US20220363797A1 - Vinyl acrylic copolymers and methods of making and use thereof - Google Patents
Vinyl acrylic copolymers and methods of making and use thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20220363797A1 US20220363797A1 US17/878,114 US202217878114A US2022363797A1 US 20220363797 A1 US20220363797 A1 US 20220363797A1 US 202217878114 A US202217878114 A US 202217878114A US 2022363797 A1 US2022363797 A1 US 2022363797A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- less
- copolymer
- weight
- composition
- carboxylic acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 229920006243 acrylic copolymer Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 105
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000005913 Maltodextrin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229920002774 Maltodextrin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229940035034 maltodextrin Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 150000001282 organosilanes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 150000001244 carboxylic acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(triethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C=C FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C=C GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WGRZHLPEQDVPET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxyethoxysilane Chemical compound COCCO[SiH3] WGRZHLPEQDVPET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C=C NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MABAWBWRUSBLKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl-tri(propan-2-yloxy)silane Chemical compound CC(C)O[Si](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)C=C MABAWBWRUSBLKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002762 monocarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsilane Chemical compound [SiH3]C=C UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 34
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 24
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 15
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000012986 chain transfer agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 9
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920002245 Dextrose equivalent Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004815 dispersion polymer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- SFNALCNOMXIBKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol monododecyl ether Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCO SFNALCNOMXIBKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- -1 hydroxyalkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- YAJYJWXEWKRTPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,4,4,5-hexamethylhexane-2-thiol Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)(C)C(C)(C)C(C)(C)S YAJYJWXEWKRTPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CC(C)(C)NC(=O)C=C XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFNISBHGPNMTMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylideneoxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound C=C1CC(=O)OC1=O OFNISBHGPNMTMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002280 amphoteric surfactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- DMSMPAJRVJJAGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NSC2=C1 DMSMPAJRVJJAGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- JPMIIZHYYWMHDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N octhilinone Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN1SC=CC1=O JPMIIZHYYWMHDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- KOMNUTZXSVSERR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-tris(prop-2-enyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione Chemical compound C=CCN1C(=O)N(CC=C)C(=O)N(CC=C)C1=O KOMNUTZXSVSERR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HXKKHQJGJAFBHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-aminopropan-2-ol Chemical compound CC(O)CN HXKKHQJGJAFBHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BJELTSYBAHKXRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-triallyloxy-1,3,5-triazine Chemical compound C=CCOC1=NC(OCC=C)=NC(OCC=C)=N1 BJELTSYBAHKXRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CN=C1OC1=CC=C(F)C=C1F LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NXQMCAOPTPLPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-benzoyloxyethoxy)ethyl benzoate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OCCOCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 NXQMCAOPTPLPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940100555 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one Drugs 0.000 description 2
- JHWGFJBTMHEZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-prop-2-enoyloxybutyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCCCOC(=O)C=C JHWGFJBTMHEZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940100484 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one Drugs 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylbenzyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004641 Diallyl-phthalate Substances 0.000 description 2
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108010077895 Sarcosine Proteins 0.000 description 2
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- MOYAFQVGZZPNRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terpinolene Chemical compound CC(C)=C1CCC(C)=CC1 MOYAFQVGZZPNRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N allyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC=C XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZPOLOEWJWXZUSP-AATRIKPKSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) (e)-but-2-enedioate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)\C=C\C(=O)OCC=C ZPOLOEWJWXZUSP-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZPOLOEWJWXZUSP-WAYWQWQTSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) (z)-but-2-enedioate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)\C=C/C(=O)OCC=C ZPOLOEWJWXZUSP-WAYWQWQTSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QUDWYFHPNIMBFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC=C QUDWYFHPNIMBFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- DHNRXBZYEKSXIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloromethylisothiazolinone Chemical compound CN1SC(Cl)=CC1=O DHNRXBZYEKSXIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LVTYICIALWPMFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisopropanolamine Chemical compound CC(O)CNCC(C)O LVTYICIALWPMFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940043276 diisopropanolamine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- WNAHIZMDSQCWRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecane-1-thiol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCS WNAHIZMDSQCWRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVBODZPPYSSMEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl sulfate;2-hydroxyethylazanium Chemical compound NCCO.CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O QVBODZPPYSSMEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006266 etherification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- BEGLCMHJXHIJLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylisothiazolinone Chemical compound CN1SC=CC1=O BEGLCMHJXHIJLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940069822 monoethanolamine lauryl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000010434 nepheline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052664 nepheline Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KZCOBXFFBQJQHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane-1-thiol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCS KZCOBXFFBQJQHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sarcosine Chemical compound C[NH2+]CC([O-])=O FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229940057950 sodium laureth sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- SXHLENDCVBIJFO-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-[2-(2-dodecoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCOCCOCCOS([O-])(=O)=O SXHLENDCVBIJFO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- BWYYYTVSBPRQCN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;ethenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C=C BWYYYTVSBPRQCN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioglycolic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CS CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KVILQFSLJDTWPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptadecyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C KVILQFSLJDTWPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000252 konjac Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010485 konjac Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004611 light stabiliser Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002688 maleic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N mesaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C/C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005641 methacryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- MKIJJIMOAABWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-sulfanylacetate Chemical compound COC(=O)CS MKIJJIMOAABWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDTLDBDUBGAEDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 3-sulfanylpropanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)CCS LDTLDBDUBGAEDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylfumaric acid Natural products OC(=O)C(C)=CC(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KKXWPVVBVWBKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethylethanamine;dodecyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound CC[NH+](CC)CC.CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O KKXWPVVBVWBKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JQTFPHLEQLLQOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyl 2-sulfanylacetate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CS JQTFPHLEQLLQOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002896 organic halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002924 oxiranes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JCGNDDUYTRNOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolane-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1COC(=O)C1 JCGNDDUYTRNOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent-4-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC=C HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GCCVBRCGRJWMDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenoxybenzene;sodium Chemical compound [Na].C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 GCCVBRCGRJWMDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960003975 potassium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ONQDVAFWWYYXHM-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium lauryl sulfate Chemical compound [K+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O ONQDVAFWWYYXHM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940116985 potassium lauryl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012015 potatoes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052903 pyrophyllite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012966 redox initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940043230 sarcosine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001542 size-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229940080264 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940045990 sodium laureth-2 sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KSAVQLQVUXSOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium lauroyl sarcosinate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N(C)CC([O-])=O KSAVQLQVUXSOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940045885 sodium lauroyl sarcosinate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940079862 sodium lauryl sarcosinate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BTJYKXPSPBJJDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;1,4-bis(4-methylpentan-2-yloxy)-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CC(C)CC(C)OC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OC(C)CC(C)C BTJYKXPSPBJJDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YNJORDSKPXMABC-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-hydroxypropane-2-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CC(C)(O)S([O-])(=O)=O YNJORDSKPXMABC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DUXXGJTXFHUORE-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;4-tridecylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 DUXXGJTXFHUORE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NFJNJCYJOUZNSO-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;ethenyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OC=C NFJNJCYJOUZNSO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010435 syenite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- PZTAGFCBNDBBFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CCCCC1CO PZTAGFCBNDBBFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WMXCDAVJEZZYLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylthiol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)S WMXCDAVJEZZYLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- GEKDEMKPCKTKEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecane-1-thiol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCS GEKDEMKPCKTKEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019818 tetrasodium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WJCNZQLZVWNLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiabendazole Chemical compound S1C=NC(C=2NC3=CC=CC=C3N=2)=C1 WJCNZQLZVWNLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013008 thixotropic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003673 urethanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004260 weight control Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PICXIOQBANWBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;1-oxidopyridine-2-thione Chemical group [Zn+2].[O-]N1C=CC=CC1=S.[O-]N1C=CC=CC1=S PICXIOQBANWBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSYFJDYGOJKZCL-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;sulfite Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])=O HSYFJDYGOJKZCL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F230/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal
- C08F230/04—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing a metal
- C08F230/08—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing a metal containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F218/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid or of a haloformic acid
- C08F218/02—Esters of monocarboxylic acids
- C08F218/04—Vinyl esters
- C08F218/08—Vinyl acetate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/04—Acids; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
- C08F220/06—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/08—Anhydrides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F251/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polysaccharides or derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L51/02—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to polysaccharides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J151/00—Adhesives based on graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09J151/02—Adhesives based on graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers grafted on to polysaccharides
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
- D06N7/0063—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf
- D06N7/0071—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by their backing, e.g. pre-coat, back coating, secondary backing, cushion backing
- D06N7/0073—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by their backing, e.g. pre-coat, back coating, secondary backing, cushion backing the back coating or pre-coat being applied as an aqueous dispersion or latex
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N2203/00—Macromolecular materials of the coating layers
- D06N2203/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06N2203/045—Vinyl (co)polymers
Definitions
- the present disclosure related generally to copolymer compositions for use in adhesive formulations for carpet tile applications, and methods of making the same.
- VAE latexes have been the predominant binders used with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) backing systems.
- PVC backings must be flexibilized using high levels of plasticizers. These plasticizers can migrate to the surface at the point of the adhesive layer. This can reduce bond strength resulting in premature delamination from the PVC backing layer when using certain latex types.
- VAE latexes have excellent resistance to plasticizer migration, the VAE latexes are more hydrophilic than other latexes and as such have inferior wet strength compared to acrylic polymers.
- An adhesive formulation with excellent resistance to the plasticizer migration and excellent wet strength is needed for carpet tile applications. The compositions discussed herein address these and other needs.
- compositions comprising a vinyl acrylic copolymer derived in the presence of maltodextrin.
- the compositions comprise a copolymer derived from: vinyl acetate; an acrylate monomer having a glass transition temperature (T g ) of ⁇ 30° C. or less; a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof; and an organosilane; in the presence of maltodextrin.
- the copolymer can be derived from 30% to 90% by weight vinyl acetate, based on the total monomer content (e.g., from 45% to 75%).
- the acrylate monomer can, for example, comprise butyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the acrylate monomer can comprise butyl acrylate.
- the copolymer can, for example, be derived from 20% to 70% by weight of the acrylate monomer, based on the total monomer content (e.g., from 30% to 60%).
- the copolymer is derived from a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof.
- the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof can, for example, be derived from a monocarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, or a combination thereof.
- the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof can be selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, anhydrides thereof (e.g., itaconic anhydride, maleic anhydride), and combinations thereof.
- the carboxylic acid comprises acrylic acid.
- the copolymer can, for example, be derived from greater than 0% to 10% by weight carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., from 0.5% to 2%).
- the copolymer is derived from an organosilane.
- the organosilane comprises a vinyl silane.
- the organosilane can, for example, comprise vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl tris(2-methoxyethoxysilane), vinyl triisopropoxysilane, gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, or combinations thereof.
- the organosilane comprises vinyltriethoxysilane.
- the copolymer can, for example, be derived from 0.05% to 2% by weight of the organosilane, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., from 0.1% to 0.5%).
- the copolymer is formed in the presence of maltodextrin.
- the maltodextrin can have, for example, a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 10 to 50 (e.g., from 10 to 35, from 12.5 to 25, or from 15 to 20).
- the weight average molecular weight (M w ) of the maltodextrin can be, for example, from 3,000 to 20,000 Daltons (e.g., from 5,000 to 17,000 Daltons).
- the maltodextrin can be soluble in water at room temperature in an amount of greater than about 40% by weight.
- the copolymer can, for example, comprise from 1% to 40% by weight of the maltodextrin (e.g., from 1% to 30% or from 5% to 25% by weight).
- the copolymer can be polymerized in the presence of a surfactant.
- the surfactant can include nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, or a mixture thereof.
- the surfactant can comprise a non-ionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant.
- the surfactant can include a copolymerizable surfactant.
- the copolymerizable surfactant comprises sodium vinyl sulfonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), or a combination thereof.
- the monomers in the copolymer can, in some examples, be polymerized in the presence of a chain transfer agent.
- the monomers can be polymerized in the presence of a crosslinker, such as triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, diallyl phthalate, butane dioldiacrylate, diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, or a combination thereof.
- the copolymers described herein can have a measured T g of from ⁇ 35° C. to 30° C. or from ⁇ 25° C. to 30° C., as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the mid-point temperature.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- blends comprising the copolymers described herein and a second (co)polymer.
- the second (co)polymer can comprise an acrylic (co)polymer, a carboxylated or non-carboxylated styrene-butadiene (co)polymer, or a combination thereof.
- the copolymer can be provided as an aqueous dispersion.
- the aqueous dispersion can have an overall solids content of from 40% to 75% (e.g., from 55% to 75%).
- the aqueous dispersion can comprise a plurality of copolymer particles having a volume average particle size of from 80 nm to 500 nm.
- the aqueous dispersion comprising the copolymer can be used in adhesive formulations.
- the adhesive formulation can be stable and can, for example, have a minimum viscosity of 5,000 Cp or more and does not fluctuate more than 1000 Cp over a 1 day period as measured by a #5 spindle at 20 RPM on a Brookfield viscometer at a solids content of 75-85%.
- the adhesive formulations can be applied to a carpet tile.
- carpet tiles having a surface coated with the adhesive formulations disclosed herein.
- the surface can, for example, a backing of the carpet tile.
- the backing can, for example, comprise polyvinylchloride (PVC).
- the adhesive formulation on the carpet tile can have a dry tuft bind strength and a wet tuft bind strength, wherein the wet tuft bind strength is 60% to 70% of the dry tuft bind strength.
- the carpet tile with the adhesive formulation applied thereto can pass the British spill test.
- the copolymers and compositions disclosed herein can be prepared by polymerizing the vinyl acetate; an acrylate monomer having a T g of ⁇ 30° C. or less; carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, and organosilane; in the presence of maltodextrin.
- the monomers are polymerized in an aqueous medium.
- the monomers can, for example, be polymerized at a polymerization temperature of from 20° C. to 95° C.
- the monomers can be provided over a feed time of from 2 hours to 10 hours.
- compositions and methods described herein may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of specific aspects of the disclosed subject matter and the examples included therein.
- the words “comprise,” “include,” and other forms of these words, such as “comprising,” “comprises,” “including,” and “includes” are open, non-limiting terms and do not exclude additional elements such as, for example, additional additives, components, integers, or steps.
