted C 2-20 heteroalkylene; C 2-20 heteroalkylene substituted on one or more carbons with one or more ⁇ O, one or more halogen, and/or one or more unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • At least one (e.g., each) instance of T is a single bond. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is unsubstituted, C 1-20 alkylene (e.g, unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkylene). In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is substituted or unsubstituted methylene. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is —CH 2 —. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is —CH(R a )—.
  • At least one (e.g., each) instance of T is —CH(CH 3 )—. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g, each) instance of T is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-20 heteroalkylene, wherein the backbone heteroatoms of the C 2-20 heteroalkylene are oxygen atoms.
  • At least one (e.g., each) instance of T is *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)-O—C( ⁇ O)—, *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)-O—C( ⁇ O)—O—, *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)-O—C( ⁇ O)—N(R N )—, *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)-N(R N )—C( ⁇ O)—, *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)-N(R N )—C( ⁇ O)—O—, or *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)-N(R N )—C( ⁇ O)—N(R N )—, wherein the attachment point labeled with “*” is attached to Ring A, and each instance of R N is independently hydrogen
  • At least one (e.g., each) instance of T is *—CH 2 —O—C( ⁇ O)— or *—CH 2 —O—C( ⁇ O)—N(R N )—.
  • at least one instance (e.g., each instance) of T is more stable (e.g., between 30% and 100%, between 1-fold and 10-fold, between 10-fold and 100-fold, between 100-fold and 1,000-fold, between 1,000-fold and 10,000-fold, or between 10,000-fold and 1,000,000-fold, inclusive, more stable) than the moiety —W—C( ⁇ O)—W— attached to the same Ring A to which the at least one instance of T is attached.
  • being more stable refers to being more chemically stable.
  • being more stable refers to being more stable under physiological conditions. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more slowly cleaved by hydrolysis. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more slowly cleaved by light (e.g., ultraviolet light), reduction, or oxidation. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more slowly cleaved by contacting with an enzyme.
  • being more stable refers to being more stable under physiological conditions. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more slowly cleaved by hydrolysis. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more slowly cleaved by light (e.g., ultraviolet light), reduction, or oxidation. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more slowly cleaved by contacting with an enzyme.
  • each instance of R B is hydrogen.
  • each instance of b is independently an integer from 2 to 20, inclusive. In certain embodiments, each instance of b is independently 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • e is 1. In certain embodiments, e is an integer from 2 to 10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, e is 2 or 3.
  • X is OR c . In certain embodiments, X is N(R D ) 2 . In certain embodiments, R C is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl, an oxygen protecting group, or a leaving group; and at least one instance of R D is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, X is —OR C , wherein R C is an oxygen protecting group or a leaving group. In certain embodiments, X is —OH. In certain embodiments, X is
  • X is
  • n is an integer from 40 to 100, inclusive; and R F is hydrogen or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R C or at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted, C 50-1000 heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, R C or at least one instance of R D is
  • Exemplary macromonomers may be described by a number of properties, including molecular weight (kDa) and hydrodynamic diameter (nm).
  • the molecular weight of the macromonomer is between about 1 kDa and about 10 kDa, e.g., between about 2 kDa and about 8 kDa or about 3 kDa and about 6 kDa, e.g., as detected by mass spectrometry.
  • the molecular weight of the macromonomer is between about 3 kDa and about 6 kDa.
  • the molecular weight of the macromonomer is about 2 kDa, about 3 kDa, about 4 kDa, about 5 kDa, or about 6 kDa.
  • the hydrodynamic diameter of the macromonomer is between about 0.5 nm and about 3 nm, e.g, about 1 nm and about 2 nm, e.g, as detected by dynamic light scattering.
  • the compounds and conjugates may be useful for conjugating with a delivery vehicle (e.g., the moiety D) a pharmaceutical agent that does not contain a conventional reaction handle.
  • the conventional reaction handle is a nucleophile, an electrophile, a leaving group, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkynyl, —OH, —SH, —NHR a , —N 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ NR a )OH, —S( ⁇ O)OH, —S( ⁇ O) 2 OH, —C( ⁇ O)-(a leaving group), —C( ⁇ NR a )-(a leaving group), —S( ⁇ O)-(a leaving group), or —S( ⁇ O) 2 -(a leaving group).
  • the conventional reaction handle is a nucleophile, an electrophile, a leaving group, —OH, —SH, —NHR a , —N 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ NR a )OH, —S( ⁇ O)OH, —S( ⁇ O) 2 OH, —C( ⁇ O)-(a leaving group), —C( ⁇ NR a )-(a leaving group), —S( ⁇ O)-(a leaving group), or —S( ⁇ O) 2 -(a leaving group).
  • the pharmaceutical agent before conjugation to form the compounds or conjugates, comprises tertiary amino or secondary imine.
  • the tertiary amino or secondary imine is the conjugation site when the pharmaceutical agent is conjugated to form the compounds or conjugates.
  • the pharmaceutical agent after conjugation to form the compounds or conjugates, comprises a quaternary ammonium salt or tertiary iminium salt.
  • the pharmaceutical agent may be released from the compounds or conjugates in the way shown in FIG. 4A .
  • Related drug delivery technologies are reported in References (16) to (18).
  • the compounds may be conjugated with D, which may be a delivery vehicle, to form the conjugates.
  • D which may be a delivery vehicle
  • the conjugates may be useful for, e.g., delivering the pharmaceutical agent.
  • D is a brush polymeric moiety or brush-arm star polymeric moiety. In certain embodiments, D is a nanoparticle or microparticle. In certain embodiments, D is an antibody.
  • At least one instance of E is a moiety formed by reacting two click-chemistry handles (e.g, two orthogonal click-chemistry handles).
  • at least one instance of E is a single bond, —O—, —S—, —NR a —, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —C( ⁇ NR a )O—, —S( ⁇ O)O—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 O—, —C( ⁇ O)NR a —, —C( ⁇ NR a )NR a —, —S( ⁇ O)NR a —, —S( ⁇ O) 2 NR a —, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ NR a )—, —OS( ⁇ O)—, —OS( ⁇ O) 2 —, —NR a C( ⁇ O)—, —NR a C( ⁇ NR a )—, —NR a S( ⁇ O)—,
  • At least one instance of E A is a polymerization handle. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of E A is an addition polymerization handle or condensation polymerization handle. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of E A is a metathesis polymerization handle. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of E A is substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of E A is —OH, —NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, or —C( ⁇ O)H.
