US20220325244A1 - Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof - Google Patents
Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20220325244A1 US20220325244A1 US17/729,681 US202217729681A US2022325244A1 US 20220325244 A1 US20220325244 A1 US 20220325244A1 US 202217729681 A US202217729681 A US 202217729681A US 2022325244 A1 US2022325244 A1 US 2022325244A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- seq
- cells
- cancer
- cell
- irf8
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 139
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 116
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 title abstract description 461
- 210000004443 dendritic cell Anatomy 0.000 title abstract description 380
- 230000008672 reprogramming Effects 0.000 title abstract description 65
- 210000000612 antigen-presenting cell Anatomy 0.000 title abstract description 41
- 102000040945 Transcription factor Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 108091023040 Transcription factor Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 108010008929 proto-oncogene protein Spi-1 Proteins 0.000 claims description 88
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 claims description 88
- 102100038069 Interferon regulatory factor 8 Human genes 0.000 claims description 87
- 102100027654 Transcription factor PU.1 Human genes 0.000 claims description 87
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 81
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 108010017213 Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Proteins 0.000 claims description 14
- 102100039620 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor Human genes 0.000 claims description 13
- 101001032345 Homo sapiens Interferon regulatory factor 8 Proteins 0.000 claims description 13
- 108010065805 Interleukin-12 Proteins 0.000 claims description 13
- 102000013462 Interleukin-12 Human genes 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000013603 viral vector Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 108010074328 Interferon-gamma Proteins 0.000 claims description 11
- 102000003814 Interleukin-10 Human genes 0.000 claims description 11
- 108090000174 Interleukin-10 Proteins 0.000 claims description 11
- 108090001005 Interleukin-6 Proteins 0.000 claims description 10
- 102100037850 Interferon gamma Human genes 0.000 claims description 9
- 108090000978 Interleukin-4 Proteins 0.000 claims description 9
- 102000004388 Interleukin-4 Human genes 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001177 retroviral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 108700014844 flt3 ligand Proteins 0.000 claims description 8
- 206010009944 Colon cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000701022 Cytomegalovirus Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 108010046938 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- 102000007651 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Human genes 0.000 claims description 7
- 206010060862 Prostate cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 7
- 102000004887 Transforming Growth Factor beta Human genes 0.000 claims description 7
- 108090001012 Transforming Growth Factor beta Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- ZRKFYGHZFMAOKI-QMGMOQQFSA-N tgfbeta Chemical compound C([C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCSC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(O)=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 ZRKFYGHZFMAOKI-QMGMOQQFSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 206010006187 Breast cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000026310 Breast neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 108010002350 Interleukin-2 Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- 108010002586 Interleukin-7 Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- 206010058467 Lung neoplasm malignant Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000000236 Prostatic Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000008443 pancreatic carcinoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 206010005003 Bladder cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000003174 Brain Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 108010002386 Interleukin-3 Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010033128 Ovarian cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010061902 Pancreatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 108010039445 Stem Cell Factor Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010017758 gastric cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 201000005202 lung cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000020816 lung neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000015486 malignant pancreatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 201000002528 pancreatic cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 102000040430 polynucleotide Human genes 0.000 claims description 5
- 108091033319 polynucleotide Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002157 polynucleotide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 108010047761 Interferon-alpha Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 102000006992 Interferon-alpha Human genes 0.000 claims description 4
- 108090000171 Interleukin-18 Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 108050009288 Interleukin-19 Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 108090001007 Interleukin-8 Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 108010002335 Interleukin-9 Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010061535 Ovarian neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010035226 Plasma cell myeloma Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000000582 Retinoblastoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010039491 Sarcoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000000453 Skin Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000005718 Stomach Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 108090000848 Ubiquitin Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 102000044159 Ubiquitin Human genes 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000007097 Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000029742 colonic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000005787 hematologic cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000024200 hematopoietic and lymphoid system neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 108090000681 interleukin 20 Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000032839 leukemia Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000007270 liver cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000014018 liver neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- OHDXDNUPVVYWOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyl-1-(2-naphthalen-1-ylsulfanylphenyl)methanamine Chemical compound CNCC1=CC=CC=C1SC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 OHDXDNUPVVYWOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000000849 skin cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000011549 stomach cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000005112 urinary bladder cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010005949 Bone cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000018084 Bone neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 108700039691 Genetic Promoter Regions Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 108010017080 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000004269 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000017604 Hodgkin disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000010747 Hodgkins lymphoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000001894 Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000021712 Soft tissue sarcoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004098 Tetracycline Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000006105 Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 201000010881 cervical cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000025848 malignant tumor of nasopharynx Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 201000000050 myeloid neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 201000011216 nasopharynx carcinoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960002180 tetracycline Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930101283 tetracycline Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019364 tetracycline Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003522 tetracyclines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 206010004146 Basal cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010004593 Bile duct cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010008263 Cervical dysplasia Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000000461 Esophageal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000022072 Gallbladder Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000021309 Germ cell tumor Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000021519 Hodgkin lymphoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 102100026720 Interferon beta Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 108090000467 Interferon-beta Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000008839 Kidney Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010023825 Laryngeal cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000034176 Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000015634 Rectal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010038389 Renal cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000000277 Splenic Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000023915 Ureteral Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010046392 Ureteric cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000002495 Uterine Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000026900 bile duct neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000000621 bronchi Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000003123 bronchiole Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000006990 cholangiocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000004101 esophageal cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000010175 gallbladder cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000002313 intestinal cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000010982 kidney cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010023841 laryngeal neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000004962 larynx cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000007275 lymphatic system cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010038038 rectal cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000001275 rectum cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000002471 spleen cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010044285 tracheal cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000011294 ureter cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010046766 uterine cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010046885 vaginal cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000013139 vaginal neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 102100023013 Basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like 3 Human genes 0.000 claims 12
- 101000903609 Homo sapiens Basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like 3 Proteins 0.000 claims 12
- 208000001333 Colorectal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 241000175212 Herpesvirales Species 0.000 claims 1
- 101000611183 Homo sapiens Tumor necrosis factor Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 102100020880 Kit ligand Human genes 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 98
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 74
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 abstract description 44
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 abstract description 44
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 abstract description 20
- 238000009169 immunotherapy Methods 0.000 abstract description 18
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 abstract description 18
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 15
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 abstract description 15
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 188
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 148
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 124
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 123
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 123
- 108010051621 interferon regulatory factor-8 Proteins 0.000 description 75
- 101000903742 Homo sapiens Basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like Proteins 0.000 description 72
- 102100022970 Basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like Human genes 0.000 description 71
- 210000001744 T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 58
- 108010054624 red fluorescent protein Proteins 0.000 description 56
- 108010048992 Transcription Factor 4 Proteins 0.000 description 51
- 102100023489 Transcription factor 4 Human genes 0.000 description 51
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 50
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 50
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 46
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 43
- 230000003394 haemopoietic effect Effects 0.000 description 42
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 40
- 101150035137 Clec9a gene Proteins 0.000 description 34
- 210000002950 fibroblast Anatomy 0.000 description 34
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 31
- 238000000684 flow cytometry Methods 0.000 description 30
- 102000004127 Cytokines Human genes 0.000 description 29
- 108090000695 Cytokines Proteins 0.000 description 29
- 108010058846 Ovalbumin Proteins 0.000 description 29
- 210000000130 stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 28
- 230000028993 immune response Effects 0.000 description 27
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 27
- 210000001082 somatic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 27
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 26
- 230000030741 antigen processing and presentation Effects 0.000 description 25
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 25
- 230000003393 splenic effect Effects 0.000 description 25
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 25
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229920006008 lipopolysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 24
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 23
- 108091028043 Nucleic acid sequence Proteins 0.000 description 22
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 22
- 102100022297 Integrin alpha-X Human genes 0.000 description 21
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 21
- 210000003958 hematopoietic stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 21
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 20
- VDABVNMGKGUPEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester Chemical compound C=1C(O)=CC=C2C=1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C1C2(C1=C2)OC(=O)C1=CC=C2C(=O)ON1C(=O)CCC1=O VDABVNMGKGUPEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 101150014003 Batf3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 18
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 18
- 230000014102 antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 18
- OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cytosine Chemical compound NC=1C=CNC(=O)N=1 OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000013604 expression vector Substances 0.000 description 17
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 17
- 238000010361 transduction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 210000001266 CD8-positive T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 16
- 102000002689 Toll-like receptor Human genes 0.000 description 16
- 108020000411 Toll-like receptor Proteins 0.000 description 16
- ISAKRJDGNUQOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uracil Chemical compound O=C1C=CNC(=O)N1 ISAKRJDGNUQOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 16
- 229940092253 ovalbumin Drugs 0.000 description 16
- 102100039521 C-type lectin domain family 9 member A Human genes 0.000 description 15
- 102100032912 CD44 antigen Human genes 0.000 description 15
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 description 15
- 101000888548 Homo sapiens C-type lectin domain family 9 member A Proteins 0.000 description 15
- 101000868273 Homo sapiens CD44 antigen Proteins 0.000 description 15
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 15
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 15
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000026683 transduction Effects 0.000 description 15
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 14
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 14
- 108060008682 Tumor Necrosis Factor Proteins 0.000 description 14
- 102000000852 Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Human genes 0.000 description 14
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 14
- 210000003719 b-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 14
- 239000012091 fetal bovine serum Substances 0.000 description 14
- -1 i.e. Proteins 0.000 description 14
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 13
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 13
- 210000002540 macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 13
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 13
- 230000020382 suppression by virus of host antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I Effects 0.000 description 13
- 101150013553 CD40 gene Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 108020004684 Internal Ribosome Entry Sites Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 108700018351 Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 102100040245 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 Human genes 0.000 description 12
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 12
- 101000738771 Homo sapiens Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 101000914484 Homo sapiens T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 108700002010 MHC class II transactivator Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 102100037422 Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 102100027222 T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 210000001185 bone marrow Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000010199 gene set enrichment analysis Methods 0.000 description 11
- 210000000987 immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- 210000001778 pluripotent stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 230000002103 transcriptional effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 11
- 241000701161 unidentified adenovirus Species 0.000 description 11
- 239000000556 agonist Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 10
- 210000001616 monocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 210000002894 multi-fate stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 10
- 101100028791 Caenorhabditis elegans pbs-5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 108020004705 Codon Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 102000004889 Interleukin-6 Human genes 0.000 description 9
- 108091054437 MHC class I family Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 230000006044 T cell activation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 description 9
- 210000004263 induced pluripotent stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 229940076144 interleukin-10 Drugs 0.000 description 9
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229940115272 polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 9
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000002463 transducing effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 102100022341 Integrin alpha-E Human genes 0.000 description 8
- MHMNJMPURVTYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC(N=C=S)=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 MHMNJMPURVTYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 210000003714 granulocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003308 immunostimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000002757 inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229940100601 interleukin-6 Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 210000000952 spleen Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- DGVVWUTYPXICAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N β‐Mercaptoethanol Chemical compound OCCS DGVVWUTYPXICAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- SGKRLCUYIXIAHR-AKNGSSGZSA-N (4s,4ar,5s,5ar,6r,12ar)-4-(dimethylamino)-1,5,10,11,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-3,12-dioxo-4a,5,5a,6-tetrahydro-4h-tetracene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C1=CC=C2[C@H](C)[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]3[C@](C(O)=C(C(N)=O)C(=O)[C@H]3N(C)C)(O)C3=O)C3=C(O)C2=C1O SGKRLCUYIXIAHR-AKNGSSGZSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 102100030126 Interferon regulatory factor 4 Human genes 0.000 description 7
- 108091054438 MHC class II family Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 108091036414 Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 230000000890 antigenic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 210000003068 cdc Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010201 enrichment analysis Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000002458 infectious effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 7
- 231100000225 lethality Toxicity 0.000 description 7
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 108091008023 transcriptional regulators Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 241001430294 unidentified retrovirus Species 0.000 description 7
- 239000012114 Alexa Fluor 647 Substances 0.000 description 6
- 102000006354 HLA-DR Antigens Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108010058597 HLA-DR Antigens Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 102000008949 Histocompatibility Antigens Class I Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 101001011441 Homo sapiens Interferon regulatory factor 4 Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 102000014150 Interferons Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108010050904 Interferons Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 102000043129 MHC class I family Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 102000043131 MHC class II family Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108700011259 MicroRNAs Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 230000004721 adaptive immunity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000007815 allergy Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000003501 co-culture Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229940104302 cytosine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 210000000172 cytosol Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 210000001151 cytotoxic T lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000002865 immune cell Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 201000001441 melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000003643 myeloid progenitor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 210000000822 natural killer cell Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 125000003835 nucleoside group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 244000045947 parasite Species 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 210000003289 regulatory T cell Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001890 transfection Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 6
- FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4',6-Diamino-2-phenylindol Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=N)N)=CC=C1C1=CC2=CC=C(C(N)=N)C=C2N1 FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 208000031261 Acute myeloid leukaemia Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 101100476924 Caenorhabditis elegans sdc-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 239000006144 Dulbecco’s modified Eagle's medium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 5
- 101000831496 Homo sapiens Toll-like receptor 3 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 101000669447 Homo sapiens Toll-like receptor 4 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 101100382123 Mus musculus Ciita gene Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 208000030852 Parasitic disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 108020004459 Small interfering RNA Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 230000006052 T cell proliferation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000005867 T cell response Effects 0.000 description 5
- 102100024324 Toll-like receptor 3 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 102100039360 Toll-like receptor 4 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000000601 blood cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 210000001772 blood platelet Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000008668 cellular reprogramming Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 210000000805 cytoplasm Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 229960003722 doxycycline Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 239000012636 effector Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000003743 erythrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 5
- UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanine Chemical compound O=C1NC(N)=NC2=C1N=CN2 UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 210000002443 helper t lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 210000005260 human cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 210000003563 lymphoid tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 210000000135 megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229940035893 uracil Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 102000040650 (ribonucleotides)n+m Human genes 0.000 description 4
- LRSASMSXMSNRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methylcytosine Chemical group CC1=CNC(=O)N=C1N LRSASMSXMSNRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 102000007469 Actins Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010085238 Actins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 201000009030 Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 108010077544 Chromatin Proteins 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 108090000204 Dipeptidase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000015696 Interleukins Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010063738 Interleukins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930182816 L-glutamine Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 241000713666 Lentivirus Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 4
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 4
- 208000033776 Myeloid Acute Leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000003559 RNA-seq method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 102000015215 Stem Cell Factor Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108091008874 T cell receptors Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000016266 T-Cell Antigen Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000005006 adaptive immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 102000006635 beta-lactamase Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 210000002798 bone marrow cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000030833 cell death Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000003483 chromatin Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 201000010276 collecting duct carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000002500 effect on skin Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010195 expression analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001415 gene therapy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000003128 head Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 210000003630 histaminocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000001165 lymph node Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 210000003712 lysosome Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000001868 lysosomic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003211 malignant effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000004379 membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000002679 microRNA Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005868 ontogenesis Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000005259 peripheral blood Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000011886 peripheral blood Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 description 4
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000000392 somatic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 4
- 210000004988 splenocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N streptomycin Chemical compound CN[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@](C=O)(O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002287 time-lapse microscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009261 transgenic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 101150096316 5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 208000024827 Alzheimer disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000023275 Autoimmune disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 3
- 208000035143 Bacterial infection Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 102100026189 Beta-galactosidase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 101150092859 Cd74 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 208000035473 Communicable disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 101150092569 Ctsc gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101100193633 Danio rerio rag2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000991587 Enterovirus C Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000710198 Foot-and-mouth disease virus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 3
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101150064739 H2-Ab1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101150090628 H2-Eb1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000700721 Hepatitis B virus Species 0.000 description 3
- 108010088652 Histocompatibility Antigens Class I Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000018713 Histocompatibility Antigens Class II Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 241000701044 Human gammaherpesvirus 4 Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000725303 Human immunodeficiency virus Species 0.000 description 3
- 101150080778 INPP5D gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000002227 Interferon Type I Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010014726 Interferon Type I Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 206010025323 Lymphomas Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 101100193635 Mus musculus Rag2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108010019759 OVA 323-339 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108700026244 Open Reading Frames Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 206010057249 Phagocytosis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000709664 Picornaviridae Species 0.000 description 3
- 101150014014 Traf6 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108091023045 Untranslated Region Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000026935 allergic disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 206010002022 amyloidosis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000022362 bacterial infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 3
- 108010005774 beta-Galactosidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000012472 biological sample Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000004292 cytoskeleton Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000001086 cytosolic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000002257 embryonic structure Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000002121 endocytic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000004547 gene signature Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000005017 glioblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 206010020718 hyperplasia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012678 infectious agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229940079322 interferon Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229940047124 interferons Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229940047122 interleukins Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 244000000056 intracellular parasite Species 0.000 description 3
- 210000000265 leukocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000005210 lymphoid organ Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000003738 lymphoid progenitor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000003593 megakaryocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004770 neurodegeneration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000015122 neurodegenerative disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 210000002569 neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000000440 neutrophil Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000002777 nucleoside Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003833 nucleoside derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 210000003463 organelle Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000008782 phagocytosis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000770 proinflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000017854 proteolysis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 206010039073 rheumatoid arthritis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000021317 sensory perception Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000019491 signal transduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001226 triphosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241001529453 unidentified herpesvirus Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000003827 upregulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000003934 vacuole Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 3
- JVJGCCBAOOWGEO-RUTPOYCXSA-N (2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-4-amino-2-[[(2s,3s)-2-[[(2s,3s)-2-[[(2s)-2-azaniumyl-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxylatobutanoyl]amino]-6-azaniumy Chemical compound OC[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(O)=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JVJGCCBAOOWGEO-RUTPOYCXSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UYYRDZGZGNYVBA-VPXCCNNISA-N (2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-2-[2-chloro-4-[3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dioxo-2,1$l^{6}-benzoxathiol-3-yl]phenoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1=CC=C(C2(C3=CC=CC=C3S(=O)(=O)O2)C=2C=C(Cl)C(O)=CC=2)C=C1Cl UYYRDZGZGNYVBA-VPXCCNNISA-N 0.000 description 2
- SXUXMRMBWZCMEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2'-O-methyl uridine Natural products COC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 SXUXMRMBWZCMEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GJTBSTBJLVYKAU-XVFCMESISA-N 2-thiouridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=S)NC(=O)C=C1 GJTBSTBJLVYKAU-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108020005345 3' Untranslated Regions Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108020003589 5' Untranslated Regions Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101150014538 ACP5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101150030879 ALDH1A2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091023037 Aptamer Proteins 0.000 description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100021631 B-cell lymphoma 6 protein Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 208000032791 BCR-ABL1 positive chronic myelogenous leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229920002498 Beta-glucan Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000011740 C57BL/6 mouse Methods 0.000 description 2
- 101150077194 CAP1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 210000004366 CD4-positive T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229940045513 CTLA4 antagonist Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 108010022366 Carcinoembryonic Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100025475 Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000994 Catalytic RNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000053642 Catalytic RNA Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091006146 Channels Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000010833 Chronic myeloid leukaemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000710777 Classical swine fever virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 108091026890 Coding region Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000007644 Colony-Stimulating Factors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010071942 Colony-Stimulating Factors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000710127 Cricket paralysis virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100037799 DNA-binding protein Ikaros Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000702421 Dependoparvovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 201000004624 Dermatitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000710188 Encephalomyocarditis virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010014733 Endometrial cancer Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010014759 Endometrial neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000709661 Enterovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000283073 Equus caballus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000192125 Firmicutes Species 0.000 description 2
- 101150047444 H2-Aa gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000590002 Helicobacter pylori Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000711557 Hepacivirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000005176 Hepatitis C Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000009889 Herpes Simplex Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108010027412 Histocompatibility Antigens Class II Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000971234 Homo sapiens B-cell lymphoma 6 protein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000599038 Homo sapiens DNA-binding protein Ikaros Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001046686 Homo sapiens Integrin alpha-M Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001011393 Homo sapiens Interferon regulatory factor 2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000973177 Homo sapiens Nuclear factor interleukin-3-regulated protein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000669460 Homo sapiens Toll-like receptor 5 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000669402 Homo sapiens Toll-like receptor 7 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000701806 Human papillomavirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010061218 Inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102100022338 Integrin alpha-M Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100029838 Interferon regulatory factor 2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091026898 Leader sequence (mRNA) Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000589248 Legionella Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000007764 Legionnaires' Disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 208000003250 Mixed connective tissue disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000714177 Murine leukemia virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 101100245221 Mus musculus Prss8 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000033761 Myelogenous Chronic BCR-ABL Positive Leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010029260 Neuroblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000015914 Non-Hodgkin lymphomas Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102100022163 Nuclear factor interleukin-3-regulated protein Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091034117 Oligonucleotide Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004140 Oncostatin M Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000630 Oncostatin M Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101150012195 PREB gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000018737 Parkinson disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229930182555 Penicillin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N Penicillin G Chemical compound N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KPKZJLCSROULON-QKGLWVMZSA-N Phalloidin Chemical compound N1C(=O)[C@@H]([C@@H](O)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C[C@@](C)(O)CO)NC(=O)[C@H](C2)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H]3C[C@H](O)CN3C(=O)[C@@H]1CSC1=C2C2=CC=CC=C2N1 KPKZJLCSROULON-QKGLWVMZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000024777 Prion disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108010076504 Protein Sorting Signals Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 201000004681 Psoriasis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108091030071 RNAI Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000012980 RPMI-1640 medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000315672 SARS coronavirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010017324 STAT3 Transcription Factor Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010039710 Scleroderma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102000054727 Serum Amyloid A Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108700028909 Serum Amyloid A Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100024040 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000700584 Simplexvirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001505901 Streptococcus sp. 'group A' Species 0.000 description 2
- 108091036066 Three prime untranslated region Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101150009046 Tnfrsf1a gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010060818 Toll-Like Receptor 9 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100039357 Toll-like receptor 5 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100039390 Toll-like receptor 7 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100033117 Toll-like receptor 9 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000223997 Toxoplasma gondii Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010052779 Transplant rejections Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010067584 Type 1 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000700618 Vaccinia virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 101150110005 Vars1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl [5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] hydrogen phosphate Polymers Cc1cn(C2CC(OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)C(COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3CO)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)O2)c(=O)[nH]c1=O JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 208000010668 atopic eczema Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000003651 basophil Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000008236 biological pathway Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000002619 cancer immunotherapy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006143 cell culture medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000011855 chromosome organization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940047120 colony stimulating factors Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 2
- FPUGCISOLXNPPC-IOSLPCCCSA-N cordysinin B Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(N)=C2N=C1 FPUGCISOLXNPPC-IOSLPCCCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229940029030 dendritic cell vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003515 double negative t cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000003828 downregulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 210000001671 embryonic stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000012202 endocytosis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000003979 eosinophil Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000001973 epigenetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002919 epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003013 erythroid precursor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005968 exogenous activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004700 fetal blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000001605 fetal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108091006047 fluorescent proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000034287 fluorescent proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020001507 fusion proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000037865 fusion proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001476 gene delivery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009368 gene silencing by RNA Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002216 heart Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000000777 hematopoietic system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 208000006454 hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 231100000283 hepatitis Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000013632 homeostatic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004408 hybridoma Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000003463 hyperproliferative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- DOUYETYNHWVLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N imiquimod Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C3N(CC(C)C)C=NC3=C(N)N=C21 DOUYETYNHWVLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010166 immunofluorescence Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005847 immunogenicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000027866 inflammatory disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010022000 influenza Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000005007 innate immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N insulin Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)CN)C(C)CC)CSSCC(C(NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2NC=NC=2)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)CNC2=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)N3C(CCC3)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C)C(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(O)=O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)CC)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C1CSSCC2NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(C)C)CC1=CN=CN1 NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000005061 intracellular organelle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000010189 intracellular transport Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010253 intravenous injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 101150084157 lrp-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000002101 lytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012577 media supplement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000005074 megakaryoblast Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 108091092072 miR-100 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091024975 miR-100-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091041879 miR-100-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091062762 miR-21 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091090987 miR-425 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091082652 miR-425-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091048131 miR-425-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091080700 miR-484 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 210000003632 microfilament Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102000035118 modified proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091005573 modified proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229940035032 monophosphoryl lipid a Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 201000006417 multiple sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 206010028417 myasthenia gravis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000000581 natural killer T-cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000004940 nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940049954 penicillin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000003905 phosphatidylinositols Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000013612 plasmid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004481 post-translational protein modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001855 preneoplastic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000513 principal component analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002062 proliferating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004765 promyelocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000001995 reticulocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003660 reticulum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003705 ribosome Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 108091092562 ribozyme Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002864 sequence alignment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229960005322 streptomycin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000004114 suspension culture Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002381 testicular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011830 transgenic mouse model Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004102 tricarboxylic acid cycle Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000035408 type 1 diabetes mellitus 1 Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001835 viscera Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000001262 western blot Methods 0.000 description 2