- the terms “comprising” and “including” have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments and are also disclosed.
- (meth)acryl . . . includes “acryl . . . ,” “methacryl . . . ,” or mixtures thereof.
- (co)polymer includes homopolymers, copolymers, or mixtures thereof.
- compositions comprising a vinyl acrylic copolymer derived in the presence of maltodextrin.
- the compositions comprise a copolymer derived from: vinyl acetate; an acrylate monomer having a glass transition temperature (T g ) of ⁇ 30° C. or less; a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, and an organosilane; in the presence of maltodextrin.
- the copolymer can be derived from 30% or more by weight vinyl acetate, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 35% or more, 40% or more, 45% or more, 50% or more, 55% or more, 60% or more, 65% or more, 70% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, or 85% or more).
- the copolymer can be derived from 90% or less by weight vinyl acetate, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 85% or less, 80% or less, 75% or less, 70% or less, 65% or less, 60% or less, 55% or less, 50% or less, 45% or less, or 40% or less).
- the amount of vinyl acetate the copolymer is derived from can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the copolymer can be derived from 30% to 90% by weight vinyl acetate, based on the total monomer content (e.g., from 30% to 60%, from 60% to 90%, from 45% to 75%, from 40% to 90%, from 50% to 90%, from 70% to 90%, from 80% to 90%, or from 85% to 90%).
- an acrylate monomer having a T g of ⁇ 30° C. or less refers to an acrylate monomer that when homopolymerized forms a polymer having a measured glass transition temperature of ⁇ 30° C. or less, as measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the mid-point temperature using the method described, for example, in ASTM 3418/82.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the acrylate monomer comprises butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the acrylate monomer comprises butyl acrylate. In some examples, the acrylate monomer consists of butyl acrylate.
- the copolymer can, for example, be derived from 20% or more by weight of the acrylate monomer, based on the total monomer content (e.g., 25% or more, 30% or more, 35% or more, 40% or more, 45% or more, 50% or more, 55% or more, or 60% or more).
- the copolymer can be derived form 70% or less by weight of the acrylate monomer, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 65% or less, 60% or less, 55% or less, 50% or less, 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, or 30% or less).
- the amount of the acrylate monomer the copolymer is derived from can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the copolymer can be derived from 20% to 70% by weight of the acrylate monomer, based on the total monomer content (e.g., from 20% to 45%, from 45% to 70%, from 20% to 30%, from 30% to 40%, from 40% to 50%, from 50% to 60%, from 60% to 70%, from 25% to 65%, or from 30% to 60%).
- the copolymer is derived from a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof.
- the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof can, for example, be derived from a monocarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, or a combination thereof.
- carboxylic acids and carboxylic anhydrides include, but are not limited to, (meth)acrylic acid, crotonic acid, dimethacrylic acid, ethylacrylic acid, allylacetic acid, vinylacetic acid maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, mesaconic acid, methylenemalonic acid, citraconic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, methylmalonic anhydride, and combinations thereof.
- the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof can be selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, anhydrides thereof (e.g., itaconic anhydride, maleic anhydride), and combinations thereof.
- the carboxylic acid comprises acrylic acid.
- the carboxylic acid consists of acrylic acid.
- the copolymer can, for example, be derived from greater than 0% by weight of the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 0.1% or more, 0.25% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.75% or more, 1% or more, 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, 4% or more, 4.5% or more, 5% or more, 6% or more, 7% or more, or 8% or more).
- the total monomer weight e.g., 0.1% or more, 0.25% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.75% or more, 1% or more, 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, 4% or more, 4.5% or more, 5% or more, 6% or more, 7% or more, or 8% or more.
- the copolymer can be derived from 10% or less by weight of the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 9% or less, 8% or less, 7% or less, 6% or less, 5% or less, 4.5% or less, 4% or less, 3.5% or less, 3% or less, 2.5% or less, 2% or less, 1.5% or less, 1% or less, 0.75% or less, or 0.5% or less).
- the amount of carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof the copolymer is derived from can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the copolymer can be derived from greater than 0% to 10% by weight carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., from greater than 0% to 9%, from greater than 0% to 8%, from greater than 0% to 7%, from greater than 0% to 6%, from greater than 0% to 5%, from greater than 0% to 4%, from 0.1% to 3%, from 0.25% to 2.5%, or from 0.5% to 2%).
- the copolymer is derived from an organosilane.
- the organosilane can be represented by the formula (R 1 )—(Si)—(OR 2 ) 3 , wherein R 1 is a C 1 -C 8 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or a C 1 -C 8 substituted or unsubstituted alkene and R 2 , which are the same or different, each is a C 1 -C 8 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
- the organosilane comprises a vinyl silane.
- Exemplary organosilanes can include vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl tris(2-methoxyethoxysilane), vinyl triisopropoxysilane, (meth)acryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -(meth)acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -(meth)acryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, or a mixture thereof.
- the organosilane comprises vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl tris(2-methoxyethoxysilane), vinyl triisopropoxysilane, gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, or combinations thereof.
- the organosilane comprises vinyltriethoxysilane.
- the organosilane consists of vinylethoxysilane.
- the copolymer can, for example, be derived from 0.05% or more by weight of the organosilane, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 0.1% or more, 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1% or more, 1.1% or more, 1.2% or more, 1.3% or more, 1.4% or more, or 1.5% or more).
- the copolymer can be derived from 2% or less by weight of the organosilane, based on the total monomer content (e.g., 1.9% or less, 1.8% or less, 1.7% or less, 1.6% or less, 1.5% or less, 1.4% or less, 1.3% or less, 1.2% or less, 1.1% or less, 1% or less, 0.9% or less, 0.8% or less, 0.7% or less, 0.6% or less, or 0.5% or less).
- the amount of organosilane the copolymer is derived form can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the copolymer can be derived from 0.05% to 2% by weight of the organosilane, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., from 0.05% to 1.5%, from 0.05% to 1%, from 0.05% to 0.9%, from 0.05% to 0.8%, from 0.05% to 0.7%, from 0.05% to 0.6%, or from 0.1% to 0.5%).
- the copolymer can be derived from other monomers.
- the copolymer can be derived from vinyl esters of branched mono-carboxylic acids having a total of 8 to 12 carbon atoms in the acid residue moiety and 10 to 14 total carbon atoms such as, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl neo-nonanoate, vinyl neo-decanoate, vinyl neo-undecanoate, vinyl neo-dodecanoate and mixtures thereof, and copolymerizable surfactant monomers (e.g., those sold under the trademark ADEKA REASOAP).
- ADEKA REASOAP copolymerizable surfactant monomers
- the copolymer is formed in the presence of maltodextrin.
- the maltodextrin can have, for example, a dextrose equivalent (DE) of 10 or more (e.g., 10.5 or more, 11 or more, 11.5 or more, 12 or more, 12.5 or more, 13 or more, 13.5 or more, 14 or more, 14.5 or more, 15 or more, 16 or more, 17 or more, 18 or more, 19 or more, 20 or more, 21 or more, 22 or more, 23 or more, 24 or more, 25 or more, 30 or more, or 35 or more).
- DE dextrose equivalent
- the maltodextrin can have a DE of 50 or less (e.g., 45 or less, 40 or less, 35 or less, 30 or less, 25 or less, 24 or less, 23 or less, 22 or less, 21 or less, 20 or less, 19 or less, 18 or less, 17 or less, 16 or less, 15 or less, 14.5 or less, 14 or less, 13.5 or less, 13 or less, or 12.5 or less).
- the DE value of the maltodextrin can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the maltodextrin can have a DE of from 10 to 50 (e.g., from 15 to 50, from 10 to 40, from 10 to 35, from 12.5 to 25, or from 15 to 20).
- the DE value can be determined in accordance with the Lane and Eynon test method (International Standard ISO 5377:1981).
- the weight average molecular weight (M w ) of the maltodextrin can be, for example, 3,000 Daltons or more (e.g., 3,500 or more; 4,000 or more; 4,500 or more; 5,000 or more; 6,000 or more; 7,000 or more; 8,000 or more; 9,000 or more; 10,000 or more; 11,000 or more; 12,000 or more; 13,000 or more; 14,000 or more; 15,000 or more; 16,000 or more; or 17,000 or more).
- the weight average molecular weight (M w ) of the maltodextrin can be 20,000 Daltons or less (e.g., 19,000 or less; 18,000 or less; 17,000 or less; 16,000 or less; 15,000 or less; 14,000 or less; 13,000 or less; 12,000 or less; 11,000 or less; 10,000 or less; 9,000 or less; 8,000 or less; 7,000 or less; 6,000 or less; or 5,000 or less).
- the weight average molecular weight (M w ) of the maltodextrin can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the weight average molecular weight (M w ) of the maltodextrin can be from 3,000 to 20,000 Daltons (e.g., from 3,000 to 19,000; from 4,000 to 19,000; from 4,500 to 18,000; from 5,000 to 17,000; or from 8,000 to 14,000).
- the weight average molecular weight (M w ) of the maltodextrin can be determined by size exclusion chromatography.
- the maltodextrin can be soluble in water at room temperature in an amount of greater than about 40% by weight (e.g., 45% or more, 50% or more, 55% or more, 60% or more, 65% or more, 70% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, 85% or more, 90% or more, or 95% or more).
- the maltodextrin can be completely soluble in water at room temperature.
- the maltodextrin is generally degraded starches whose degradation is effected by heating with or without addition of chemicals, it being possible to recombine degradation fragments under the degradation conditions to form new bonds which were not present in this form in the original starch.
- roast dextrins such as white and yellow dextrins that are prepared by heating moist-dry starch, usually in the presence of small amounts of acid, are less preferred.
- the maltodextrin can be prepared as described in Guinther Tegge, Starke und Starkederivate, Behr's Verlag, Hamburg 1984, p. 173 and p. 220ff. and in EP 441 197.
- the maltodextrin can be can be prepared from any native starches, such as cereal starches (e.g. corn, wheat, rice or barley), tuber and root starches (e.g. potatoes, tapioca roots or arrowroot) or sago starches.
- the maltodextrin can also have a bimodal molecular weight distribution and can have a weight average molecular weight as described above.
- the maltodextrin can have a nonuniformity U (defined as the ratio between the weight average weight M w and the number average molecular weight M n ) that characterizes the molecular weight distribution in the range from 6 to 12, from 7 to 11 or from 8 to 10.
- the proportion by weight of maltodextrin having a molecular weight of below 1000 can be from 10% to 70% by weight, or 20 to 40% by weight.
- the maltodextrin can be chemically modified such as by etherification or esterification.
- the chemical modification can also be carried out in advance on a starting starch before its degradation. Esterifications are possible using both inorganic and organic acids, or anhydrides or chlorides thereof. Phosphated and acetylated degraded starches can also be used.
- the most common method of etherification is treatment with organohalogen compounds, epoxides or sulfates in aqueous alkaline solution.
- the ethers can be alkyl ethers, hydroxyalkyl ethers, carboxyalkyl ethers and allylethers.
- the copolymer can, for example, comprise 1% or more by weight of the maltodextrin, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 2% or more, 3% or more, 4% or more, 5% or more, 6% or more, 7% or more, 8% or more, 9% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, 25% or more, or 30% or more).
- the copolymer can comprise 40% or less by weight of the maltodextrin (e.g., 35% or less, 30% or less, 25% or less, 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less, 9% or less, 8% or less, 7% or less, 6% or less, or 5% or less).
- the amount of the maltodextrin the copolymer comprises can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the copolymer can comprise from 1% to 40% by weight of the maltodextrin (e.g., from 1% to 30%, from 5% to 40%, from 5% to 35%, from 5% to 30%, from 5% to 25%, from 7% to 40%, from 7% to 35%, from 7% to 30%, from 7% to 25%, from 8% to 30%, from 8% to 25%, or from 8% to 20%).
- the copolymer can be polymerized in the presence of a surfactant.
- the surfactant can include nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, or a mixture thereof.
- the surfactant can comprise a non-ionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant.
- the surfactant can include a copolymerizable surfactant.
- the surfactant can include oleic acid surfactants, alkyl sulfate surfactants, alkyl aryl disulfonate surfactants, sulfonic acid surfactants, or alkylbenzene sulfonic acid or sulfonate surfactants.
- Exemplary surfactants can include sodium vinyl sulfate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth-1 sulfate, sodium laureth-2-sulfate, and the corresponding ammonium salts, triethylamine lauryl sulfate, triethylamine laureth sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine laureth sulfate, monoethanolamine lauryl sulfate, monoethanolamine laureth sulfate, diethanolamine lauryl sulfate, diethanolamine laureth sulfate, lauric monoglyceride sodium sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, potassium lauryl sulfate, potassium laureth sulfate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate, sodium lauroyl
- Examples of commercially available surfactants include Calfoam® ES-303 (a sodium laureth sulfate), Calfoam SLS 30, and Calfax® DB-45 (a sodium dodecyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate), available from Pilot Chemical Company (Cincinnati, Ohio); Disponil SDS; Disponil FES; Disponil AFX 4030; Polystep LAS-40; Polystep B-19; Polystep B-29; Polystep A-18; Steol CS-230; Bio-Terge AS-40; Tergitol 15-S-40; Tergitol 15-S-20; Aerosol A-102; Aerosol MA-80-I; copolymerizable surfactants (e.g., those sold under the trademark ADEKA REASOAP); or combinations thereof.
- the copolymerizable surfactant comprises sodium vinyl sulfonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), or a combination thereof.
- the amount of the surfactant employed can be 0.10% or more based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 1% or more, 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, or 4% or more). In some examples, the amount of surfactant employed can be 5% or less based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 4.5% or less, 4% or less, 3.5% or less, 3% or less, 2.5% or less, 2% or less, 1.5% or less, 1% or less, or 0.5% or less).
- the amount of the surfactant employed can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the amount of the surfactant employed can be from 0.1 to 5%, based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., from 0.1% to 2.5%, from 2.5% to 5%, from 0.1% to 1%, from 1% to 2%, from 2% to 3%, from 3% to 4%, from 4% to 5%, or from 0.5% to 4.5%).
- the monomers in the copolymer can, in some examples, be polymerized in the presence of a chain transfer agent.