  • At least one instance of E A is a nucleophile, an electrophile, a leaving group, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkynyl, —OH, —SH, —NHR a , —N 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)N(R a ) 2 , —C( ⁇ NR a )OH, —S( ⁇ O)OH, —S( ⁇ O) 2 OH, —C( ⁇ O)-(a leaving group), —C( ⁇ NR a )-(a leaving group), —S( ⁇ O)-(a leaving group), or —S( ⁇ O) 2 -(a leaving group).
  • at least one instance of E A is a click-chemistry handle.
  • at least one instance of E A is —N 3 .
  • At least one instance of E B is a click-chemistry handle.
  • At least one instance of E B is a nucleophile, an electrophile, a leaving group, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkynyl, —OH, —SH, —NHR a , —N 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)N(R a ) 2 , —C( ⁇ NR a )OH, —S( ⁇ O)OH, —S( ⁇ O) 2 OH, —C( ⁇ O)-(a leaving group), —C( ⁇ NR a )-(a leaving group), —S( ⁇ O)-(a leaving group), or —S( ⁇ O) 2 -(a leaving group).
  • E B is —C ⁇ CH,
  • At least one instance of L J is substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-12 alkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-12 heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L J is substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more of: halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —OR a , and/or oxo) or unsubstituted, C 1-12 alkylene.
  • At least one instance of L J is or substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more of: halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, —OR a , and/or oxo) or unsubstituted, C 2-12 heteroalkylene.
  • c is an integer between 1 and 100 (e.g, between 1 and 10, between 11 and 30, between 31 and 100), inclusive. In certain embodiments, c is an integer between 100 and 300, inclusive. In certain embodiments, c is an integer between 300 and 1000, inclusive.
  • a conjugate includes salts thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preparing the macromonomers, and salts thereof.
  • a method of preparing a macromonomer, or a salt thereof comprises coupling a compound of the formula:
  • the step of coupling is performed in the presence of a reagent for coupling a carboxylic acid with an alcohol or amine.
  • the method of preparing a macromonomer, or a salt thereof further comprises:
  • R H is an oxygen protecting group
  • the method of preparing a macromonomer, or a salt thereof further comprises:
  • R H is an oxygen protecting group
  • M can be conjugated to the macromonomer using any suitable conjugation technique.
  • EDC-NHS chemistry (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and Y-hydroxysuccinimide), or a reaction involving a maleimide or a carboxylic acid, which can be conjugated to one end of a thiol, an amine, or a similarly functionalized polyether.
  • the conjugation can be performed in an organic solvent, such as, but not limited to, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, or the like. Specific reaction conditions can be determined by those of ordinary skill in the art using no more than routine experimentation.
  • a conjugation reaction may be performed by reacting the agent that includes a hydroxyl, thiol, or amino group with a polymer comprising a carboxylic acid functional group.
  • a reaction may occur as a single-step reaction, i.e., the conjugation is performed with or without using intermediates such as N-hydroxysuccinimide or a maleimide.
  • the conjugation reaction between the amine-containing, thiol-containing, or hydroxyl-containing moiety and the carboxylic acid-terminated polymer may be achieved in one embodiment, by adding the amine-containing, thoil-containing, or hydroxyl-containing moiety, solubilized in an organic solvent such as, but not limited to, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, formamide, dimethylformamide, pyridines, dioxane, or dimethysulfoxide, to a solution containing the carboxylic acid-terminated polymer.
  • an organic solvent such as, but not limited to, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, formamide, dimethylformamide, pyridines, dioxane, or dimethysulfoxide
  • the carboxylic acid-terminated polymer may be contained within an organic solvent such as, but not limited to, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, or acetone. Reaction between the amine-containing moiety and the carboxylic acid-terminated polymer may occur spontaneously in some cases. Unconjugated macromonomers may be washed away after such reactions, and the polymer may be precipitated in solvents such as, for instance, ethyl ether, hexane, methanol, or ethanol.
  • solvents such as, for instance, ethyl ether, hexane, methanol, or ethanol.
  • a reagent for coupling a carboxylic acid with an alcohol or amine is N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (WSC/HCl), diphenylphosphorylazide (DPPA), carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), diethylcyanophosphonate (DEPC), benzotriazole-1-yloxy-trispyrrolidinophosphonium (DIPCI), benzotriazole-1-yloxy-trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), hydroxysuccinimide (HOSu), dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazo
  • the reagent for coupling a carboxylic acid with an alcohol or amine is used in an amount of about 1 to 20 equivalents of the compound of Formula (D). In certain embodiments, the reagent for coupling a carboxylic acid with an alcohol or amine is used in an amount of about 1 to 10 equivalents. In certain embodiments, the activator is used in an amount of about 1 to 5 equivalents.
  • Examples of useful solvents in the coupling reaction are DMSO, DMF, and methylene chloride. Additional exemplary solvents include acetonitrile, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone.
  • the coupling reaction can be conducted at 0 to 50° C. In certain embodiments, the coupling reaction is conducted at room temperature for about 10 min to about 30 hours. In certain embodiments, the coupling reaction is conducted for about 15 minutes to about 24 hours.
  • the present disclosure provides Brush prodrugs (polymers).
  • the Brush prodrugs are prepared by polymerizing a macromonomer, or a salt thereof, in the presence of a metathesis catalyst.
  • at least one instance of M of the first macromonomer is different from at least one instance of M of the second macromonomer.
  • the metathesis catalyst is a transition metal metathesis catalyst (e.g., ruthenium metathesis catalyst) or Grubbs catalyst.
  • the metathesis catalyst is of the formula:
  • the methods for preparing the Brush prodrugs described herein may involve ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) (Liu et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 16337; Liu, J.; Gao, A. X.; Johnson, J. A. J. Vis Exp 2013, e50874).