- GRYSXUXXBDSYRT-WOUKDFQISA-N (2r,3r,4r,5r)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxy-5-[6-(methylamino)purin-9-yl]oxolan-3-ol Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(NC)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC GRYSXUXXBDSYRT-WOUKDFQISA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIAKOEWBCMPCQR-YBXAARCKSA-N (2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-2-(4-aminophenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 MIAKOEWBCMPCQR-YBXAARCKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MZOFCQQQCNRIBI-VMXHOPILSA-N (3s)-4-[[(2s)-1-[[(2s)-1-[[(1s)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-[[2-[[(2s)-2,6-diaminohexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCN=C(N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCCN MZOFCQQQCNRIBI-VMXHOPILSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WEYNBWVKOYCCQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-3-{2-[({5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furyl}methyl)thio]ethyl}urea Chemical compound O1C(CN(C)C)=CC=C1CSCCNC(=O)NC1=CC=C(C)C(Cl)=C1 WEYNBWVKOYCCQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTFGHFBGGZEXEU-PEBGCTIMSA-N 1-[(2r,3r,4r,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C=C1 OTFGHFBGGZEXEU-PEBGCTIMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QPHRQMAYYMYWFW-FJGDRVTGSA-N 1-[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound O[C@]1(F)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 QPHRQMAYYMYWFW-FJGDRVTGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150028074 2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FPUGCISOLXNPPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2'-O-Methyladenosine Natural products COC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C2=NC=NC(N)=C2N=C1 FPUGCISOLXNPPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RFCQJGFZUQFYRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2'-O-Methylcytidine Natural products COC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C(=O)N=C(N)C=C1 RFCQJGFZUQFYRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVYNGSFVYRPRCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2'-O-Methylguanosine Natural products COC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C(NC(N)=NC2=O)=C2N=C1 OVYNGSFVYRPRCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RFCQJGFZUQFYRF-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 2'-O-methylcytidine Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)N=C(N)C=C1 RFCQJGFZUQFYRF-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVYNGSFVYRPRCG-KQYNXXCUSA-N 2'-O-methylguanosine Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(N=C(N)NC2=O)=C2N=C1 OVYNGSFVYRPRCG-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101800001779 2'-O-methyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- SXUXMRMBWZCMEN-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 2'-O-methyluridine Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 SXUXMRMBWZCMEN-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MXHRCPNRJAMMIM-BBVRLYRLSA-N 2'-deoxyuridine Chemical compound C1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 MXHRCPNRJAMMIM-BBVRLYRLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVAKRQOMAINQPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2-[5-(2,2-dimethylbutyl)-1h-imidazol-2-yl]ethyl]phenyl]pyridine Chemical compound N1C(CC(C)(C)CC)=CN=C1CCC1=CC=C(C=2N=CC=CC=2)C=C1 WVAKRQOMAINQPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHYTBAFXANWKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-3,7-dihydropurin-6-one Chemical compound O=C1NC(N)=NC2=C1NC=N2.O=C1NC(N)=NC2=C1N=CN2 LDHYTBAFXANWKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LKKMLIBUAXYLOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1C=C(N)N=C2C LKKMLIBUAXYLOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WEVYNIUIFUYDGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)anilino]-4-pyrimidinyl]benzamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C=2N=CN=C(NC=3C=CC(OC(F)(F)F)=CC=3)C=2)=C1 WEVYNIUIFUYDGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010600 3H thymidine incorporation assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Thiouridine Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C(=O)NC(=S)C=C1 ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-XVFCMESISA-N 4-thiouridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=S)C=C1 ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100030310 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710163881 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- IPRQAJTUSRLECG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-[6-(dimethylamino)purin-9-yl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxyoxolan-3-ol Chemical compound COC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C2=NC=NC(N(C)C)=C2N=C1 IPRQAJTUSRLECG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SQDAZGGFXASXDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-bromo-2-(trifluoromethoxy)pyridine Chemical compound FC(F)(F)OC1=CC=C(Br)C=N1 SQDAZGGFXASXDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGHAROSJZRTIOK-KQYNXXCUSA-O 7-methylguanosine Chemical compound C1=2N=C(N)NC(=O)C=2[N+](C)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O OGHAROSJZRTIOK-KQYNXXCUSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 101150095491 AACS gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150033922 ABCA2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150024940 ABCC1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150016676 ACOX2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150063038 ADAM10 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150059521 AHRR gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150117765 ALG13 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150053849 ALOXE3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150048020 AMPD2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150060590 ANAPC5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150058497 ANPEP gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150005549 ANXA5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150106656 AP2B1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150079816 APBB1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150064476 ARHGEF2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150034567 ATE1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150102163 ATG7 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150027183 ATP1A1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150115549 ATP5PD gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150108893 ATP6V0E1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150055251 Abcd3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150069931 Abcg2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150020966 Acta2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000186041 Actinomyces israelii Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000024893 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000014697 Acute lymphocytic leukaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000026872 Addison Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003200 Adenoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000701242 Adenoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710137115 Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000009746 Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000016683 Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000701386 African swine fever virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150037140 Aldoa gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000012117 Alexa Fluor 700 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000035285 Allergic Seasonal Rhinitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010001742 Allergy to animal Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101000852665 Alopecosa marikovskyi Omega-lycotoxin-Gsp2671a Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000710929 Alphavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150066338 Amdhd2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000052588 Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome Apc5 Subunit Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700004604 Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome Apc5 Subunit Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000003343 Antiphospholipid Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108020000948 Antisense Oligonucleotides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150014908 Anxa3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000878581 Aplysia californica Feeding circuit activating peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000712892 Arenaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000244185 Ascaris lumbricoides Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228212 Aspergillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010003571 Astrocytoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000002785 Ataxin-10 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 201000001320 Atherosclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150070808 Atxn10 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000972773 Aulopiformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000010839 B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100022976 B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150019683 B4galt1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150058765 BACE1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150033765 BAG1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150074969 BDKRB1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150060652 BPNT2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001455947 Babesia divergens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223848 Babesia microti Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001148536 Bacteroides sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000023328 Basedow disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150088671 Becn1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000027496 Behcet disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009137 Behcet syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- DWRXFEITVBNRMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Beta-D-1-Arabinofuranosylthymine Natural products O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 DWRXFEITVBNRMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000537222 Betabaculovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150095407 Bfar gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000008439 Biliary Liver Cirrhosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000033222 Biliary cirrhosis primary Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000702628 Birnaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228405 Blastomyces dermatitidis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589969 Borreliella burgdorferi Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150008921 Brca2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000244038 Brugia malayi Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000143302 Brugia timori Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000011691 Burkitt lymphomas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150052583 CALM1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150114882 CALM2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150053584 CAMK2D gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150006246 CAPN10 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150097343 CAPZA2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000011749 CBA mouse Methods 0.000 description 1
- SNKUSVNHTCUELQ-UOGODTEOSA-N CC(C)C[C@@H](C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@@H](C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 SNKUSVNHTCUELQ-UOGODTEOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150042405 CCN1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150025841 CCND1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150016724 CCND3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150083327 CCR2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100027207 CD27 antigen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010029697 CD40 Ligand Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100032937 CD40 ligand Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150084532 CD47 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150001853 CD63 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150045282 CD81 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150005024 CDH4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150012716 CDK1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150064174 CENPU gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150042198 CES5A gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150041529 CHRNB3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150114119 CLSTN3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150044220 CMTR1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150066399 COL4A1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150023037 CORO1B gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150118197 CSN1S1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150118543 CSNK1G1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150068199 CSRP1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000008203 CTLA-4 Antigen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010021064 CTLA-4 Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150035856 CTSB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150085973 CTSD gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150064697 CXCL16 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150004109 CYB5R3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150041164 Cacna1a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150040124 Cadm2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100328957 Caenorhabditis elegans clk-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100446285 Caenorhabditis elegans fbf-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100510263 Caenorhabditis elegans klf-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100510660 Caenorhabditis elegans larp-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100356682 Caenorhabditis elegans rho-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100314364 Caenorhabditis elegans tpk-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100155198 Caenorhabditis elegans ubl-5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100371648 Caenorhabditis elegans usp-14 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100214419 Caenorhabditis elegans znfx-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150058073 Calm3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000589994 Campylobacter sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100025570 Cancer/testis antigen 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000222120 Candida <Saccharomycetales> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222122 Candida albicans Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282465 Canis Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100032581 Caprin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000009458 Carcinoma in Situ Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000017897 Carcinoma of esophagus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150100916 Casp3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000005600 Cathepsins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010084457 Cathepsins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150079049 Ccnd2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100035673 Centrosomal protein of 290 kDa Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710198317 Centrosomal protein of 290 kDa Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100034755 Centrosomal protein of 85 kDa Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050004729 Centrosomal protein of 85kDa Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100039219 Centrosome-associated protein CEP250 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710110151 Centrosome-associated protein CEP250 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010008342 Cervix carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000606161 Chlamydia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000606153 Chlamydia trachomatis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000498849 Chlamydiales Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001287 Chondroitin sulfate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 101150067540 Chordc1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010008748 Chorea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006332 Choriocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010008909 Chronic Hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000193468 Clostridium perfringens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193449 Clostridium tetani Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150001828 Cmklr1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000223205 Coccidioides immitis Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000015943 Coeliac disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010009900 Colitis ulcerative Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000012422 Collagen Type I Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010022452 Collagen Type I Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000000503 Collagen Type II Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010041390 Collagen Type II Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150044598 Coq10b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010043471 Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010079362 Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000186227 Corynebacterium diphtheriae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186249 Corynebacterium sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150032052 Cox6a1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150073289 Cox6b1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000709687 Coxsackievirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150007498 Cpt1c gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010051219 Cre recombinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000020406 Creutzfeldt Jacob disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003407 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010859 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000011231 Crohn disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000007336 Cryptococcosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000221204 Cryptococcus neoformans Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002558 Curdlan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001879 Curdlan Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150056442 Cyb561a3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150049550 Cyp2f2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150034066 DAZAP2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150100287 DDX39B gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150027068 DEGS1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150100421 DHTKD1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150031160 DHX30 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000053602 DNA Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000007702 DNA assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003682 DNA packaging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004568 DNA-binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150064708 DNAJC10 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150041872 DNASE1L3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150062460 DNM1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150068127 DNM3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150078308 DOK1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150009794 DTNBP1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150117962 DUSP1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100447432 Danio rerio gapdh-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100019049 Danio rerio irag2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100161148 Danio rerio ywhabb gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000016192 Demyelinating disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000710829 Dengue virus group Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091027757 Deoxyribozyme Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010012468 Dermatitis herpetiformis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150102768 Dhodh gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000032131 Diabetic Neuropathies Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101100139452 Dictyostelium discoideum ctps gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100009046 Dictyostelium discoideum hemE gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100006980 Dictyostelium discoideum ppcdc gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150060029 Dlec1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150003173 Dnase2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150006098 Dnm1l gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100456555 Drosophila melanogaster MED11 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100373011 Drosophila melanogaster wapl gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150026092 Dync1h1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150107922 EEF1A1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150058423 EGFLAM gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150114117 EGR1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150022456 ELOVL5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150004842 ERRFI1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700037122 EWS-FLI fusion Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000006145 Eagle's minimal essential medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001115402 Ebolavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001466953 Echovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150039033 Eci2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150086096 Eif2ak3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100027723 Endogenous retrovirus group K member 6 Rec protein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710147220 Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, chloroplastic Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000194032 Enterococcus faecalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001495410 Enterococcus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150038352 Entpd8 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710091045 Envelope protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010014950 Eosinophilia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150027621 Epha7 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100031940 Epithelial cell adhesion molecule Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000000832 Equine Encephalomyelitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000186810 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000032027 Essential Thrombocythemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000001382 Experimental Melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010037362 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000010834 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150065562 F11R gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150107205 FCGR2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150081880 FGF1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150043851 FHIP1B gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150009958 FLT4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150061264 FXR1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150019487 FXYD2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150061516 FYTTD1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150065199 Fam118b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000282324 Felis Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150094717 Fgd4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010067306 Fibronectins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000016359 Fibronectins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000711950 Filoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150066767 Fkbp1a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010040721 Flagellin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150082209 Fmr1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000004262 Food Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100027581 Forkhead box protein P3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150027875 Ftl1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000605986 Fusobacterium nucleatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150005295 GATA2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150019273 GATM gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150054685 GDI2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150006986 GHRHR gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150095280 GINS4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150076957 GLE1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150022494 GLG1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150096193 GLRB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150111020 GLUL gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150011503 GNA12 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150088268 GPCPD1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100038904 GPI inositol-deacylase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150003543 GPRC5C gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150115464 GPX1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150083413 GRIP1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150053089 GSTM1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150054976 GSTT2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000013446 GTP Phosphohydrolases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091006109 GTPases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150109959 Gabarap gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150112014 Gapdh gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000005577 Gastroenteritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000032612 Glial tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010018338 Glioma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100041003 Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000003886 Glycoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000288 Glycoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150007061 Gnai2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150050733 Gnas gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000024869 Goodpasture syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000856850 Goose coronavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001506229 Goose reovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150070368 Gpr108 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150021149 Gpsm3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000009329 Graft vs Host Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000015023 Graves' disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150090959 Grb10 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150069432 Gria3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150032259 Grina gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150097875 Gripap1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150089236 Grk2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150019946 Gsk3b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150065757 Gskip gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150057184 Gtpbp4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N Guanosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)NC(N)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020005004 Guide RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150001754 Gusb gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150059913 H2az1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100036242 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150112743 HSPA5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150043239 HSPA8 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150075460 Hacl1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000606790 Haemophilus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000606768 Haemophilus influenzae Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010061192 Haemorrhagic fever Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005794 Hairy Leukoplakia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000150562 Hantaan orthohantavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000001204 Hashimoto Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000030836 Hashimoto thyroiditis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150082779 Hdac7 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000002812 Heat-Shock Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010004889 Heat-Shock Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000035186 Hemolytic Autoimmune Anemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000711549 Hepacivirus C Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700739 Hepadnaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000005331 Hepatitis D Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010019755 Hepatitis chronic active Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010019799 Hepatitis viral Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000709721 Hepatovirus A Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150101024 Herc4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000007514 Herpes zoster Diseases 0.000 description 1
- SQUHHTBVTRBESD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexa-Ac-myo-Inositol Natural products CC(=O)OC1C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C1OC(C)=O SQUHHTBVTRBESD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000209 Hexadimethrine bromide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 101150071246 Hexb gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000228404 Histoplasma capsulatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 201000002563 Histoplasmosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150107737 Hmga1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150022267 Hnrnpk gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150077118 Hnrnpl gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100297421 Homarus americanus phc-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150110131 Homez gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000924577 Homo sapiens Adenomatous polyposis coli protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000903703 Homo sapiens B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000914511 Homo sapiens CD27 antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000856237 Homo sapiens Cancer/testis antigen 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000861452 Homo sapiens Forkhead box protein P3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001099051 Homo sapiens GPI inositol-deacylase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000892862 Homo sapiens Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000930801 Homo sapiens HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001057504 Homo sapiens Interferon-stimulated gene 20 kDa protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001055144 Homo sapiens Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001139134 Homo sapiens Krueppel-like factor 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000578784 Homo sapiens Melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000623901 Homo sapiens Mucin-16 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001109689 Homo sapiens Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001012157 Homo sapiens Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000914514 Homo sapiens T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000831567 Homo sapiens Toll-like receptor 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000976959 Homo sapiens Transcription factor 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000651211 Homo sapiens Transcription factor PU.1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000708741 Homo sapiens Transcription factor RelB Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000825182 Homo sapiens Transcription factor Spi-B Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000625727 Homo sapiens Tubulin beta chain Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000916526 Homo sapiens Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 46 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000744929 Homo sapiens Zinc finger protein 205 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000818783 Homo sapiens Zinc finger protein 260 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001059220 Homo sapiens Zinc finger protein Gfi-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150101510 Hsp90aa1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701085 Human alphaherpesvirus 3 Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000023105 Huntington disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037147 Hypercalcaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010020850 Hyperthyroidism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010020880 Hypertrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XQFRJNBWHJMXHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N IDUR Chemical compound C1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(I)=C1 XQFRJNBWHJMXHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150039708 IL15 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150117362 IL6ST gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150036988 IPMK gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000043138 IRF family Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091054729 IRF family Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150043216 ISY1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150091030 ITM2B gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150061258 ITSN1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010021245 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Diseases 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 108060003951 Immunoglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000022559 Inflammatory bowel disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930010555 Inosine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- UGQMRVRMYYASKQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N Inosine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(O)=C2N=C1 UGQMRVRMYYASKQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004877 Insulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090001061 Insulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000008070 Interferon-gamma Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100027268 Interferon-stimulated gene 20 kDa protein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000701377 Iridoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007760 Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150086416 KIF15 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150080772 KMT5B gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000007766 Kaposi sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150048351 Kcnj16 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150022274 Kdelr1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150000132 Kif1c gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150010685 Kifc1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000588915 Klebsiella aerogenes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588747 Klebsiella pneumoniae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100020677 Krueppel-like factor 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100031413 L-dopachrome tautomerase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710093778 L-dopachrome tautomerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150062112 LAIR1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150117895 LAMP2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150104000 LASP1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150032862 LEF-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150065910 LGALS3BP gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150011695 LGALS9 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150019736 LGI1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150109675 LGMN gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100035118 LIM and SH3 domain protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150065544 LIMA1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150025206 LRRC42 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150073959 LRRC8D gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150069908 Lamtor3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150076923 Laptm4a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000007811 Latex Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000222722 Leishmania <genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222740 Leishmania braziliensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222727 Leishmania donovani Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222732 Leishmania major Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222736 Leishmania tropica Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589902 Leptospira Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150097489 Letm1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010024612 Lipoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108090001030 Lipoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004895 Lipoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000186781 Listeria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186779 Listeria monocytogenes Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150013831 Lrif1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150038863 Lsamp gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150114652 Ltbp1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000019693 Lung disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000031422 Lymphocytic Chronic B-Cell Leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150074715 MAGI3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091007767 MALAT1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150096632 MAN1B1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091054455 MAP kinase family Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000043136 MAP kinase family Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150040099 MAP2K2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150042644 MAPRE1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150012226 MBNL2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150074741 MDH1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150107475 MEF2C gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150105660 MFGE8 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700005092 MHC Class II Genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100026371 MHC class II transactivator Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150053771 MT-CYB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150016680 MT-ND2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700036248 MT-RNR1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700043518 MT-RNR2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150017238 Magt1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150070841 Man2c1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150024075 Mapk1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000712079 Measles morbillivirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100028389 Melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000018697 Membrane Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010052285 Membrane Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010027406 Mesothelioma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091033773 MiR-155 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091033317 MiRTarBase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150043771 Mical1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020005196 Mitochondrial DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150041982 Mkln1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150115334 Mknk1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150073847 Mmp23 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150033929 Mtco1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150106844 Mtnd4l gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150014911 Mtnd5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010008707 Mucin-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100034256 Mucin-1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100023123 Mucin-16 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100034263 Mucin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010008705 Mucin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000034578 Multiple myelomas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000711386 Mumps virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000699660 Mus musculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100110331 Mus musculus Adamtsl2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100055420 Mus musculus Amfr gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100323339 Mus musculus Ap3b2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100140969 Mus musculus Arhgap1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100034003 Mus musculus Arhgap22 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100140972 Mus musculus Arhgap5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100109492 Mus musculus Arhgef19 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100216678 Mus musculus Arhgef4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100491816 Mus musculus Arhgef40 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100058782 Mus musculus C2cd2l gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100058792 Mus musculus C2cd3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100058882 Mus musculus Cacna1f gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100111986 Mus musculus Cacna2d4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100287670 Mus musculus Camk2b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100059040 Mus musculus Caprin2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100438656 Mus musculus Ccdc162 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100166596 Mus musculus Cd27 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100274520 Mus musculus Clec16a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100113907 Mus musculus Clspn gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100384742 Mus musculus Col16a1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100139441 Mus musculus Ctps1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100277147 Mus musculus Dcun1d4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100009270 Mus musculus Dennd2d gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100443112 Mus musculus Dgkd gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100063539 Mus musculus Dmpk gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100333722 Mus musculus Ercc5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100012203 Mus musculus Fam120c gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100334476 Mus musculus Fbrs gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100335081 Mus musculus Flt3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100120437 Mus musculus Focad gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100110200 Mus musculus Gramd1b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100230247 Mus musculus Gtf2ird1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100071252 Mus musculus Hnrnpul1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100117581 Mus musculus Iqca1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100019051 Mus musculus Irag2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100460996 Mus musculus Ivns1abp gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100509494 Mus musculus Jkamp gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100023540 Mus musculus Mlxip gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100238296 Mus musculus Morc2a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100240442 Mus musculus Nfrkb gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100460664 Mus musculus Nopchap1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100460978 Mus musculus Nrif2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100518045 Mus musculus Oasl1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100190472 Mus musculus Pigt gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100136753 Mus musculus Plekha1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100408389 Mus musculus Plekha7 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100464212 Mus musculus Plekhg3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100137042 Mus musculus Pnkp gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100091963 Mus musculus Polrmt gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100137244 Mus musculus Postn gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100006982 Mus musculus Ppcdc gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100489615 Mus musculus Ppp2r5a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100191318 Mus musculus Prdx5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100245217 Mus musculus Proser2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100243641 Mus musculus Ptges2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100085221 Mus musculus Ptprk gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100300761 Mus musculus Rab42 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100301798 Mus musculus Racgap1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100038202 Mus musculus Rap1gap gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100087591 Mus musculus Rictor gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100533959 Mus musculus Serpinb6 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100095663 Mus musculus Sf3b1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100377565 Mus musculus Sh3bp2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100150001 Mus musculus Sh3pxd2b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100477529 Mus musculus Shprh gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100533484 Mus musculus Sipa1l3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100514088 Mus musculus Slc16a14 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100311210 Mus musculus Stard10 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100204259 Mus musculus Stard3nl gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100480209 Mus musculus Syt5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100536804 Mus musculus Tgoln1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100369237 Mus musculus Tgtp1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100369238 Mus musculus Tgtp2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100462869 Mus musculus Tiparp gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100424292 Mus musculus Tmem200a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100261058 Mus musculus Trpc4ap gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100483777 Mus musculus Unc93b1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100373013 Mus musculus Wapl gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100012461 Mus musculus Zmpste24 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100268169 Mus musculus Znf239 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100321514 Mus musculus Znf451 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100107191 Mus musculus Znf532 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000186367 Mycobacterium avium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000187484 Mycobacterium gordonae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186364 Mycobacterium intracellulare Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186363 Mycobacterium kansasii Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000010168 Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010077432 Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150015113 Myl12b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150098536 Myo1b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010028665 Myxoedema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- IYYIBFCJILKPCO-WOUKDFQISA-O N(2),N(2),N(7)-trimethylguanosine Chemical compound C1=2NC(N(C)C)=NC(=O)C=2N(C)C=[N+]1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O IYYIBFCJILKPCO-WOUKDFQISA-O 0.000 description 1
- ZBYRSRLCXTUFLJ-IOSLPCCCSA-O N(2),N(7)-dimethylguanosine Chemical compound CNC=1NC(C=2[N+](=CN([C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)C=2N=1)C)=O ZBYRSRLCXTUFLJ-IOSLPCCCSA-O 0.000 description 1
- VQAYFKKCNSOZKM-IOSLPCCCSA-N N(6)-methyladenosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(NC)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O VQAYFKKCNSOZKM-IOSLPCCCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150098207 NAAA gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004070 NADPH Oxidase 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010082699 NADPH Oxidase 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150115413 NBR1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150007064 NCEH1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150019003 NCOA3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150006989 NDEL1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150090428 NDUFS1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150117680 NEBL gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010071380 NF-E2-Related Factor 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007560 NF-E2-Related Factor 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150027236 NLGN1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150114723 NNAT gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150074119 NPTX1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150073096 NRAS gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150014140 NSUN5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150109174 NUBP2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000588652 Neisseria gonorrhoeae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588650 Neisseria meningitidis Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010061309 Neoplasm progression Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012902 Nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101100108611 Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74-OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987) alg-8 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100238612 Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74-OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987) msh-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150049168 Nisch gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000187654 Nocardia Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150117545 Npsr1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100022673 Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010047956 Nucleosomes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150058616 Oas2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150095199 Oasl2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010030155 Oesophageal carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000243985 Onchocerca volvulus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108700020796 Oncogene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000043276 Oncogene Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000712464 Orthomyxoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000150218 Orthonairovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150045976 P2ry2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150084844 PAFAH1B1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150071263 PARK7 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007354 PAX6 Transcription Factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150081664 PAX6 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150064891 PCDH15 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150101400 PDE1C gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150110109 PDE4D gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150117945 PDGFB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150097980 PFDN5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150004726 PFKP gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150040237 PGAM1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150046396 PIK3R1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150036062 PITPNA gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150093509 PLBD2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150012367 PLD1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150025835 PLP2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150074164 PMAIP1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150098339 PNPLA7 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150056612 PPIA gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150022681 PPP1CA gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150002915 PPP1CB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150052037 PPP4R1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150060880 PRKAA1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150075026 PRKCB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150054116 PRPF4B gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150009643 PSMB3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150038582 PSMC5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150118259 PSME1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150061774 PTPN1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150113128 PTPN5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150109680 PTPN9 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150111066 PTTG1IP gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150116039 Pabpc1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001631646 Papillomaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000711504 Paramyxoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000002606 Paramyxoviridae Infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150027732 Pard3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000606856 Pasteurella multocida Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000606580 Pasteurella sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150077222 Pde4c gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000031845 Pernicious anaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150101473 Pfn1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010009711 Phalloidine Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000713137 Phlebovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100021768 Phosphoserine aminotransferase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000224016 Plasmodium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223960 Plasmodium falciparum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223801 Plasmodium knowlesi Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223821 Plasmodium malariae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001505293 Plasmodium ovale Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150036413 Plbd1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150080509 Plcg1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150100067 Pmpcb gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000233872 Pneumocystis carinii Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091036407 Polyadenylation Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010036105 Polyneuropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001505332 Polyomavirus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150080147 Ppp3r1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150002096 Prdx6 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000006664 Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012654 Primary biliary cholangitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150000326 Prkar1a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010072866 Prostate-Specific Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000004965 Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010071019 Prostatic dysplasia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108090000708 Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004245 Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100030551 Protein MEMO1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710188315 Protein X Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000125945 Protoparvovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150002602 Psap gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000589774 Pseudomonas sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930185560 Pseudouridine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- PTJWIQPHWPFNBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pseudouridine C Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1C1=CNC(=O)NC1=O PTJWIQPHWPFNBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150094745 Ptk2b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150013664 Pwwp3a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150026799 QSOX1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150098739 RAB11B gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150008969 RAB14 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150083631 RAB3IL1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150055145 RAB43 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150055217 RAD23B gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150046792 RAP1B gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150027102 RASGRP2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150043902 RELL2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150014321 RGS3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150111584 RHOA gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091005685 RIG-I-like receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150017897 RNF10 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150042624 RNF130 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150089029 RNH1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150007105 RNPEP gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150010608 RNPS1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150079964 RPL13 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150061207 RPL32 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150076569 RPL38 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150117421 RPS27 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150020647 RPS7 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000011529 RT qPCR Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150049388 Rab1b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150007156 Rab8b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000711798 Rabies lyssavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000053062 Rad52 DNA Repair and Recombination Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700031762 Rad52 DNA Repair and Recombination Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150114644 Rapgef3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100030800 Ras suppressor protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710102668 Ras suppressor protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150007434 Rasgrp4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100120298 Rattus norvegicus Flot1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100287693 Rattus norvegicus Kcnh4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100287705 Rattus norvegicus Kcnh8 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100412403 Rattus norvegicus Reg3b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150002722 Rbms1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150051144 Rcbtb2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100030086 Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000007056 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010008281 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000006265 Renal cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000702247 Reoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000725643 Respiratory syncytial virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000712907 Retroviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150109676 Rgs1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150104279 Rgs11 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150063391 Rgs6 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004389 Ribonucleoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010081734 Ribonucleoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000606701 Rickettsia Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150008837 Ripor1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150088589 Rnf123 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150082181 Rnf13 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150101771 Rnf44 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000006146 Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000702670 Rotavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150027663 Rpain gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150034081 Rpl18 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150009933 Rps20 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150054451 Rtel1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000710799 Rubella virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100025373 Runt-related transcription factor 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100025369 Runt-related transcription factor 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150094608 SAFB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150112172 SBDS gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150020107 SCN8A gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150055150 SERPINA6 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150045029 SF3B5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150034958 SFXN3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150024300 SGK2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150099060 SGPL1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150041689 SLC25A5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150030803 SLC26A4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150019322 SLC6A6 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150069607 SLU7 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150057621 SMC3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150030569 SNX3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150016669 SORBS2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150009018 SPI-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150041760 ST3GAL5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010044012 STAT1 Transcription Factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150099493 STAT3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010011005 STAT6 Transcription Factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150026061 STX4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150091636 STXBP2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150027847 SYNPO gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150077847 SYT9 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607142 Salmonella Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607149 Salmonella sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150106381 Sbno1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000242680 Schistosoma mansoni Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150097535 Scpep1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150033203 Sdc3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150014306 Sel1l gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150069685 Sema6c gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010040070 Septic Shock Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150077054 Serinc1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150078450 Sf3a2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150040113 Sfxn5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150049466 Sh3gl2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150007091 Shisa5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710173693 Short transient receptor potential channel 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710173694 Short transient receptor potential channel 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150094585 Sidt2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100029904 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100023980 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000021386 Sjogren Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150031991 Slc15a2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150036277 Slc25a3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150083863 Slc35a3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150094989 Slc6a17 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700011893 Slit homolog 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100027340 Slit homolog 2 protein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150085024 Slit2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150104745 Smarcd2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150041109 Snph gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 208000032383 Soft tissue cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001479493 Sousa Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100030684 Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710168942 Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150051124 Srcin1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000295644 Staphylococcaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000191967 Staphylococcus aureus Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010072148 Stiff-Person syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001478880 Streptobacillus moniliformis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193985 Streptococcus agalactiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000194049 Streptococcus equinus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193998 Streptococcus pneumoniae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193996 Streptococcus pyogenes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000194022 Streptococcus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193990 Streptococcus sp. 