- a “chain transfer agent” as used herein refers to chemical compounds that are useful for controlling the molecular weights of polymers, for reducing gelation when polymerizations and copolymerizations involving diene monomers are conducted, and/or for preparing polymers and copolymers with useful chemical functionality at their chain ends.
- the chain transfer agent reacts with a growing polymer radical, causing the growing chain to terminate while creating a new reactive species capable of initiating polymerization.
- the phrase “chain transfer agent” is used interchangeably with the phrase “molecular weight regulator.”
- Suitable chain transfer agents for use during polymerization of the copolymers disclosed herein can include compounds having a carbon-halogen bond, a sulfur-hydrogen bond, a silicon-hydrogen bond, or a sulfur-sulfur bond; an allyl alcohol, or an aldehyde.
- the chain transfer agents contain a sulfur-hydrogen bond, and are known as mercaptans.
- the chain transfer agent can include C 3 -C 20 mercaptans.
- chain transfer agent can include octyl mercaptan such as n-octyl mercaptan and t-octyl mercaptan, decyl mercaptan, tetradecyl mercaptan, hexadecyl mercaptan, dodecyl mercaptan such as n-dodecyl mercaptan and t-dodecyl mercaptan, tert-butyl mercaptan, mercaptoethanol such as ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, 3-mercaptopropanol, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, tert-nonyl mercaptan, tert-dodecyl mercaptan, 6-mercaptomethyl-2-methyl-2-octanol, 4-mercapto-3-methyl-1-butanol, methyl-3-mercaptopropionate, butyl mer
- chain transfer agents that can be used during polymerization of the copolymers include thioglycolic acid, methyl thioglycolate, n-butyl thioglycolate, i-octyl thioglycolate, dodecyl thioglycolate, octadecyl thioglycolate, ethylacrylic esters, terpinolene.
- the chain transfer agent can include tert-dodecyl mercaptan.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent employed can be 0.05% or more based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 0.10% or more, 0.15% or more, 0.2% or more, 0.25% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.35% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.45% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.55% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.65% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.75% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.85% or more, or 0.9% or more).
- the amount of the chain transfer agent employed can be 1% or less based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 0.95% or less, 0.9% or less, 0.85% or less, 0.8% or less, 0.75% or less, 0.7% or less, 0.65% or less, 0.6% or less, 0.55% or less, 0.5% or less, 0.45% or less, 0.4% or less, 0.35% or less, 0.3% or less, 0.25% or less, 0.2% or less, 0.15% or less, or 0.10% or less).
- the amount of chain transfer agent employed can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent employed can be from 0.05% to 1% based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., from 0.05% to 0.5%, from 0.5% to 1%, from 0.05% to 0.3%, from 0.3% to 0.6%, 0.6% to 1%, or from 0.1% to 0.9%).
- the monomers can be polymerized in the presence of a crosslinker, such as triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, diallyl phthalate, butane dioldiacrylate, diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, or a combination thereof.
- a crosslinker such as triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, diallyl phthalate, butane dioldiacrylate, diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, or a combination thereof.
- the amount of crosslinker employed can be 0.05% or more based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 0.1% or more, 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1% or more, 1.1% or more, 1.2% or more, 1.3% or more, 1.4% or more, 1.5% or more, 1.6% or more, 1.7% or more, or 1.8% or more).
- the amount of crosslinker employed can be 2% or less based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 1.9% or less, 1.8% or less, 1.7% or less, 1.6% or less, 1.5% or less, 1.4% or less, 1.3% or less, 1.2% or less, 1.1% or less, 1% or less, 0.9% or less, 0.8% or less, 0.7% or less, 0.6% or less, 0.5% or less, 0.4% or less, 0.3% or less, or 0.2% or less).
- the mount of crosslinker employed can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the amount of crosslinker employed can be from 0.05% to 2% based on the total amount of monomers to be polymerized (e.g., from 0.05% to 1%, from 1% to 2%, from 0.05% to 0.5%, from 0.5% to 1%, from 1% to 1.5%, from 1.5% to 2%, or from 0.1% to 1.9%).
- the copolymers described herein can have a glass-transition temperature (T g ) and/or a T g as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the mid-point temperature using the method described, for example, in ASTM 3418/82.
- T g glass-transition temperature
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the theoretical glass transition temperature or “theoretical T g ” of the copolymer refers to the estimated T g calculated using the Fox equation.
- the Fox equation can be used to estimate the glass transition temperature of a polymer or copolymer as described, for example, in L. H. Sperling, “Introduction to Physical Polymer Science”, 2 nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 357 (1992) and T. G. Fox, Bull. Am. Phys.
- T g w a T ga + w b T gb + ... + w i T gi
- T ga is the glass transition temperature of a homopolymer of monomer a
- w b is the weight fraction of monomer b in the copolymer
- T gb is the glass transition temperature of a homopolymer of monomer b
- w i is the weight fraction of monomer i in the copolymer
- T gi is the glass transition temperature of a homopolymer of monomer i
- T g is the theoretical glass transition temperature of the copolymer derived from monomers a, b, . . . , and i.
- the copolymers described herein can have a measured T g of ⁇ 35° C. or more, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the mid-point temperature (e.g., ⁇ 25° C. or more, ⁇ 20° C. or more, ⁇ 15° C. or more, ⁇ 10° C. or more, ⁇ 5° C. or more, 0° C. or more, 5° C. or more, 10° C. or more, 15° C. or more, 20° C. or more, or 25° C. or more).
- the copolymers described herein can have a measured T g of 30° C.
- the measured T g of the copolymer can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the copolymers described herein can have a measured T g of from ⁇ 35° C.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the copolymer can be provided as an aqueous dispersion.
- the aqueous dispersion can include, as the disperse phase, the copolymer dispersed in an aqueous dispersion medium or aqueous phase.
- aqueous dispersion can comprise water and the copolymer.
- the aqueous dispersion can have an overall solids content of 40% or more (e.g., 45% or more, 50% or more, 55% or more, 60% or more, 65% or more, or 70% or more). In some examples, the aqueous dispersion can have an overall solids content of 75% or less (e.g., 70% or less, 65% or less, 60% or less, 55% or less, or 50% or less). The overall solids content of the aqueous dispersion can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the aqueous dispersion can have an overall solids content of from 40% to 75% (e.g., from 40% to 55%, from 45% to 75%, from 50% to 75%, from 55% to 75%, or from 60% to 75%).
- the overall solids content can be measured in an oven by water evaporation.
- the aqueous dispersion can comprise a plurality of copolymer particles having a volume average particle size.
- the plurality of copolymer particles can have an average particle size of 80 nanometers (nm) or more (e.g., 90 nm or more, 100 nm or more, 110 nm or more, 120 nm or more, 130 nm or more, 140 nm or more, 150 nm or more, 160 nm or more, 170 nm or more, 180 nm or more, 190 nm or more, 200 nm or more, 225 nm or more, 250 nm or more, 275 nm or more, 300 nm or more, 325 nm or more, 350 nm or more, 375 nm or more, 400 nm or more, 425 nm or more, or 450 nm or more).
- the plurality of copolymer particles can have a volume average particle size of 500 nm or less (e.g., 475 nm or less, 450 nm or less, 425 nm or less, 400 nm or less, 375 nm or less, 350 nm or less, 325 nm or less, 300 nm or less, 275 nm or less, 250 nm or less, 225 nm or less, 200 nm or less, 190 nm or less, 180 nm or less, 170 nm or less, 160 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, or 100 nm or less).
- 500 nm or less e.g., 475 nm or less, 450 nm or less, 425 nm or less, 400 nm or less, 375 nm or less, 350 nm or less,
- the volume average particle size of the plurality of copolymer particles can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the plurality of copolymer particles can have a volume average particle size of from 80 nm to 500 nm (e.g., from 80 nm to 300 nm, from 300 nm to 500 nm, from 80 nm to 175 nm, from 175 nm to 275 nm, from 275 nm to 375 nm, from 375 nm to 500 nm, or from 100 nm to 400 nm).
- the particle size can be determined using dynamic light scattering measurements using the Nanotrac Wave II Q available from Microtrac Inc., Montgomeryville, Pa.
- the aqueous dispersion comprising the copolymer can be used in adhesive formulations.
- the adhesive formulation can be stable during storage.
- the adhesive formulation can have a minimum viscosity of 5,000 Cp or more (e.g., 5,500 Cp or more; 6,000 Cp or more; 6,500 Cp or more; or 7,000 Cp or more) and does not fluctuate more than 1000 Cp over a 1 day period as measured by a #5 spindle at 20 RPM on a Brookfield viscometer at a solids content of 75-85 wt %.
- the adhesive formulations can further include one or more additives.
- the adhesive formulations can further comprise clay, delaminated clay, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, or a combination thereof.
- additional additives include, but are not limited to, one or more coalescing aids/agents (coalescents), plasticizers, defoamers, additional surfactants, pH modifying agents, fillers, pigments, dispersing agents, thickeners, biocides, lubricants (e.g., calcium stearate), flame retardants, stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, flattening agents, optical brighteners and fluorescent additives, curing agents, flow agents, wetting or spreading agents, leveling agents, hardeners, thixotropic agents, freeze store stability additives, ultraviolet light stabilizers, or combinations thereof.
- the additive can be added to impart certain properties to the adhesive formulation such as smoothness, whiteness, increased density or weight, decreased porosity, increased opacity, flatness, glossiness, decreased blocking resistance, barrier properties, viscosity, tuft bind performance, peel/fuzz properties, and the like.
- Suitable coalescing aids which aid in film formation during drying, include ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, or combinations thereof.
- Defoamers serve to minimize frothing during mixing and/or application of the adhesive component.
- Suitable defoamers include organic defoamers such as mineral oils, silicone oils, and silica-based defoamers.
- Exemplary silicone oils include polysiloxanes, polydimethylsiloxanes, polyether modified polysiloxanes, or combinations thereof.
- Exemplary defoamers include BYK®-035, available from BYK USA Inc., the TEGO® series of defoamers, available from Evonik Industries, the DREWPLUS® series of defoamers, available from Ashland Inc., and FOAMASTER® NXZ, available from BASF Corporation.
- Plasticizers can be added to the compositions to reduce the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the compositions below that of the drying temperature to allow for good film formation.
- Suitable plasticizers include diethylene glycol dibenzoate, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, tripropylene glycol dibenzoate, butyl benzyl phthalate, or a combination thereof.
- Exemplary plasticizers include phthalate based plasticizers.
- Pigments that can be included in the compositions can be selected from TiO 2 (in both anatase and rutile forms), clay (aluminum silicate), CaCO 3 (in both ground and precipitated forms), aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, talc (magnesium silicate), barytes (barium sulfate), zinc oxide, zinc sulfite, sodium oxide, potassium oxide and mixtures thereof.
- titanium dioxide pigments are KRONOS® 2101, KRONOS® 2310, available from Kronos WorldWide, Inc., TI-PURE® R-900, available from DuPont, or TIONA® ATl commercially available from Millennium Inorganic Chemicals. Titanium dioxide is also available in concentrated dispersion form.
- titanium dioxide dispersion is KRONOS® 4311, also available from Kronos WorldWide, Inc.
- Suitable pigment blends of metal oxides are sold under the marks MINEX® (oxides of silicon, aluminum, sodium and potassium commercially available from Unimin Specialty Minerals), CELITE® (aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide commercially available from Celite Company), and ATOMITE® (commercially available from Imerys Performance Minerals).
- Exemplary fillers also include clays such as attapulgite clays and kaolin clays including those sold under the ATTAGEL® and ANSILEX® marks (commercially available from BASF Corporation).
- Additional fillers include nepheline syenite, (25% nepheline, 55% sodium feldspar, and 20% potassium feldspar), feldspar (an aluminosilicate), diatomaceous earth, calcined diatomaceous earth, talc (hydrated magnesium silicate), aluminosilicates, silica (silicon dioxide), alumina (aluminum oxide), alumina trihydrate (ATM), mica (hydrous aluminum potassium silicate), pyrophyllite (aluminum silicate hydroxide), perlite, baryte (barium sulfate), Wollastonite (calcium metasilicate), and combinations thereof.
- nepheline syenite (25% nepheline, 55% sodium feldspar, and 20% potassium feldspar
- feldspar an aluminosilicate
- diatomaceous earth calcined diatomaceous earth
- talc hydrated magnesium silicate
- the at least one filler includes TiO 2 , CaCO 3 , and/or a clay.
- the adhesive formulation further comprises a filler comprising alumina trihydrate (ATH), CaCO 3 , or a combination thereof.
- the fillers can, for example, provide desired performance relating to dimensional stability, Tuft Bind strength, and/or shedding/fuzz properties of a carpet tile comprising the adhesive formulation.
- suitable thickeners include hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide urethane (HEUR) polymers, hydrophobically modified alkali soluble emulsion (HASE) polymers, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl celluloses (HMHECs), hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide, and combinations thereof.
- HEUR polymers are linear reaction products of diisocyanates with polyethylene oxide end-capped with hydrophobic hydrocarbon groups.
- HASE polymers are homopolymers of (meth)acrylic acid, or copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylate esters, or maleic acid modified with hydrophobic vinyl monomers.
- HMHECs include hydroxyethyl cellulose modified with hydrophobic alkyl chains.
- Hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides include copolymers of acrylamide with acrylamide modified with hydrophobic alkyl chains (N-alkyl acrylamide).
- suitable thickeners that can be used in the adhesive formulations can include acrylic copolymer dispersions sold under the STEROCOLLTM and LATEKOLLTM trademarks from BASF Corporation, Florham Park, N.J.; urethanes thickeners sold under the RHEOVISTTM trademark (e.g., Rheovis PU 1214); hydroxyethyl cellulose; guar gum; carrageenan; xanthan; acetan; konjac; mannan; xyloglucan; and mixtures thereof.
- the thickeners can be added to the composition formulation as an aqueous dispersion or emulsion, or as a solid powder. Thickeners can be added to the adhesive formulation to control the viscosity, which can influence penetration relating to tuft bind performance and peel/fuzz properties of the adhesive formulation.
- Additional surfactants can, for example, be used to control the froth properties relating to penetration of the adhesive formulation and weight control of the adhesive formulation. Surfactant types and levels can influence the rheology of the adhesive formulation to determine such properties.