  • the Brush prodrugs described herein are prepared by polymerization of norbornene-terminated macromonomers followed by in situ crosslinking with bis-norbornene crosslinkers.
  • the preparation methods described herein are versatile and have little limitations, e.g., in terms of the different agents that can be built into the Brush prodrugs.
  • an agent that can be built into the Brush prodrugs includes addressable functional groups that are compatible with ROMP.
  • the metathesis catalyst e.g., ROMP catalyst
  • the ROMP catalyst is a tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), or ruthenium (Ru) catalyst.
  • the ROMP catalyst is a ruthenuim catalyst.
  • ROMP catalysts useful in the synthetic methods described herein include catalysts as depicted below, and as described in Grubbs et al., Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 446-452; U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,515; Schrock et al., Organometallics (1982) 1 1645; Gallivan et al., Tetrahedron Letters (2005) 46:2577-2580; Furstner et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc . (1999) 121:9453; and Chem. Eur. J . (2001) 7:5299; the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the ROMP catalyst is a Grubbs catalyst.
  • the Grubbs catalyst is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the ROMP catalyst is a Grubbs-Hoveyda catalyst.
  • the Grubbs-Hoveyda catalyst is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the ROMP catalyst is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the ROMP catalyst is of the formula:
  • the ROMP can be conducted in one or more aprotic solvents.
  • aprotic solvent means a non-nucleophilic solvent having a boiling point range above ambient temperature, preferably from about 25° C. to about 190° C. at atmospheric pressure. In certain embodiments, the aprotic solvent has a boiling point from about 80° C. to about 160° C. at atmospheric pressure. In certain embodiments, the aprotic solvent has a boiling point from about 80° C. to about 150° C. at atmospheric pressure. Examples of such solvents are methylene chloride, acetonitrile, toluene, DMF, diglyme, THF, and DMSO.
  • the ROMP can be quenched with a vinyl ether of the formula
  • R V1 , R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • R V1 is optionally substituted alkyl
  • R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 are hydrogen.
  • R V1 is unsubstituted alkyl
  • R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 are hydrogen.
  • R V1 is substituted alkyl
  • R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 are hydrogen.
  • R V1 is methyl, and R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R V1 is ethyl, and R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R V1 is propyl, and R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R V1 is optionally substituted alkenyl, and R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R V1 is unsubstituted alkenyl, and R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 are hydrogen.
  • R V1 is vinyl
  • R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 are hydrogen
  • at least one of R V1 , R V2 , R V3 , and R V4 is conjugated with a diagnostic agent as defined above.
  • the ROMP is quenched by ethyl vinyl ether. Excess ethyl vinyl ether can be removed from the Brush prodrugs by vacuum.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preparing the Brush prodrug prodrugs.
  • the Brush prodrugs may be described by a number of properties, including average molecular weight (kDa), average hydrodynamic diameter (nm), and polydispersity.
  • average molecular weight may encompass the number average molecular weight (Mn), weight average molecular weight (Mw), higher average molecular weight (Mz or Mz+1), GPC/SEC-determined average molecular weight (Mp), and viscosity average molecular weight (Mv).
  • the average molecular weight is Mw.
  • the Mn is determined with gel permeation chromatography, viscometry via the (Mark-Houwink equation), colligative methods (such as vapor pressure osmometry), end-group determination, or proton NMR.
  • the Mw is determined with static light scattering, small angle neutron scattering, X-ray scattering, and sedimentation velocity.
  • the average molecular weight of the Brush prodrug is between about 10 kDa and about 100 kDa, e.g., between about 15 kDa and about 85 kDa, about 20 kDa and about 60 kDa, or about 30 kDa and about 50 kDa, e.g., as determined by gel permeation chromatography. In one embodiment, the average molecular weight of the Brush prodrug is between about 20 kDa and about 60 kDa. In one embodiment, the average molecular weight of the Brush prodrug is between about 30 kDa and about 50 kDa.
  • the average molecular weight of the Brush prodrug is less than about 100 kDa (e.g, less than about 95 kDa, about 90 kDa, about 85 kDa, about 80 kDa, about 75 kDa, about 70 kDa, about 65 kDa, about 60 kDa, about 55 kDa, or about 50 kDa), e.g., as determined by gel permeation chromatography. In some embodiments, the average molecular weight of the Brush prodrug is less than about 75 kDa (e.g., less than about 70 kDa, about 65 kDa, about 60 kDa, about 55 kDa, or about 50 kDa).
  • the Brush prodrugs are of the form of particles (e.g., nanoparticles, i.e., the particle have a characteristic dimension of less than about 1 micrometer).
  • the characteristic dimension of a particle is the diameter of a perfect sphere having the same volume as the particle.
  • the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension of less than about 300 nm.
  • the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension of less than about 200 nm.
  • the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension of less than about 150 nm.
  • the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension of less than about 100 nm.
  • the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension of less than about 50 nm. In certain embodiments, the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension of less than about 30 nm. In certain embodiments, the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension of less than about 20 nm. In certain embodiments, the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension of less than about 10 nm. In certain embodiments, the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension between 6 and 250 nm, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension between 8 and 200 nm, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension between 12 and 200 nm, inclusive.
  • the Brush prodrug particle has a characteristic dimension between 50 and 200 nm, inclusive.
  • the term “average hydrodynamic diameter” as used herein refers to the average size of a Brush prodrug or particle.
  • the average hydrodynamic diameter may or may not encompass the solvation layers of Brush prodrug or particle, and may be determined through a number of methods including dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy (e.g, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy), atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction.
  • the average hydrodynamic diameter of the Brush prodrug is less than 50 nm (e.g., less than about 45 nm, about 40 nm, about 35 nm, about 25 nm, about 20 nm, about 15 nm, about 10 nm, about 7.5 nm, or less), e.g., as determined by dynamic light scattering. In some embodiments, the average hydrodynamic diameter of the Brush prodrug is between about 1 nm and about 20 nm (e.g, between about 2.5 nm and about 17.5 nm, or about 5 nm and about 15 nm). In some embodiments, the average hydrodynamic diameter of the Brush prodrug is between about 5 nm and about 15 nm.