'group B' Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150003891 Stx18 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150074625 Stx7 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150041750 Surf4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000027522 Sydenham chorea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010042742 Sympathetic ophthalmia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100027213 T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150001932 TARS2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700026226 TATA Box Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150089431 TCN2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150077085 TCP1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150064021 TDO2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150027764 TECR gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150051825 TESK2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150052863 THY1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150025422 TMEM214 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150112593 TMEM248 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100033082 TNF receptor-associated factor 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150052413 TNK2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150020579 TNS4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150044705 TRIM35 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150012957 TRMU gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150095096 TRPM2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150017553 TXNRD2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150069237 TYROBP gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150011263 Tap2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000024313 Testicular Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010057644 Testis cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100032830 Tetraspanin-9 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710151640 Tetraspanin-9 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150050472 Tfr2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000000447 Th1 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000031981 Thrombocytopenic Idiopathic Purpura Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108060008245 Thrombospondin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000002938 Thrombospondin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000033781 Thyroid carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024770 Thyroid neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150021063 Timp2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000005354 Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150045848 Tmbim6 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150069601 Tmed10 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150066156 Tmem176b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150013734 Tmsb4x gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150092422 Tmub2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150071985 Tmx2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150046608 Tnfaip1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000710924 Togaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940123384 Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 102100024333 Toll-like receptor 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150061975 Tor1aip2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150043385 Tpm3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150054429 Tprn gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150116385 Tram1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010073062 Transcription Activator-Like Effectors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100032727 Transcription factor RelB Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100022281 Transcription factor Spi-B Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000589886 Treponema Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589904 Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000243777 Trichinella spiralis Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007984 Tris EDTA buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- LVTKHGUGBGNBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trp-P-1 Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1C(C)=C(N)N=C2C LVTKHGUGBGNBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150111943 Trpm4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- GLNADSQYFUSGOU-GPTZEZBUSA-J Trypan blue Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].C1=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C2C=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(/N=N/C3=CC=C(C=C3C)C=3C=C(C(=CC=3)\N=N\C=3C(=CC4=CC(=CC(N)=C4C=3O)S([O-])(=O)=O)S([O-])(=O)=O)C)=C(O)C2=C1N GLNADSQYFUSGOU-GPTZEZBUSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 241000223104 Trypanosoma Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001442399 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001442397 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223109 Trypanosoma cruzi Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000004142 Trypsin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000631 Trypsin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700030796 Tsg101 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150072717 Tsg101 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150044629 Ttc29 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150038560 Ttc3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100024717 Tubulin beta chain Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710165473 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100022153 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150077887 Txndc12 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100039094 Tyrosinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108060008724 Tyrosinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150076688 UCP2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150084570 UTP25 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100030441 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Z Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710192875 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Z Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150051182 Ubr4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150060067 Uggt1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000006704 Ulcerative Colitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150106192 Urod gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150042709 Ushbp1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010032099 V(D)J recombination activating protein 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100029591 V(D)J recombination-activating protein 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150082987 VAMP3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000700647 Variola virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150052928 Vars2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000016663 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010053648 Vascular occlusion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150097457 Vcam1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000251539 Vertebrata <Metazoa> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000711975 Vesicular stomatitis virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010067390 Viral Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010087302 Viral Structural Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010031318 Vitronectin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100035140 Vitronectin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150060655 WNK1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000033559 Waldenström macroglobulinemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008383 Wilms tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000244005 Wuchereria bancrofti Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150052285 XPNPEP2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100113908 Xenopus laevis clspn gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100240443 Xenopus tropicalis nfrkb gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000120645 Yellow fever virus group Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150077759 Ywhae gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150036246 ZC3H14 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150004077 ZDHHC5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150096461 ZFP36L1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150073858 ZFP57 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100028861 Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 46 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100039959 Zinc finger protein 205 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100021360 Zinc finger protein 260 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100023499 Zinc finger protein 57 homolog Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100029004 Zinc finger protein Gfi-1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150061644 Zmat3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150098162 abcA3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000017733 acquired polycythemia vera Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033289 adaptive immune response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108700010877 adenoviridae proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000004115 adherent culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001789 adipocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000005179 adrenal carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000020990 adrenal cortex carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000005188 adrenal gland cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000006966 adult T-cell leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000013567 aeroallergen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001042 affinity chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001261 affinity purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010064930 age-related macular degeneration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013566 allergen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000172 allergic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000028004 allergic respiratory disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001668 ameliorated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000202 analgesic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011224 anti-cancer immunotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940121363 anti-inflammatory agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002260 anti-inflammatory agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003110 anti-inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000692 anti-sense effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000840 anti-viral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000074 antisense oligonucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012230 antisense oligonucleotides Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150027107 ap2m1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000006907 apoptotic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012062 aqueous buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150014732 asnS gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000006673 asthma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000309743 astrovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150056305 atp1b3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001363 autoimmune Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000000448 autoimmune hemolytic anemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000003710 autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000035578 autophosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150112779 banp gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGDUUQDYDIIBKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-Pseudouridine Natural products OC1OC(CN2C=CC(=O)NC2=O)C(O)C1O WGDUUQDYDIIBKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008827 biological function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000001531 bladder carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010836 blood and blood product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940125691 blood product Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000008275 breast carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940022399 cancer vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000009566 cancer vaccine Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940095731 candida albicans Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000002458 carcinoid tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000747 cardiac effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004413 cardiac myocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001925 catabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150015293 cct8 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000004970 cd4 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 101150050368 cdc42se1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000020411 cell activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000022131 cell cycle Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000012292 cell migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036978 cell physiology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004663 cell proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002458 cell surface marker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006285 cell suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002659 cell therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000033077 cellular process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036755 cellular response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000015114 central nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002230 centromere Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000019065 cervical carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150082996 cfl1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012829 chemotherapy agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940038705 chlamydia trachomatis Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004926 chlorobutanol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940059329 chondroitin sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000013611 chromosomal DNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000032852 chronic lymphocytic leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000025302 chronic primary adrenal insufficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010367 cloning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009643 clonogenic assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000096 clonogenic assay Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003021 clonogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150058350 cobL gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000019771 cognition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001072 colon Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000005757 colony formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010293 colony formation assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009073 conformational modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150068948 cops8 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150076546 csnk1a1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150052649 ctbp2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012136 culture method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012228 culture supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019316 curdlan Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940078035 curdlan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 101150089047 cutA gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000035250 cutaneous malignant susceptibility to 1 melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000007822 cytometric assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001472 cytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007402 cytotoxic response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003013 cytotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000135 cytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150026189 dcakd gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150025787 ddost gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012217 deletion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037430 deletion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004041 dendritic cell maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000030609 dephosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006209 dephosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000001981 dermatomyositis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000000586 desensitisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- MXHRCPNRJAMMIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N desoxyuridine Natural products C1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 MXHRCPNRJAMMIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007884 disintegrant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002934 diuretic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001882 diuretic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150003630 dlg1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150089325 dpm1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150087611 eIF3a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000003981 ectoderm Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003162 effector t lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 101150013756 eipr1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000027721 electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010014599 encephalitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002124 endocrine Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001900 endoderm Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012645 endogenous antigen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000003914 endometrial carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002889 endothelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003511 endothelial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940092559 enterobacter aerogenes Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000005619 esophageal carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940011871 estrogen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000262 estrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000021045 exocrine pancreatic carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000013401 experimental design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002744 extracellular matrix Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001508 eye Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000030533 eye disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000003754 fetus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 101150051367 fgfr1op2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010016629 fibroma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002866 fluorescence resonance energy transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001943 fluorescence-activated cell sorting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000020932 food allergy Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012041 food component Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005428 food component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003953 foreskin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005714 functional activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010230 functional analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002825 functional assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930182830 galactose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 210000000973 gametocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000010749 gastric carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000011587 gastric lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108091008053 gene clusters Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012239 gene modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005017 genetic modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013617 genetically modified food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000004602 germ cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004907 gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000024908 graft versus host disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150107752 grem1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000003102 growth factor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150008380 gstp1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940047650 haemophilus influenzae Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 201000009277 hairy cell leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000003911 head and neck carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000014829 head and neck neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002064 heart cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940037467 helicobacter pylori Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 201000011066 hemangioma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000011132 hemopoiesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002440 hepatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000002672 hepatitis B Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000029570 hepatitis D virus infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010073071 hepatocellular carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000844 hepatocellular carcinoma Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000003494 hepatocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 102000055691 human APC Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000011577 humanized mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000148 hypercalcaemia Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000030915 hypercalcemia disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002390 hyperplastic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002751 imiquimod Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002519 immonomodulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037451 immune surveillance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000026278 immune system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000037189 immune system physiology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003365 immunocytochemistry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002163 immunogen Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000018358 immunoglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000006054 immunological memory Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000004933 in situ carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012880 independent component analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001524 infective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007972 injectable composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015788 innate immune response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960003786 inosine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N inositol Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000367 inositol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002743 insertional mutagenesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940125396 insulin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012482 interaction analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960003130 interferon gamma Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108010051920 interferon regulatory factor-4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000004966 intestinal stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000936 intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007912 intraperitoneal administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000002551 irritable bowel syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940045505 klebsiella pneumoniae Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000004561 lacrimal apparatus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000010260 leiomyoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008120 lens development in camera-type eye Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108091050724 let-7b stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150000168 lhx9 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 101150004907 litaf gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000010859 live-cell imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000019423 liver disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000012160 loading buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000020796 long term synaptic depression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150070593 lox gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000005296 lung carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010025135 lupus erythematosus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002751 lymph Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001926 lymphatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008176 lyophilized powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000000564 macroglobulinemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000034701 macropinocytosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000002780 macular degeneration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007885 magnetic separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000026037 malignant tumor of neck Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004962 mammalian cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000023356 medullary thyroid gland carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150047813 memo1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000002901 mesenchymal stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003716 mesoderm Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000011987 methylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007069 methylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108091028606 miR-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091044592 miR-1-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091045542 miR-1-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091047831 miR-1-3 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091031494 miR-1-4 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091083038 miR-101c stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091028227 miR-1193 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091056924 miR-124 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091047577 miR-149 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091027943 miR-16 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091074057 miR-16-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091056204 miR-16-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091049641 miR-181-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091053227 miR-181a-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091092591 miR-181a-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091085286 miR-181a-3 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091047641 miR-186 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091086416 miR-192 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091048004 miR-195b stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091037787 miR-19b stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091028067 miR-19b-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091091434 miR-19b-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091088730 miR-215 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091065218 miR-218-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091054980 miR-218-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091086421 miR-223 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091043187 miR-30a stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091029750 miR-30a-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091030035 miR-30a-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091091870 miR-30a-3 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091067477 miR-30a-4 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091059501 miR-320a stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091088570 miR-320a-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091070041 miR-320a-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091065447 miR-320a-3 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091054114 miR-320a-4 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091046551 miR-324 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091049667 miR-340 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091051540 miR-340-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091090051 miR-615 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091026490 miR-6236 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091069325 miR-6240 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091076478 miR-762 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091066925 miR-762-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091069941 miR-762-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091042292 miR-762-3 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091061920 miR-7b stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091073405 miR-7b-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091035033 miR-7b-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091060559 miR-8114 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091082928 miR-8116 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091089992 miR-9-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091071572 miR-9-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091076838 miR-9-3 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091038446 miR-9-4 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091060187 miR-9-5 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091058972 miR-9-6 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091084642 miR-9-7 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091034121 miR-92a stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091028159 miR-92a-1 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091025616 miR-92a-2 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091049973 miR-92a-4 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091032902 miR-93 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091072565 miR-98 stem-loop Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 244000000010 microbial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000004688 microtubule Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001617 migratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007758 minimum essential medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003470 mitochondria Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002438 mitochondrial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001823 molecular biology technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010369 molecular cloning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150070225 mrpl45 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150061624 myadm gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000005962 mycosis fungoides Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150036168 ncstn gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000003739 neck Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001338 necrotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009826 neoplastic cell growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000653 nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003012 network analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001537 neural effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004751 neurological system process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000002154 non-small cell lung carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012758 nuclear staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001623 nucleosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000020520 nucleotide-excision repair Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000590 oncogenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002246 oncogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001543 one-way ANOVA Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010030979 oral hairy leukoplakia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000008482 osteoarthritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002997 osteoclast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000008968 osteosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- GSSMIHQEWAQUPM-AOLPDKKJSA-N ovalbumin peptide Chemical compound C([C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)[C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(O)=O)C1=CN=CN1 GSSMIHQEWAQUPM-AOLPDKKJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002611 ovarian Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002018 overexpression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010627 oxidative phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000496 pancreas Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000021255 pancreatic insulinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940051027 pasteurella multocida Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150028177 pdhB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150008094 per1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000009984 peri-natal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000027232 peripheral nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002688 persistence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003742 phenol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940118768 plasmodium malariae Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 101150102298 plxna3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000729 poly(L-lysine) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001481 poly(stearyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000037244 polycythemia vera Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007824 polyneuropathy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000024715 positive regulation of secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000017805 post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150080066 proS1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000011321 prophylaxis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002307 prostate Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000021046 prostate intraepithelial neoplasia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003531 protein hydrolysate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010037 protein-DNA complex assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- PTJWIQPHWPFNBW-GBNDHIKLSA-N pseudouridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1C1=CNC(=O)NC1=O PTJWIQPHWPFNBW-GBNDHIKLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007388 punch biopsy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150018283 pus10 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 150000003230 pyrimidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 101150046820 rab3gap1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000001959 radiotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108700042226 ras Genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000016914 ras Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010014186 ras Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000008707 rearrangement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010837 receptor-mediated endocytosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000011514 reflex Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000011998 regulation of cell killing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000022532 regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008521 reorganization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003362 replicative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000004335 respiratory allergy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037803 restenosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108091008146 restriction endonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000009410 rhabdomyosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002342 ribonucleoside Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004708 ribosome subunit Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- DWRXFEITVBNRMK-JXOAFFINSA-N ribothymidine Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 DWRXFEITVBNRMK-JXOAFFINSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150098037 rpl23 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150040683 rpl24 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000019515 salmon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007423 screening assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150081985 scrib gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000013515 script Methods 0.000 description 1
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N scyllo-inosotol Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001932 seasonal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036303 septic shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012679 serum free medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150045247 sirt5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000002363 skeletal muscle cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 101150109138 slc39a9 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000000649 small cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000587 small cell lung carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150078534 smarcad1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004989 spleen cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001324 spliceosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 101150103075 ssr3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000528 statistical test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000000498 stomach carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940031000 streptococcus pneumoniae Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000002536 stromal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150005655 syf-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000596 systemic lupus erythematosus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150047061 tag-72 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150080773 tap-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011191 terminal modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000003120 testicular cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L thimerosal Chemical compound [Na+].CC[Hg]SC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940033663 thimerosal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000001541 thymus gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000002510 thyroid cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000001685 thyroid gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000013077 thyroid gland carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010043778 thyroiditis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005057 thyrotoxicosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003614 tolerogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108091006107 transcriptional repressors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010474 transient expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014621 translational initiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000011637 translesion synthesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940096911 trichinella spiralis Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011178 triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012588 trypsin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150091990 tsfm gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000008827 tuberculosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000005851 tumor immunogenicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005751 tumor progression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000029729 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 11 Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000001072 type 2 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000010472 type I IFN response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150094171 ubl4a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000724775 unclassified viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000701447 unidentified baculovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000712461 unidentified influenza virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000002444 unipotent stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000010570 urinary bladder carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150085818 usp10 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000004291 uterus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108010027510 vaccinia virus capping enzyme Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000021331 vascular occlusion disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000028973 vesicle-mediated transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000001862 viral hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000052613 viral pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000000605 viral structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002845 virion Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012130 whole-cell lysate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150020580 yap1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150099010 ywhab gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150076297 ywhaz gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150007358 zcchc4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
- C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
- C12N5/0639—Dendritic cells, e.g. Langherhans cells in the epidermis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
- A61K35/14—Blood; Artificial blood
- A61K35/15—Cells of the myeloid line, e.g. granulocytes, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, leucocytes, monocytes, macrophages or mast cells; Myeloid precursor cells; Antigen-presenting cells, e.g. dendritic cells
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
- C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
- C07K14/4702—Regulators; Modulating activity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
- C12N15/86—Viral vectors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
- C12N2500/30—Organic components
- C12N2500/32—Amino acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
- C12N2500/30—Organic components
- C12N2500/44—Thiols, e.g. mercaptoethanol
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/05—Adjuvants
- C12N2501/052—Lipopolysaccharides [LPS]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/05—Adjuvants
- C12N2501/056—Immunostimulating oligonucleotides, e.g. CpG
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/20—Cytokines; Chemokines
- C12N2501/22—Colony stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/20—Cytokines; Chemokines
- C12N2501/23—Interleukins [IL]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/20—Cytokines; Chemokines
- C12N2501/23—Interleukins [IL]
- C12N2501/2304—Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/20—Cytokines; Chemokines
- C12N2501/26—Flt-3 ligand (CD135L, flk-2 ligand)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/60—Transcription factors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/60—Transcription factors
- C12N2501/604—Klf-4
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/999—Small molecules not provided for elsewhere
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2502/00—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by
- C12N2502/13—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by connective tissue cells; generic mesenchyme cells, e.g. so-called "embryonic fibroblasts"
- C12N2502/1394—Bone marrow stromal cells; whole marrow
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells
- C12N2506/13—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from connective tissue cells, from mesenchymal cells
- C12N2506/1307—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from connective tissue cells, from mesenchymal cells from adult fibroblasts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells
- C12N2506/25—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from renal cells, from cells of the urinary tract
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to the development of methods for making dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells with antigen presenting capacity from differentiated, multipotent or pluripotent stem cells by introducing and expressing isolated transcription factors. More particularly, the disclosure provides methods for redirecting differentiated, multipotent or pluripotent stem cells to a dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell state by direct cellular reprogramming with a surprisingly use of combinations of transcription factors.
- TF Transcription factor
- iPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells
- a somatic cell can also be converted into another specialized cell type (3).
- Direct lineage conversion has proven successful to reprogram mouse and human fibroblasts into several cell types, such as neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes, using TFs specifying the target-cell identity (4).
- APCs antigen-presenting cells
- DCs Dendritic Cells
- DCs are professional APCs capable of activating T cell responses by displaying peptide antigens complexed with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surface, together with all of the necessary soluble and membrane associated co-stimulatory molecules.
- DCs induce primary immune responses, potentiate the effector functions of previously primed T-lymphocytes, and orchestrate communication between innate and adaptive immunity.
- DCs are found in most tissues, where they continuously sample the antigenic environment and use several types of receptors to monitor for invading pathogens. In steady state, and at an increased rate upon detection of pathogens, sentinel DC in non-lymphoid tissues migrate to the lymphoid organs where they present to T cells the antigens they have collected and processed.
- the phenotype acquired by the T cell depends on the context in which the DC presents its antigen. If the antigen is derived from a pathogen, or damaged self, DC receive danger signals, become activated and the T cells are then stimulated to become effectors, necessary to provide protective immunity.
- APCs by direct reprogramming opens new opportunities to a better understanding of DC specification and cellular identity, contributing to a more efficient control of immune responses using autologous-engineered cells.
- the present subject matter identifies several isolated transcription factors that surprisingly reprogram or induce differentiated cell, multipotent or pluripotent stem cell into dendritic cell, in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo.
- the induced Dendritic Cells generated by reprograming as described in the present disclosure are intrinsically more mature than splenic DCs (natural DCs) and are less dependent on exogenous activation stimuli for antigen presentation.
- DCs are professional APCs located throughout the body functioning at the interface of the innate and adaptive immune system. DCs are able to provide a crucial link between the external environment and the adaptive immune system through their ability to capture, process and present antigens to T cells, targeting them to different types of immune responses or to tolerance. Firstly, DCs have to capture antigens and process them through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II. Following their activation, DCs are able to migrate towards the local draining lymph nodes priming multiple B cell and T cell responses, a key feature of adaptive immunity. The early protective efficacy is primarily conferred by the induction of antigen-specific antibodies produced by B lymphocytes.