- pH modifying agents include bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, amino alcohols, monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, diisopropanolamine (DIPA), 1-amino-2-propanol (AMP), ammonia, and combinations thereof.
- the pH of the dispersion can be 3 or more (e.g., 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, or 8 or more). In some examples, the pH of the dispersion can be 10 or less (e.g., 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, or 5 or less).
- the pH of the dispersion can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the pH of the dispersion can be from 3 to 10 (e.g., from 3 to 7, from 7 to 10, from 3 to 5, from 5 to 7, from 4 to 9, or from 5 to 8).
- Suitable biocides can be incorporated to inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microbes in the adhesive formulation during storage.
- Exemplary biocides include 2-[(hydroxymethyl)amino]ethanol, 2-[(hydroxymethyl) amino]2-methyl-1-propanol, o-phenylphenol, sodium salt, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CIT), 2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT), 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3-isothiazolone, as well as acceptable salts and combinations thereof.
- Suitable biocides also include biocides that inhibit the growth of mold, mildew, and spores thereof in the adhesive.
- mildewcides include 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate, 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole, 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, diiodomethyl p-tolyl sulfone, as well as acceptable salts and combinations thereof.
- the adhesive formulation contains 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one or a salt thereof.
- Biocides of this type include PROXEL® BD20, commercially available from Arch Chemicals, Inc.
- the biocide can alternatively be applied as a film to the adhesive and a commercially available film-forming biocide is Zinc Omadine® commercially available from Arch Chemicals, Inc.
- Exemplary co-solvents and humectants include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and combinations thereof.
- Exemplary dispersants can include sodium polyacrylates in aqueous solution such as those sold under the DARVAN trademark by R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Norwalk, Conn.
- blends comprising the copolymers described herein and a second (co)polymer.
- the second (co)polymer can comprise an acrylic (co)polymer, a carboxylated or non-carboxylated styrene-butadiene (co)polymer, or a combination thereof.
- the copolymers described herein can be present in an amount of 15% to 95%, 20% to 90%, 25% to 85%, 30% to 80%, 35% to 75%, 40% to 70%, 45% to 65%, or 50% to 60%, by weight, based on the total amount of polymers in the compositions described herein.
- the adhesive formulations can be applied to a carpet tile.
- carpet tiles having a surface coated with the adhesive formulations disclosed herein.
- the surface can, for example, a backing of the carpet tile.
- the backing can, for example, comprise polyvinylchloride (PVC).
- the adhesive composition can be applied to a surface by any suitable coating technique, including spraying, rolling, brushing, or spreading.
- the adhesive formulation can be applied in a single coat, or in multiple sequential coats (e.g., in two coats or in three coats) as required for a particular application.
- the adhesive formulation can be applied as a layer having an application weight of 10 ounces per square yard (oz/yd 2 ) or more (e.g., 11 oz/yd 2 or more, 12 oz/yd 2 or more, 13 oz/yd 2 or more, 14 oz/yd 2 or more, 15 oz/yd 2 or more, 16 oz/yd 2 or more, 17 oz/yd 2 or more, 18 oz/yd 2 or more, 19 oz/yd 2 or more, 20 oz/yd 2 or more, 21 oz/yd 2 or more, or 22 oz/yd 2 or more).
- the adhesive formulation can be applied as a layer having an application weight of 24 oz/yd 2 or less (e.g., 23 oz/yd 2 or less, 22 oz/yd 2 or less, 21 oz/yd 2 or less, 20 oz/yd 2 or less, 19 oz/yd 2 or less, 18 oz/yd 2 or less, 17 oz/yd 2 or less, 16 oz/yd 2 or less, 15 oz/yd 2 or less, 14 oz/yd 2 or less, 13 oz/yd 2 or less, or 12 oz/yd 2 or less).
- 24 oz/yd 2 or less e.g., 23 oz/yd 2 or less, 22 oz/yd 2 or less, 21 oz/yd 2 or less, 20 oz/yd 2 or less, 19 oz/yd 2 or less, 18 oz/yd 2 or less, 17 oz/y
- the application weight of the layer of adhesive formulation can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the adhesive formulation can be applied as a layer having an application weight of from 10 oz/yd 2 to 24 oz/yd 2 (e.g., from 10 oz/yd 2 to 17 oz/yd 2 , from 17 oz/yd 2 to 24 oz/yd 2 , from 10 oz/yd 2 to 12 oz/yd 2 , from 12 oz/yd 2 to 14 oz/yd 2 , from 14 oz/yd 2 to 16 oz/yd 2 from 16 oz/yd 2 to 18 oz/yd 2 , from 18 oz/yd 2 to 20 oz/yd 2 , from 20 oz/yd 2 to 22 oz/yd 2 , from 22 oz/yd 2 to 24 oz/yd 2 , or from 11 oz/
- the adhesive formulation on the carpet tile can have a dry tuft bind strength and a wet tuft bind strength, wherein the wet tuft bind strength is 60% or more of the dry tuft strength (e.g., 61% or more, 62% or more, 63% or more, 64% or more, 65% or more, 66% or more, or 67% or more).
- the adhesive formulation on the carpet tile can have a wet tuft bind strength that is 70% or less of the dry tuft bind strength (e.g., 69% or less, 68% or less, 67% or less, 66% or less, 65% or less, 64% or less, or 63% or less).
- the wet tuft bind strength can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the adhesive formulation on the carpet tile can have a wet tuft bind strength that is 60% to 70% of the dry tuft bind strength (e.g., from 60% to 65%, from 65% to 70%, or from 63% to 67%). Dry and wet tuft are measured using an Instron with head traveling 12 inches/min and are reported as lb-force/tuft. Wet strength is measured after complete immersion in water.
- the carpet tile with the adhesive formulation applied thereto can pass the British spill test.
- the British spill test involves poring 100 ml of a blue dye solution on the face of the carpet and after 24 hours a visual inspection is made as to whether dye is seen on paper placed on the opposite face of the carpet (back face). If no dye is seen on the paper placed on the back face of the carpet after 24 hours, the carpet is said to have passed the British spill test.
- copolymers and compositions disclosed herein can be prepared by any polymerization method known in the art. Suitable methods are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,813, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Although the copolymers can be prepared as block copolymers, they are preferably prepared as random copolymers.
- the copolymers disclosed herein are prepared by a dispersion, a mini-emulsion, or an emulsion polymerization.
- the copolymers disclosed herein can be prepared, for instance, by polymerizing the vinyl acetate; acrylate monomer having a T g of ⁇ 30° C. or less; carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, and organosilane; in the presence of maltodextrin.
- the copolymers disclosed herein can be prepared using free-radical aqueous emulsion polymerization.
- the polymerization medium is an aqueous medium.
- the aqueous medium can include water alone or a mixture of water and water-miscible liquids, such as methanol. In some examples, water is used alone.
- the emulsion polymerization can be carried out either as a batch, semi-batch, or continuous process.
- a portion of the monomers can be heated to the polymerization temperature and partially polymerized, and the remainder of the polymerization batch can be subsequently fed to the polymerization zone continuously, in steps or with superposition of a concentration gradient.
- the process can use a single reactor or a series of reactors as would be readily understood by those skilled in the art. For example, a review of heterophase polymerization techniques is provided in M. Antonelli and K. Tauer, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2003, vol. 204, p 207-19.
- a copolymer dispersion can be prepared by first charging a reactor with water, the monomers, the maltodextrin, and optionally additional monomers, chain transfer agent, surfactant, etc.
- a seed latex though optional, can be included in the reactor to help initiate polymerization and helps produce a polymer having a consistent particle size. Any seed latex appropriate for the specific monomer reaction can be used such as a polystyrene seed.
- the initial charge can also include a chelating or complexing agent such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
- EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- Other compounds such as buffers can be added to the reactor to provide the desired pH for the emulsion polymerization reaction.
- bases or basic salts such as KOH or tetrasodium pyrophosphate can be used to increase the pH whereas acids or acidic salts can be used to decrease the pH.
- the initial charge can then be heated to a temperature at or near the polymerization temperature.
- the monomers can, for example, be polymerized at a polymerization temperature of 20° C. or more (e.g., 25° C. or more, 30° C. or more, 35° C. or more, 40° C. or more, 45° C. or more, 50° C. or more, 55° C. or more, 60° C. or more, 65° C. or more, 70° C. or more, 75° C. or more, 80° C. or more, or 85° C. or more).
- the monomers can be polymerized at a polymerization temperature of 95° C. or less (e.g., 90° C. or less, 85° C. or less, 80° C. or less, 75° C. or less, 70° C.
- the polymerization temperature that the monomers are polymerized at can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the monomers can be polymerized at a polymerization temperature of from 20° C. to 95° C. (e.g., from 20° C. to 60° C., from 60° C. to 95° C., from 20° C. to 45° C., from 45° C. to 70° C., from 70° C. to 95° C., or from 30° C. to 85° C.).
- the monomers that are to be used in the polymerization can be continuously fed to the reactor in one or more monomer feed streams.
- the monomers can be supplied as a pre-emulsion in an aqueous medium.
- An initiator feed stream can also be continuously added to the reactor at the time the monomer feed stream is added although it may also be desirable to include at least a portion of the initiator solution to the reactor before adding a monomer pre-emulsion if one is used in the process.
- the monomer and initiator feed streams are typically continuously added to the reactor over a predetermined period of time (e.g., the feed time) to cause polymerization of the monomers and to thereby produce the polymer dispersion.
- the monomers can be provided over a feed time of 2 hours or more (e.g., 2.5 hours or more, 3 hours or more, 3.5 hours or more, 4 hours or more, 4.5 hours or more, 5 hours or more, 5.5 hours or more, 6 hours or more, 6.5 hours or more, 7 hours or more, 7.5 hours or more, 8 hours or more, 8.5 hours or more, or 9 hours or more).
- 2 hours or more e.g., 2.5 hours or more, 3 hours or more, 3.5 hours or more, 4 hours or more, 4.5 hours or more, 5 hours or more, 5.5 hours or more, 6 hours or more, 6.5 hours or more, 7 hours or more, 7.5 hours or more, 8 hours or more, 8.5 hours or more, or 9 hours or more.
- the monomers can be provided over a feed time of 10 hours or less (e.g., 9.5 hours or less, 9 hours or less, 8.5 hours or less, 8 hours or less, 7.5 hours or less, 7 hours or less, 6.5 hours or less, 6 hours or less, 5.5 hours or less, 5 hours or less, 4.5 hours or less, 4 hours or less, 3.5 hours or less, or 3 hours or less).
- the feed time can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above.
- the monomers can be provided over a feed time of from 2 hours to 10 hours (e.g., from 3 hours to 6 hours).
- a surfactant can be added as part of either the monomer stream or the initiator feed stream although they can be provided in a separate feed stream.
- one or more buffers can be included in either the monomer or initiator feed streams or provided in a separate feed stream to modify or maintain the pH of the reactor.
- the monomer feed stream can include one or more monomers (e.g., vinyl acetate; acrylate monomer; carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, organosilane; and maltodextrin).
- the monomers can be fed in one or more feed streams with each stream including one or more of the monomers being used in the polymerization process.
- the vinyl acetate; acrylate monomer; carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, organosilane; and the maltodextrin can be provided in separate monomer feed streams or can be added as a pre-emulsion.
- the copolymers are polymerized in multiple stages to produce particles having multiple phases. In some examples, the copolymers are polymerized in a single stage to produce a single phase particle.
- the initiator feed stream can include at least one initiator or initiator system that is used to cause the polymerization of the monomers in the monomer feed stream.
- the initiator stream can also include water and other desired components appropriate for the monomer reaction to be initiated.
- the initiator can be any initiator known in the art for use in emulsion polymerization such as azo initiators; ammonium, potassium or sodium persulfate; or a redox system that typically includes an oxidant and a reducing agent. Commonly used redox initiation systems are described, e.g., by A. S. Sarac in Progress in Polymer Science 24, 1149-1204 (1999).
- Exemplary initiators include azo initiators and aqueous solutions of sodium persulfate.
- the initiator stream can optionally include one or more buffers or pH regulators. In some examples, ammonia is not used during polymerization of the copolymers. Accordingly, the copolymer compositions can be free or substantially free of ammonia.
- a surfactant i.e., emulsifier
- emulsifier i.e., emulsifier
- the surfactant can be provided in the initial charge of the reactor, provided in the monomer feed stream, provided in an aqueous feed stream, provided in a pre-emulsion, provided in the initiator stream, or a combination thereof.
- the surfactant can also be provided as a separate continuous stream to the reactor.
- the polymer dispersion can be chemically stripped thereby decreasing its residual monomer content.
- This stripping process can include a chemical stripping step and/or a physical stripping step.
- the polymer dispersion is chemically stripped by continuously adding an oxidant such as a peroxide (e.g., t-butylhydroperoxide) and a reducing agent (e.g., sodium acetone bisulfite), or another redox pair to the reactor at an elevated temperature and for a predetermined period of time (e.g., 0.5 hours). Suitable redox pairs are described by A. S. Sarac in Progress in Polymer Science 24, 1149-1204 (1999).
- An optional defoamer can also be added if needed before or during the stripping step.
- a water or steam flush can be used to further eliminate the non-polymerized monomers in the dispersion.
- the pH of the polymer dispersion can be adjusted and a biocide or other additives can be added.
- Deformers, coalescing aids, or a plasticizer can be added after the stripping step or at a later time if desired.
- Cationic, anionic, and/or amphoteric surfactants or polyelectrolytes may optionally be added after the stripping step or at a later time if desired in the end product to provide a cationic or anionic polymer dispersion.
- the temperature of the reactor can be reduced.
- a carpet formulation was prepared with the components shown in Table 1, where the pH was 7.01 (controlled using NaOH).
- Carpet formulations A, B, C, and D were prepared as shown in Table 2. The properties of carpet formulations A, B, C, and D are shown in Table 3.