  • the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particle is less than 100 nm (e.g., less than about 90 nm, about 80 nm, about 75 nm, about 70 nm, about 65 nm, about 60 nm, about 55 nm, about 50 nm, about 45 nm, about 40 nm, about 35 nm, about 25 nm, or less), e.g., as determined by dynamic light scattering.
  • the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particle is between about 5 nm and about 100 nm (e.g., between about 7.5 nm and about 75 nm, about 10 nm and about 50 nm, about 12.5 nm and about 40 nm, or about 15 nm and about 30 nm). In some embodiments, the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particle is between about 10 nm and about 50 nm. In some embodiments, the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particle is between about 15 nm and about 30 nm.
  • average polydispersity refers to a measure of the distribution of molecular size in a mixture, e.g, as determined by a chromatographic method, such as gel permeation chromatography or size exclusion chromatography, or through dynamic light scattering.
  • the average polydispersity of the Brush prodrug or particle is less than about 0.5 (e.g., less than about 0.4, about 0.35, about 0.3, about 0.25, about 0.2, about 0.15, or less).
  • the average polydispersity of the Brush prodrug or particle is less than about 0.3.
  • the average polydispersity of the Brush prodrug or particle is less than about 0.2.
  • the average polydispersity of the Brush prodrug or particle is less than about 0.15. In some embodiments, the Brush prodrug or particle is monodisperse. In some embodiments, the Brush prodrug or particle is about 50% monodisperse (e.g, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 99%, or about 99.9% monodisperse).
  • the Brush prodrug or particle is substantially soluble in water (e.g., hydrophilic). In some embodiments, the Brush prodrug or particle is substantially insoluble in water (e.g, hydrophobic). In some embodiments, the Brush prodrug or particle is substantially insoluble in water and greater than about 10,000 parts water are required to dissolve 1 part polymer. In one embodiment, the Brush prodrug or particle is amphiphilic. In one embodiment, the Brush prodrug or particle comprises a segment that is hydrophobic and a segment that is hydrophilic.
  • compositions comprising a polymer described herein, and optionally an excipient (e.g, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient).
  • compositions comprising a conjugate described herein, and optionally an excipient (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable excipient).
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein comprises a polymer described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein comprises a conjugate described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are useful for delivering an agent (e.g., to a subject or cell). In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are useful for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are useful for preventing a disease in a subject.
  • the polymer or conjugate described herein is provided in an effective amount in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for treating a proliferative disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for preventing a proliferative disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for treating a hematological disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for preventing a hematological disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for treating a neurological disease in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for preventing a neurological disease in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating a in a painful condition subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for preventing a painful condition in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating a psychiatric disorder in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for preventing a psychiatric disorder in a subject in need thereof.
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for reducing the risk of developing a disease (e.g., proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder) in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for inhibiting the activity (e.g., aberrant activity, such as increased activity) of a protein kinase in a subject or cell.
  • a disease e.g., proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for inhibiting the activity (e.g., aberrant activity, such as increased activity) of a protein kinase in a subject or cell.
  • the cell is in vitro. In certain embodiments, the cell is in vivo.
  • compositions described herein can be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacology.
  • preparatory methods include bringing the polymer or conjugate described herein (which may includes a therapeutic agent (the “active ingredient”)) into association with a carrier or excipient, and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping, and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
  • compositions can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses.
  • a “unit dose” is a discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient.
  • the amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage, such as one-half or one-third of such a dosage.
  • Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition described herein will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered.
  • the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.
  • compositions used in the manufacture of provided pharmaceutical compositions include inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents may also be present in the composition.
  • Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose, and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and mixtures thereof.
  • crospovidone cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone)
  • sodium carboxymethyl starch sodium starch glycolate
  • Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include natural emulsifiers (e.g., acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g., bentonite (aluminum silicate) and Veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate)), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g, stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g., carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic
  • Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g, cornstarch and starch paste), gelatin, sugars (e.g, sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.), natural and synthetic gums (e.g, acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum®), and larch arabogalactan), alginates, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, inorganic calcium salts, silicic acid, polymethacrylates, waxes, water, alcohol, and/or mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, antiprotozoan preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives.
  • the preservative is an antioxidant.
  • the preservative is a chelating agent.
  • antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.
  • Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof.
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • salts and hydrates thereof e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like
  • citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof e.g., citric acid mono
  • antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.
  • antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid.
  • Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol.
  • Exemplary acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.
  • preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant® Plus, Phenonip®, methylparaben, Germall® 115, Germaben® II, Neolone®, Kathon®, and Euxyl®.
  • Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer
  • Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, camauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, Litsea cubeba , macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckt
  • Exemplary synthetic oils include butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and mixtures thereof.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (e.g., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, so
  • the oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • the conjugates described herein are mixed with solubilizing agents such as Cremophor®, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and mixtures thereof.
  • sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation can be a sterile injectable solution, suspension, or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
  • the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typically suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the conjugates described herein with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.
  • suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or (a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, (b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, (c) humectants such as glycerol, (d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, (e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, (f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, (g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol mono
  • Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the art of pharmacology. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • encapsulating compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.
  • the active ingredient can be in a micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings, and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art.
  • the active ingredient can be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose, or starch.
  • Such dosage forms may comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the dosage forms may comprise buffering agents. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • encapsulating agents which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of a polymer or conjugate described herein may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants, and/or patches.
  • the active ingredient is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and/or any needed preservatives and/or buffers as can be required.
  • the present disclosure contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which often have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of an active ingredient to the body.
  • Such dosage forms can be prepared, for example, by dissolving and/or dispensing the active ingredient in the proper medium.
  • the rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the active ingredient in a polymer matrix and/or gel.
  • Suitable devices for use in delivering intradermal pharmaceutical compositions described herein include short needle devices.
  • Intradermal compositions can be administered by devices which limit the effective penetration length of a needle into the skin.
  • conventional syringes can be used in the classical mantoux method of intradermal administration.