- MHC major histocompatibility complex
- DCs as professional APCs, have the ability to cross-present antigens, meaning that, in addition to its classical ability to present exogenous antigens on MHC class II and endogenous antigens on MHC class I, they are also able to present exogenous antigens on MHC class I, a critical step for the generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte responses (CTL).
- CTL Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte responses
- the ontogeny and/or microenvironment in which DC are positioned may result in the expression of distinct combinations of surface receptors by DCs. For example, phenotypic criteria alone allow the classification of mouse DCs into different subpopulations.
- DC-based immunotherapies rely on autologous DC precursors: either monocytes, which are associated with the production of less-efficient DCs, or hematopoietic progenitors, which are isolated in very low numbers.
- monocytes which are associated with the production of less-efficient DCs
- hematopoietic progenitors which are isolated in very low numbers.
- these precursor cells are commonly compromised in cancer-bearing patients, resulting in the generation of dysfunctional DCs.
- non-hematopoietic cell-types such as fibroblasts are usually not affected.
- Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDFs) also exhibit other competitive advantages, namely are easily obtained from a small skin punch biopsy, are easily expanded in vitro for several passages (15-20 million cells after 4 weeks) and can be conserved frozen and used on-demand.
- compositions comprising the combination of at least two isolated transcription factors encoded by a sequence 90% identical to a sequence from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14); as a reprogramming or inducing factor of a cell selected from a list consisting of: stem cell or a differentiated cell, or mixtures thereof, into dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo.
- polypeptide variants or family members having the same or a similar activity as the reference polypeptide encoded by the sequences provided in the sequence listing can be used in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein.
- variants of a particular polypeptide encoding a DC inducing factor for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein will have at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99% or more sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art.
- GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch ((1970) J Mol Biol 48: 443-453) to find the global (over the whole the sequence) alignment of two sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps.
- the BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al. (1990) J Mol Biol 215: 403-10) calculates percent sequence identity and performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between the two sequences.
- the software for performing BLAST analysis is publicly available through the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
- the combination of isolated transcription factor may be:
- the isolated transcription factor of the present disclosure may be used in veterinary or human medicine, in particular in immunotherapy, or in neurodegenerative diseases, or in cancer or in infectious diseases.
- the cell may be selected from a list consisting of: pluripotent stem cell, multipotent stem cell, differentiated cell, tumor cell, cancer cell, and mixtures thereof.
- pluripotent stem cell multipotent stem cell
- differentiated cell tumor cell, cancer cell, and mixtures thereof.
- mammalian cell more in particular a mouse or a human cell.
- the isolated transcription factor of the present disclosure may be use as a reprogramming or inducing factor of a cell selected from a list consisting of: pluripotent stem cell, or multipotent stem cell, or differentiated cell, and mixtures thereof into dendritic cell.
- the isolated transcription factor of the present disclosure may be use a reprogramming or inducing factor of a cell selected from a list consisting of: tumor cell, cancer cell, and mixtures thereof, into antigen presenting cell.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure is the use of a combination of at least two sequences at least 90% identical, preferably at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or identical, to a sequence from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID.
- a cell selected from a list consisting of: stem cell or a differentiated cell, or mixtures thereof, into dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo.
- the combination may be selected from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), and mixtures thereof.
- the isolated transcription may include the following combination: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID.
- TCF4 SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14
- BATF3 SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2
- TCF4 SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14
- IRF8 SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6
- TCF4 SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14
- PU.1 SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8
- BATF3 SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a construct or a vector encoding at least one isolated transcription factor described in the present subject-matter.
- the construct or the vector may be the combination of three isolated transcription factors is in the following sequential order from 5′ to 3′: PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2); or IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2).
- the vector is a viral vector; in particular a retrovirus, a adenovirus, a lentivirus, a herpes virus, a pox virus, or adeno-associated virus vectors.
- the transducing step further comprises at least one vector selected from a list consisting of: a nucleic acid sequence encoding IL12; nucleic acid sequence encoding GM-CSF; nucleic acid sequence encoding IL-7; nucleic acid sequence encoding siRNA targeting IL-10 RNA, and mixtures thereof.
- the transducing of step further comprises at least one vector comprising nucleic acids encoding immunostimulatory cytokines.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for programming or inducing a stem cell or a differentiated cell into a dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell, comprising the following step:
- the combination of isolated transcription factors is selected from the following encoded combinations: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) and BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID.
- the construct or the vector may be the combination of at least three isolated transcription factors in the following sequential order from 5′ to 3′: PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2); or IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2).
- cells may be transduced with a plurality of isolated transcription factors and cultured during at least 2 days, preferably at least 5 days, more preferably at least 8 days, even more preferably 9 days.
- the transducing step may further comprise at least one vector selected from a list consisting of: a nucleic acid sequence encoding IL-12; nucleic acid sequence encoding GM-CSF; nucleic acid sequence encoding IL-7; nucleic acid sequence encoding siRNA targeting IL-10 RNA, and mixtures thereof.
- the cell may be selected from the group consisting of pluripotent stem cell, or multipotent stem cell, differentiated cell, and mixtures thereof.
- pluripotent stem cell or multipotent stem cell, differentiated cell, and mixtures thereof.
- an endoderm derived cell, a mesoderm derived cell, or an ectoderm derived cell a multipotent stem cell including mesenchymal stem cell, a hematopoietic stem cell, intestinal stem cell, a pluripotent stem cell, a tumor or cancer cell and cell lines.
- the cell may be a non-human cell, preferably a mouse or a human cell, more preferably cell is a human or mouse fibroblast, or a mammal umbilical cord blood stem cell.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to induced dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell obtained by the method described in the present disclosure.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to induced antigen presenting cell obtained by the method described in the present disclosure.
- an induced antigen presenting cell capable to present a cancer antigen, a self-antigen, an allergen, an antigen from a pathogenic and/or infectious organism.
- composition comprising at least one isolated transcription factor as described in the present disclosure, or an induced dendritic cell as described in the present disclosure, or an induced antigen presenting cell as described in the present disclosure, or mixtures thereof, in a therapeutically effective amount and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- the composition may be use in veterinary or human medicine, in particular in immunotherapy, or in neurodegenerative diseases, or in cancer or in infectious diseases.
- the composition may further comprise an anti-viral, an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory agent, a chemotherapy agent, a radiotherapy agent, an antibiotic, a diuretic, or mixtures thereof.
- the composition may further comprise a filler, a binder, a disintegrant, or a lubricant, or mixtures thereof.
- the composition may be use in intradermal and transdermal therapies.
- the composition may be use as an injectable formulation, in particular an in-situ injection.
- the composition may be use in veterinary or human medicine, in particular in immunotherapy, or in the treatment or therapy neurodegenerative diseases, or in the treatment or therapy of cancer or in the treatment or therapy of an infectious diseases.
- the composition may be use in the treatment, therapy or diagnostic of a central and peripheral nervous system disorder.
- the composition may be use in the treatment therapy or diagnostic of neoplasia in particular cancer, namely solid or hematological tumors.
- the composition may be use in the treatment, diagnostic or therapy of benign tumor, malignant tumor, early cancer, basal cell carcinoma, cervical dysplasia, soft tissue sarcoma, germ cell tumor, retinoblastoma, age-related macular degeneration, Hodgkin's lymphoma, blood cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, cervix cancer, uterus cancer, vaginal cancer, breast cancer, naso-pharynx cancer, trachea cancer, larynx cancer, bronchi cancer, bronchioles cancer, lung cancer, hollow organs cancer, esophagus cancer, stomach cancer, bile duct cancer, intestine cancer, colon cancer, colorectum cancer, rectum cancer, bladder cancer, ureter cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, gall bladder cancer, spleen cancer, brain cancer, lymphatic system cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, skin cancer, or myeloma.
- the composition may be use in the treatment, therapy or diagnostic of a fungal, viral, chlamydial, bacterial, nanobacterial or parasitic infectious disease.
- the composition may be use in therapy or diagnostic of HIV, infection with SARS coronavirus, Asian flu virus, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, hepatitis, or viral hepatitis.
- the composition may be use in the treatment, therapy or diagnostic of an amyloid disease in particular Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, Alzheimer's disease, Light-Chain (AL) amyloidosis, Type-2 Diabetes, Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid, Parkinson's disease, Polyneuropathy, or Spongiform Encephalopathy—Creutzfeldt Jakob disease.
- AA Amyloid A
- AL Light-Chain
- Type-2 Diabetes Type-2 Diabetes
- Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Parkinson's disease
- Parkinson's disease Polyneuropathy
- Spongiform Encephalopathy Spongiform Encephalopathy—Creutzfeldt Jakob disease.
- compositions comprising at least one isolated transcription factor as described in the present disclosure, or an induced dendritic cell as described in the present disclosure, or an induced antigen presenting cell as described in the present disclosure, or mixtures thereof.
- kits comprising at least one of the following components: a composition comprising at least one isolated transcription factor as described in the present disclosure, or an induced dendritic cell as described in the present disclosure, or a induced antigen presenting cell as described in the present disclosure, a composition as described in the present disclosure, or a vector as described in the present disclosure, or a construct as described in the present disclosure or mixtures thereof.
- compositions, methods, and kits for dendritic cell induction or for reprogramming cells to antigen-presenting dendritic cells comprise at least one DC inducing factor.
- Such compositions, methods and kits can be used for inducing dendritic cells in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, as described herein, and these induced dendritic cells (iDCs) can be used in immunotherapies.
- compositions, methods, and kits for dendritic cell induction or for reprogramming cells to dendritic cells of the present disclosure are based, in part, in the use of a novel combination of transcription factors that permit direct reprogramming of differentiated cells to the dendritic cell state.
- Such compositions, nucleic acid constructs, methods and kits can be used for inducing dendritic cells in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, as described herein, and these induced dendritic cells can be used in immunotherapies.
- the present disclosure relates to the regulation of the immune system, and in particular to the use of reprogrammed dendritic cells to prime immune responses to target antigens.
- the resulting dendritic cell is an antigen presenting cell which activates T cells against MHC class I-antigen targets. Cancer, viral, bacterial and parasitic infections are all ameliorated by the reprogrammed dendritic cells. As reprogrammed dendritic cells are capable of cross-presenting extracellular antigens via the MHC class I pathway, they are particularly suitable for generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.
- isolated transcription factor selected from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), and mixtures thereof, upon forced expression in fibroblasts induce activation of the Clec9a DC-specific reporter, DC morphology and a conventional DC type 1 (cDC1) transcriptional program.
- BATF3 SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2)
- IRF8 SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6
- PU.1 SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8
- TCF4 SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14
- iDCs Induced Dendritic Cells express cDC1 markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and II at the cell surface and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and CD40.
- MHC major histocompatibility complex
- iDCs are able to engulf particles and upon challenge with LPS or poly I:C secrete inflammatory cytokines.
- iDCs present antigens to CD4+ T cells and cross-present antigens to CD8+ T cells.
- isolated transcription factor selected from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), upon forced expression in fibroblasts induce expression of CLEC9A and HLA-DR, typical DC markers, and DC morphology.
- IDCs Induced Dendritic Cells
- This disclosure provides powerful new treatments for cancers and cellular infections, as well as a variety of diagnostic and cell screening assays.
- isolated transcription factor selected from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), upon forced expression in cancer cell lines induce expression of CLEC9A and MHC-II at the cell surface.
- CLEC9A is preferentially expressed on the subset cDC1 of dendritic cells.
- This is an important cell type because it is capable of processing antigens derived from outside the cell and presenting them to T cells via MHC class I molecules. This is in contrast to most antigen presenting cells, which present extracellularly-derived antigens via MHC class II molecules. Consequently, this mechanism of antigen presentation is sometimes referred to as “cross-presentation”.
- These cells therefore play an important role in the generation and stimulation of CTL responses, which are an essential part of the immune response against intracellular pathogens, e.g. viruses and cancers.
- immune responses stimulated via iDCs involve proliferation of T cells, which may be CTL or helper T cells.
- T cells which may be CTL or helper T cells.
- Antigen presenting cells and in particular iDCs
- iDCs may be implicated in at least Th1, Th2, and Th17-type immune responses.
- the methods of the invention may be applied to stimulation of various types of immune response against any antigen.
- these cells are believed to be particularly important in the generation of CTL responses, so the immune response to be stimulated is preferably a CTL response.
- the method may comprise determining production and/or proliferation of CTLs, which are typically T cells expressing CD8 and are capable of cytotoxic activity against cells displaying their cognate antigen in the context of MHC class I molecules.
- iDCs may be used for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of any condition in which it is desirable to induce a CTL response, such as cancer, or infection by an intracellular parasite or pathogen, such as a viral infection.
- helper T cells can result in proliferation of helper T cells as well as, or instead of, CTLs.
- the method may additionally or alternatively comprise determining production and/or proliferation of helper T cells.
- the helper T cells may be CD4+ T cells, and may be of Th1, Th2, Th17 or Treg type.
- iDCs may be capable of stimulating regulatory T cell (Treg) proliferation.
- Treg cells are characterised by the expression of the Foxp3 (Forkhead box p3) transcription factor.
- Most Treg cells are CD4+ and CD25+, and can be regarded as a subset of helper T cells, although a small population may be CD8+.
- the immune response which is to be stimulated by a method of the present disclosure, may comprise inducing proliferation of Treg cells in response to an antigen.
- Treg cells may be capable of modulating the response of other cells of the immune system against an antigen in other ways, e.g. inhibiting or suppressing their activity, the effect on the immune system as a whole may be to modulate (e.g.
- the methods of this aspect of the invention can equally be referred to as methods of modulating (e.g. inhibiting or suppressing) an immune response against an antigen. This may be particularly useful (for example) in the treatment of autoimmune disease.
- the antigen may be any protein or fragment thereof against which it is desirable to raise an immune response, in particular a CTL response, but also a Th17 response or a Treg response. These may include antigens associated with, expressed by, displayed on, or secreted by cells against which it is desirable to stimulate a CTL response, including cancer cells and cells containing intracellular pathogens or parasites.
- the antigen may be, or may comprise, an epitope peptide from a protein expressed by an intracellular pathogen or parasite (such as a viral protein) or from a protein expressed by a cancer or tumor cell.
- the antigen may be a tumor-specific antigen.
- tumor-specific antigen should not be interpreted as being restricted to antigens from solid tumors, but to encompass antigens expressed specifically by any cancerous, transformed or malignant cell.
- the invention therefore provides a primed antigen presenting cell or population thereof.
- primed is meant that the cell has been contacted with an antigen, is presenting that antigen or an epitope thereof in the context of MHC molecules, preferably MHC I molecules, and is capable of activating or stimulating T cells to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells in response thereof.
- antigen is well understood in the art and includes immunogenic substances as well as antigenic epitopes. It will be appreciated that the use of any antigen is envisioned for use in the present invention and thus includes, but is not limited to, a self-antigen (whether normal or disease-related), an infectious antigen (e.g., a microbial antigen, viral antigen, etc.), or some other foreign antigen (e.g., a food component, pollen, etc.). Loading the antigen-presenting cells with an antigen can be accomplished utilizing standard methods, for example, pulsing, transducing, transfecting, and/or electrofusing.
- the antigen can be nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), proteins, protein lysate, whole cell lysate, or antigen proteins linked to other proteins, i.e., heat shock proteins.
- the antigens can be derived or isolated from a pathogenic microorganism such as viruses including HIV, influenza, Herpes simplex, human papilloma virus, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, EBV, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the like.
- the antigen may be derived or isolated from pathogenic bacteria such as from Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, Legionella , Meningiococcus, Group A Streptococcus, Salmonella, Listeria, Haemophilus influenzae , and the like. Still further, the antigen may be derived or isolated from pathogenic yeast including Aspergillus , invasive Candida, Nocardia , Histoplasmosis, Cryptosporidia and the like. The antigen may be derived or isolated from a pathogenic protozoan and pathogenic parasites including, but not limited to Pneumocystis carinii, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii .
- the antigen includes an antigen associated with a preneoplastic or hyperplastic state.
- Antigens may also be associated with, or causative of cancer.
- Such antigens are tumor specific antigen, tumor associated antigen (TAA) or tissue specific antigen, epitope thereof, and epitope agonist thereof.
- TAA tumor associated antigen
- Such antigens include but are not limited to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and epitopes thereof such as CAP-1, CAP-1-6D, MART-1, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, GAGE, GP-100, MUC-1, MUC-2, point mutated ras oncogene, normal and point mutated p53 oncogenes, PSMA, tyrosinase, TRP-1 (gp75), NY-ESO-1, TRP-2, TAG72, KSA, CA-125, PSA, HER-2/neu/c-erb/B2, BRC-I, BRC-II, bcr-abl, pax3-fkhr, ews-fli-1, modifications of TAAs and tissue specific antigen, splice variants of TAAs, epitope agonists, and the like.
- CEA carcinoembryonic antigen
- epitopes thereof such as CAP-1, CAP-1-6D,
- agent means any compound or substance such as, but not limited to, a small molecule, nucleic acid, polypeptide, peptide, drug, ion, etc.
- An “agent” can be any chemical, entity or moiety, including without limitation synthetic and naturally-occurring proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous entities.
- an agent is nucleic acid, nucleic acid analogues, proteins, antibodies, peptides, aptamers, oligomer of nucleic acids, amino acids, or carbohydrates including without limitation proteins, oligonucleotides, ribozymes, DNAzymes, glycoproteins, siRNAs, lipoproteins, aptamers, and modifications and combinations thereof etc.
- the nucleic acid is DNA or RNA, and nucleic acid analogues, for example can be PNA, pcPNA and LNA.
- a nucleic acid may be single or double stranded, and can be selected from a group comprising; nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest, oligonucleotides, PNA, etc.
- Such nucleic acid sequences include, for example, but not limited to, nucleic acid sequence encoding proteins that act as transcriptional repressors, antisense molecules, ribozymes, small inhibitory nucleic acid sequences, for example but not limited to RNAi, shRNAi, siRNA, micro RNAi (mRNAi), antisense oligonucleotides etc.
- a protein and/or peptide agent or fragment thereof can be any protein of interest, for example, but not limited to; mutated proteins; therapeutic proteins; truncated proteins, wherein the protein is normally absent or expressed at lower levels in the cell.
- Proteins of interest can be selected from a group comprising; mutated proteins, genetically engineered proteins, peptides, synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, chimeric proteins, antibodies, humanized proteins, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, modified proteins and fragments thereof.
- transcription factor refers to a protein that binds to specific parts of DNA using DNA binding domains and is part of the system that controls the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA.
- DC inducing factor refers to a developmental potential altering factor, as that term is defined herein, such as a protein, RNA, or small molecule, the expression of which contributes to the reprogramming of a cell, e.g. a somatic cell, to the DC state.
- a DC inducing factor can be, for example, transcription factors that can reprogram cells to the DC state, such as PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4, and the like, including any gene, protein, RNA or small molecule that can substitute for one or more of these factors in a method of making iDCs in vitro.
- exogenous expression of a DC inducing factor induces endogenous expression of one or more DC inducing factors, such that exogenous expression of the one or more DC inducing factor is no longer required for stable maintenance of the cell in the iDC state.
- an antigen-presenting cell refers to a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces; this process is known as antigen presentation.
- MHCs major histocompatibility complexes
- T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). These cells process antigens and present them to T-cells.
- a somatic cell refers to any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell.
- the expression of endogenous DC inducing factors can be induced by the use of DNA targeting systems able to modulate mammalian gene expression in a cell with or without the use of chromatin modifying drugs.
- the DNA targeting system may comprise a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9-based system (as described in WO2014197748 A2) that may include any modified protein, isolated polynucleotide or vector contacted with the cell and at least one guide RNA targeting a promoter region of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4.
- the DNA targeting system may comprise dCas9-VP64.
- the DNA targeting system may comprise two or more transcription activator-like effector transcription factors (as described in US20140309177 A1) that bind to different target regions of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4.
- two or more transcription activator-like effector transcription factors as described in US20140309177 A1 that bind to different target regions of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4.
- iDCs can be used as immunotherapy to induce specific immune responses in patients with cancer, such as melanoma, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, among others.
- cancer such as melanoma, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, among others.
- iDCs can also be used to treat infections caused by viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens.
- iDCs can also be used as in vitro tools for vaccine immunogenicity testing.
- the pluripotent stem cells used in the present disclosure are obtained without having to recur to a method necessarily involving the destruction of human embryos, namely with the use of induced pluripotent stem cells.
- Induced pluripotent stem cells also known as iPS cells or iPSCs
- iPS cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells by cellular reprogramming.
- iDCs induced Dendritic Cells
- the composition may comprises the isolated transcription factor discloses in the present subject-matter, in an amount effective to improve the immunotherapy by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 95.7%, at least 98%, or at least 99% in the subject.
- the composition may comprise the induced dendritic cells disclosure in the present subject-matter, in an amount effective to improve the immunotherapy by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 95.7%, at least 98%, or at least 99% in the subject.
- DC inducing factors of the present disclosure can be delivered to induce reprogramming in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo.
- Differentiated cells of the present disclosure can be isolated from a subject in need, DC inducing factors can be introduced to induce reprogramming into iDCs. Generated iDCs can be infused back to the patient.
- DC inducing factors can be delivered to induce reprogramming in vivo of, for example, cancer cells into iDC with ability to present cancer antigens.
- Preferred routes of administration include but are not limited to oral, parenteral, intramuscular, intravenous, in situ injection, intranasal, sublingual, intratracheal, and inhalation.
- the dose or dosage form is administered to the subject once a day, twice a day, or three times a day. In other embodiments, the dose is administered to the subject once a week, once a month, once every two months, four times a year, three times a year, twice a year, or once a year.
- kits for research use and methods for generation of cells useful for conducting small molecule screens for immune disorders provide multiple applications, including kits for research use and methods for generation of cells useful for conducting small molecule screens for immune disorders.
- the invention provides commercially and medically useful methods to produce autologous dendritic cells and give them back to a patient in need.
- the methods described herein can be used to produce dendritic cells to treat diseases including hyperproliferative diseases, which can also be further defined as cancer.
- the cancer is melanoma, non-small cell lung, small-cell lung, lung, hepatocarcinoma, leukemia, retinoblastoma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, gum, tongue, neuroblastoma, head, neck, breast, pancreatic, prostate, colorectal, Esophageal, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, uterine, liver, thyroid, renal, skin, bone, testicular, ovarian, mesothelioma, cervical, gastrointestinal, lymphoma, brain, colon, sarcoma or bladder.
- the cancer may include a tumor comprised of tumor cells.
- tumor cells may include, but are not limited to melanoma cell, a bladder cancer cell, a breast cancer cell, a lung cancer cell, a colon cancer cell, a prostate cancer cell, a liver cancer cell, a pancreatic cancer cell, a stomach cancer cell, a testicular cancer cell, a brain cancer cell, an ovarian cancer cell, a lymphatic cancer cell, a skin cancer cell, a brain cancer cell, a bone cancer cell, or a soft tissue cancer cell.
- the hyperproliferative disease is rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, leiomyomas, adenomas, lipomas, hemangiomas, fibromas, vascular occlusion, restenosis, atherosclerosis, pre-neoplastic lesions (such as adenomatous hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia), carcinoma in situ, oral hairy leukoplakia, or psoriasis.
- DC inducing composition comprising one or more expression vectors encoding at least two, three, four, or more DC inducing factors selected from: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), or mixtures thereof.
- BATF3 SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2)
- IRF8 SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6
- PU.1 SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8
- TCF4 SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14
- the addition of increases the efficiency in at least 8%.
- the one or more expression vectors are retroviral vectors.
- the one or more expression vectors are lentiviral vectors.
- the lentiviral vectors are inducible lentiviral vectors.
- DC inducing compositions comprising modified mRNA sequences encoding at least two, three, four, DC inducing factors selected from BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), or mixtures thereof, wherein each cytosine of each said modified mRNA sequence is a modified cytosine, each uracil of each said modified mRNA sequence is a modified uracil, or a combination thereof.
- BATF3 SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2)
- IRF8 SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6
- PU.1 SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8
- TCF4 SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14
- DC inducing compositions comprising at least two sequences selected from TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), or mixtures thereof, wherein each cytosine of each said modified mRNA sequence is a modified cytosine, each uracil of each said modified mRNA sequence is a modified uracil, or a combination thereof.
- TCF4 SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14
- BATF3 SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2
- IRF8 SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6
- PU.1 SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8
- the modified cytosine is 5-methylcytosine and the modified uracil is pseudouracil.
- iDC induced dendritic cell
- the transducing step further comprises one or more vectors comprising one or more of: a nucleic acid sequence encoding TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14); a nucleic acid sequence encoding IL12; nucleic acid sequence encoding GM-CSF; nucleic acid sequence encoding IL-7; nucleic acid sequence encoding siRNA targeting IL-10 RNA.
- a nucleic acid sequence encoding TCF4 SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14
- a nucleic acid sequence encoding IL12 nucleic acid sequence encoding GM-CSF
- nucleic acid sequence encoding IL-7 nucleic acid sequence encoding siRNA targeting IL-10 RNA.