- a B C D Predicted Solids, % 74.5 77.3 79 79 VISC SPEC 7000-9000 7000-9000 7000-9000 7000-9000 (RVT, #5, 20 rpm): cp cp cp cp V A F (viscosity after 1700 2000 1800 1400 filler) TD (Thickener Demand) 7.17 5.46 5.27 8.92 Initial Viscosity, cp 8400 8200 8400 8000 Froth Rate, % 52.01 60.98 74.91 68.11 Froth Viscosity, cp 13000 14100 17600 15500 Viscosity after 1 Day, cp 8000 7200 7400 8600 Tensile, psi 341 454.46 565.28 575.21 Elongation, % 36.96 19.43 11.13 7.88 Cup Coat Wt 67.81 68.89 69.45 68.11 Precoat only on Nylon
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Abstract
Described herein are compositions comprising a vinyl acrylic copolymer derived in the presence of maltodextrin. In some examples, the compositions comprise a copolymer derived from: vinyl acetate; an acrylate monomer having a Tg of −30° C. or less; a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof; and an organosilane; in the presence of maltodextrin. The copolymer can be provided as an aqueous dispersion. In some examples, the aqueous dispersion can have an overall solids content of from 40% to 75%. Also disclosed herein are carpet tiles having a surface coated with the adhesive formulations disclosed herein. In some examples, the carpet tile with the adhesive formulation applied thereto can pass the British spill test. Also disclosed herein are methods of making the compositions disclosed herein.
Description
- The present disclosure related generally to copolymer compositions for use in adhesive formulations for carpet tile applications, and methods of making the same.
- In carpet tile applications, vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) latexes have been the predominant binders used with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) backing systems. PVC backings must be flexibilized using high levels of plasticizers. These plasticizers can migrate to the surface at the point of the adhesive layer. This can reduce bond strength resulting in premature delamination from the PVC backing layer when using certain latex types. While VAE latexes have excellent resistance to plasticizer migration, the VAE latexes are more hydrophilic than other latexes and as such have inferior wet strength compared to acrylic polymers. An adhesive formulation with excellent resistance to the plasticizer migration and excellent wet strength is needed for carpet tile applications. The compositions discussed herein address these and other needs.
- Described herein are compositions comprising a vinyl acrylic copolymer derived in the presence of maltodextrin. In some examples, the compositions comprise a copolymer derived from: vinyl acetate; an acrylate monomer having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of −30° C. or less; a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof; and an organosilane; in the presence of maltodextrin. In some examples, the copolymer can be derived from 30% to 90% by weight vinyl acetate, based on the total monomer content (e.g., from 45% to 75%).
- The acrylate monomer can, for example, comprise butyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the acrylate monomer can comprise butyl acrylate. The copolymer can, for example, be derived from 20% to 70% by weight of the acrylate monomer, based on the total monomer content (e.g., from 30% to 60%).
- As disclosed herein, the copolymer is derived from a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof. The carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof can, for example, be derived from a monocarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof can be selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, anhydrides thereof (e.g., itaconic anhydride, maleic anhydride), and combinations thereof. In some examples, the carboxylic acid comprises acrylic acid.
- The copolymer can, for example, be derived from greater than 0% to 10% by weight carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., from 0.5% to 2%).
- As disclosed herein, the copolymer is derived from an organosilane. In some examples, the organosilane comprises a vinyl silane. The organosilane can, for example, comprise vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl tris(2-methoxyethoxysilane), vinyl triisopropoxysilane, gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the organosilane comprises vinyltriethoxysilane. The copolymer can, for example, be derived from 0.05% to 2% by weight of the organosilane, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., from 0.1% to 0.5%).
- In addition to the monomers, the copolymer is formed in the presence of maltodextrin. The maltodextrin can have, for example, a dextrose equivalent (DE) of from 10 to 50 (e.g., from 10 to 35, from 12.5 to 25, or from 15 to 20). The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the maltodextrin can be, for example, from 3,000 to 20,000 Daltons (e.g., from 5,000 to 17,000 Daltons). In some examples, the maltodextrin can be soluble in water at room temperature in an amount of greater than about 40% by weight. The copolymer can, for example, comprise from 1% to 40% by weight of the maltodextrin (e.g., from 1% to 30% or from 5% to 25% by weight).
- In some examples, the copolymer can be polymerized in the presence of a surfactant. The surfactant can include nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, or a mixture thereof. In some examples, the surfactant can comprise a non-ionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant. In some examples, the surfactant can include a copolymerizable surfactant. In some examples, the copolymerizable surfactant comprises sodium vinyl sulfonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), or a combination thereof.
- As described herein, the monomers in the copolymer can, in some examples, be polymerized in the presence of a chain transfer agent. In some examples, the monomers can be polymerized in the presence of a crosslinker, such as triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, diallyl phthalate, butane dioldiacrylate, diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, or a combination thereof.
- In some examples, the copolymers described herein can have a measured Tg of from −35° C. to 30° C. or from −25° C. to 30° C., as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the mid-point temperature.
- Also disclosed herein are blends comprising the copolymers described herein and a second (co)polymer. For example, the second (co)polymer can comprise an acrylic (co)polymer, a carboxylated or non-carboxylated styrene-butadiene (co)polymer, or a combination thereof.
- The copolymer can be provided as an aqueous dispersion. In some examples, the aqueous dispersion can have an overall solids content of from 40% to 75% (e.g., from 55% to 75%). The aqueous dispersion can comprise a plurality of copolymer particles having a volume average particle size of from 80 nm to 500 nm.
- The aqueous dispersion comprising the copolymer can be used in adhesive formulations. The adhesive formulation can be stable and can, for example, have a minimum viscosity of 5,000 Cp or more and does not fluctuate more than 1000 Cp over a 1 day period as measured by a #5 spindle at 20 RPM on a Brookfield viscometer at a solids content of 75-85%.
- The adhesive formulations can be applied to a carpet tile. As such, also disclosed herein are carpet tiles having a surface coated with the adhesive formulations disclosed herein. The surface can, for example, a backing of the carpet tile. The backing can, for example, comprise polyvinylchloride (PVC). In some examples, the adhesive formulation on the carpet tile can have a dry tuft bind strength and a wet tuft bind strength, wherein the wet tuft bind strength is 60% to 70% of the dry tuft bind strength. In some examples, the carpet tile with the adhesive formulation applied thereto can pass the British spill test.
- The copolymers and compositions disclosed herein can be prepared by polymerizing the vinyl acetate; an acrylate monomer having a Tg of −30° C. or less; carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, and organosilane; in the presence of maltodextrin. In some examples, the monomers are polymerized in an aqueous medium. The monomers can, for example, be polymerized at a polymerization temperature of from 20° C. to 95° C. The monomers can be provided over a feed time of from 2 hours to 10 hours.
- Additional advantages of the disclosed compositions and methods will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description. The advantages of the disclosed compositions will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosed compositions, as claimed.
- The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
- The compositions and methods described herein may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of specific aspects of the disclosed subject matter and the examples included therein.
- Before the present compositions and methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the aspects described below are not limited to specific synthetic methods or specific reagents, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting.
- In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings.
- Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the words “comprise,” “include,” and other forms of these words, such as “comprising,” “comprises,” “including,” and “includes” are open, non-limiting terms and do not exclude additional elements such as, for example, additional additives, components, integers, or steps. Although the terms “comprising” and “including” have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments and are also disclosed.
- As used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a composition” includes mixtures of two or more such compositions, reference to “an agent” includes mixtures of two or more such agents, reference to “the component” includes mixtures of two or more such components, and the like.
- “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
- It is understood that throughout this specification the identifiers “first” and “second” are used solely to aid in distinguishing the various components and steps of the disclosed subject matter. The identifiers “first” and “second” are not intended to imply any particular order, amount, preference, or importance to the components or steps modified by these terms.
- The term “(meth)acryl . . . ” includes “acryl . . . ,” “methacryl . . . ,” or mixtures thereof.
- The term “(co)polymer” includes homopolymers, copolymers, or mixtures thereof.
- Described herein are compositions comprising a vinyl acrylic copolymer derived in the presence of maltodextrin. In some examples, the compositions comprise a copolymer derived from: vinyl acetate; an acrylate monomer having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of −30° C. or less; a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, and an organosilane; in the presence of maltodextrin.
- In some examples, the copolymer can be derived from 30% or more by weight vinyl acetate, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 35% or more, 40% or more, 45% or more, 50% or more, 55% or more, 60% or more, 65% or more, 70% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, or 85% or more). In some examples, the copolymer can be derived from 90% or less by weight vinyl acetate, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 85% or less, 80% or less, 75% or less, 70% or less, 65% or less, 60% or less, 55% or less, 50% or less, 45% or less, or 40% or less). The amount of vinyl acetate the copolymer is derived from can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the copolymer can be derived from 30% to 90% by weight vinyl acetate, based on the total monomer content (e.g., from 30% to 60%, from 60% to 90%, from 45% to 75%, from 40% to 90%, from 50% to 90%, from 70% to 90%, from 80% to 90%, or from 85% to 90%).
- As used herein, an acrylate monomer having a Tg of −30° C. or less refers to an acrylate monomer that when homopolymerized forms a polymer having a measured glass transition temperature of −30° C. or less, as measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the mid-point temperature using the method described, for example, in ASTM 3418/82. Examples of acrylate monomers having a Tg of −30° C. or less include, but are not limited to, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, iso-decyl acrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, ethyldiglycol acrylate, heptadecyl acrylate, iso-tridecyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxylbutyl acrylate, hydroxyethylcaprolactone acrylate, 2-propylheptyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, dibutyl maleate, dioctyl maleate, and combinations thereof. In some examples, the acrylate monomer comprises butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the acrylate monomer comprises butyl acrylate. In some examples, the acrylate monomer consists of butyl acrylate.
- The copolymer can, for example, be derived from 20% or more by weight of the acrylate monomer, based on the total monomer content (e.g., 25% or more, 30% or more, 35% or more, 40% or more, 45% or more, 50% or more, 55% or more, or 60% or more). In some examples, the copolymer can be derived form 70% or less by weight of the acrylate monomer, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 65% or less, 60% or less, 55% or less, 50% or less, 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, or 30% or less). The amount of the acrylate monomer the copolymer is derived from can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the copolymer can be derived from 20% to 70% by weight of the acrylate monomer, based on the total monomer content (e.g., from 20% to 45%, from 45% to 70%, from 20% to 30%, from 30% to 40%, from 40% to 50%, from 50% to 60%, from 60% to 70%, from 25% to 65%, or from 30% to 60%).
- As disclosed herein, the copolymer is derived from a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof. The carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof can, for example, be derived from a monocarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, or a combination thereof. Examples of suitable carboxylic acids and carboxylic anhydrides include, but are not limited to, (meth)acrylic acid, crotonic acid, dimethacrylic acid, ethylacrylic acid, allylacetic acid, vinylacetic acid maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, mesaconic acid, methylenemalonic acid, citraconic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, methylmalonic anhydride, and combinations thereof. In some examples, the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof can be selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, anhydrides thereof (e.g., itaconic anhydride, maleic anhydride), and combinations thereof. In some examples, the carboxylic acid comprises acrylic acid. In some examples, the carboxylic acid consists of acrylic acid.
- The copolymer can, for example, be derived from greater than 0% by weight of the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 0.1% or more, 0.25% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.75% or more, 1% or more, 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, 4% or more, 4.5% or more, 5% or more, 6% or more, 7% or more, or 8% or more). In some examples, the copolymer can be derived from 10% or less by weight of the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 9% or less, 8% or less, 7% or less, 6% or less, 5% or less, 4.5% or less, 4% or less, 3.5% or less, 3% or less, 2.5% or less, 2% or less, 1.5% or less, 1% or less, 0.75% or less, or 0.5% or less). The amount of carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof the copolymer is derived from can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the copolymer can be derived from greater than 0% to 10% by weight carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., from greater than 0% to 9%, from greater than 0% to 8%, from greater than 0% to 7%, from greater than 0% to 6%, from greater than 0% to 5%, from greater than 0% to 4%, from 0.1% to 3%, from 0.25% to 2.5%, or from 0.5% to 2%).
- As disclosed herein, the copolymer is derived from an organosilane. The organosilane can be represented by the formula (R1)—(Si)—(OR2)3, wherein R1 is a C1-C8 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or a C1-C8 substituted or unsubstituted alkene and R2, which are the same or different, each is a C1-C8 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. In some examples, the organosilane comprises a vinyl silane. Exemplary organosilanes can include vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl tris(2-methoxyethoxysilane), vinyl triisopropoxysilane, (meth)acryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-(meth)acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-(meth)acryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, or a mixture thereof. In some examples, the organosilane comprises vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl tris(2-methoxyethoxysilane), vinyl triisopropoxysilane, gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the organosilane comprises vinyltriethoxysilane. In some examples, the organosilane consists of vinylethoxysilane.
- The copolymer can, for example, be derived from 0.05% or more by weight of the organosilane, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 0.1% or more, 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1% or more, 1.1% or more, 1.2% or more, 1.3% or more, 1.4% or more, or 1.5% or more). In some examples, the copolymer can be derived from 2% or less by weight of the organosilane, based on the total monomer content (e.g., 1.9% or less, 1.8% or less, 1.7% or less, 1.6% or less, 1.5% or less, 1.4% or less, 1.3% or less, 1.2% or less, 1.1% or less, 1% or less, 0.9% or less, 0.8% or less, 0.7% or less, 0.6% or less, or 0.5% or less). The amount of organosilane the copolymer is derived form can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the copolymer can be derived from 0.05% to 2% by weight of the organosilane, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., from 0.05% to 1.5%, from 0.05% to 1%, from 0.05% to 0.9%, from 0.05% to 0.8%, from 0.05% to 0.7%, from 0.05% to 0.6%, or from 0.1% to 0.5%).
- The copolymer can be derived from other monomers. For example, the copolymer can be derived from vinyl esters of branched mono-carboxylic acids having a total of 8 to 12 carbon atoms in the acid residue moiety and 10 to 14 total carbon atoms such as, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl neo-nonanoate, vinyl neo-decanoate, vinyl neo-undecanoate, vinyl neo-dodecanoate and mixtures thereof, and copolymerizable surfactant monomers (e.g., those sold under the trademark ADEKA REASOAP).