  • Jet injection devices which deliver liquid formulations to the dermis via a liquid jet injector and/or via a needle which pierces the stratum comeum and produces a jet which reaches the dermis are suitable.
  • Ballistic powder/particle delivery devices which use compressed gas to accelerate the polymer or conjugate in powder form through the outer layers of the skin to the dermis are suitable.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid and/or semi-liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, oil-in-water and/or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments, and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions.
  • Topically administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of the active ingredient can be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent.
  • Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity.
  • a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the active ingredient and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 to about 7 nanometers, or from about 1 to about 6 nanometers.
  • Such compositions are conveniently in the form of dry powders for administration using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant can be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a self-propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container.
  • Such powders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nanometers and at least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nanometers. Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 1 nanometer and at least 90% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 6 nanometers.
  • Dry powder compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.
  • Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having a boiling point of below 65° F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally the propellant may constitute 50 to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and the active ingredient may constitute 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of the composition.
  • the propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquid non-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active ingredient).
  • compositions described herein formulated for pulmonary delivery may provide the active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solution and/or suspension.
  • Such formulations can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising the active ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device.
  • Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate.
  • the droplets provided by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers.
  • Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • Another formulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powder comprising the active ingredient and having an average particle from about 0.2 to 500 micrometers. Such a formulation is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the nares.
  • Formulations for nasal administration may, for example, comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) to as much as 100% (w/w) of the active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for buccal administration.
  • Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may contain, for example, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • formulations for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising the active ingredient.
  • Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolized formulations when dispersed, may have an average particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers, and may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for ophthalmic administration.
  • Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1-1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily liquid carrier or excipient.
  • Such drops may further comprise buffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • Other opthalmically-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear drops and/or eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this disclosure.
  • compositions suitable for administration to humans are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with ordinary experimentation.
  • Polymers provided herein are typically formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compositions described herein will be decided by a physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular subject or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disease being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific active ingredient employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific active ingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific active ingredient employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • the polymers, conjugates, and compositions provided herein can be administered by any route, including enteral (e.g., oral), parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, bucal, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol.
  • enteral e.g., oral
  • parenteral intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary
  • intrathecal subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal
  • topical as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops
  • Specifically contemplated routes are oral administration, intravenous administration (e.g., systemic intravenous injection), regional administration via blood and/or lymph supply, and/or direct administration to an affected site.
  • intravenous administration e.g., systemic intravenous injection
  • regional administration via blood and/or lymph supply e.g., via blood and/or lymph supply
  • direct administration to an affected site.
  • the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the agent (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract), and/or the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is able to tolerate oral administration).
  • the polymer, conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition described herein is suitable for topical administration to the eye of a subject.
  • any two doses of the multiple doses include different or substantially the same amounts of a polymer or conjugate described herein.
  • the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the tissue or cell is three doses a day, two doses a day, one dose a day, one dose every other day, one dose every third day, one dose every week, one dose every two weeks, one dose every three weeks, or one dose every four weeks.
  • the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the tissue or cell is one dose per day. In certain embodiments, the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the tissue or cell is two doses per day.
  • the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the tissue or cell is three doses per day.
  • the duration between the first dose and last dose of the multiple doses is one day, two days, four days, one week, two weeks, three weeks, one month, two months, three months, four months, six months, nine months, one year, two years, three years, four years, five years, seven years, ten years, fifteen years, twenty years, or the lifetime of the subject, tissue, or cell.
  • the duration between the first dose and last dose of the multiple doses is three months, six months, or one year.
  • the duration between the first dose and last dose of the multiple doses is the lifetime of the subject, tissue, or cell.
  • a dose e.g., a single dose, or any dose of multiple doses described herein includes independently between 0.1 ⁇ g and 1 ⁇ g, between 0.001 mg and 0.01 mg, between 0.01 mg and 0.1 mg, between 0.1 mg and 1 mg, between 1 mg and 3 mg, between 3 mg and 10 mg, between 10 mg and 30 mg, between 30 mg and 100 mg, between 100 mg and 300 mg, between 300 mg and 1,000 mg, or between 1 g and 10 g, inclusive, of a polymer or conjugate described herein.
  • a dose described herein includes independently between 1 mg and 3 mg, inclusive, of a polymer or conjugate described herein. In certain embodiments, a dose described herein includes independently between 3 mg and 10 mg, inclusive, of a polymer or conjugate described herein. In certain embodiments, a dose described herein includes independently between 10 mg and 30 mg, inclusive, of a polymer or conjugate described herein. In certain embodiments, a dose described herein includes independently between 30 mg and 100 mg, inclusive, of a polymer or conjugate described herein.
  • Dose ranges as described herein provide guidance for the administration of provided pharmaceutical compositions to an adult.
  • the amount to be administered to, for example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered to an adult.
  • a dose described herein is a dose to an adult human whose body weight is 70 kg.
  • a polymer, conjugate, or composition, as described herein, can be administered in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents (e.g., therapeutically and/or prophylactically active agents).
  • the polymers, conjugates, or compositions can be administered in combination with additional pharmaceutical agents that improve their activity (e.g., activity (e.g, potency and/or efficacy) in treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, in preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, in reducing the risk to develop a disease in a subject in need thereof, and/or in inhibiting the activity of a protein kinase in a subject or cell), improve bioavailability, improve safety, reduce drug resistance, reduce and/or modify metabolism, inhibit excretion, and/or modify distribution in a subject or cell.
  • additional pharmaceutical agents e.g., therapeutically and/or prophylactically active agents.
  • additional pharmaceutical agents that improve their activity (e.g., activity (e.g, potency and/or efficacy) in treating a
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein including a polymer or conjugate described herein and an additional pharmaceutical agent shows a synergistic effect that is absent in a pharmaceutical composition including one of the polymer/conjugate and the additional pharmaceutical agent, but not both.
  • the polymer, conjugate, or composition can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, which are different from the polymer, conjugate, or composition and may be useful as, e.g., combination therapies.
  • Pharmaceutical agents include therapeutically active agents.