- the transducing step further comprises one or more vectors comprising nucleic acids encoding immunostimulatory cytokines.
- the cytokine is one of the interleukins (e.g., IL-1 ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20), interferons (e.g., IFN- ⁇ , IFN-3, IFN- ⁇ ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ), granulocyte colony stimulating factors (G-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Flt-3 ligand or kit ligand.
- interleukins e.g., IL-1 ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7
- cytokines The amino acid sequences of these cytokines are well known in the art.
- heterodimeric immunostimulatory cytokines e.g., IL-12
- iDCs induced dendritic cells
- the additional vectors may also comprise nucleic acids encoding variants of these cytokines.
- the APCs of the invention may be genetically modified to express either the pro- or mature form.
- Other variants such as fusion proteins between an active fragment of a cytokine and a heterologous sequence (e.g., a heterologous signal peptide), may also be employed.
- Species variants may also be employed to the extent that they retain activity in a human subject.
- human APCs may be genetically modified to express a murine, bovine, equine, ovine, feline, canine, non-human primate or other mammalian variant of a human cytokine if these species variants retain activity substantially similar to their human homologues.
- the adjuvant may comprise an agonist for CD40 (such as soluble CD40 ligand, or an agonist antibody specific for CD40), an agonist of CD28, CD27 or OX40 (e.g. an agonist antibody specific for one of those molecules), a CTLA-4 antagonist (e.g.
- a TLR agonist is a substance that activates a Toll-like receptor.
- the TLR agonist is an activator of TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7 or TLR9.
- a suitable TLR agonist is MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A), which binds TLR4.
- TLR agonists which may be used are LTA (lipoteichoic acid, which binds TLR2; Poly I:C (polyinosine-polycytidylic acid), which binds TLR3; flagellin, which binds TLR5; imiquimod or polyU RNA (1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo(4,5-c)quinolin-4-amine), which binds TLR7 and CpG (DNA CpG motifs), which binds TLR9; or any other component which binds to and activates a TLR.
- Adjuvants which may not work via TLRs include 5′ triphosphate RNA, poly I:C, and ⁇ -glucans such as curdlan ( ⁇ -1,3-glucan).
- the culturing step further comprises the use of cell media that supports growth of dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells supplemented with at least one immunostimulatory recombinant cytokine selected from the group consisting of interleukins (e.g., IL-1 ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20), interferons (e.g., IFN- ⁇ , IFN-(3, IFN- ⁇ ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ), granulocyte colony stimulating factors (G-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Flt-3 ligand or kit ligand.
- interleukins e.g., IL-1 ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , IL-2,
- induced dendritic cells shall be cultured with both subunits of the cytokine molecule.
- Other pro-inflammatory cytokines may also be used as adjuvants.
- the somatic cell is a fibroblast cell.
- the somatic cell is a hematopoietic lineage cell.
- the hematopoietic lineage cell is selected from promyelocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, reticulocytes, erythrocytes, mast cells, osteoclasts, megakaryoblasts, platelet producing megakaryocytes, platelets, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, innate lymphocytes, multipotent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, oligopotent hematopoietic progenitor cells, lineage restricted hematopoietic progenitors.
- the hematopoietic lineage cell is selected from a multi-potent progenitor cell (MPP), common myeloid progenitor cell (CMP), granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells (GMP), common lymphoid progenitor cell (CLP), and pre-megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell.
- MPP multi-potent progenitor cell
- CMP common myeloid progenitor cell
- GFP granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells
- CLP common lymphoid progenitor cell
- pre-megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell pre-megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell.
- the hematopoietic lineage cell is selected from a megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell (MEP), a ProB cell, a PreB cell, a PreProB cell, a ProT cell, a double-negative T cell, a pro-NK cell, a pre-dendritic cell (pre-DC), pre-granulocyte/macrophage cell, a granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GMP) cell, and a pro-mast cell (ProMC).
- MEP megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell
- ProB cell a ProB cell
- PreB cell PreB cell
- PreProB cell a PreProB cell
- ProT cell a double-negative T cell
- pro-NK cell a pre-dendritic cell
- pre-DC pre-dendritic cell
- pre-GMP granulocyte/macrophage progenitor
- ProMC pro-mast cell
- kits for making induced dendritic cells comprising any of the DC inducing compositions comprising one or more expression vector components described herein.
- kits for making induced dendritic cells comprising any of the DC inducing compositions comprising modified mRNA sequence components described herein.
- the one or more expression vectors are lentiviral vectors.
- the lentiviral vectors are inducible lentiviral vectors.
- the lentiviral vectors are polycistronic inducible lentiviral vectors.
- the polycistronic inducible lentiviral vectors express three or more nucleic acid sequences. In some embodiments, each of the nucleic acid sequences of the polycistronic inducible lentiviral vectors are separated by 2A peptide sequences.
- polycistronic viral expression systems can increase the in vivo reprogramming efficiency of somatic cells to iDCs. Accordingly, in some embodiments of the aspects described herein, a polycistronic lentiviral vector is used. In such embodiments, sequences encoding two or more of the DC inducing factors described herein, are expressed from a single promoter, as a polycistronic transcript. 2A peptide strategy can be used to make polycistronic vectors (see, e.g., Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2005 May; 5(5):627-38). Polycistronic expression vector systems can also use internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) elements to create multigene, or polycistronic, messages.
- IRS internal ribosome entry sites
- IRES elements are able to bypass the ribosome scanning model of 5′-methylated Cap dependent translation and begin translation at internal sites (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988). IRES elements can be linked to heterologous open reading frames. Multiple open reading frames can be transcribed together, each separated by an IRES, thus creating polycistronic messages. By virtue of the IRES element, each open reading frame is accessible to ribosomes for efficient translation. Multiple genes can be efficiently expressed using a single promoter/enhancer to transcribe a single message. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.
- FIG. 1 Schematic representation of hematopoietic differentiation.
- HSCs hematopoietic stem cells
- DCs dendritic cells
- Multi-potent progenitor cells MPPs
- CMPs common myeloid progenitor cells
- CLPs common lymphoid progenitor cells
- GMPs granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells
- pre-MEG/E pre-megakaryocyte-erythrocyte
- MEP megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cells
- CFU-E colony forming unit-erythroid
- megakaryocytic progenitor MkP pro-mast cells
- ProMCs Monocyte DC progenitors
- MDP Common Dendritic Cell Precursors
- pre-DC pre-dendritic cell
- double negative T lineage precursors DN1, DN2).
- FIG. 2 Generating Antigen Presenting Cells by Direct Cellular Reprogramming. Observation of the effect of the TF combination disclosure in the present subject-matter for the induction of dendritic cells (iDCs) from mouse and human fibroblasts.
- Induced DCs can be applied to generate a personalized immunotherapy after loading with cell extracts or defined antigens (Primed-iDC).
- DCs are specialized in antigen presentation to Macrophages (M ⁇ ), T, B and NK cells. Induced DCs stimulate antigen-specific immune responses against cancer, viral, parasitic or bacterial infections.
- FIG. 3 In situ or ex vivo direct reprogramming of cancer cells to stimulate antigen-specific immune responses. Effect of TF combination (PIB) for the induction of DC fate and antigen presenting capacity, when this cocktail is introduced directly into cancer cells in vivo or in situ or, ex vivo or in vitro.
- PIB TF combination
- This strategy enables tumor cells to present their specific antigens (Tumor-APC) to CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, triggering a targeted immune response against the tumor.
- FIG. 4 18 TF candidates for the direct reprogramming of DCs.
- A Heat map showing gene expression of the 18 candidate factors across multiple mouse tissues (GeneAtlas MOE430). The majority of the 18 factors are specifically enriched in DCs (black box) but not in other tissues (right).
- B Heat maps showing increased gene expression of the 18 factors in mouse DCs when compared with macrophages (Mcp) derived from bone marrow cultures (left panel, GSE62361). Heat maps displaying gene expression of the 18 TFs in common dendritic cell precursors (CDP), Pre-conventional DCs (Pre-cDC1 and Pre-cDC2) and conventional DCs (cDC1 and cDC2) (right panel, GSE66565).
- CDP common dendritic cell precursors
- Pre-cDC1 and Pre-cDC2 Pre-conventional DCs
- cDC1 and cDC2 conventional DCs
- FIG. 5 Expression of Clec9a is specifically restricted to the conventional DC-lineage.
- Clec9a-Cre X R26-stop-Tomato double transgenic mouse enables identification of conventional DCs and their committed precursors (CDP, Common Dendritic Cell Precursors), but not other leukocytes, due to restricted tdTomato expression.
- CDP Common Dendritic Cell Precursors
- B Expression profile of Clec9a in DCs and several hematopoietic cell lineages obtained from data available in Immunological Genome Project (www.immgen.org).
- C Gene expression of the Clec9a gene in Monocyte DC progenitors (MDPs) and DC-committed precursors (CDPs and pre-DCs) at the single cell level (GSE60783).
- MDPs Monocyte DC progenitors
- CDPs and pre-DCs DC-committed precursors
- FIG. 6 Clec9a is highly expressed in mature cDC1s.
- A Gene expression of Clec9a in DC precursors (CDPs, pre-DC1 and pre-DC2) and mature cells (cDC1 and cDC2) (GSE60782).
- B Confirmation of Clec9a-tdTomato on splenic cDC1 (MHC-II+ CD11c+ CD8+ cells) isolated from double transgenic C9a-tdT animals. CD8+ T-cells that do not express Clec9a were included as control.
- FIG. 7 Isolation and purification of Clec9a reporter MEFs to screen candidate TFs.
- A Double transgenic (Clec9a-Cre X R26-stop-Tomato) pregnant females were used to isolate MEFs at embryonic day E13.5. After removal of the head, fetal liver and internal organs, MEFs were cultured until confluency. MEFs were sorted to remove residual CD45+ and tdTomato+ cells that could represent cells with hematopoietic potential.
- B Gating strategy to remove residual CD45+ and tdTomato+ cells. Double negative MEFs, approximately 97% of the population, were sorted.
- C Purity confirmation of the sorted population.
- FIG. 8 Experimental design to screen candidate TFs' ability to activate Clec9a reporter MEFs.
- Purified MEFs were transduced with different pools of inducible lentiviral vectors encoding DC-specific TFs. MEFs were cultured in the presence of Dox to induce expression of the TFs and monitored from day 1 to 15 for tdTomato expression.
- Activation of Clec9a promoter induces expression of Cre recombinase, which mediates excision of the Stop codon and consequent expression of tdTomato.
- FIG. 9 Combinations of candidate DC-inducing TFs induce activation of the Clec9a-tdTomato reporter.
- A MEFs were transduced with M2rtTA (as control), all 18 candidate TFs and pools of 3-4 TFs and analyzed by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry 5 days after addition of Dox.
- FIG. 10 Minimal transcription factor network activates Clec9a reporter and induce DC morphology in mouse fibroblasts.
- MEFs were transduced with M2rtTA (as control) or PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 (PIB—mixture of the 3 TF) and analysed by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry 5 days after addition of Dox.
- PIB mixed factor 8 and BATF3
- Kinetics of Clec9a-tdTomato reporter activation analysed by flow cytometry.
- C Quantification of tdTomato+ cells after removal of individual TFs from the pool of PIB or their individual expression at day 5 after addition of Dox.
- D Flow cytometry histograms showing size (FSC) and complexity (SSC) in PIB transduced cells (gated in tdTomato+ or total population) and M2rtTA transduced cells.
- E Morphology of tdTomato+ cells at day 5 after the addition of Dox.
- F Immunofluorescence for F-actin at day 8 after addition of Dox.
- FIG. 11 Kinetics of Clec9a reporter activation analyzed by time-lapse microscopy from day 0 to day 7. Scale bars represent 200 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 12 Minimal transcription factor network induces expression of the pan-hematopoietic marker CD45.
- FIG. 13 TCF4 increases the efficiency of Clec9a reporter activation.
- FIG. 14 Optimal culture conditions to induce the activation of the Clec9a reporter.
- A Quantification of tdTomato+ cells in MEFs transduced with PIB (PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3) and cultured in different conditions at day 10 after addition of Dox.
- B Absolute numbers of tdTomato+ cells in MEFs transduced with PIB (black bar) and co-cultured with OP9 and OP9-DL1 cells at day 10 after addition of Dox.
- OP9 and OP9-DL1 cultures were included as controls.
- FIG. 15 Expression profiles of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4 at the single cell level. Gene expression of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4 in single monocyte-dendritic cells precursors (MDPs) and restricted DC precursor cells (CDPs, and pre-DCs) (GSE60783). Gene expression level is shown in reads per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads (RPKM) values.
- MDPs monocyte-dendritic cells precursors
- CDPs, and pre-DCs pre-DCs
- FIG. 16 Analysis of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 factors expression in mouse cells/tissues.
- B Gene expression of Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 in DC precursors (CDPs, pre-DC1 and pre-DC2) and mature cells (cDC1 and cDC2) (GSE60782). Gene expression level is shown in relative gene expression.
- C Heat map showing increased expression of Clec9a, PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 in CD103+ DCs (highlighted in red) belonging to cDC1 subset when compared to other DC subsets and several hematopoietic cell lineages available in the Immunological Genome Project (www.immgen.org).
- Gene expression data were analyzed by Cluster 3.0 and displayed by Treeview. Red indicates increased expression, whereas blue indicates decreased expression over the mean.
- FIG. 17 Induced DCs express cDC1 markers at cell surface.
- A Flow cytometry analysis of surface phenotype of MEFs transduced with PIB 8 days after the addition of Dox. Quantification of CD103, CD8a, CD4, C11b and B220 expression in tdT+ and tdT-populations.
- B Representative flow cytometry plots.
- FIG. 18 Induced DCs express antigen-presenting machinery at the cell surface
- A Flow cytometry analysis of MHC-II expression in MEFs transduced with M2rtTA (as control) and PIB (PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3) 7 days after addition of Dox. TdTomato+ and tdTomato-populations are shown.
- B Kinetics of MHC-II surface expression in M2rtTA and PIB transduced cells. MEFs were analysed by flow cytometry from day 1 to 15 after addition of Dox.
- C Quantification of the percentage of cells expressing MHC-II in high and low levels in bulk cultures after removal of individual TF from the pool of PIB, at day 5 after addition of Dox.
- D Quantification of MHC-II+ cells at day 5 within tdTomato+ population after transduction with 4TFs or upon their individual removal.
- FIG. 19 Induced DCs express MHC-I at cell surface. Flow cytometry analysis of MHC-I expression in MEFs transduced with M2rtTA and PIB at day 7 after the addition of Dox.
- FIG. 20 Induced DCs express co-stimulatory molecules at cell surface.
- FIG. 21 Induced DCs up-regulate CD40 expression upon LPS stimuli.
- A Flow cytometry analysis of CD40 expression in tdTomato- and tdTomato+ population in PIB-transduced MEFs at day 8.
- B Histograms show expression of CD40 with or without overnight LPS stimulation at day 13.
- FIG. 22 PIB factors induce global dendritic cell gene expression program in fibroblasts.
- Clec9a reporter MEFs were transduced with Pu.1 (P), Irf8 (I) and Batf3 (B) to generate iDCs.
- Transduced cells were sorted by FACS and sampled using full-transcript single-cell RNA-seq using Fluidigm Cl system, at day 3 (d3, 20 Clec9a-tdTomato+ cells), day 7 (d7, 40 Clec9a-tdTomato+ cells) and day 9 (d9, 36 Clec9a-tdTomato+ MHC-II+ cells).
- B t-distributed stochastic linear embedding (tSNE) analysis of genome-wide transcriptomes showing clustering of 163 single cells. Each dot represents an individual cell. The number of cells from each sample group is depicted inside brackets.
- C Complete•linkage hierarchical clustering of the consensus matrix obtained by the SC3 clustering algorithm.
- D Heatmap showing expression of the 6525 most variable genes across the 5 different biological sample groups (columns, MEFs, d3, d7, d9 and sDCs).
- Cluster I (3014 genes), II (530 genes), III (347 genes) and IV (2634 genes). Color scheme is based on z-score distribution, from ⁇ 2 (blue) to 2 (red). Examples of genes from each cluster are shown (right panel).
- E Expression levels of fibroblast genes are shown as Census counts median values ⁇ 95% confidence interval.
- F Expression levels of genes in Cluster II (Eea1, Aldh1a2, Ifit3), Cluster III (H2-Pb, Ctsc, Cd74) and Cluster IV (Clec9a, Cd45, Cd11c, TIr3, Ccr2, Nlrc5), presented as violin plots (height, gene expression; width, abundance of cells expressing the gene). Log values of Census counts are shown, horizontal lines corresponding to median values.
- FIG. 23 PIB factors induce expression of DC transcriptional regulators, including endogenous Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3.
- A Violin plots showing the expression levels of the DC transcriptional regulators Zbtb46, Bcl11a, Stat2, Irf7, Stat6 and Stat1.
- B Expression levels of Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 genes are shown as Log counts presented as box plot with whiskers extending to ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ interquartile range. Total (left panel) and endogenous transcript (right panel) levels are displayed.
- FIG. 24 Pathway enrichment for step-wise transitions during iDC reprogramming.
- GSEA Gene set enrichment analysis
- Day 3 refers to the pathways upregulated at day 3 versus MEFs
- day 7 refers to the pathways upregulated at day 7 versus day 3
- day 9 refers to the upregulated pathways at day 9 versus day 7.
- Datasets were ordered according to the normalized enrichment score (NES) and the False Discovery Rate (FDR) q-value is shown.
- the bottom panel shows the enrichment plots for the IL-4 (day 3) and Oncostatin M (day 9) gene sets.
- FIG. 25 Transcriptional networks for step-wise transitions during iDC reprogramming.
- A Transcription factor covariance networks during iDC reprogramming for each step-wise transition. Shown are transcriptional regulators with more than five edges, with each edge reflecting a correlation >0.35 between connected transcriptional regulators. The transcription factors PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 are highlighted in red.
- B Heat maps showing expression of transcriptional regulators shown in panel A in DC precursors (CDPs and pre-DC1) and mature cells (cDC1) from bone marrow (GSE60782). Gene expression data were analyzed by Cluster 3.0 and displayed by Treeview. Red indicates increased expression, whereas blue indicates decreased expression over the mean.
- FIG. 26 PIB factors induce transcriptional reprogramming towards cDC1 expression program.
- cDC1 and cDC2 gene expression signatures were generated by analyzing the datasets from Schlitzer et al. (11) (GSE60783). Cumulative median expression levels of cDC1 and cDC2 gene signatures during reprogramming.
- FIG. 27 Reconstruction of single cell reprogramming trajectory.
- A Genome wide transcriptomes of single cells were ordered with TSCAN software (Pseudo-time). Ordering of nontransduced MEFs, induced DCs (iDCs) Clec9a-tdTomato+ at day 3 (d3), day 7 (d7), Clec9a-tdTomato+ MHC-11+ day 9 (d9) and splenic DCs (sDCs, CD11c+ MHC-II+ CD8a+) are shown. Each dot represents an individual cell.
- B Cell expression profiles in a two-dimensional independent component space according to predicted trajectory. Solid black line shows pseudo-time ordering constructed by Monocle2. Each dot represents an individual cell, colored according to biological sample groups (left panel) or cell state (right panel). The number of cells from each sample group assigned to each cell state is depicted inside brackets.
- FIG. 28 Reconstruction of single cell reprogramming trajectory highlights different maturation states of iDCs.
- A Five kinetic clusters of branch-dependent genes identified by BEAM.
- B Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) between cell state 2 and cell state 3 was performed using gene sets present in the Immunologic signatures collection (4,872 gene sets, FDR ⁇ 0.02 or maximum of 200 genes per gene set). Gene sets were ordered according to the normalized enrichment score (NES) and the False Discovery Rate (FDR) q-value is shown. Black lines represent DC gene sets. The right panel shows enrichment plots for Mature Stimulatory DC, IFN ⁇ stimulated DC and IFN ⁇ stimulated DC gene sets (all enriched in State 3).
- FIG. 29 PIB factors induce high levels of expression of genes associated with DC maturation.
- A GSEA for day 9 iDCs and sDC1s showing the enrichment for 2 MSigDB gene sets (left).
- Violin plots (right) show expression distribution of day 9 enriched genes.
- FIG. 30 PIB factors induce high levels of expression of genes associated with DC maturation.
- A Expression levels of Ciita, H2-Aa, H2-Ab1 and H2-Eb1 genes in single cells from State 1, 2 and 3 ordered with Monocle2 (Pseudo-time). Each dot represents relative expression values for individual cells. Lines represent branch kinetics curves for State 2 (solid line) and State 3 (dashed line).
- B Violin plots showing the expression levels of Ciita, Acp5, Tnfrsf1a, Tapbp, Inpp5d, Traf6 and Itga4 genes. Log values of Census counts are shown, horizontal lines corresponding to median values.
- FIG. 31 Induced DCs secrete inflammatory cytokines upon TLR stimuli.
- A Secretion of cytokines by MEFs transduced with PIB (PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3) or PIBT (PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4) with or without TLR4 (LPS) or TLR3 (PolyI:C) stimuli overnight.
- Supernatants of MEFs transduced with PIB or PIBT factors were collected at day 10 after addition of Dox and analysed for cytokine concentration using BD Cytometric Bead Array Mouse Inflammation Kit. Cytokine levels for untreated, 100 ng/mL LPS or 25 ⁇ g/mL of PolyI:C-treated cells overnight are shown; black or grey bars represent PIB or PIBT-transduced MEFs, respectively.
- FIG. 32 Induced DCs are able to engulf small particles.
- MEFs transduced with PIB (PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3) were incubated overnight with FITC-labelled latex beads (1 ⁇ m) and analysed by fluorescent microscopy at day 7 after addition of Dox.
- FIG. 33 Induced DCs are able to engulf proteins and dead cells.
- A PIB-transduced MEFs were FACS sorted and tdTomato- and tdTomato+(iDCs) populations were incubated with AlexaFluor647-labelled Ovalbumin (OVA-Alexa647) at 37° C. at day 11 and analysed by flow cytometry. Controls were kept on ice (4° C.).
- Ovalbumin Ovalbumin
- Controls were kept on ice (4° C.).
- B Sorted tdTomato- and tdTomato+(iDCs) populations at day 11 were incubated overnight with dead cells labeled with CellVue Claret Far Red membrane staining and analyzed by flow cytometry.
- C, D iDCs at day 11 were incubated overnight with dead cells labelled with DAPI and analysed by fluorescent or
- D time-lapse microscopy.
- FIG. 34 Induced DCs express genes involved in TLR signalling and endocytic pathway. Violin plots for genes regulating (A) TLR signalling and (B) incorporation of antigens.
- FIG. 35 Induced DCs capture and present antigens to CD4+ T cells.
- A Schematic representation of antigen presenting assay. iDCs at day 8 after addition of Dox were co-cultured with OT-II CD4+ T cells isolated from OT-II Rag2KO mice and labelled with CFSE in the presence of Ovalbumin (OVA) or OVA peptide 323-339. After 7 days, activation of CD4+ T cells was evaluated by CFSE dilution and expression of T cell activation marker CD44.
- Ovalbumin Ovalbumin
- (B) Flow cytometry plots of CFSE-labelled CD4+ T cells co-cultured with MEFs transduced with PIB or PIB plus TCF4, in the presence of OVA, stimulated or not with LPS.
- CD4+ T cells co-cultured with splenic MHC-II+ CD11c+ DCs were included as controls. Grey lines correspond to untouched CD4+ T cells.
- C Flow cytometry plots showing CD44 expression of CFSE-labelled CD4+ T cells co-cultured with MEFs transduced with PIB, in the presence of LPS and OVA or OVA peptide.
- FIG. 36 Induced DCs capture and present antigens to CD4+ T cells. Quantification of the percentage of CFSElow CD4+ T-cells co-cultured with MEFs transduced with PIB (iDCs), in the presence of LPS and OVA or OVA peptide. Splenic DCs were included as control.
- FIG. 37 Induced DCs efficiently export endocytic cargo into the cytoplasm and express cross-presentation genes.
- iDCs at day 16 were loaded with a FRET-sensitive cytosolic substrate of ⁇ -lactamase, CCF4, followed by incubation with ⁇ -lactamase.
- Kinetics of ⁇ -lactamase's export to cytosol was measured as CCF4 cleavage by flow cytometry.
- B Violin plots for genes regulating cross-presentation.
- FIG. 38 Induced DCs capture and cross-present exogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells.
- A iDCs at day 16 were co-incubated with B3Z T-cell hybridomas for 16 h and increasing concentrations of soluble OVA protein in the absence (left panel) or presence of LPS or poly-I:C (PIC) stimulation (right panel). T-cell activation was measured as up-regulation of ⁇ -galactosidase expression in B3Zs (driven by the IL-2 promoter) and quantified using a colorimetric substrate, CPRG.
- B Schematic representation of cross-presentation assay (left panel).