- In addition to the monomers, the copolymer is formed in the presence of maltodextrin. The maltodextrin can have, for example, a dextrose equivalent (DE) of 10 or more (e.g., 10.5 or more, 11 or more, 11.5 or more, 12 or more, 12.5 or more, 13 or more, 13.5 or more, 14 or more, 14.5 or more, 15 or more, 16 or more, 17 or more, 18 or more, 19 or more, 20 or more, 21 or more, 22 or more, 23 or more, 24 or more, 25 or more, 30 or more, or 35 or more). In some examples, the maltodextrin can have a DE of 50 or less (e.g., 45 or less, 40 or less, 35 or less, 30 or less, 25 or less, 24 or less, 23 or less, 22 or less, 21 or less, 20 or less, 19 or less, 18 or less, 17 or less, 16 or less, 15 or less, 14.5 or less, 14 or less, 13.5 or less, 13 or less, or 12.5 or less). The DE value of the maltodextrin can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the maltodextrin can have a DE of from 10 to 50 (e.g., from 15 to 50, from 10 to 40, from 10 to 35, from 12.5 to 25, or from 15 to 20). The DE value can be determined in accordance with the Lane and Eynon test method (International Standard ISO 5377:1981).
- The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the maltodextrin can be, for example, 3,000 Daltons or more (e.g., 3,500 or more; 4,000 or more; 4,500 or more; 5,000 or more; 6,000 or more; 7,000 or more; 8,000 or more; 9,000 or more; 10,000 or more; 11,000 or more; 12,000 or more; 13,000 or more; 14,000 or more; 15,000 or more; 16,000 or more; or 17,000 or more). In some examples, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the maltodextrin can be 20,000 Daltons or less (e.g., 19,000 or less; 18,000 or less; 17,000 or less; 16,000 or less; 15,000 or less; 14,000 or less; 13,000 or less; 12,000 or less; 11,000 or less; 10,000 or less; 9,000 or less; 8,000 or less; 7,000 or less; 6,000 or less; or 5,000 or less). The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the maltodextrin can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the maltodextrin can be from 3,000 to 20,000 Daltons (e.g., from 3,000 to 19,000; from 4,000 to 19,000; from 4,500 to 18,000; from 5,000 to 17,000; or from 8,000 to 14,000). The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the maltodextrin can be determined by size exclusion chromatography.
- In some examples, the maltodextrin can be soluble in water at room temperature in an amount of greater than about 40% by weight (e.g., 45% or more, 50% or more, 55% or more, 60% or more, 65% or more, 70% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, 85% or more, 90% or more, or 95% or more). In some examples, the maltodextrin can be completely soluble in water at room temperature. The maltodextrin is generally degraded starches whose degradation is effected by heating with or without addition of chemicals, it being possible to recombine degradation fragments under the degradation conditions to form new bonds which were not present in this form in the original starch. Roast dextrins such as white and yellow dextrins that are prepared by heating moist-dry starch, usually in the presence of small amounts of acid, are less preferred. The maltodextrin can be prepared as described in Guinther Tegge, Starke und Starkederivate, Behr's Verlag, Hamburg 1984, p. 173 and p. 220ff. and in EP 441 197.
- The maltodextrin can be can be prepared from any native starches, such as cereal starches (e.g. corn, wheat, rice or barley), tuber and root starches (e.g. potatoes, tapioca roots or arrowroot) or sago starches. The maltodextrin can also have a bimodal molecular weight distribution and can have a weight average molecular weight as described above. The maltodextrin can have a nonuniformity U (defined as the ratio between the weight average weight Mw and the number average molecular weight Mn) that characterizes the molecular weight distribution in the range from 6 to 12, from 7 to 11 or from 8 to 10. The proportion by weight of maltodextrin having a molecular weight of below 1000 can be from 10% to 70% by weight, or 20 to 40% by weight.
- In some examples, the maltodextrin can be chemically modified such as by etherification or esterification. The chemical modification can also be carried out in advance on a starting starch before its degradation. Esterifications are possible using both inorganic and organic acids, or anhydrides or chlorides thereof. Phosphated and acetylated degraded starches can also be used. The most common method of etherification is treatment with organohalogen compounds, epoxides or sulfates in aqueous alkaline solution. The ethers can be alkyl ethers, hydroxyalkyl ethers, carboxyalkyl ethers and allylethers.
- The copolymer can, for example, comprise 1% or more by weight of the maltodextrin, based on the total monomer weight (e.g., 2% or more, 3% or more, 4% or more, 5% or more, 6% or more, 7% or more, 8% or more, 9% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, 25% or more, or 30% or more). In some examples, the copolymer can comprise 40% or less by weight of the maltodextrin (e.g., 35% or less, 30% or less, 25% or less, 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less, 9% or less, 8% or less, 7% or less, 6% or less, or 5% or less). The amount of the maltodextrin the copolymer comprises can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the copolymer can comprise from 1% to 40% by weight of the maltodextrin (e.g., from 1% to 30%, from 5% to 40%, from 5% to 35%, from 5% to 30%, from 5% to 25%, from 7% to 40%, from 7% to 35%, from 7% to 30%, from 7% to 25%, from 8% to 30%, from 8% to 25%, or from 8% to 20%).
- In some examples, the copolymer can be polymerized in the presence of a surfactant. The surfactant can include nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, or a mixture thereof. In some examples, the surfactant can comprise a non-ionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant. In some examples, the surfactant can include a copolymerizable surfactant. In some examples, the surfactant can include oleic acid surfactants, alkyl sulfate surfactants, alkyl aryl disulfonate surfactants, sulfonic acid surfactants, or alkylbenzene sulfonic acid or sulfonate surfactants. Exemplary surfactants can include sodium vinyl sulfate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth-1 sulfate, sodium laureth-2-sulfate, and the corresponding ammonium salts, triethylamine lauryl sulfate, triethylamine laureth sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine laureth sulfate, monoethanolamine lauryl sulfate, monoethanolamine laureth sulfate, diethanolamine lauryl sulfate, diethanolamine laureth sulfate, lauric monoglyceride sodium sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, potassium lauryl sulfate, potassium laureth sulfate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, lauryl sarcosine, cocyl sarcosine, ammonium cocoyl sulfate, ammonium lauroyl sulfate, sodium cocoyl sulfate, sodium lauroyl sulfate, potassium cocoyl sulfate, monoethanolamine cocoyl sulfate, monoethanolamine lauryl sulfate, sodium tridecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, C12 (branched) sodium diphenyl oxide disulfonate, or combinations thereof. Examples of commercially available surfactants include Calfoam® ES-303 (a sodium laureth sulfate), Calfoam SLS 30, and Calfax® DB-45 (a sodium dodecyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate), available from Pilot Chemical Company (Cincinnati, Ohio); Disponil SDS; Disponil FES; Disponil AFX 4030; Polystep LAS-40; Polystep B-19; Polystep B-29; Polystep A-18; Steol CS-230; Bio-Terge AS-40; Tergitol 15-S-40; Tergitol 15-S-20; Aerosol A-102; Aerosol MA-80-I; copolymerizable surfactants (e.g., those sold under the trademark ADEKA REASOAP); or combinations thereof. In some examples, the copolymerizable surfactant comprises sodium vinyl sulfonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), or a combination thereof.
- The amount of the surfactant employed can be 0.10% or more based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 1% or more, 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, or 4% or more). In some examples, the amount of surfactant employed can be 5% or less based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 4.5% or less, 4% or less, 3.5% or less, 3% or less, 2.5% or less, 2% or less, 1.5% or less, 1% or less, or 0.5% or less). The amount of the surfactant employed can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the amount of the surfactant employed can be from 0.1 to 5%, based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., from 0.1% to 2.5%, from 2.5% to 5%, from 0.1% to 1%, from 1% to 2%, from 2% to 3%, from 3% to 4%, from 4% to 5%, or from 0.5% to 4.5%).
- As described herein, the monomers in the copolymer can, in some examples, be polymerized in the presence of a chain transfer agent. A “chain transfer agent” as used herein refers to chemical compounds that are useful for controlling the molecular weights of polymers, for reducing gelation when polymerizations and copolymerizations involving diene monomers are conducted, and/or for preparing polymers and copolymers with useful chemical functionality at their chain ends. The chain transfer agent reacts with a growing polymer radical, causing the growing chain to terminate while creating a new reactive species capable of initiating polymerization. The phrase “chain transfer agent” is used interchangeably with the phrase “molecular weight regulator.”
- Suitable chain transfer agents for use during polymerization of the copolymers disclosed herein can include compounds having a carbon-halogen bond, a sulfur-hydrogen bond, a silicon-hydrogen bond, or a sulfur-sulfur bond; an allyl alcohol, or an aldehyde. In some examples, the chain transfer agents contain a sulfur-hydrogen bond, and are known as mercaptans. In some examples, the chain transfer agent can include C3-C20 mercaptans. Specific examples of the chain transfer agent can include octyl mercaptan such as n-octyl mercaptan and t-octyl mercaptan, decyl mercaptan, tetradecyl mercaptan, hexadecyl mercaptan, dodecyl mercaptan such as n-dodecyl mercaptan and t-dodecyl mercaptan, tert-butyl mercaptan, mercaptoethanol such as β-mercaptoethanol, 3-mercaptopropanol, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, tert-nonyl mercaptan, tert-dodecyl mercaptan, 6-mercaptomethyl-2-methyl-2-octanol, 4-mercapto-3-methyl-1-butanol, methyl-3-mercaptopropionate, butyl-3-mercaptopropionate, i-octyl-3-mercaptopropionate, i-decyl-3-mercaptopropionate, dodecyl-3-mercaptopropionate, octadecyl-3-mercaptopropionate, and 2-phenyl-1-mercapto-2-ethanol. Other suitable examples of chain transfer agents that can be used during polymerization of the copolymers include thioglycolic acid, methyl thioglycolate, n-butyl thioglycolate, i-octyl thioglycolate, dodecyl thioglycolate, octadecyl thioglycolate, ethylacrylic esters, terpinolene. In some examples, the chain transfer agent can include tert-dodecyl mercaptan.
- The amount of the chain transfer agent employed can be 0.05% or more based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 0.10% or more, 0.15% or more, 0.2% or more, 0.25% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.35% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.45% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.55% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.65% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.75% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.85% or more, or 0.9% or more). In some examples, the amount of the chain transfer agent employed can be 1% or less based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 0.95% or less, 0.9% or less, 0.85% or less, 0.8% or less, 0.75% or less, 0.7% or less, 0.65% or less, 0.6% or less, 0.55% or less, 0.5% or less, 0.45% or less, 0.4% or less, 0.35% or less, 0.3% or less, 0.25% or less, 0.2% or less, 0.15% or less, or 0.10% or less). The amount of chain transfer agent employed can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the amount of the chain transfer agent employed can be from 0.05% to 1% based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., from 0.05% to 0.5%, from 0.5% to 1%, from 0.05% to 0.3%, from 0.3% to 0.6%, 0.6% to 1%, or from 0.1% to 0.9%).
- In some examples, the monomers can be polymerized in the presence of a crosslinker, such as triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, diallyl phthalate, butane dioldiacrylate, diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, or a combination thereof. The amount of crosslinker employed can be 0.05% or more based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 0.1% or more, 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, 0.5% or more, 0.6% or more, 0.7% or more, 0.8% or more, 0.9% or more, 1% or more, 1.1% or more, 1.2% or more, 1.3% or more, 1.4% or more, 1.5% or more, 1.6% or more, 1.7% or more, or 1.8% or more). In some examples, the amount of crosslinker employed can be 2% or less based on the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized (e.g., 1.9% or less, 1.8% or less, 1.7% or less, 1.6% or less, 1.5% or less, 1.4% or less, 1.3% or less, 1.2% or less, 1.1% or less, 1% or less, 0.9% or less, 0.8% or less, 0.7% or less, 0.6% or less, 0.5% or less, 0.4% or less, 0.3% or less, or 0.2% or less). The mount of crosslinker employed can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the amount of crosslinker employed can be from 0.05% to 2% based on the total amount of monomers to be polymerized (e.g., from 0.05% to 1%, from 1% to 2%, from 0.05% to 0.5%, from 0.5% to 1%, from 1% to 1.5%, from 1.5% to 2%, or from 0.1% to 1.9%).
- The copolymers described herein can have a glass-transition temperature (Tg) and/or a Tg as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the mid-point temperature using the method described, for example, in ASTM 3418/82. The theoretical glass transition temperature or “theoretical Tg” of the copolymer refers to the estimated Tg calculated using the Fox equation. The Fox equation can be used to estimate the glass transition temperature of a polymer or copolymer as described, for example, in L. H. Sperling, “Introduction to Physical Polymer Science”, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 357 (1992) and T. G. Fox, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc, 1, 123 (1956), both of which are incorporated herein by reference. For example, the theoretical glass transition temperature of a copolymer derived from monomers a, b, . . . , and i can be calculated according to the equation below
-
- where wa is the weight fraction of monomer a in the copolymer, Tga is the glass transition temperature of a homopolymer of monomer a, wb is the weight fraction of monomer b in the copolymer, Tgb is the glass transition temperature of a homopolymer of monomer b, wi is the weight fraction of monomer i in the copolymer, Tgi is the glass transition temperature of a homopolymer of monomer i, and Tg is the theoretical glass transition temperature of the copolymer derived from monomers a, b, . . . , and i.
- In some examples, the copolymers described herein can have a measured Tg of −35° C. or more, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the mid-point temperature (e.g., −25° C. or more, −20° C. or more, −15° C. or more, −10° C. or more, −5° C. or more, 0° C. or more, 5° C. or more, 10° C. or more, 15° C. or more, 20° C. or more, or 25° C. or more). In some examples, the copolymers described herein can have a measured Tg of 30° C. or less, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the mid-point temperature (e.g., 25° C. or less, 20° C. or less, 15° C. or less, 10° C. or less, 5° C. or less, 0° C. or less, −5° C. or less, −10° C. or less, −15° C. or less, −20° C. or less, or −25° C. or less). The measured Tg of the copolymer can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the copolymers described herein can have a measured Tg of from −35° C. to 30° C., as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the mid-point temperature (e.g., from −35° C. to 0° C., from 0° C. to 30° C., from −35° C. to −20° C., from −20° C. to −5° C., from −5° C. to 10° C., from 10° C. to 30° C., or from −25° C. to 30° C.).