  • Pharmaceutical agents also include prophylactically active agents.
  • Pharmaceutical agents include small organic molecules such as drug compounds (e.g, compounds approved for human or veterinary use by the U.S.
  • CFR Code of Federal Regulations
  • proteins proteins, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, nucleoproteins, mucoproteins, lipoproteins, synthetic polypeptides or proteins, small molecules linked to proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, nucleic acids, DNAs, RNAs, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides, lipids, hormones, vitamins, and cells.
  • CFR Code of Federal Regulations
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a pharmaceutical agent useful for treating and/or preventing a disease (e.g, proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder).
  • a disease e.g, proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder.
  • Each additional pharmaceutical agent may be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that pharmaceutical agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agents may also be administered together with each other and/or with the polymer, conjugate, or composition described herein in a single dose or administered separately in different doses.
  • the particular combination to employ in a regimen will take into account compatibility of the polymer or conjugate described herein with the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) and/or the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect to be achieved.
  • it is expected that the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) in combination be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels
  • the additional pharmaceutical agents include anti-proliferative agents, anti-cancer agents, cytotoxic agents, anti-angiogenesis agents, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressants, anti-bacterial agents, anti-viral agents, cardiovascular agents, cholesterol-lowering agents, anti-diabetic agents, anti-allergic agents, contraceptive agents, and pain-relieving agents.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-proliferative agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-cancer agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-viral agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a binder or inhibitor of a protein kinase.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is selected from the group consisting of epigenetic or transcriptional modulators (e.g., DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC inhibitors), lysine methyltransferase inhibitors), antimitotic drugs (e.g., taxanes and vinca alkaloids), hormone receptor modulators (e.g., estrogen receptor modulators and androgen receptor modulators), cell signaling pathway inhibitors (e.g, tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors), modulators of protein stability (e.g., proteasome inhibitors), Hsp90 inhibitors, glucocorticoids, all-trans retinoic acids, and other agents that promote differentiation.
  • the polymers or conjugates described herein or pharmaceutical compositions can be administered in combination with an anti-cancer therapy including surgery, radiation therapy, transplantation (e.g, stem cell transplantation, bone marrow transplantation), immunotherapy, and chemotherapy.
  • kits e.g., pharmaceutical packs.
  • the kits comprise: a macromonomer, or a salt thereof, a Brush prodrug, or a pharmaceutical composition; and instructions for using the macromonomer, or a salt thereof, the polymer, conjugate, or the pharmaceutical composition.
  • kits provided may comprise a pharmaceutical composition, conjugate, or polymer described herein and a container (e.g, a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, and/or dispenser package, or other suitable container).
  • a container e.g, a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, and/or dispenser package, or other suitable container.
  • provided kits may optionally further include a second container comprising a pharmaceutical excipient for dilution or suspension of a pharmaceutical composition, conjugate, or polymer described herein.
  • the pharmaceutical composition, conjugate, or polymer described herein provided in the first container and the second container are combined to form one unit dosage form.
  • the percentage of the conjugates (e.g., in a particle) that comprise an agent is between about 1 and about 100% (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100%). In some embodiments, the percentage of the conjugates that comprise an agent is less than about 50%, e.g., less than about 40%, less than about 35%, less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, or less than about 10%.
  • the percentage of the conjugates (e.g, in a particle) that comprise an agent is between about 5% and about 50%, about 5% and about 40%, about 5% and about 30%, about 5% and about 25%, or about 5% and about 20%. In some embodiments, the percentage of the conjugates (e.g., in a particle) that comprise an agent is between about 5% and 90%. In some embodiments, the percentage of the conjugates (e.g, in a particle) that comprise an agent is between about 5% and about 75%. In the some embodiments, the conjugates (e.g, in a particle) that comprise an agent is between about 5% and about 50%. In the some embodiments, the percentage of the conjugates (e.g, in a particle) that comprise an agent is between about 10% and about 25%.
  • the total amount of the agent present in the Brush prodrug or particle is greater than about 5% (e.g, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 12%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, or more) of the total size or weight of the Brush prodrug or particle. In some embodiments, the total amount of the agent present in the Brush prodrug or particle is greater than about 10% (e.g, about 12%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, or more) of the total size or weight of the Brush prodrug or particle.
  • the conjugates or particles disclosed herein may improve the efficiency of an agent by one or more of increasing the localization and/or release (e.g, preferential release) of the agent to a target cell (e.g., a cancer or a fibrotic cell; a cell associated with a hypoxic environment), or increasing the half life of the agent, thus resulting in a significantly higher amount of a released agent at a target site (e.g, a tumor or liver (e.g, cirrhotic cell).
  • a target cell e.g., a cancer or a fibrotic cell; a cell associated with a hypoxic environment
  • a target site e.g, a tumor or liver (e.g, cirrhotic cell).
  • the conjugates and particles disclosed herein can be more effective therapeutically than the free agent (e.g., due to enhanced drug uptake in the target tissue) and/or allow for a lower therapeutic dose of the agent, e.g, without substantially compromising the resulting drug concentration at a target tissue.
  • the conjugates and particles disclosed herein can reduce the adverse effect associated with systemic administration of an agent in free form (e.g., not coupled to a polymer, conjugate, Brush prodrug or particle described herein).
  • a lower dose or amount of the agent in the particles can be administered (e.g, through local sustained delivery) compared to the agent in free form.
  • the agent-containing particles are administered at a dose or amount of the agent that is less than the dose or amount of said agent in free form to have a desired effect (e.g, a desired therapeutic effect).
  • the agent is incorporated into a particle at a dose that is less than the dose or amount of said agent in free form to have a desired effect (e.g, a desired therapeutic effect), e.g, the standard of care dose for the intended use of the free agent.
  • a desired effect e.g, a desired therapeutic effect
  • the agent are incorporated into the particles at a dose or amount of the agent that is less than the standard of care dose of the agent for a desired therapy (e.g, a dose that is less than about 0.01, about 0.02, about 0.03, about 0.04, about 0.05, about 0.06, about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 0.95 that of the standard of care dose of the agent).