- iDCs at day 8 after addition of Dox were co-cultured with OT-1 CD8+ T cells isolated from OT-1 Rag2KO mice and labelled with CFSE in the presence of Ovalbumin (OVA) or OVA 257-264 peptide. After 4 days, activation of CD4+ T cells was evaluated by CFSE dilution and expression of the T cell activation marker CD44.
- Flow cytometry plots showing CD44 expression of CFSE-labelled CD8+ T cells co-cultured with MEFs transduced with PIB or PIB plus TCF4, in the presence of OVA.
- CD8+ T cells co-cultured with splenic MHC-II+ CD11c+ DCs were included as controls (middle panel), and respective quantification (right panel).
- FIG. 39 PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 induce DC-like morphology in human fibroblasts.
- HDFs Human Dermal Fibroblasts
- PIB PU.1, IRF8, BATF3
- B Bright field images of HDFs transduced with PIB at day 3 after addition of Dox.
- White arrowheads mark cells with typical DC-like morphology.
- M2rtTA transduced HDFs are shown as control.
- C Higher magnification of bright field images of PIB-transduced HDFs with DC-like morphology.
- FIG. 40 PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 induce expression of HLA-DR and CLEC9A in human fibroblasts.
- FIG. 41 PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 induce ability to capture beads and proteins in human fibroblasts.
- A HDFs transduced with PIB were incubated overnight with FITC-labelled latex beads (1 ⁇ m) and analysed by fluorescent microscopy at day 7 after addition of Dox. CellVue Claret Far Red and DAPI were used to stain cellular membranes and nuclei, respectively.
- B Flow cytometry analysis of PIB-transduced HDFs after incubation with Ovalbumine-AlexaFluor647 for 20 minutes at 37° C. at day 7 after addition of Dox. Controls were kept on ice (4° C.).
- FIG. 42 PIB factors induce Clec9a and MHC-II expression in lung cancer cells.
- FIG. 43 PIB factors induce CLec9a and MHC-II expression in melanoma cells. Flow cytometry analysis of Clec9a and MHC-II expression in PIB-transduced B16 cells at day 8 after addition of Dox. M2rtTA-transduced cells are included as control.
- FIG. 44 Delivery of PIB factors in a polycistronic vector increases reprogramming efficiency.
- A Schematic representation of polycistronic regions encoding either Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 (PIB) or Irf8, Pu.1 and Batf3 (IPB) separated by 2A-like sequences.
- B Flow cytometry analysis of Clec9a reporter activation in MEFs transduced with Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 in individual vectors (top, right panel) or polycistronic vectors (PIB and IPB) at day 7 after addition of Dox. M2rtTA-transduced cells are included as control.
- C Quantification of tdTomato+ cells after transduction with PIB factors in individual or polycistronic vectors at day 7.
- compositions, nucleic acid constructs, methods and kits thereof for cell induction or reprogramming cell to the dendritic cell state or antigen presenting cell state based, in part, on the surprisingly effect described herein of novel use and combinations of transcription factors that permit induction or reprogramming of differentiated or undifferentiated cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells.
- Such compositions, nucleic acid constructs, methods and kits can be used for inducing dendritic cells in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, and these induced dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells can be used for immunotherapy applications.
- Natural DCs are bone marrow-derived cells that are seeded in all tissues. DCs are poised to sample the environment and to transmit the gathered information to cells of the adaptive immune system (T cells and B cells). Upon antigen engulfment, DCs initiate an immune response by presenting the processed antigen, which is in the form of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule complexes, to naive (that is, antigen inexperienced) T cells in lymphoid tissues. After activation, DCs typically overexpress co-stimulatory and MHC molecules in addition to secrete various cytokines responsible for initiating and/or enhancing many T and B lymphocyte responses, i.e.
- MHC histocompatibility complex
- DCs are generally identified by their high expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHC-II), co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD80/86 and CD40, and integrin CD11c, as well as their superior capacity to secrete inflammatory cytokines and to migrate from non-lymphoid to lymphoid organs and stimulate na ⁇ ve T cells.
- MHC-II major histocompatibility complex class II molecules
- co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80/86 and CD40
- integrin CD11c integrin CD11c
- distinct subsets of DCs can be variably defined by phenotype, ontogeny, and function.
- cDC1 also kwon as CD8 ⁇ + DC subset
- CD8 ⁇ + DC subset the conventional DC subset 1
- CD103+ DC subset the conventional DC subset in non-lymphoid tissues.
- Cells bearing a similar phenotype have recently been described in humans, humanized mice, and sheep, indicating cross-species conservation of the cDC1 family.
- This extended family has distinct functional properties, most notably a remarkable efficiency at capturing material from dead or dying cells, as well as processing exogenous antigens for cross-presentation on MHC class I.
- cDC1+ DCs In addition to priming CD8+ T cells, cDC1+ DCs have been implicated in the establishment of cross-tolerance to tissue-specific cell-associated antigens.
- the ability of cDC1 DCs to either cross-prime or cross-tolerize CD8+ T cells against cell-associated antigens implies that they can decode the context in which they encounter dead cells.
- DNGR-1 also known as CLEC9A, is a receptor for necrotic cells that favors cross-priming of CTLs to dead cell-associated antigens in mice.
- DNGR-1 is selectively expressed at high levels by mouse cDC1 DCs, CD103+ DCs and by their human equivalents, being responsible for recognizing an intracellular ligand exposed after cell death. Recently, expression of Clec9a was shown to allow the identification of DC precursors (CDPs) committed to the conventional DC lineage and their progeny in lymphoid tissues (10).
- the success of direct reprogramming strategies using transcription factor-mediated reprogramming indicates that it is equally plausible to direct the differentiation of pluripotent ES/iPS cells or multipotent stem cells to specific fates using such factors.
- DC inducing factors identified herein directed differentiation of ES/iPS cells to a definitive DC fate by expression of the DC-enriched transcription factors can be achieved.
- directed differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to a definitive DC fate by expression of the DC-enriched transcription factors can be achieved (forcing differentiation along the hematopoietic tree depicted in FIG. 1 )
- nucleic acids encoding the DC inducing factors are introduced into a cell, using viral vectors or without viral vectors, via one or repeated transfections, and the expression of the gene products and/or translation of the RNA molecules result in cells that are morphologically, biochemically, and functionally similar to DCs, as described herein.
- iDCs induced DCs
- these induced DCs (iDCs) after priming with the adequate antigens have the ability to capture, process and present them to effectors cells of the immune system (macrophages, T-cells, B-cells, NK cells) eliciting antigen-specific immune responses against cancer, viral and parasitic/bacterial infections ( FIG. 2 ).
- An aspect of the present disclosure is the use of TFs or the use of a combination of TFs in cancer cells (in situ or ex vivo) to force them to present their own antigens to immune cells ( FIG. 3 ).
- This method represents a feasible strategy to increase the clinical outcome of anticancer immunotherapies as it bypasses cancer evasion mechanisms and increases tumor immunogenicity.
- 18 candidate TFs were selected due to their specifically enriched gene expression in DCs ( FIG. 4A ), enriched in DCs when compared to macrophages, which are less efficient APCs ( FIG. 4B , left panel) (20) and during DC ontogeny ( FIG. 4B , right panel).
- Clec9a gene expression is selectively restricted to CDPs and their progeny (pre-cDCs and cDCs) ( FIG. 5B ).
- Results from gene expression analysis of cDC and precursors also highlighted that Clec9a expression is acquired after commitment to cDC lineage in CDPs and pre-DCs and not before in Monocyte DC progenitors (MDPs) ( FIG. 5C ) (11).
- Clec9a is expressed in CDPs, both pre-DCs and cDC subset, reaching high levels in the cDC1 subset ( FIG. 6A ) (21).
- Double transgenic Clec9a-tdTomato reporter MEFs were isolated from E13.5 embryos and excluded from any contaminating tdTomato+ or CD45+ cell that could be already committed to the hematopoietic lineage ( FIGS. 7A and 7B ) by Fluorescent-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). MEFs used for screening and in the following experiments were tdTomato ⁇ CD45 ⁇ with a purity of 99.8% ( FIG. 7C ).
- PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 are sufficient for Clec9a activation and to impose dendritic cell morphology.
- Clec9a reporter MEFs were transduced with combinations of candidate TFs and evaluated for tdTomato expression ( FIG. 8 ).
- the pool comprising of Pu.1, Irf4, Irf8 and Batf3 generated more tdTomato+ cells than 18 TFs (2.36% versus 0.59%, respectively) suggesting that the minimal combination of factors required to induced reporter activation is contained within this pool.
- TdTomato+ cells were not detected after transduction with control M2rtTA vector.
- FIG. 9C Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 (PIB) removal reduced reporter activation while removal of Irf4 did not have an impact.
- PIB constitute the minimal combination of TFs for Clec9a activation and induced Dendritic Cell (iDC) generation.
- tdTomato+ cells display increased size and complexity ( FIG. 10D ), consistent with the observed stellate morphology and the establishment of dendrites characteristic of DCs ( FIG. 10E , FIG. 10F ).
- reporter activation occurs around 30 hours by time-lapse microscopy and observed that tdTomato+ cells exhibited morphology changes, migration capacity and dendrites gradually being established within 6 days ( FIG. 11 ).
- the pan-hematopoietic marker CD45 is expressed in approximately 20% of PIB-transduced MEFs, with approximately 6.6% of tdT+ cells included in this population ( FIG. 12 ).
- the in vivo expression patterns of the PIB and TCF4 were analysed.
- PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4 transcripts are expressed in single DC precursor cells ( FIG. 15 ). While Pu.1 is equally expressed in MDPs, CDPs and Pre-DCs, IRF8 expression markedly increases in CDPs and is maintained in pre-DCs. BATF3 and TCF4 are only up-regulated at a later stage, in pre-DCs.
- the combined expression of PU.1+IRF8+BATF3 is mostly enriched in CD8 ⁇ + DCs among 96 cells and tissues ( FIG. 16A ).
- Pu.1 levels are higher in both pre-DC stages, while Irf8 and Batf3 are specifically enriched in pre-cDC1 and cDC1 subsets ( FIG. 16B ).
- Clec9a, Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 display increased expression of in CD103+ DCs belonging to cDC1 subset ( FIG. 16C ).
- CIITA is known as the master regulator of MHC Class II genes' expression, determining cell-type-specific, cytokine-induced and developmental-derived modulation of MHC-II expression through the differential usage of CIITA promoters (16). In conventional DCs, CIITApI has been associated with regulation of MHC-II genes.
- IRF4 due to the described involvement of IRF4 in inducing MHC-II expression through interaction with CIITA (17), it was evaluated whether IRF4 could compensate for Pu.1 in the generation of MHC-II+ cells within the tdTomato+ population. It was therefore assessed the expression of MHC-II in tdTomato+ cells generated by 4TFs (including IRF4) or their individual exclusion ( FIG. 18D ). Inclusion of IRF4 in the pool did not increase MHC-II expression on tdTomato+ cells and IRF4 could not substitute for the loss of Pu.1. Accordingly, IRF4 and PU.1 were found to synergistically promote MHC-II expression through CIITA promoter III in B cells but not DCs (17). During reprogramming to iDCs, no synergism with PU.1 was observed, which was strictly required for MHC-II expression in tdTomato+ cells.
- MHC class I molecules key molecules for the establishment of APC functionality.
- 56.7% of tdTomato+ cells at day 7 expressed MHC-I at the surface ( FIG. 19 ).
- the tdT-compartment contained a lower percentage of MHC-I+ cells (11.2%) ( FIG. 19 ).
- CD80 and CD86 were evaluated the expression the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, required for efficient antigen presentation ( FIG. 20 ).
- CD80 and CD86 are expressed in 35.2% of tdTomato+MHC-II+ cells in contrast to only 12.9% of tdTomato+ MHC-II ⁇ cells.
- This characterization of the expression of MHC-II, CD80 and CD86 at the cell surface of iDCs suggests that a cohort of tdTomato+ MHC-II+ cells would be competent in antigen presentation.
- An additional co-stimulatory molecule, CD40 is expressed in 16.1% of tdTomato+ cells, comparing to only 2.8% of tdTomato ⁇ cells ( FIG. 21A ).
- cDCs in particular cDC1 subset, have been described to respond to microbial stimulation up-regulating the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and becoming more effective APCs (25). Accordingly, tdTomato+ cells up-regulate the expression of CD40 (4-fold increase) at cell surface after toll-like receptor TLR4 stimulation (LPS) ( FIG. 21B ).
- 192 cells were initially profiled from nontransduced MEFs, sorted day 3 Clec9a-tdTomato+, day 7 Clec9a-tdTomato+, day 9 Clec9 ⁇ tdTomato+MHC-II+ cells and freshly isolated CD11c+ MHC-II+ CD8 ⁇ + splenic DCs (sDCs). From these, 163 individual cells passed quality control filters and were used for analysis.
- Cluster I comprises highly expressed genes in MEFs, which are silenced during DC reprogramming. These include typical fibroblast markers, such as Col5a2, Grem1, Lox, Acta2 and Thy1 ( FIG. 22E ).
- Cluster II includes transcripts enriched at day 3 and day 7, suggesting activation during the initial stages of reprogramming. This cluster comprises genes such as Eea1 and Aldh1a2 that are associated with intracellular trafficking and metabolism as well as type I interferon (IFN) signaling (Ifit3) ( FIG. 22F ).
- IFN type I interferon
- Cluster III encompasses genes enriched at day 9 ( FIG. 22D ).
- Cluster IV includes genes enriched in sDC1s and reprogrammed iDCs ( FIG. 22D ), such as the pan-hematopoietic marker Cd45 and the general DC marker Cd11c ( FIG. 22F ).
- cDC1-restricted genes were also upregulated, such as the Clec9a gene and TIr3 (22), and the key regulator of MHC class I-dependent immune responses (Nlrc5) necessary for antigen cross-presentation, a key feature of cDC1s (23).
- Clec9a gene and TIr3 22
- Nlrc5 MHC class I-dependent immune responses
- DC maturation has been reported to be accompanied by a change from STAT6 to STAT1 utilization, which suggests that Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 overexpression may also induce DC maturation. It was observed high levels of expression of Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 at day 3, day 7 and day 9 when compared to sDCs, consistently with the lentiviral-mediated expression of the 3 TFs ( FIG. 23B , top panel). Since our lentiviral vectors encode the coding sequences without UTRs, it was quantified the expression levels of the endogenous transcripts using the reads at the 3′- and 5′-UTRs. Importantly, it was observed the expression of endogenous Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 starting at day 3 ( FIG. 23B , bottom panel). At day 9 of reprogramming, endogenous expression levels are comparable to splenic DCs.
- GSEA gene set enrichment analysis
- the transcriptional networks for step-wise transitions during iDC reprogramming were evaluated ( FIG. 25A ). It was observed that the transition of MEFs to day 3 was associated with the expression of a dense TF network that highly connected to the PIB reprogramming factors; the transition of day 3 to day 7 was softer, characterized by a less dense TF network, which do not include the PIB factors; and the transition of day 7 to day 9, characterized by a dense TF network which can be divided in 2 clusters of TFs, one denser that includes the cDC marker Zbtb46, and one composed by fewer TFs including the PIB factors.
- GSEA also showed that 4705 vs 167 gene sets for immunological signatures were upregulated on State 3 when compared with State 2, such as Mature Stimulatory DC, IFN ⁇ and IFN ⁇ stimulated DC gene sets ( FIG. 28B ).
- State 3 contained the majority of day 9 iDCs, it was sought to confirm that similar maturation trait was observed when comparing sDC1s (na ⁇ ve) with day 9 iDCs.
- GSEA showed that antigen processing and presentation and DC maturation gene sets are enriched at day 9 iDCs ( FIG. 29A ).
- Stat6 which is associated with immature DCs, was up regulated in sDC1s, whilst Stat1, described to increase with maturation, was up regulated in day 9 iDCs ( FIG. 23A ).
- Ciita and genes associated with mouse (Tnfrs1a, Tapbp, Inpp5d and Traf6) and human (Acp5 and Itag4) DC maturation were enriched at day 9 iDCs ( FIG. 30B ). These data suggest that iDCs are intrinsically more mature than sDCs and may be less dependent on exogenous activation stimuli for antigen presentation.
- the induced dendritic cells in some aspects of all the embodiments of disclosure while similar in functional characteristics, differ in their gene expression from the naturally occurring endogenous dendritic cells (Table 5).
- mature DCs express cytokines with a pro-inflammatory function that are important for the development of T-cell responses. These responses can be initiated by the triggering of at least 11 different Toll-like receptors (TLRs), allowing the specific recognition of distinct conserved microbial or viral structures. It was asked whether iDCs secrete cytokines to the media when challenged with TLR3 (using Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-I:C)) or TLR4 (Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)) stimulation ( FIG. 31 ).
- TLR3 Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid
- LPS Lipopolysaccharides
- iDCs In an embodiment, it was evaluated the capacity of iDCs to mount an antigen-specific immune response. First it was evaluated whether iDCs would be able to engulf particles by incubation with 1 ⁇ m FITC-labeled latex beads. After incubation tdTomato+ cells contained numerous fluorescent beads in the cytoplasm ( FIG. 32 ), suggesting that iDCs have established the competence for phagocytosis.
- tdTomato+ cells After overnight incubation with labeled dead cells, 65.7% of purified tdTomato+ cells have incorporated dead cell material in contrast to only 10.5% of tdTomato-( FIG. 33B ). Uptake of dead cells was further analysed by live imaging and it was observed that tdTomato+ cells avidly accumulated dead cell material in the cytoplasm ( FIG. 33C ). TdTomato+ cells move actively and, upon encountering a dead cell, projected cellular protrusions to incorporate and engulf it ( FIG. 33D ).
- iDCs express genes encoding TLR (TIr3 and TIr4) and other mediators of TLR signaling, including MyD88-dependent (TRAM (encoded by Ticam2), and Traf6) and independent (MICE) pathways ( FIG. 34A ). Also, we have confirmed that iDCs express key mediators of receptor-mediated endocytosis (Fcgr2b, Tfr2 and Mrc1) and macropinocytosis of dead cells (Axl, Lrp1 and Scarf1), further suggesting that iDCs have acquired the ability for sense and incorporate antigens (FIG. 34 B).
- OT-II CD4 T-cells were co-cultured with iDCs when given the Ovalbumin protein (OVA) or pre-processed antigenic peptide (OVA 323-339).
- Functional DCs are able to capture the protein, process and present the processed antigenic peptide in the context of MHC-II.
- Induced CD4+ T cell proliferation was measured by CFSE dilution and the activation of the T-cell activation marker CD44 after 7 days of co-culture.
- 56% of CD4+ T cells diluted CFSE when co-cultured with PIB-generated iDCs in the presence of OVA protein ( FIG. 35B ).
- 38.2% of CD4+ T cells diluted CFSE content which suggests that inclusion of TCF4 in the reprogramming pool does not increase the stimulatory ability of iDCs.
- Splenic MHC-II+CD11c+ DCs were used as controls and generated 24.1% of proliferative T-cells.
- addition of LPS stimuli, which is commonly employed to induce DC “maturation” increased the antigen-specific stimulatory ability of MEFs transduced with PIB (1.5-fold) or PIB+TCF4 (2-fold) and also splenic DCs (3-fold) ( FIG. 35B and FIG. 36 ).
- T-cells that were not co-cultured did not proliferate with or without LPS stimuli.
- T-cell activation markers such as CD44.
- OT-II CD4 T cells When given the pre-processed antigen, OT-II CD4 T cells diluted CFSE and upregulated the expression of CD44 when co-cultured with both PIB-generated iDCs and splenic MHC-II+CD11c+ DCs ( FIG. 35C ).
- iDCs display comparable ability to induce CD44 expression in OT-II T cells when compared with splenic DCs (52.2% versus 63.8%).
- This data supports iDCs' functional ability to incorporate and process OVA protein followed by presentation of processed Ovalbumin peptides in MHC-II complexes at cell surface.
- iDCs acquire ability to export antigens to cytosol and express key genes essential for cross-presentation ability.
- Cross-presentation via the cytosolic pathway involves antigen export from endocytic compartments to the cytosol.
- the ability of iDCs to perform antigen export was evaluated using a cytofluorimetry-based assay ( FIG. 37A ).
- a cytofluorimetry-based assay FIG. 37A .
- iDCs were able to uptake b-lactamase and efficiently export it into the cytoplasm, leading to the generation of cleaved CCF4.
- iDCs express genes involved in cross-presentation pathway, such as Cybb, Atg7, Tap1 and Tap2 ( FIG. 37B ).
- iDCs were able to cross-present antigens to CD8+ T-cells.
- cross-presentation of OVA at MHC-I molecules was evaluated by co-culturing iDCs with B3Z T-cell hybridoma cells that express ⁇ -galactosidase under the control of IL-2 promoter ( FIG. 38A , left panel). It was observed that iDCs were able to induce antigen-specific T-cell activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, it was observed an increase of activation of B3Z T-cells after TLR3 stimulation with polyI:C and not with LPS ( FIG. 38A , right panel).
- Functional DCs are able to capture the exogenous protein, process and perform cross-presentation of the processed antigenic peptide in the context of MHC-1, inducing activation of CD8+ T cells.
- Induced CD8+ T cell proliferation was measured by CFSE dilution and the activation of the T-cell activation marker CD44 after 4 days of co-culture.
- Splenic MHC-II+CD11c+ DCs were used as controls and generated 18.05 ⁇ 0.78% of proliferative and CD44+ T-cells.
- HDFs Human Dermal Fibroblasts
- FIG. 39A Human Dermal Fibroblasts
- PIB TFs Three days after transduction it was observed that HDFs lost the characteristic bipolar and elongated shapes and acquired a stellate DC-like morphology ( FIGS. 39B and 39C ).
- FIGS. 39B and 39C Three days after transduction it was observed that HDFs lost the characteristic bipolar and elongated shapes and acquired a stellate DC-like morphology.
- FIGS. 39B and 39C Three days after transduction it was observed that HDFs lost the characteristic bipolar and elongated shapes and acquired a stellate DC-like morphology.
- FIGS. 39B and 39C Three days after transduction it was observed that HDFs lost the characteristic bipolar and elongated shapes and acquired a stellate DC-like morphology.
- FIGS. 39B and 39C Three days after transduction it was observed that HDFs lost the characteristic bipolar and elong
- PIB-transduced HDFs contained numerous fluorescent beads in the cytoplasm ( FIG. 41A ), suggesting that iDCs have established the competence for phagocytosis. Additionally, the ability to incorporate proteins was evaluated by incubating iDCs with AlexaFluor647-labelled ovalbumine ( FIG. 41B ). After incubation at 37° C., 1.2% of PIB-transduced HDFs contained labelled protein, suggesting that iDCs are able to actively engulf proteins.
- coding regions of PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 were cloned into polycistronic inducible lentiviral vectors that express the three nucleic acid sequences, each of them separated by 2A peptide sequences ( FIG. 44A ).
- the 3 TFs were included in different orders, PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 (PIB) or IRF8, PU.1 and BATF3 (IPB).
- PIB IRF8 and BATF3
- IPB IRF8 PU.1 and BATF3
- Clec9a reporter activation was observed in 10.8% and 6.6% of MEFs transduced with the polycistronic vectors (PIB and IPB, respectively).
- coding regions of each candidate TF were individually cloned into an inducible lentiviral pFUW-TetO vector (6) in which the expression of the TFs is under the control of the tetracycline operator and a minimal CMV promoter.
- a previously described lentiviral vector containing the reverse tetracycline transactivator M2rtTA under the control of a constitutively active human ubiquitin C promoter (FUW-M2rtTA) was used in combination.
- Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293T cells were transfected with a mixture of TF-encoding plasmids, packaging constructs and the VSV-G envelope protein. Viral supernatants were harvested after 36, 48 and 60 hours, filtered (0.45 ⁇ m, Corning) and used fresh or concentrated 40-fold with Amicon ultra centrifugal filters (Millipore).
- polypeptide variants or family members having the same or a similar activity as the reference polypeptide encoded by the sequences provided in the sequence list can be used in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein.
- variants of a particular polypeptide encoding a DC inducing factor for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein will have at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99% or more sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art.
- BATF3 Basic Leucine Zipper ATF-Like Transcription Factor
- SEQ. ID. 1 mRNA (SEQ. ID. 1) and a codon optimized, or different codons encoding the same amino acids, are naturally also contemplated to be covered by the reference to the nucleic acid as set forth herein.
- PU.1 Homo sapiens Spi-1 proto-oncogene
- SEQ. ID. 7 mRNA
- a codon optimized, or different codons encoding the same amino acids are naturally also contemplated to be covered by the reference to the nucleic acid as set forth herein.
- IRF8 Interferon Regulatory Factor 8
- mRNA SEQ. ID. 5
- a codon optimized, or different codons encoding the same amino acids are naturally also contemplated to be covered by the reference to the nucleic acid as set forth herein.