- The copolymer can be provided as an aqueous dispersion. The aqueous dispersion can include, as the disperse phase, the copolymer dispersed in an aqueous dispersion medium or aqueous phase. In some examples, aqueous dispersion can comprise water and the copolymer.
- In some examples, the aqueous dispersion can have an overall solids content of 40% or more (e.g., 45% or more, 50% or more, 55% or more, 60% or more, 65% or more, or 70% or more). In some examples, the aqueous dispersion can have an overall solids content of 75% or less (e.g., 70% or less, 65% or less, 60% or less, 55% or less, or 50% or less). The overall solids content of the aqueous dispersion can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the aqueous dispersion can have an overall solids content of from 40% to 75% (e.g., from 40% to 55%, from 45% to 75%, from 50% to 75%, from 55% to 75%, or from 60% to 75%). The overall solids content can be measured in an oven by water evaporation.
- The aqueous dispersion can comprise a plurality of copolymer particles having a volume average particle size. The plurality of copolymer particles can have an average particle size of 80 nanometers (nm) or more (e.g., 90 nm or more, 100 nm or more, 110 nm or more, 120 nm or more, 130 nm or more, 140 nm or more, 150 nm or more, 160 nm or more, 170 nm or more, 180 nm or more, 190 nm or more, 200 nm or more, 225 nm or more, 250 nm or more, 275 nm or more, 300 nm or more, 325 nm or more, 350 nm or more, 375 nm or more, 400 nm or more, 425 nm or more, or 450 nm or more). In some examples, the plurality of copolymer particles can have a volume average particle size of 500 nm or less (e.g., 475 nm or less, 450 nm or less, 425 nm or less, 400 nm or less, 375 nm or less, 350 nm or less, 325 nm or less, 300 nm or less, 275 nm or less, 250 nm or less, 225 nm or less, 200 nm or less, 190 nm or less, 180 nm or less, 170 nm or less, 160 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 140 nm or less, 130 nm or less, 120 nm or less, 110 nm or less, or 100 nm or less). The volume average particle size of the plurality of copolymer particles can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the plurality of copolymer particles can have a volume average particle size of from 80 nm to 500 nm (e.g., from 80 nm to 300 nm, from 300 nm to 500 nm, from 80 nm to 175 nm, from 175 nm to 275 nm, from 275 nm to 375 nm, from 375 nm to 500 nm, or from 100 nm to 400 nm). The particle size can be determined using dynamic light scattering measurements using the Nanotrac Wave II Q available from Microtrac Inc., Montgomeryville, Pa.
- The aqueous dispersion comprising the copolymer can be used in adhesive formulations.
- The adhesive formulation can be stable during storage. For example, the adhesive formulation can have a minimum viscosity of 5,000 Cp or more (e.g., 5,500 Cp or more; 6,000 Cp or more; 6,500 Cp or more; or 7,000 Cp or more) and does not fluctuate more than 1000 Cp over a 1 day period as measured by a #5 spindle at 20 RPM on a Brookfield viscometer at a solids content of 75-85 wt %.
- The adhesive formulations can further include one or more additives. For example, the adhesive formulations can further comprise clay, delaminated clay, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, or a combination thereof. Examples of additional additives include, but are not limited to, one or more coalescing aids/agents (coalescents), plasticizers, defoamers, additional surfactants, pH modifying agents, fillers, pigments, dispersing agents, thickeners, biocides, lubricants (e.g., calcium stearate), flame retardants, stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, flattening agents, optical brighteners and fluorescent additives, curing agents, flow agents, wetting or spreading agents, leveling agents, hardeners, thixotropic agents, freeze store stability additives, ultraviolet light stabilizers, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the additive can be added to impart certain properties to the adhesive formulation such as smoothness, whiteness, increased density or weight, decreased porosity, increased opacity, flatness, glossiness, decreased blocking resistance, barrier properties, viscosity, tuft bind performance, peel/fuzz properties, and the like.
- Suitable coalescing aids, which aid in film formation during drying, include ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, or combinations thereof.
- Defoamers serve to minimize frothing during mixing and/or application of the adhesive component. Suitable defoamers include organic defoamers such as mineral oils, silicone oils, and silica-based defoamers. Exemplary silicone oils include polysiloxanes, polydimethylsiloxanes, polyether modified polysiloxanes, or combinations thereof. Exemplary defoamers include BYK®-035, available from BYK USA Inc., the TEGO® series of defoamers, available from Evonik Industries, the DREWPLUS® series of defoamers, available from Ashland Inc., and FOAMASTER® NXZ, available from BASF Corporation.
- Plasticizers can be added to the compositions to reduce the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the compositions below that of the drying temperature to allow for good film formation. Suitable plasticizers include diethylene glycol dibenzoate, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, tripropylene glycol dibenzoate, butyl benzyl phthalate, or a combination thereof. Exemplary plasticizers include phthalate based plasticizers.
- Pigments that can be included in the compositions can be selected from TiO2 (in both anatase and rutile forms), clay (aluminum silicate), CaCO3 (in both ground and precipitated forms), aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, talc (magnesium silicate), barytes (barium sulfate), zinc oxide, zinc sulfite, sodium oxide, potassium oxide and mixtures thereof. Examples of commercially available titanium dioxide pigments are KRONOS® 2101, KRONOS® 2310, available from Kronos WorldWide, Inc., TI-PURE® R-900, available from DuPont, or TIONA® ATl commercially available from Millennium Inorganic Chemicals. Titanium dioxide is also available in concentrated dispersion form. An example of a titanium dioxide dispersion is KRONOS® 4311, also available from Kronos WorldWide, Inc. Suitable pigment blends of metal oxides are sold under the marks MINEX® (oxides of silicon, aluminum, sodium and potassium commercially available from Unimin Specialty Minerals), CELITE® (aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide commercially available from Celite Company), and ATOMITE® (commercially available from Imerys Performance Minerals). Exemplary fillers also include clays such as attapulgite clays and kaolin clays including those sold under the ATTAGEL® and ANSILEX® marks (commercially available from BASF Corporation). Additional fillers include nepheline syenite, (25% nepheline, 55% sodium feldspar, and 20% potassium feldspar), feldspar (an aluminosilicate), diatomaceous earth, calcined diatomaceous earth, talc (hydrated magnesium silicate), aluminosilicates, silica (silicon dioxide), alumina (aluminum oxide), alumina trihydrate (ATM), mica (hydrous aluminum potassium silicate), pyrophyllite (aluminum silicate hydroxide), perlite, baryte (barium sulfate), Wollastonite (calcium metasilicate), and combinations thereof. More preferably, the at least one filler includes TiO2, CaCO3, and/or a clay. In some examples, the adhesive formulation further comprises a filler comprising alumina trihydrate (ATH), CaCO3, or a combination thereof. The fillers can, for example, provide desired performance relating to dimensional stability, Tuft Bind strength, and/or shedding/fuzz properties of a carpet tile comprising the adhesive formulation.
- Examples of suitable thickeners include hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide urethane (HEUR) polymers, hydrophobically modified alkali soluble emulsion (HASE) polymers, hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl celluloses (HMHECs), hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide, and combinations thereof. HEUR polymers are linear reaction products of diisocyanates with polyethylene oxide end-capped with hydrophobic hydrocarbon groups. HASE polymers are homopolymers of (meth)acrylic acid, or copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylate esters, or maleic acid modified with hydrophobic vinyl monomers. HMHECs include hydroxyethyl cellulose modified with hydrophobic alkyl chains. Hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides include copolymers of acrylamide with acrylamide modified with hydrophobic alkyl chains (N-alkyl acrylamide). Other suitable thickeners that can be used in the adhesive formulations can include acrylic copolymer dispersions sold under the STEROCOLL™ and LATEKOLL™ trademarks from BASF Corporation, Florham Park, N.J.; urethanes thickeners sold under the RHEOVIST™ trademark (e.g., Rheovis PU 1214); hydroxyethyl cellulose; guar gum; carrageenan; xanthan; acetan; konjac; mannan; xyloglucan; and mixtures thereof. The thickeners can be added to the composition formulation as an aqueous dispersion or emulsion, or as a solid powder. Thickeners can be added to the adhesive formulation to control the viscosity, which can influence penetration relating to tuft bind performance and peel/fuzz properties of the adhesive formulation.
- Additional surfactants can, for example, be used to control the froth properties relating to penetration of the adhesive formulation and weight control of the adhesive formulation. Surfactant types and levels can influence the rheology of the adhesive formulation to determine such properties.
- Examples of suitable pH modifying agents include bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, amino alcohols, monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, diisopropanolamine (DIPA), 1-amino-2-propanol (AMP), ammonia, and combinations thereof. The pH of the dispersion can be 3 or more (e.g., 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, or 8 or more). In some examples, the pH of the dispersion can be 10 or less (e.g., 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, or 5 or less). The pH of the dispersion can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the pH of the dispersion can be from 3 to 10 (e.g., from 3 to 7, from 7 to 10, from 3 to 5, from 5 to 7, from 4 to 9, or from 5 to 8).
- Suitable biocides can be incorporated to inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microbes in the adhesive formulation during storage. Exemplary biocides include 2-[(hydroxymethyl)amino]ethanol, 2-[(hydroxymethyl) amino]2-methyl-1-propanol, o-phenylphenol, sodium salt, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CIT), 2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT), 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3-isothiazolone, as well as acceptable salts and combinations thereof. Suitable biocides also include biocides that inhibit the growth of mold, mildew, and spores thereof in the adhesive. Examples of mildewcides include 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate, 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole, 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, diiodomethyl p-tolyl sulfone, as well as acceptable salts and combinations thereof. In certain examples, the adhesive formulation contains 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one or a salt thereof. Biocides of this type include PROXEL® BD20, commercially available from Arch Chemicals, Inc. The biocide can alternatively be applied as a film to the adhesive and a commercially available film-forming biocide is Zinc Omadine® commercially available from Arch Chemicals, Inc.
- Exemplary co-solvents and humectants include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and combinations thereof. Exemplary dispersants can include sodium polyacrylates in aqueous solution such as those sold under the DARVAN trademark by R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Norwalk, Conn.
- Also disclosed herein are blends comprising the copolymers described herein and a second (co)polymer. For example, the second (co)polymer can comprise an acrylic (co)polymer, a carboxylated or non-carboxylated styrene-butadiene (co)polymer, or a combination thereof. The copolymers described herein can be present in an amount of 15% to 95%, 20% to 90%, 25% to 85%, 30% to 80%, 35% to 75%, 40% to 70%, 45% to 65%, or 50% to 60%, by weight, based on the total amount of polymers in the compositions described herein.
- The adhesive formulations can be applied to a carpet tile. As such, also disclosed herein are carpet tiles having a surface coated with the adhesive formulations disclosed herein. The surface can, for example, a backing of the carpet tile. The backing can, for example, comprise polyvinylchloride (PVC).
- The adhesive composition can be applied to a surface by any suitable coating technique, including spraying, rolling, brushing, or spreading. The adhesive formulation can be applied in a single coat, or in multiple sequential coats (e.g., in two coats or in three coats) as required for a particular application. The adhesive formulation can be applied as a layer having an application weight of 10 ounces per square yard (oz/yd2) or more (e.g., 11 oz/yd2 or more, 12 oz/yd2 or more, 13 oz/yd2 or more, 14 oz/yd2 or more, 15 oz/yd2 or more, 16 oz/yd2 or more, 17 oz/yd2 or more, 18 oz/yd2 or more, 19 oz/yd2 or more, 20 oz/yd2 or more, 21 oz/yd2 or more, or 22 oz/yd2 or more). In some examples, the adhesive formulation can be applied as a layer having an application weight of 24 oz/yd2 or less (e.g., 23 oz/yd2 or less, 22 oz/yd2 or less, 21 oz/yd2 or less, 20 oz/yd2 or less, 19 oz/yd2 or less, 18 oz/yd2 or less, 17 oz/yd2 or less, 16 oz/yd2 or less, 15 oz/yd2 or less, 14 oz/yd2 or less, 13 oz/yd2 or less, or 12 oz/yd2 or less). The application weight of the layer of adhesive formulation can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the adhesive formulation can be applied as a layer having an application weight of from 10 oz/yd2 to 24 oz/yd2 (e.g., from 10 oz/yd2 to 17 oz/yd2, from 17 oz/yd2 to 24 oz/yd2, from 10 oz/yd2 to 12 oz/yd2, from 12 oz/yd2 to 14 oz/yd2, from 14 oz/yd2 to 16 oz/yd2 from 16 oz/yd2 to 18 oz/yd2, from 18 oz/yd2 to 20 oz/yd2, from 20 oz/yd2 to 22 oz/yd2, from 22 oz/yd2 to 24 oz/yd2, or from 11 oz/yd2 to 23 oz/yd2).
- In some examples, the adhesive formulation on the carpet tile can have a dry tuft bind strength and a wet tuft bind strength, wherein the wet tuft bind strength is 60% or more of the dry tuft strength (e.g., 61% or more, 62% or more, 63% or more, 64% or more, 65% or more, 66% or more, or 67% or more). In some examples, the adhesive formulation on the carpet tile can have a wet tuft bind strength that is 70% or less of the dry tuft bind strength (e.g., 69% or less, 68% or less, 67% or less, 66% or less, 65% or less, 64% or less, or 63% or less). The wet tuft bind strength can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the adhesive formulation on the carpet tile can have a wet tuft bind strength that is 60% to 70% of the dry tuft bind strength (e.g., from 60% to 65%, from 65% to 70%, or from 63% to 67%). Dry and wet tuft are measured using an Instron with head traveling 12 inches/min and are reported as lb-force/tuft. Wet strength is measured after complete immersion in water.
- In some examples, the carpet tile with the adhesive formulation applied thereto can pass the British spill test. The British spill test involves poring 100 ml of a blue dye solution on the face of the carpet and after 24 hours a visual inspection is made as to whether dye is seen on paper placed on the opposite face of the carpet (back face). If no dye is seen on the paper placed on the back face of the carpet after 24 hours, the carpet is said to have passed the British spill test.
- The copolymers and compositions disclosed herein can be prepared by any polymerization method known in the art. Suitable methods are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,813, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Although the copolymers can be prepared as block copolymers, they are preferably prepared as random copolymers.