  • a dose that is less than about 0.01, about 0.02, about 0.03, about 0.04, about 0.05, about 0.06, about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 0.95 that of the standard of care dose of the agent e.g, a dose that is less than about 0.01, about 0.02, about 0.03, about
  • the agent is incorporated into a particle at a dose equivalent to the dose or amount of said agent in free form to have a desired effect (e.g, a desired therapeutic effect), e.g, the standard of care dose for the intended use of the free agent.
  • a desired effect e.g, a desired therapeutic effect
  • the particle produces a greater therapeutic effect and/or a less adverse effect than the free agent.
  • the particle increases the amount of the agent delivered to a tissue or cell in need thereof and reduces the amount of the agent exposed to a non-target tissue or cell, as compared to the free agent.
  • the agent is incorporated into a particle at a dose higher than the dose or amount of said agent in free form to have a desired effect (e.g, a desired therapeutic effect), e.g, the standard of care dose for the intended use of the free agent.
  • the agent is incorporated into a particle at a dose higher than the dose or amount of said agent in free form that would produce an adverse effect by systemic administration (e.g, a reduction in blood pressure).
  • a desired effect e.g, a desired therapeutic effect
  • the standard of care dose for the intended use of the free agent.
  • the agent is incorporated into a particle at a dose higher than the dose or amount of said agent in free form that would produce an adverse effect by systemic administration (e.g, a reduction in blood pressure).
  • the particle described herein releases the agent at a target site based on pH microenvironment, other non-target sites (e.g, blood vessels) with different pH would be less likely to be exposed to the agent.
  • kits including a first container comprising a polymer or pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • the kit further comprises instructions for using the polymer or pharmaceutical composition.
  • kits including a first container comprising a compound described herein.
  • the kit further comprises instructions for using the compound.
  • kits including a first container comprising a conjugate, or a salt thereof, or pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • the kit further comprises instructions for using the conjugate or pharmaceutical composition.
  • kits are useful for delivering an agent (e.g., to a subject or cell).
  • the kits are useful for treating a disease (e.g., proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder) in a subject in need thereof.
  • the kits are useful for preventing a disease (e.g, proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder) in a subject in need thereof.
  • kits are useful for reducing the risk of developing a disease (e.g., proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder) in a subject in need thereof.
  • a disease e.g., proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder
  • the kits are useful for inhibiting the activity (e.g, aberrant activity, such as increased activity) of a protein kinase in a subject or cell.
  • kits described herein further includes instructions for using the kit.
  • a kit described herein may also include information as required by a regulatory agency such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
  • the information included in the kits is prescribing information.
  • the kits and instructions provide for delivering an agent.
  • the kits and instructions provide for treating a disease (e.g, proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder) in a subject in need thereof.
  • a disease e.g, proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder
  • kits and instructions provide for preventing a disease (e.g, proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder) in a subject in need thereof.
  • the kits and instructions provide for reducing the risk of developing a disease (e.g., proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder) in a subject in need thereof.
  • the kits and instructions provide for inhibiting the activity (e.g, aberrant activity, such as increased activity) of a protein kinase in a subject or cell.
  • a kit described herein may include one or more additional pharmaceutical agents described herein as a separate composition.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods of using the polymers described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for delivering an agent.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods of using the polymers described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for the treatment or prevention of a disease.
  • the disease is a proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder.
  • the disease is cancer (e.g lung cancer, large bowel cancer, pancreas cancer, biliary tract cancer, or endometrial cancer), benign neoplasm, angiogenesis, inflammatory disease, autoinflammatory disease, or autoimmune disease.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a cell comprising contacting the cell with a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of: a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a prophylactically effective amount of: a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of diagnosing a disease in a subject comprising administering to or implanting in the subject a diagnostically effective amount of: a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods of using the conjugates described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for delivering an agent.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods of using the conjugates described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for the treatment or prevention of a disease.
  • the disease is a proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder.
  • the disease is cancer (e.g., lung cancer, large bowel cancer, pancreas cancer, biliary tract cancer, or endometrial cancer), benign neoplasm, angiogenesis, inflammatory disease, autoinflammatory disease, or autoimmune disease.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a cell comprising contacting the cell with a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of: a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a prophylactically effective amount of: a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of diagnosing a disease in a subject comprising administering to or implanting in the subject a diagnostically effective amount of: a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent.
  • the polymers or conjugates described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are useful in treating a cancer. In some embodiments, the polymers or conjugates described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, are useful to delay the onset of, slow the progression of, or ameliorate the symptoms of cancer. In some embodiments, the polymers or conjugates described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, are administered in combination with other compounds, drugs, or therapeutics to treat cancer.
  • the polymers or conjugates described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are useful for treating a cancer including, but not limited to, acoustic neuroma, adenocarcinoma, adrenal gland cancer, anal cancer, angiosarcoma (e.g., lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma), appendix cancer, benign monoclonal gammopathy, biliary cancer (e.g., cholangiocarcinoma), bladder cancer, breast cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma of the breast, papillary carcinoma of the breast, mammary cancer, medullary carcinoma of the breast), brain cancer (e.g., meningioma; glioma, e.g, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma; medulloblastoma), bronchus cancer, carcinoid tumor, cervical cancer (e.g.,
  • HCC hepatocellular cancer
  • SCLC small cell lung cancer
  • NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
  • MDS myelodysplastic syndrome
  • MDS myelodysplastic syndrome
  • MMD myeloproliferative disorder
  • MPD
  • myelofibrosis MF
  • chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)
  • neuroblastoma e.g, neurofibromatosis (NF) type 1 or type 2, schwannomatosis
  • neuroendocrine cancer e.g, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP-NET), carcinoid tumor
  • osteosarcoma ovarian cancer (e.g, cystadenocarcinoma, ovarian embryonal carcinoma, ovarian adenocarcinoma), papillary adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer (e.g., pancreatic andenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), islet cell tumors), penile cancer (e.g, Paget's disease of the penis and scro
  • the polymers or conjugates described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are useful in treating lung cancer, head-and-neck cancer, esophagus cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, prostate caner, glioblastomas, metastatic melanomas, peritoneal or pleural mesotheliomas.