- TCF4 Homo sapiens Transcription factor 4
- mRNA SEQ. ID. 13
- a codon optimized, or different codons encoding the same amino acids are naturally also contemplated to be covered by the reference to the nucleic acid as set forth herein.
- the number of DC inducing factors used or selected to generate iDCs from a starting somatic cell such as a fibroblast cell or hematopoietic lineage cell, a multipotent stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell, a cancer or tumor cell is at least three.
- the number of DC inducing factors used or selected is at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven, at least twelve, at least thirteen, at least fourteen, at least fifteen, at least sixteen, at least seventeen, at least eighteen, at least nineteen, at least twenty, at least thirty, at least thirty three, at least thirty five, at least forty, or more.
- compositions, methods, and kits are isolated amino acid sequences, and isolated DNA or RNA nucleic acid sequences encoding one or more DC inducing factors for use in making iDCs.
- the nucleic acid sequence or construct encoding the DC inducing factor(s), such as PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4 is inserted or operably linked into a suitable expression vector for transfection of cells using standard molecular biology techniques.
- a “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule, such as a dsDNA molecule that provides a useful biological or biochemical property to an inserted nucleotide sequence, such as the nucleic acid constructs or replacement cassettes described herein.
- a vector can have one or more restriction endonuclease recognition sites (whether type I, II or IIs) at which the sequences can be cut in a determinable fashion without loss of an essential biological function of the vector, and into which a nucleic acid fragment can be spliced or inserted in order to bring about its replication and cloning.
- Vectors can also comprise one or more recombination sites that permit exchange of nucleic acid sequences between two nucleic acid molecules.
- Vectors can further provide primer sites, e.g., for PCR, transcriptional and/or translational initiation and/or regulation sites, recombination signals, replicons, additional selectable markers, etc.
- a vector can further comprise one or more selectable markers suitable for use in the identification of cells transformed with the vector.
- the expression vector is a viral vector.
- Some viral-mediated expression methods employ retrovirus, adenovirus, lentivirus, herpes virus, pox virus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, and such expression methods have been used in gene delivery and are well known in the art.
- the viral vector is a retrovirus.
- Retroviruses provide a convenient platform for gene delivery. A selected gene can be inserted into a vector and packaged in retroviral particles using techniques known in the art. The recombinant virus can then be isolated and delivered to target cells of the subject either in vivo or ex vivo.
- a number of retroviral systems have been described. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,740; Miller and Rosman (1989) BioTechniques 7:980-90; Miller, A. D. (1990) Human Gene Therapy 1:5-14; Scarpa et al. (1991) Virology 180:849-52; Burns et al.
- the retrovirus is replication deficient.
- Retroviral vector systems exploit the fact that a minimal vector containing the 5′ and 3′ LTRs and the packaging signal are sufficient to allow vector packaging, infection and integration into target cells, provided that the viral structural proteins are supplied in trans in the packaging cell line. Fundamental advantages of retroviral vectors for gene transfer include efficient infection and gene expression in most cell types, precise single copy vector integration into target cell chromosomal DNA and ease of manipulation of the retroviral genome.
- the viral vector is an adenovirus-based expression vector.
- adenoviruses persist extrachromosomally, thus minimizing the risks associated with insertional mutagenesis (Haj-Ahmad and Graham (1986) J. Virol. 57:267-74; Bett et al. (1993) J. Virol. 67:5911-21; Mittereder et al. (1994) Human Gene Therapy 5:717-29; Seth et al. (1994) J. Virol. 68:933-40; Barr et al. (1994) Gene Therapy 1:51-58; Berkner, K. L.
- Adenoviral vectors infect a wide variety of cells, have a broad host-range, exhibit high efficiencies of infectivity, direct expression of heterologous genes at high levels, and achieve long-term expression of those genes in vivo.
- the virus is fully infective as a cell-free virion so injection of producer cell lines is not necessary.
- adenovirus is not associated with severe human pathology, and the recombinant vectors derived from the virus can be rendered replication defective by deletions in the early-region 1 (“E1”) of the viral genome.
- E1 early-region 1
- Adenoviral vectors for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can be derived from any of the various adenoviral serotypes, including, without limitation, any of the over 40 serotype strains of adenovirus, such as serotypes 2, 5, 12, 40, and 41.
- the adenoviral vectors used herein are preferably replication-deficient and contain the DC inducing factor of interest operably linked to a suitable promoter.
- the nucleic acid sequences encoding the DC inducing factor(s), such as, PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4 are introduced or delivered using one or more inducible lentiviral vectors.
- Control of expression of DC inducing factors delivered using one or more inducible lentiviral vectors can be achieved, in some embodiments, by contacting a cell having at least one DC inducing factor in an expression vector under the control of or operably linked to an inducible promoter, with a regulatory agent (e.g., doxycycline) or other inducing agent.
- a regulatory agent e.g., doxycycline
- induction of expression refers to the expression of a gene, such as a DC inducing factor encoded by an inducible viral vector, in the presence of an inducing agent, for example, or in the presence of one or more agents or factors that cause endogenous expression of the gene in a cell.
- a doxycycline (Dox) inducible lentiviral system is used.
- lentiviruses are able to transduce quiescent cells making them amenable for transducing a wider variety of hematopoietic cell types.
- the pFUW-tetO lentivirus system has been shown to transduce primary hematopoietic progenitor cells with high efficiency.
- the nucleic acid sequences encoding the DC inducing factor(s), such as PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and/or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), are introduced or delivered using a non-integrating vector (e.g., adenovirus). While integrating vectors, such as retroviral vectors, incorporate into the host cell genome and can potentially disrupt normal gene function, non-integrating vectors control expression of a gene product by extra-chromosomal transcription.
- a non-integrating vector e.g., adenovirus
- non-integrating vectors do not become part of the host genome, non-integrating vectors tend to express a nucleic acid transiently in a cell population. This is due in part to the fact that the non-integrating vectors are often rendered replication deficient.
- non-integrating vectors have several advantages over retroviral vectors including, but not limited to: (1) no disruption of the host genome, and (2) transient expression, and (3) no remaining viral integration products.
- Some non-limiting examples of non-integrating vectors for use with the methods described herein include adenovirus, baculovirus, alphavirus, picornavirus, and vaccinia virus.
- the non-integrating viral vector is an adenovirus.
- advantages of non-integrating viral vectors include the ability to produce them in high titers, their stability in vivo, and their efficient infection of host cells.
- Nucleic acid constructs and vectors for use in generating iDCs in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can further comprise, in some embodiments, one or more sequences encoding selection markers for positive and negative selection of cells.
- selection marker sequences can typically provide properties of resistance or sensitivity to antibiotics that are not normally found in the cells in the absence of introduction of the nucleic acid construct.
- a selectable marker can be used in conjunction with a selection agent, such as an antibiotic, to select in culture for cells expressing the inserted nucleic acid construct.
- Sequences encoding positive selection markers typically provide antibiotic resistance, i.e., when the positive selection marker sequence is present in the genome of a cell, the cell is sensitive to the antibiotic or agent.
- Sequences encoding negative selection markers typically provide sensitivity to an antibiotic or agent, i.e., when the negative selection marker is present in the genome of a cell, the cell is sensitive to the antibiotic or agent.
- Nucleic acid constructs and vectors for use in making iDCs in the compositions, methods, and kits thereof described herein can further comprise, in some embodiments, other nucleic acid elements for the regulation, expression, stabilization of the construct or of other vector genetic elements, for example, promoters, enhancers, TATA-box, ribosome binding sites, IRES, as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
- other nucleic acid elements for the regulation, expression, stabilization of the construct or of other vector genetic elements for example, promoters, enhancers, TATA-box, ribosome binding sites, IRES, as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
- the DC inducing factor(s) such as PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and/or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), are provided as synthetic, modified RNAs, or introduced or delivered into a cell as a synthetic, modified RNA, as described in US Patent Publication 2012-0046346-A1, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
- the methods can involve repeated contacting of the cells or involve repeated transfections of the synthetic, modified RNAs encoding DC inducing factors, such as for example, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or more transfections.
- modified mRNAs for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can comprise any additional modifications known to one of skill in the art and as described in US Patent Publications 2012-0046346-A1 and 20120251618A1, and PCT Publication WO 2012/019168.
- Such other components include, for example, a 5′ cap (e.g., the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) cap, which contains a 5′-5′-triphosphate guanine-guanine linkage where one guanine contains an N7 methyl group as well as a 3′-O-methyl group; caps created using recombinant Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and recombinant 2′-O-methyltransferase enzyme, which can create a canonical 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-most nucleotide of an mRNA and a guanine nucleotide where the guanine contains an N7 methylation and the ultimate 5′-nucleotide contains a 2′-O-methyl generating the Cap1 structure); a poly(A) tail (e.g., a poly-A tail greater than 30 nucleotides in length, greater than 35 nucleotides in length, at least 40 nucleot
- the modified mRNAs for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can further comprise an internal ribosome entry site (IRES).
- IRES can act as the sole ribosome binding site, or can serve as one of multiple ribosome binding sites of an mRNA.
- An mRNA containing more than one functional ribosome binding site can encode several peptides or polypeptides, such as the DC inducing factors described herein, that are translated independently by the ribosomes (“multicistronic mRNA”).
- multicistronic mRNA When nucleic acids are provided with an IRES, further optionally provided is a second translatable region. Examples of IRES sequences that can be used according to the invention include without limitation, those from picornaviruses (e.g.
- FMDV pest viruses
- CFFV pest viruses
- PV polio viruses
- ECMV encephalomyocarditis viruses
- FMDV foot-and-mouth disease viruses
- HCV hepatitis C viruses
- CSFV classical swine fever viruses
- MLV murine leukemia virus
- SW simian immune deficiency viruses
- CrPV cricket paralysis viruses
- the synthetic, modified RNA molecule comprises at least one modified nucleoside. In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the synthetic, modified RNA molecule comprises at least two modified nucleosides.
- the modified nucleosides are selected from the group consisting of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 3,2′-O-dimethyluridine (m4U), 2-thiouridine (s2U), 2′ fluorouridine, pseudouridine, 2′-O-methyluridine (Um), 2′deoxy uridine (2′ dU), 4-thiouridine (s4U), 5-methyluridine (m5U), 2′-O-methyladenosine (m6A), N6,2′-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), N6,N6,2′-O-trimethyladenosine (m62Am), 2′-O-methylcytidine (Cm), 7-methylguanosine (m7G), 2′-O-methylguanosine (Gm), N2,7-dimethylguanosine (m2,7G), N2,N2,7-tri
- Modified mRNAs need not be uniformly modified along the entire length of the molecule.
- Different nucleotide modifications and/or backbone structures can exist at various positions in the nucleic acid.
- the nucleotide analogs or other modification(s) can be located at any position(s) of a nucleic acid such that the function of the nucleic acid is not substantially decreased.
- a modification can also be a 5′ or 3′ terminal modification.
- the nucleic acids can contain at a minimum one and at maximum 100% modified nucleotides, or any intervening percentage, such as at least 50% modified nucleotides, at least 80% modified nucleotides, or at least 90% modified nucleotides.
- each occurrence of a given nucleoside in a molecule is modified (e.g., each cytosine is a modified cytosine e.g., 5-methylcytosine, each uracil is a modified uracil, e.g., pseudouracil, etc.).
- the modified mRNAs can comprise a modified pyrimidine such as uracil or cytosine.
- at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the uracil in the nucleic acid are replaced with a modified uracil.
- modified uracil can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures).
- at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the cytosine in the nucleic acid may be replaced with a modified cytosine.
- the modified cytosine can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures) (e.g., some cytosines modified as 5mC, others modified as 2′-O-methylcytosine or other cytosine analog).
- Such multi-modified synthetic RNA molecules can be produced by using a ribonucleoside blend or mixture comprising all the desired modified nucleosides, such that when the RNA molecules are being synthesized, only the desired modified nucleosides are incorporated into the resulting RNA molecule encoding the DC inducing factor.
- modified nucleic acids comprising a degradation domain, which is capable of being acted on in a directed manner within a cell.
- iDCs can be generated by delivery of DC inducing factors in the form of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) or amino acid sequences
- iDC induction can be induced using other methods, such as, for example, by treatment of cells with an agent, such as a small molecule or cocktail of small molecules, that induce expression one or more of the DC inducing factors.
- Detection of expression of DC inducing factors introduced into cells or induced in a cell population using the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, can be achieved by any of several techniques known to those of skill in the art including, for example, Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, and fluorescence-mediated detection.
- one or more DC activities or parameters can be measured, such as, in some embodiments, differential expression of surface antigens.
- the generation of induced DCs using the compositions, methods, and kits described herein preferably causes the appearance of the cell surface phenotype characteristic of endogenous DCs, such as CLEC9A, MHC-I, MHC-II, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD103, for example.
- DCs are most reliably distinguished from other immune cells by their functional behavior. Functional aspects of DC phenotypes, or dendritic cell activities, such as the ability of a dendritic cell to induce antigen specific T cell responses, can be easily determined by one of skill in the art using routine methods known in the art, and as described herein, for example, in the Drawings, i.e., FIGS. 1-44 . In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, functional assays to identify reprogramming factors can be used. For example, in some embodiments, antigen presentation and antigen cross-presentation assays can be used to confirm antigen-specific induction of T cell responses (antigen presentation potential) of iDCs generated using the compositions, methods, and kits thereof.
- Cytokine secretion can be used to confirm immune-modulatory properties of iDCs generated using the compositions, methods, and kits described herein.
- Ability to engulf particles, proteins and dead cells of iDCs generated using the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can be evaluated by culturing transduced cells in the presence of labelled beads, ovalbumine or dead cells, followed by flow cytometry analysis, respectively.
- cellular parameter refers to measureable components or qualities of endogenous or natural DCs, particularly components that can be accurately measured.
- a cellular parameter can be any measurable parameter related to a phenotype, function, or behavior of a cell.
- Such cellular parameters include, changes in characteristics and markers of a DC or DC population, including but not limited to changes in viability, cell growth, expression of one or more or a combination of markers, such as cell surface determinants, such as receptors, proteins, including conformational or posttranslational modification thereof, lipids, carbohydrates, organic or inorganic molecules, nucleic acids, e.g. mRNA, DNA, global gene expression patterns, etc.
- Such cellular parameters can be measured using any of a variety of assays known to one of skill in the art. For example, viability and cell growth can be measured by assays such as Trypan blue exclusion, CFSE dilution, and 3H-thymidine incorporation. Expression of protein or polypeptide markers can be measured, for example, using flow cytometric assays, Western blot techniques, or microscopy methods. Gene expression profiles can be assayed, for example, using RNA-sequencing methodologies and quantitative or semi-quantitative real-time PCR assays. A cellular parameter can also refer to a functional parameter or functional activity. While most cellular parameters will provide a quantitative readout, in some instances a semi-quantitative or qualitative result can be acceptable.
- Readouts can include a single determined value, or can include mean, median value or the variance, etc. Characteristically a range of parameter readout values can be obtained for each parameter from a multiplicity of the same assays. Variability is expected and a range of values for each of the set of test parameters will be obtained using standard statistical methods with a common statistical method used to provide single values.
- additional factors and agents can be used to enhance iDC reprogramming.
- factors and agents that modify epigenetic pathways can be used to facilitate reprogramming into iDCs.
- any primary somatic cell type can be used for producing iDCs or reprogramming somatic cells to iDCs according to the presently described compositions, methods, and kits.
- Such primary somatic cell types also include other stem cell types, including pluripotent stem cells, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells); other multipotent stem cells; oligopotent stem cells; and (5) unipotent stem cells.
- pluripotent stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells); other multipotent stem cells; oligopotent stem cells; and (5) unipotent stem cells.
- primary somatic cells useful in the various aspects and embodiments of the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, fibroblast, epithelial, endothelial, neuronal, adipose, cardiac, skeletal muscle, hematopoietic or immune cells, hepatic, splenic, lung, circulating blood cells, gastrointestinal, renal, bone marrow, and pancreatic cells, as well as stem cells from which those cells are derived.
- the cell can be a primary cell isolated from any somatic tissue including, but not limited to, spleen, bone marrow, blood, brain, liver, lung, gut, stomach, intestine, fat, muscle, uterus, skin, spleen, endocrine organ, bone, etc.
- somatic cell further encompasses, in some embodiments, primary cells grown in culture, provided that the somatic cells are not immortalized. Where the cell is maintained under in vitro conditions, conventional tissue culture conditions and methods can be used, and are known to those of skill in the art. Isolation and culture methods for various primary somatic cells are well within the abilities of one skilled in the art.
- the somatic cell is a fibroblast cell.
- the somatic cell can be a hematopoietic lineage cell.
- the somatic cell can be a cancer cell or a tumor cell.
- a somatic cell to be reprogrammed or made into an iDC cell is a cell of hematopoietic origin.
- hematopoietic-derived cell hematopoietic-derived differentiated cell
- hematopoietic lineage cell hematopoietic lineage cell
- cell of hematopoietic origin refer to cells derived or differentiated from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC).
- hematopoietic lineage cells for use with the compositions, methods, and kits described herein include multipotent, oligopotent, and lineage-restricted hematopoietic progenitor cells, granulocytes (e.g., promyelocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), erythrocytes (e.g., reticulocytes, erythrocytes), thrombocytes (e.g., megakaryoblasts, platelet producing megakaryocytes, platelets), monocytes (e.g., monocytes, macrophages), dendritic cells, and lymphocytes (e.g., T-lymphocytes, which carry T-cell receptors (TCRs), B-lymphocytes or B cells, which express immunoglobulin and produce antibodies, NK cells, NKT cells, and innate lymphocytes).
- granulocytes e.g., promyelocytes,
- hematopoietic progenitor cells refer to multipotent, oligopotent, and lineage-restricted hematopoietic cells capable of differentiating into two or more cell types of the hematopoietic system, including, but not limited to, granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and lymphocytes B-cells and T-cells.
- Hematopoietic progenitor cells encompass multi-potent progenitor cells (MPPs), common myeloid progenitor cells (CMPs), common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLPs), granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells (GMPs), and pre-megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell.
- MPPs multi-potent progenitor cells
- CMPs common myeloid progenitor cells
- CLPs common lymphoid progenitor cells
- GFPs granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells
- pre-megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell pre-megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell.
- Lineage-restricted hematopoietic progenitor cells include megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cells (MEP), ProB cells, PreB cells, PreProB cells, ProT cells, double-negative T cells, pro-NK cells, pre-granulocyte/macrophage cells, granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GMP) cells, and pro-mast cells (ProMCs).
- MEP megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cells
- ProB cells PreB cells
- PreProB cells ProT cells
- double-negative T cells pro-negative T cells
- pro-NK cells pre-granulocyte/macrophage cells
- GMP granulocyte/macrophage progenitor
- ProMCs pro-mast cells
- Cells of hematopoietic origin for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can be obtained from any source known to comprise these cells, such as fetal tissues, umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, peripheral blood, mobilized peripheral blood, spleen, liver, thymus, lymph, etc. Cells obtained from these sources can be expanded ex vivo using any method acceptable to those skilled in the art prior to use in with the compositions, methods, and kits for making iDCs described herein. For example, cells can be sorted, fractionated, treated to remove specific cell types, or otherwise manipulated to obtain a population of cells for use in the methods described herein using any procedure acceptable to those skilled in the art.
- Mononuclear lymphocytes may be collected, for example, by repeated lymphocytophereses using a continuous flow cell separator as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,915, or isolated using an affinity purification step of CLP method, such as flow-cytometry using a cytometer, magnetic separation, using antibody or protein coated beads, affinity chromatography, or solid-support affinity separation where cells are retained on a substrate according to their expression or lack of expression of a specific protein or type of protein, or batch purification using one or more antibodies against one or more surface antigens specifically expressed by the cell type of interest.
- Cells of hematopoietic origin can also be obtained from peripheral blood.
- the subject Prior to harvest of the cells from peripheral blood, the subject can be treated with a cytokine, such as e.g., granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, to promote cell migration from the bone marrow to the blood compartment and/or promote activation and/or proliferation of the population of interest.
- a cytokine such as e.g., granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
- Any method suitable for identifying surface proteins can be employed to isolate cells of hematopoietic origin from a heterogeneous population.
- a clonal population of cells of hematopoietic origin such as lymphocytes, is obtained.
- the cells of hematopoietic origin are not a clonal population.
- a somatic cell can be obtained from any mammalian species, with non-limiting examples including a murine, bovine, simian, porcine, equine, ovine, or human cell.
- the somatic cell is a human cell.
- the cell is from a non-human organism, such as a non-human mammal.
- the methods for making iDCs described herein involve culturing or expanding somatic cells, such as cells of hematopoietic origin, in any culture medium that is available and well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
- somatic cells such as cells of hematopoietic origin
- Such media include, but are not limited to, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium® (DMEM), DMEM F12 Medium®, Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium®, F-12K Medium®, Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium®, RPMI-1640 Medium®, and serum-free medium for culture and expansion of DCs.
- DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- DMEM F12 Medium Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium®
- F-12K Medium Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium®
- RPMI-1640 Medium® Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium
- serum-free medium for culture and expansion of DCs
- the medium used with the methods described herein can, in some embodiments, be supplemented with one or more immunostimulatory cytokine.
- immunostimulatory cytokine include, but are not limited to, G-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF- ⁇ , IL-4, the Flt-3 ligand and the kit ligand.
- the immunostimulatory cytokine is selected from the group consisting of the interleukins (e.g., IL-1 ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20), the interferons (e.g., IFN- ⁇ , IFN- ⁇ , IFN- ⁇ ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), the Flt-3 ligand and the kit ligand.
- the interleukins e.g., IL-1 ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-19,
- Cells in culture can be maintained either in suspension or attached to a solid support, such as extracellular matrix components or plating on feeder cells, for example.
- a solid support such as extracellular matrix components or plating on feeder cells, for example.
- Cells being used in the methods described herein can require additional factors that encourage their attachment to a solid support, in some embodiments, such as type I and type II collagen, chondroitin sulfate, fibronectin, “superfibronectin” and fibronectin-like polymers, gelatin, poly-D and poly-L-lysine, thrombospondin and vitronectin.
- the cells are suitable for growth in suspension cultures.
- Suspension-competent host cells are generally monodisperse or grow in loose aggregates without substantial aggregation.
- Suspension-competent host cells include cells that are suitable for suspension culture without adaptation or manipulation (e.g., cells of hematopoietic origin, such as lymphoid cells) and cells that have been made suspension-competent by modification or adaptation of attachment-dependent cells (e.g., epithelial cells, fibroblasts).
- the isolated induced dendritic cells further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for administration to a subject in need.
- somatic cells such as fibroblast cells or hematopoietic lineage cells, can first be isolated from the subject, and the isolated cells transduced or transfected, as described herein with a DC inducing composition comprising expression vectors or synthetic mRNAs, respectively.
- the isolated induced dendritic cells (iDCs) produced using any of the combinations of DC inducing factors, DC inducing compositions, or methods of preparing iDCs described herein, can then be administered to the subject, such as via systemic injection of the iDCs to the subject.
- cancer cells are transduced, as described herein with a DC inducing composition comprising expression vectors.
- Cancer cells can be first isolated from the subject, transduced with a DC inducing composition comprising expression vectors and then administered to the subject, such as via systemic injection.
- cancers cells can be transduced in situ or in vivo with DC inducing composition comprising viral expression vectors.
- the modified cancer cell acquires antigen presentation ability, presenting their tumor antigens to T cells and eliciting cytotoxic responses against themselves.
- the reprogrammed iDCs generated using the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can, in some embodiments of the methods of treatment described herein, be used directly or administered to subjects in need of immunotherapies. Accordingly, various embodiments of the methods described herein involve administration of an effective amount of a iDC or a population of iDCs, generated using any of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, to an individual or subject in need of a cellular therapy.
- the cell or population of cells being administered can be an autologous population, or be derived from one or more heterologous sources. Further, such iDCs can be administered in a manner that permits them to migrate to lymph node and activate effector T cells.
- Such methods can include systemic injection, for example, i.v. injection, or implantation of cells into a target site in a subject.
- Cells may be inserted into a delivery device which facilitates introduction by injection or implantation into the subject.
- delivery devices can include tubes, e.g., catheters, for injecting cells and fluids into the body of a recipient subject.
- the tubes additionally have a needle, e.g., through which the cells can be introduced into the subject at a desired location.
- the cells can be prepared for delivery in a variety of different forms.
- the cells can be suspended in a solution or gel or embedded in a support matrix when contained in such a delivery device.
- Cells can be mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in which the cells remain viable.
- the cells produced by the methods described herein can be used to prepare cells to treat or alleviate several cancers and tumors including, but not limited to, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lymphoma, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, malignant melanoma, ovarian cancer, brain cancer, primary brain carcinoma, head-neck cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, liver cancer, bladder cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, head or neck carcinoma, breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, lung carcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical carcinoma, testicular carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, stomach carcinoma, colon carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, genitourinary carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, myeloma, multiple myeloma, adrenal carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, adrenal cortex carcinoma, malignant pancreatic insulinoma, malignant carcinoid carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, mycosis fungoides
- the methods of the invention can be used to prevent or eliminate infection by pathogens known to predispose to certain cancers.