- In some examples, the copolymers disclosed herein are prepared by a dispersion, a mini-emulsion, or an emulsion polymerization. The copolymers disclosed herein can be prepared, for instance, by polymerizing the vinyl acetate; acrylate monomer having a Tg of −30° C. or less; carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, and organosilane; in the presence of maltodextrin. In some examples, the copolymers disclosed herein can be prepared using free-radical aqueous emulsion polymerization. In some examples, the polymerization medium is an aqueous medium. The aqueous medium can include water alone or a mixture of water and water-miscible liquids, such as methanol. In some examples, water is used alone.
- The emulsion polymerization can be carried out either as a batch, semi-batch, or continuous process. In some examples, a portion of the monomers can be heated to the polymerization temperature and partially polymerized, and the remainder of the polymerization batch can be subsequently fed to the polymerization zone continuously, in steps or with superposition of a concentration gradient. The process can use a single reactor or a series of reactors as would be readily understood by those skilled in the art. For example, a review of heterophase polymerization techniques is provided in M. Antonelli and K. Tauer, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2003, vol. 204, p 207-19.
- A copolymer dispersion can be prepared by first charging a reactor with water, the monomers, the maltodextrin, and optionally additional monomers, chain transfer agent, surfactant, etc. A seed latex, though optional, can be included in the reactor to help initiate polymerization and helps produce a polymer having a consistent particle size. Any seed latex appropriate for the specific monomer reaction can be used such as a polystyrene seed. The initial charge can also include a chelating or complexing agent such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Other compounds such as buffers can be added to the reactor to provide the desired pH for the emulsion polymerization reaction. For example, bases or basic salts such as KOH or tetrasodium pyrophosphate can be used to increase the pH whereas acids or acidic salts can be used to decrease the pH. The initial charge can then be heated to a temperature at or near the polymerization temperature.
- The monomers can, for example, be polymerized at a polymerization temperature of 20° C. or more (e.g., 25° C. or more, 30° C. or more, 35° C. or more, 40° C. or more, 45° C. or more, 50° C. or more, 55° C. or more, 60° C. or more, 65° C. or more, 70° C. or more, 75° C. or more, 80° C. or more, or 85° C. or more). In some examples, the monomers can be polymerized at a polymerization temperature of 95° C. or less (e.g., 90° C. or less, 85° C. or less, 80° C. or less, 75° C. or less, 70° C. or less, 65° C. or less, 60° C. or less, 55° C. or less, 50° C. or less, 45° C. or less, 40° C. or less, 35° C. or less, or 30° C. or less). The polymerization temperature that the monomers are polymerized at can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the monomers can be polymerized at a polymerization temperature of from 20° C. to 95° C. (e.g., from 20° C. to 60° C., from 60° C. to 95° C., from 20° C. to 45° C., from 45° C. to 70° C., from 70° C. to 95° C., or from 30° C. to 85° C.).
- After the initial charge, the monomers that are to be used in the polymerization can be continuously fed to the reactor in one or more monomer feed streams. The monomers can be supplied as a pre-emulsion in an aqueous medium. An initiator feed stream can also be continuously added to the reactor at the time the monomer feed stream is added although it may also be desirable to include at least a portion of the initiator solution to the reactor before adding a monomer pre-emulsion if one is used in the process. The monomer and initiator feed streams are typically continuously added to the reactor over a predetermined period of time (e.g., the feed time) to cause polymerization of the monomers and to thereby produce the polymer dispersion.
- The monomers can be provided over a feed time of 2 hours or more (e.g., 2.5 hours or more, 3 hours or more, 3.5 hours or more, 4 hours or more, 4.5 hours or more, 5 hours or more, 5.5 hours or more, 6 hours or more, 6.5 hours or more, 7 hours or more, 7.5 hours or more, 8 hours or more, 8.5 hours or more, or 9 hours or more). In some examples, the monomers can be provided over a feed time of 10 hours or less (e.g., 9.5 hours or less, 9 hours or less, 8.5 hours or less, 8 hours or less, 7.5 hours or less, 7 hours or less, 6.5 hours or less, 6 hours or less, 5.5 hours or less, 5 hours or less, 4.5 hours or less, 4 hours or less, 3.5 hours or less, or 3 hours or less). The feed time can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the monomers can be provided over a feed time of from 2 hours to 10 hours (e.g., from 3 hours to 6 hours).
- A surfactant can be added as part of either the monomer stream or the initiator feed stream although they can be provided in a separate feed stream. Furthermore, one or more buffers can be included in either the monomer or initiator feed streams or provided in a separate feed stream to modify or maintain the pH of the reactor.
- As mentioned above, the monomer feed stream can include one or more monomers (e.g., vinyl acetate; acrylate monomer; carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, organosilane; and maltodextrin). The monomers can be fed in one or more feed streams with each stream including one or more of the monomers being used in the polymerization process. For example, the vinyl acetate; acrylate monomer; carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof, organosilane; and the maltodextrin can be provided in separate monomer feed streams or can be added as a pre-emulsion. It can also be advantageous to delay the feed of certain monomers to provide certain polymer properties or to provide a layered or multiphase structure (e.g., a core/shell structure). In some examples, the copolymers are polymerized in multiple stages to produce particles having multiple phases. In some examples, the copolymers are polymerized in a single stage to produce a single phase particle.
- The initiator feed stream can include at least one initiator or initiator system that is used to cause the polymerization of the monomers in the monomer feed stream. The initiator stream can also include water and other desired components appropriate for the monomer reaction to be initiated. The initiator can be any initiator known in the art for use in emulsion polymerization such as azo initiators; ammonium, potassium or sodium persulfate; or a redox system that typically includes an oxidant and a reducing agent. Commonly used redox initiation systems are described, e.g., by A. S. Sarac in Progress in Polymer Science 24, 1149-1204 (1999). Exemplary initiators include azo initiators and aqueous solutions of sodium persulfate. The initiator stream can optionally include one or more buffers or pH regulators. In some examples, ammonia is not used during polymerization of the copolymers. Accordingly, the copolymer compositions can be free or substantially free of ammonia.
- In addition to the monomers and initiator, a surfactant (i.e., emulsifier) such as those described herein can be fed to the reactor. The surfactant can be provided in the initial charge of the reactor, provided in the monomer feed stream, provided in an aqueous feed stream, provided in a pre-emulsion, provided in the initiator stream, or a combination thereof. The surfactant can also be provided as a separate continuous stream to the reactor.
- Once polymerization is completed, the polymer dispersion can be chemically stripped thereby decreasing its residual monomer content. This stripping process can include a chemical stripping step and/or a physical stripping step. In some examples, the polymer dispersion is chemically stripped by continuously adding an oxidant such as a peroxide (e.g., t-butylhydroperoxide) and a reducing agent (e.g., sodium acetone bisulfite), or another redox pair to the reactor at an elevated temperature and for a predetermined period of time (e.g., 0.5 hours). Suitable redox pairs are described by A. S. Sarac in Progress in Polymer Science 24, 1149-1204 (1999). An optional defoamer can also be added if needed before or during the stripping step. In a physical stripping step, a water or steam flush can be used to further eliminate the non-polymerized monomers in the dispersion. Once the stripping step is completed, the pH of the polymer dispersion can be adjusted and a biocide or other additives can be added. Deformers, coalescing aids, or a plasticizer can be added after the stripping step or at a later time if desired. Cationic, anionic, and/or amphoteric surfactants or polyelectrolytes may optionally be added after the stripping step or at a later time if desired in the end product to provide a cationic or anionic polymer dispersion.
- Once the polymerization reaction is complete, and the stripping step is completed, the temperature of the reactor can be reduced.
- A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
- The examples below are intended to further illustrate certain aspects of the systems and methods described herein, and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.
- The following examples are set forth below to illustrate the methods and results according to the disclosed subject matter. These examples are not intended to be inclusive of all aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein, but rather to illustrate representative methods and results. These examples are not intended to exclude equivalents and variations of the present invention which are apparent to one skilled in the art.
- Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. There are numerous variations and combinations of measurement conditions, e.g., component concentrations, temperatures, pressures and other measurement ranges and conditions that can be used to optimize the described process.
- An example of a carpet latex composition and the corresponding evaluation are described below.
- A carpet formulation was prepared with the components shown in Table 1, where the pH was 7.01 (controlled using NaOH).
-
TABLE 1 Materials for the carpet formulation. TSC BASE 1 Latex Binder 52.58 100 Sodium Salt of Acrylic Polymer 41.6 0.4 other additive 50 1.35 - Carpet formulations A, B, C, and D were prepared as shown in Table 2. The properties of carpet formulations A, B, C, and D are shown in Table 3.
-
TABLE 2 Materials for the carpet formulations A, B, C, and D. TSC A B C D Latex Binder of the 52.49 100 100 100 100 Invention ground calcium 100 200 250 300 350 carbonate anionic surfactant blend 30 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 starch dispersion 45 3 3 3 3 alkali-swellable 15.5 1 1 1 1 emulsion thickener -
TABLE 3 Properties of carpet formulations A, B, C, and D. A B C D Predicted Solids, % 74.5 77.3 79 79 VISC SPEC 7000-9000 7000-9000 7000-9000 7000-9000 (RVT, #5, 20 rpm): cp cp cp cp V A F (viscosity after 1700 2000 1800 1400 filler) TD (Thickener Demand) 7.17 5.46 5.27 8.92 Initial Viscosity, cp 8400 8200 8400 8000 Froth Rate, % 52.01 60.98 74.91 68.11 Froth Viscosity, cp 13000 14100 17600 15500 Viscosity after 1 Day, cp 8000 7200 7400 8600 Tensile, psi 341 454.46 565.28 575.21 Elongation, % 36.96 19.43 11.13 7.88 Cup Coat Wt 67.81 68.89 69.45 68.11 Precoat only on Nylon 15.04 13.06 13.39 11.88 Loop carpet Tuft Bind Dry, psi Precoat only on Nylon 5 5 4.5 5 Loop carpet Velcro Rating Dry range (1 (poor) to 5 (no fuzzing)) Bundle Wrap % 99.5 99.3 99.4 99.4 Tuft Bind Dry, lb*force — — 11.43 10.33 Tuft Bind 1 min Wet, — — 10.52 7.97 units Tuft Bind 20 min Wet, — — 6.65 4.06 units Velcro Rating 20 min — — 3 2.5 Wet, units - Other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention will be evident to one skilled in the art. It will be understood that certain features and sub-combinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims. Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
- The methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein or less, however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated.
Claims (21)
1.-52. (canceled)
53. A composition comprising a copolymer derived from:
vinyl acetate;
an acrylate monomer having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of −30° C. or less;
a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof; and
an organosilane;
in the presence of maltodextrin.
54. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the copolymer is derived from 30-90% by weight vinyl acetate based on the total monomer weight.
55. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the copolymer is derived from 45-75% by weight vinyl acetate, based on the total monomer weight.
56. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the acrylate monomer comprises butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, or a combination thereof.
57. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the acrylate monomer comprises butyl acrylate.
58. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the copolymer is derived from 20-70% by weight of the acrylate monomer, based on the total monomer weight.
59. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the copolymer is derived from 30-60% by weight the acrylate monomer, based on the total monomer weight.
60. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof is derived from a monocarboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, or a combination thereof.
61. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride, or combination thereof is selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, anhydrides thereof, and combinations thereof.
62. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the carboxylic acid comprises acrylic acid.
63. The composition of claim 53 wherein the copolymer is derived from greater than 0% to 10% by weight of the carboxylic acid, based on the total monomer weight.
64. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the copolymer is derived from 0.5-2% by weight of the carboxylic acid, based on the total monomer weight.
65. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the organosilane comprises a vinyl silane.
66. The composition of a claim 53 , wherein the organosilane comprises vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl tris(2-methoxyethoxysilane), vinyl triisopropoxysilane, gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, or combinations thereof.
67. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the organosilane comprises vinyltriethoxysilane.
68. The composition of claim 53 , wherein the copolymer is derived from 0.05% to 2% by weight of the organosilane, based on the total monomer weight.
69. An aqueous dispersion comprising water and the copolymer of claim 53 .
70. An adhesive formulation, comprising the aqueous dispersion of claim 69 .
71. A carpet tile having a surface coated with the adhesive formulation of claim 70 .
72. A method of making the composition of claim 53 , the method comprising polymerizing monomers comprising:
vinyl acetate;
an acrylate monomer having a Tg of −30° C. or less;
a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a combination thereof; and
an organosilane;
in the presence of maltodextrin.
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CN (1) | CN111465628A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2019088991A1 (en) |
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CN111593569A (en) * | 2020-06-09 | 2020-08-28 | 金隅微观(沧州)化工有限公司 | Green environment-friendly setting agent suitable for thermal insulation material |
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DE4133193A1 (en) | 1991-10-07 | 1993-04-08 | Basf Ag | WAFER POLYMERISATE DISPERSIONS |
US8604122B2 (en) * | 2006-12-20 | 2013-12-10 | Rohm And Haas Company | Curable aqueous compositions |
US20120021237A1 (en) * | 2010-07-20 | 2012-01-26 | Celanese International Corporation | Vinyl ester/ethylene-based binders for paper and paperboard coatings |
WO2014031579A2 (en) * | 2012-08-21 | 2014-02-27 | Celanese International Corporation | Carpet coating compositions of vinyl acetate having improved wet and/or dry strength |
ES2962240T3 (en) * | 2014-04-11 | 2024-03-18 | Basf Se | Aqueous polymer dispersion for paper with a copolymer of vinyl acetate and an acrylate monomer prepared in the presence of a starch derivative |
AU2015289326B2 (en) * | 2014-07-15 | 2018-08-30 | Basf Se | Pressure sensitive adhesives |
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2017
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- 2017-10-31 CN CN201780096461.5A patent/CN111465628A/en active Pending
- 2017-10-31 US US16/760,105 patent/US11427667B2/en active Active
- 2017-10-31 EP EP17808640.1A patent/EP3704169A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2022
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WO2019088991A1 (en) | 2019-05-09 |
US20200255707A1 (en) | 2020-08-13 |
EP3704169A1 (en) | 2020-09-09 |
US11427667B2 (en) | 2022-08-30 |
CN111465628A (en) | 2020-07-28 |
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