  • the proliferative disease is a benign neoplasm. All types of benign neoplasms disclosed herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention.
  • the proliferative disease is associated with angiogenesis. All types of angiogenesis disclosed herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention.
  • the proliferative disease is an inflammatory disease. All types of inflammatory diseases disclosed herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention.
  • the inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the proliferative disease is an autoinflammatory disease.
  • the proliferative disease is an autoimmune disease. All types of autoimmune diseases disclosed herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention.
  • the methods described herein include administering to a subject with an effective amount of the polymers or conjugates described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the methods described herein include implanting to a subject with an effective amount of the polymers or conjugates described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the polymers or conjugates described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are administered in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents described herein.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-cancer agent.
  • Anti-cancer agents encompass biotherapeutic anti-cancer agents as well as chemotherapeutic agents.
  • biotherapeutic anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, interferons, cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor, interferon ⁇ , interferon ⁇ ), vaccines, hematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal serotherapy, immunostimulants and/or immunodulatory agents (e.g., IL-1, 2, 4, 6, or 12), immune cell growth factors (e.g, GM-CSF) and antibodies (e.g, HERCEPTIN (trastuzumab), T-DM1, AVASTIN (bevacizumab), ERBITUX (cetuximab), VECTIBIX (panitumumab), RITUXAN (rituximab), BEXXAR (tositumomab)).
  • interferons e.g., tumor necrosis factor, interferon ⁇ , interferon ⁇
  • vaccines e.g., hematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal
  • chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, anti-estrogens (e.g., tamoxifen, raloxifene, and megestrol), LHRH agonists (e.g, goscrclin and leuprolide), anti-androgens (e.g., flutamide and bicalutamide), photodynamic therapies (e.g., vertoporfin (BPD-MA), phthalocyanine, photosensitizer Pc4, and demethoxy-hypocrellin A (2BA-2-DMHA)), nitrogen mustards (e.g, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, trofosfamide, chlorambucil, estramustine, and melphalan), nitrosoureas (e.g, carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)), alkylsulphonates (e.g., busulfan and treosulfan), triazenes (e.
  • biBET-CF3 (400.0 mg, 0.77 mmol), T2-BnI (317 mg, 0.189 mmol) followed by anhydrous acetone (0.35 mL) under nitrogen.
  • the reaction mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 16 h.
  • amount of unconverted biBET-CF3 dropped to ⁇ 10%, as judged by LC-MS analysis, the reaction mixture was let to cool down and then solvent removed on rotavap. The residue was dissolved in chloroform, filtered through a 0.47- ⁇ m nylon filter, and purified using preparatory size exclusion chromatography. Isolated both desired mono-alkylation and bis-alkylation products as bright orange solids (355 mg, 52% isolated yield of mono-alkylation product).
  • An exemplary GPC chromatogram of T2 is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the theoretical polymerization degree of T2 was 10, and the theoretical M w of T2 was about 43 KDa.
  • Grubbs III catalyst is known for good control of the polymerization degree in ROMP reactions.
  • norbornene-terminated macromonomers were almost quatitatively consumed. Therefore, the experimental polymerization degree of T2 should be about the same as the theoretical polymerization degree of T2, and the experimental M w of T2 should be about the same as the theoretical M w of T2.
  • T7-MM was prepared in a similar manner to T2-MM.
  • T2 the brush polymer of T7-MM, was synthesized using ROMP following a procedure essentially analogous to the procedure used to synthesize T2.
  • T8-MM was prepared in a similar manner to T2-MM.
  • T8 the brush polymer of T8-MM, was synthesized using ROMP following a procedure essentially analogous to the procedure used to synthesize T2.
  • P1-MM was prepared in a similar manner to T2-MM.
  • P1 the brush polymer of P1-MM, was synthesized using ROMP following a procedure essentially analogous to the procedure used to synthesize T2.
  • P2-MM was prepared in a similar manner to T2-MM.
  • P2 the brush polymer of P2-MM, was synthesized using ROMP following a procedure essentially analogous to the procedure used to synthesize T2.
  • Exemplary macromonomers and brush prodrugs were tested in in vitro release assays.
  • B4 was dosed at 125 mpk, 250 mpk, or 500 mpk, twice per week for two weeks for a total of 4 doses, or at 500 mpk every other day for two weeks for a total 6 doses on randomized tumor sizes of 100 mm 3 .
  • Tumor volumes are calculated after measuring length and width using digital calipers. Tumors were also weighted, and the body weight was measured. Exemplary results are shown FIGS. 5A to 5F .
  • FIGS. 7A to 7B Exemplary results are shown FIGS. 7A to 7B .

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US11752221B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2023-09-12 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Brush-arm star polymer imaging agents and uses thereof
US11827744B2 (en) 2016-10-04 2023-11-28 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Bottlebrush copolymers and uses thereof
US11897905B2 (en) 2018-08-17 2024-02-13 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Degradable polymers of a cyclic silyl ether and uses thereof

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CA3154334A1 (fr) 2019-10-16 2021-04-22 Jeremiah A. Johnson Promedicaments a brosse et leurs utilisations

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US5811515A (en) 1995-06-12 1998-09-22 California Institute Of Technology Synthesis of conformationally restricted amino acids, peptides, and peptidomimetics by catalytic ring closing metathesis
CA2872652A1 (fr) 2012-05-07 2013-11-14 The General Hospital Corporation Nouvelles compositions et utilisations d'agents antihypertenseurs pour therapie anticancereuse
EP2983659B1 (fr) 2013-04-09 2019-11-20 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Polymère d'administration de médicament et leurs utilisations
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US10105449B2 (en) 2016-06-07 2018-10-23 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Drug delivery polymers and uses thereof

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US11827744B2 (en) 2016-10-04 2023-11-28 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Bottlebrush copolymers and uses thereof
US11752221B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2023-09-12 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Brush-arm star polymer imaging agents and uses thereof
US11897905B2 (en) 2018-08-17 2024-02-13 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Degradable polymers of a cyclic silyl ether and uses thereof

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