- Pathogens of particular interest for use in the cancer vaccines provided herein include the hepatitis B virus (hepatocellular carcinoma), hepatitis C virus (heptomas), Epstein Barr virus (EBV) (Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharynx cancer, PTLD in immunosuppressed individuals), HTLVL (adult T cell leukemia), oncogenic human papilloma viruses types 16, 18, 33, 45 (adult cervical cancer), and the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (B cell gastric lymphoma).
- EBV Epstein Barr virus
- HTLVL adult T cell leukemia
- HTLVL adult T cell leukemia
- oncogenic human papilloma viruses types 16, 18, 33, 45 adult cervical cancer
- Helicobacter pylori B cell gastric lymphoma
- infectious virus examples include, but are not limited to, infectious virus that infect mammals, and more particularly humans.
- infectious virus examples include, but are not limited to: Retroviridae (e.g., human immunodeficiency viruses, such as HIV-I (also referred to as HTLV-III, LAV or HTLV-III/LAV, or HIV-III; and other isolates, such as HIV-LP; Picornaviridae (e.g. polio viruses, hepatitis A virus; enteroviruses, human Coxsackie viruses, rhinoviruses, echoviruses); Calciviridae (e.g.
- Togaviridae e.g. equine encephalitis viruses, rubella viruses
- Flaviridae e.g. dengue viruses, encephalitis viruses, yellow fever viruses
- Coronoviridae e.g. coronaviruses such as the SARS coronavirus
- Rhabdoviradae e.g. vesicular stomatitis viruses, rabies viruses
- Filoviridae e.g. ebola viruses
- Paramyxoviridae e.g. parainfluenza viruses, mumps virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus
- Orthomyxoviridae e.g.
- influenza viruses Bungaviridae (e.g. Hantaan viruses, bunga viruses, phleboviruses and Nairo viruses); Arena viridae (hemorrhagic fever viruses); Reoviridae (e.g.
- reoviruses reoviruses, orbiviurses and rotaviruses
- Bir-naviridae Hepadnaviridae (Hepatitis B virus); Parvovirida (parvoviruses); Papovaviridae (papilloma viruses, polyoma viruses); Adenoviridae (most adenoviruses); Herpesviridae herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes virus; P. oxyiridae (variola viruses, vaccinia viruses, pox viruses); and Iridoviridae (e.g. African swine fever virus); and unclassified viruses (e.g.
- the methods of the invention can be used to target gram negative and gram positive bacteria in vertebrate animals.
- gram positive bacteria include, but are not limited to Pasteurella sp., Staphylococci sp., and Streptococcus sp.
- Gram negative bacteria include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and Salmonella sp.
- infectious bacteria include but are not limited to: Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Legionella pneumophilia, Mycobacteria sp. (e.g. M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. intracellulare, M.
- infectious fungi include, but are not limited to: Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Chlamydia trachomatis , and Candida albicans.
- the methods of the invention can be used to target parasites such as intracellular parasites and obligate intracellular parasites.
- parasites include but are not limited to Plasmodium - falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmdodium vivax, Plasmodium knowlesi, Babesia microti, Babesia divergens, Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spiralis, Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania tropica, Trypanosoma gambiense, Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Ascaris lumbricoides, Onchocerca volvulus and Schistosoma mansoni.
- modified induced dendritic cells can be used to induce a tolerogenic response including the suppression of a future or existing immune response, to one or more target antigens.
- induce DCs are useful for treating or preventing an undesirable immune response including, for example, transplant rejection, graft versus host disease, allergies, parasitic diseases, inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases.
- transplant rejection which can be treated or prevented in accordance with the present invention, include rejections associated with transplantation of bone marrow and of organs such as heart, liver, pancreas, kidney, lung, eye, skin etc.
- allergies examples include seasonal respiratory allergies; allergy to aeroallergens such as hayfever; allergy treatable by reducing serum IgE and eosinophilia; asthma; eczema; animal allergies, food allergies; latex allergies; dermatitis; or allergies treatable by allergic desensitisation.
- Autoimmune diseases that can be treated or prevented by the present invention include, for example, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, stiff-man syndrome, thyroiditis, Sydenham chorea, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and multiple sclerosis.
- inflammatory disease examples include Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory eye diseases, chronic inflammatory lung diseases and chronic inflammatory liver diseases, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, idiopathic leucopoenia, ulcerative colitis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, irritable bowel syndrome, systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Guillan-Barre syndrome (antiphospholipid syndrome), primary myxoedema, thyrotoxicosis, pernicious anaemia, autoimmune atrophic gastris, Addison's disease, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), Goodpasture's syndrome, Behcet's syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, sympathetic ophthalmia, Hashimoto's disease/hypothyroiditis, celiac disease/dermatitis herpetiformis, and demye
- Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and diluents include saline, aqueous buffer solutions, solvents and/or dispersion media.
- the use of such carriers and diluents is well known in the art.
- the solution is preferably sterile and fluid.
- the solution prior to the introduction of cells, the solution is stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi through the use of, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
- the mode of cell administration is relatively non-invasive, for example by intravenous injection, pulmonary delivery through inhalation, topical, or intranasal administration.
- the route of cell administration will depend on the tissue to be treated and may include implantation. Methods for cell delivery are known to those of skill in the art and can be extrapolated by one skilled in the art of medicine for use with the methods and compositions described herein.
- kits for making induced dendritic cells comprising any of the DC inducing compositions comprising one or more expression vector components described herein.
- kits comprising one or more of the DC inducing factors described herein as components for the methods of making the induced dendritic cells described herein.
- kits for preparing induced dendritic cells comprising the following components: (a) one or more expression vectors encoding at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more DC inducing factors selected from: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), SPIB (SEQ. ID. 3, SEQ. ID. 4), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), STAT3 (SEQ. ID. 11, SEQ. ID. 12), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), IKZF1 (SEQ. ID. 15, SEQ. ID.
- ID2 SEQ. ID. 17, SEQ. ID. 18
- BCL11A SEQ. ID. 19, SEQ. ID. 20
- RELB SEQ. ID. 21, SEQ. ID. 22
- ZBTB46 SEQ. ID. 23, SEQ. ID. 24
- RUNX3 SEQ. ID. 25, SEQ: ID. 26
- GFI1 SEQ. ID. 27, SEQ. ID. 28
- IRF2 SEQ. ID. 29, SEQ. ID. 30
- NFIL3 SEQ. ID. 31, SEQ. ID. 32
- BCL6 SEQ. ID. 33, SEQ. ID. 34
- L-MYC SEQ. ID. 35, SEQ. ID. 36
- NR4A3 SEQ. ID. 37, SEQ. ID. 38
- kits described herein can further provide the synthetic mRNAs or the one or more expression vectors encoding DC inducing factors in an admixture or as separate aliquots.
- kits can further comprise an agent to enhance efficiency of reprogramming.
- the kits can further comprise one or more antibodies or primer reagents to detect a cell-type specific marker to identify cells induced to the dendritic cell state.
- kits can further comprise a buffer.
- the buffer is RNase-free TE buffer at pH 7.0.
- the kit further comprises a container with cell culture medium.
- kits described herein can further comprise a buffer, a cell culture medium, a transduction or transfection medium and/or a media supplement.
- the buffers, cell culture mediums, transfection mediums, and/or media supplements are DNAse and RNase-free.
- the synthetic, modified RNAs provided in the kits can be in a non-solution form of specific quantity or mass, e.g., 20 ⁇ g, such as a lyophilized powder form, such that the end-user adds a suitable amount of buffer or medium to bring the components to a desired concentration, e.g., 100 ng/ ⁇ l.
- kits described herein can further comprise devices to facilitate single-administration or repeated or frequent infusions of the cells generated using the kits components described herein, such as a non-implantable delivery device, e.g., needle, syringe, pen device, or an implantatable delivery device, e.g., a pump, a semi-permanent stent (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracisternal or intracapsular), or a reservoir.
- the delivery device can include a mechanism to dispense a unit dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the iDCs.
- the device releases the composition continuously, e.g., by diffusion.
- the device can include a sensor that monitors a parameter within a subject.
- the device can include pump, e.g., and, optionally, associated electronics.
- induced dendritic cells are made by the hand of man by, e.g., modifying the gene expression of at least one of the factors disclosed herein of a somatic cell, a pluripotent cell, a progenitor cell or a stem cell, or by exposing any one of these cell types to at least one protein or RNA that produces at least one protein as disclosed herein.
- the cells can further be made by exposing them to small molecules that turn on at least one of the factors disclosed herein. In some aspects at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight factors are used to make the induced dendritic cells.
- the induced dendritic cells in some aspects of all the embodiments of disclosure while similar in functional characteristics, differ significantly in their gene expression from the naturally occurring endogenous dendritic cells.
- the induced dendritic cells as described herein differ from naturally occurring dendritic cells by both their posttranslational modification signatures and their gene expression signatures.
- the induced dendritic cells as described herein differ from naturally occurring dendritic cells by their ability to growth in vitro as adherent cultures and to survive in culture for more than one month.
- induced dendritic cell is also defined as comprising a gene expression signature that differs from naturally occurring dendritic cells.
- the induced dendritic cells comprise an expression signature that is about 1-5%, 5-10%, 5-15%, or 5-20% different from the expression signature of about 1-5%, 2-5%, 3-5%, up to 50%, up to 40%, up to 30%, up to 25%, up to 20%, up to 15%, or up to 10% of specific genes.
- expression levels of DC inducing factor(s) such as PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4, in iDCs are higher than in naturally occurring DCs as the DC inducing factors are being overexpressed.
- mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts were isolated and purified in the following way: Clec9aCre/Cre animals (10) were crossed with Rosa26-stopflox-tdTomato reporter mice (The Jackson Laboratory) to generate double homozygous Clec9a Cre/Cre Rosa tdTomato/tdTomato (C9A-tdTomato) mice. C57BL/6 mice, Rag2 constitutive knock-out (KO)/OT-II random transgenic (Rag2KO/OT-II) mice and Rag2KO/OT-I random transgenic mice were acquired from Charles River and Taconic, respectively (17-19). All animals were housed under controlled temperature (23 ⁇ 2° C.), subject to a fixed 12-h light/dark cycle, with free access to food and water.
- primary cultures of MEFs were isolated from E13.5 embryos of C9A-tdTomato or C57BL/6 mice (6, 10). Head, fetal liver and all internal organs were removed and the remaining tissue was mechanically dissociated. Dissected tissue was enzymatic digested using 0.12% trypsin/0.1 mM Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution (3 mL per embryo), and incubation at 37° C. for 15 min. Additional 3 mL of same solution per embryo were added, followed by another 15 min incubation period. A single cell suspension was obtained and plated in 0.1% gelatin-coated 10-cm tissue culture dishes in growth media.
- EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- MEFs were sorted to remove residual CD45+ and tdTomato+ cells that could represent cells with hematopoietic potential. MEFs used for screening and in the following experiments were tdTomato-CD45 ⁇ with a purity of 99.8% and expanded up to 4 passages.
- HEK293T cells, MEFs and Human Dermal Fibroblasts were maintained in growth medium [Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 2 mM L-Glutamine and antibiotics (10 ⁇ g/ml Penicillin and Streptomycin)], OP-9 and OP-9-DL1 cell lines were cultured in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) Alpha containing 20% FBS, 1 mM L-Glutamine and penicillin/streptomycin (10 ⁇ g/ml). OP-9 and OP-9-DL1 were routinely passaged at 80% confluency. All cells were maintained at 37° C. and 5% (v/v) CO2. All tissue culture reagents were from Thermo Fisher Scientific unless stated otherwise.
- C9A-tdTomato MEFs were seeded at a density of 40,000 cells per well on 0.1% gelatin coated 6-well plates. Cells were incubated overnight with a ratio of 1:1 FUW-TetO-TFs and FUW-M2rtTA lentiviral particles in growth media supplemented with 8 ⁇ g/mL polybrene. When testing combinations of TFs, equal MOIs of each individual viral particles were applied. Cells were transduced twice in consecutive days and after overnight incubation, media was replaced with fresh growth media. After the second transduction, growth media was supplemented with Doxycycline (1 ⁇ g/mL)—day 0.
- tdTomato+ cells were analyzed 1-15 days post-transduction.
- variations of culture conditions were applied, namely RPMI-1640, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml, Sigma), 2-Mercaptoethanol (1 ⁇ 104 ⁇ M; 2-ME), L-glutamine (2 ⁇ mol/ml), GM-CSF (10 ng/ml, STEMCELL Technologies), IL-4 (20 ng/ml, STEMCELL Technologies) and Flt3I (100 ng/ml, STEMCELL Technologies).
- fluorescent microscopy and immunofluorescence was evaluated in the following way: C9A-driven tdTomato in MEFs and transduced HDFs were visualized directly on 6-well plates under an inverted microscope (Zeiss AxioVert 200M) and images processed with AxioVision and Adobe Photoshop software.
- DAPI 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, 1 ⁇ g/mL, Sigma
- Phalloidin 50 ⁇ g/ml, Sigma
- flow cytometry analysis was performed in the following way: Transduced C9A-tdTomato MEFs or transduced human fibroblasts were dissociated with TrypLE Express, resuspended in 200 ⁇ L PBS 5% FBS and kept at 4° C. prior analysis in BD Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer (BD Biosciences). Sample acquisition was performed with the configuration 3-blue-1-red (533/30 filter in FL1; 585/40 in FL2, 670 LP in FL3 and 675/25 in FL4). tdTomato fluorescence was analyzed in the FL2 channel.
- CD45 or MHC-II cell surface marker expression For the analysis of CD45 or MHC-II cell surface marker expression, dissociated cells were incubated with APC-Cy7 rat anti-mouse CD45 antibody or Alexa Fluor 647 rat anti-mouse I-A/I-E diluted in PBS 5% FBS at 4° C. for 30 minutes in the presence of rat serum (1/100, GeneTex) to block unspecific binding. Cells were washed with PBS 5% FBS, resuspended in PBS 5% FBS and analyzed in a BD Accuri C6 Flow cytometer. CD45 APC-Cy7 and I-A/I-E Alexa Fluor 647 fluorescence were analyzed in FL4 channel.
- dissociated cells were stained with Alexa Fluor 647 rat anti-mouse I-A/I-E, BV650 rat anti-mouse CD80 and PE-CY7 rat anti-mouse CD86 and analyzed in BD FACSAria III (BD Biosciences).
- dissociated cells were stained with APC mouse anti-human CLEC9A and FITC mouse anti-human HLA-DR.
- CSE carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- fluorescence activated cell sorting was performed in the following way: To purify C9A-tdTomato MEFs, cells were incubated at 4° C. for 30 minutes with APC-Cy7 anti-CD45 antibody diluted in PBS 5% FBS. Subsequently, MEFs were washed with PBS 5% FBS, resuspended in PBS 5% FBS and tdTomato ⁇ CD45 ⁇ MEFs were purified in BD FACSAria III. When described tdTomato+ cells were purified using BD FACSAria III and cultured in the absence or presence of doxycycline.
- FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
- splenic DCs For the isolation of splenic DCs, splenic cells were incubated with Alexa Fluor 647 rat anti-mouse I-A/I-E, FITC rat anti-mouse CD11c and APC-Cy7 rat anti-mouse CD8a. CD11c+MHCII+CD8 ⁇ + splenic DCs were purified in BD FACSAria III (BD Biosciences). FACS data was processed in FlowJo software.
- GPSforGenes software was used to calculate the specificity of Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 combination for the DC lineage.
- Gene expression data was downloaded from BioGPS database (GeneAtlas MOE430), transformed to log-space and normalized to bring the expression values to 0-1 range for each gene across different samples. The resulting data was then searched for samples with the highest averaged expression for Pu.1+Irf8+Batf3.
- Custom R scripts were used to perform t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) (Monocle and scatter package), principal component analysis (PCA) (Monocle and scatter package), hierarchical clustering (SC3 package), variance analysis and to construct heat maps, box plots, scatter plots, violin plots, dendrograms, bar graphs, and histograms.
- tSNE stochastic neighbor embedding
- PCA Principal component analysis
- SC3 package hierarchical clustering
- variance analysis and to construct heat maps, box plots, scatter plots, violin plots, dendrograms, bar graphs, and histograms.
- ggplot2 gplots
- graphics and pheatmap packages were used to generate data graphs.
- endogenous expression of genes was determined using STAR v2.5.3a with default settings.
- a window was defined based on ⁇ 10 kb, start of the gene and end of the gene, +10 kb, which correspond to 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) and used to calculate the number of reads in the UTRs using multicov from bedtools v2.27.0.
- UTRs untranslated regions
- DC lineage of iDCs was determined by using cDC1 and cDC2 gene signatures from Schlitzer (11). The majority of genes were highly expressed in MEF, and across all our condition. These genes were discarded. Moreover, as sDC cells were purified for the cDC1 markers CD11c, MHC-II and CD8 ⁇ , genes that were expressed in sDC but at the same time were found in cDC2 signature list were discarded. cDC1/cDC2 gene lists were then used to performed hierarchical clustering. Next, only clusters in which median expression of genes in MEF cells were significantly lower compared to day 3, day 7 and day 9 were selected.
- the Monocle package an algorithm that uses independent component analysis with minimal spanning tree to connect cells along a pseudotemporally ordered path, was used to order cells on a pseudo-time course during MEF to iDC cell reprogramming.
- Monocle analysis was performed based on cDC1 and cDC2 genes from Schlitzer, 2015 (11) as genes, which define a cell's progress, as this was an alternative approach to prove that day 9 are cDC1-like cells.
- the resulting trajectories were visualized using Monocle functions. Since single-cell trajectories included branches, branched expression analysis modeling (BEAM) was used, a special statistical test implemented in Monocle package in order to find differentially expressed genes between the branches.
- BEAM branched expression analysis modeling
- TSCAN was used, which combines clustering with pseudotime analysis, by building a minimum-spanning tree to connect the clusters.
- TSCAN in contrast to Monocle, can use all genes to order the cells.
- gene ontology biological process, cellular component and KEGG pathway
- Enrichr amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr/
- DAVID Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery
- microRNA target interaction analysis was performed using miRTarBase 2017, Enrichr website (amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr/).
- Mouse phenotype analysis was performed using Network2canvas (www.maayanlab.net/N2C/#.WmRvOjLc8yk).
- GSEA gene set enrichment analysis
- TF network analysis was computed by pairwise correlation matrix using Pearson correlation.
- TFs were selected based on DBD: Transcription factor prediction database (http://www.transcriptionfactor.org/) in mouse.
- DBD Transcription factor prediction database
- TFs were selected with a Pearson correlation of greater than 0.35 with at least five other TFs. Taking into consideration the fact that those results could be obtained by chance, permutations were used in order to determine the probability of TFs passing this threshold by chance.
- Methylcelluloseose clonogenic assays were performed in the fallowing way: PIB-transduced MEFs at day 3, 5, 7, 10 and 25 after addition of Dox were assayed in 1% methylcellulose media (Methocult M3434, Stem Cell Technologies). Sorted sDC1 (MHC-II+CD11c+CD8a+) as well as unsorted splenocytes and bone marrow cells were used as control. Hematopoietic colonies were scored and counted after 7-10 days of culture in 5% CO2 at 37° C.
- bead incorporation assay was evaluated in the following way: transduced C9A-tdTomato MEF or transduced HDF cultures were incubated with 2.5% yellow-green fluorescent-coupled solid latex beads (carboxylate-modified polystyrene, Sigma) at 1:1000 ratio in growth medium. Sixteen hours later, cells were washed twice in PBS 5% FBS and analyzed under an inverted microscope. DAPI (1 ⁇ g/mL, Sigma) was used for nuclear staining.
- incorporation of labelled ovalbumin was evaluated in the following way: transduced MEFs and human fibroblast cultures were incubated with Alexa647-labelled ovalbumin (Life Technologies) for 20 minutes at 37° C. or 4° C. After washing with PBS 5% FBS, cells were analysed in BD Accuri C6.
- HEK293T cells were exposed to ultra-violet (UV) irradiation to induce cell death and labelled with CellVue® Claret Far Red Fluorescent Cell Linker Kit (Sigma), according to manufacturer's instructions. Transduced MEFs were incubated with Far red-labelled dead cells overnight, and analysed in BD Accuri C6.
- inflammatory cytokine assay was performed in the following way: Levels of the cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70), interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were assessed in supernatants of iDCs cultures 10 days after Dox supplementation. At day 9, 100 ng/mL LPS or 25 ⁇ g/mL of Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) (Invivogen) were added for overnight stimulation.
- PolyI:C Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid
- CBA Mouse Inflammation Kit (BD Biosciences), according to manufacturer's instructions. Acquisition was performed with a BD Accuri C6 and data were analyzed using FCAP array software, version 3.0 (BD Biosciences).
- the limit of detection in CBA was: IL-6, 20.91 pg/ml; IL-10, 10.55 pg/ml; IFN- ⁇ , 18.2 pg/ml; TNF, 18.13 pg/ml; IL-12p70, 20.05 pg/ml.
- splenic DC isolation was evaluated in the following way: Freshly isolated spleens were homogenized using the frosted ends of 2 sterile slides. Cells were harvested in PBS supplemented with 2% FBS and filtered through a 70 ⁇ m cell strainers (BD Biosciences). Red blood cells were lysed with BD Pharm Lyse (BD Biosciences) for 8 min at room temperature. MHC-II+CD11c+ DCs were purified by FACS (BD FACSAria III, BD Biosciences) and immediately used for antigen presenting assays.
- CD4+ T cell isolation and antigen presenting assays was evaluated in the following way: CD4+ T cells from spleen of Rag2KO/OT-11 mice were enriched using Dynabeads Untouched Mouse CD4 Cells Kit (BD Biosciences), according to manufacturer's instructions. Enriched CD4+ T cells were labeled with CFSE 5 ⁇ M at room temperature for 10 min, washed, and counted before cultured with APCs.
- iDCs cultures at day 8 after the addition of Dox or splenic CD11c+ MHC-II+ DCs cells were incubated with OVA protein (10 ⁇ g/mL) or OVA323-339 peptide (10 ⁇ g/mL) in the presence or absence of 100 ng/mL of LPS and co-cultured with untouched CFSE-labeled OT-II CD4+ T cells.
- iDC cultures (20000 cells) or 20000 splenic CD11c+ MHC-II+ DCs were incubated with 20000 CFSE-labeled CD4+ T cells in 96-well round-bottom tissue culture plates. T cell proliferation (dilution of CFSE staining) and activation (CD44 expression) were assessed by flow cytometry after 7 days of co-culture.
- CD8+ T cell isolation and antigen cross-presentation was evaluated in the following way: CD8+ T cells from spleen of Rag2KO/IT-1 mice were enriched using Dynabeads Untouched Mouse CD8 Cells Kit (BD Biosciences), according to manufacturer's instructions. Enriched CD8+ T cells were labelled with CFSE 5 ⁇ M at room temperature for 10 min, washed, and counted before cultured with APCs.
- iDCs cultures at day 8 after the addition of Dox or splenic CD11c+ MHC-II+ DCs cells were incubated with OVA protein (10 ⁇ g/mL) in the presence of 25 ⁇ g/mL of polyI:C and co-cultured with untouched CFSE-labelled OT-1 CD8+ T cells.
- iDC cultures (20000 cells) or 20000 splenic CD11c+ MHC-II+ DCs were incubated with 20000 CFSE-labelled CD8+ T cells in 96-well round-bottom tissue culture plates. T cell proliferation (dilution of CFSE staining) and activation (CD44 expression) were assessed by flow cytometry after 4 days of co-culture.
- hybridoma cross-presentation assays were performed in the fallowing way: PIB-transduced Clec9a-tdTomato MEFs at day 16 after addition of Dox were dissociated with TrypLE Express, resuspended in growth media and incubated for 4 hours with different concentrations of OVA protein. After being extensively washed, PIB-transduced MEFs (100,000 cells) were co-cultured with 100,000 B3Z cells in 96-well round-bottom tissue culture plates in the presence or absence of 100 ng/mL LPS or 25 ⁇ g/mL PIC.
- the efficiency of antigen export to the cytosol by Clec9a ⁇ tdTomato+ cells were analyzed by cytofluorimetry-based assay. Briefly, PIB-transduced MEFs at day 16 after addition of Dox were dissociated with TrypLE Express, resuspended in loading buffer and loaded with 1 ⁇ M CCF4-AM for 30 min at room temperature. Cells were then washed and incubated with 2 mg/mL ⁇ -lactamase at 37° C. for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. To stop the reaction, cells were transferred to ice cold PBS.
- comparisons among groups were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test with GraphPad Prism 5 software. P-values are shown when relevant (*p ⁇ 0.05; **p ⁇ 0.01, ***p ⁇ 0.001, ****p ⁇ 0.0001).
- the invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
- the invention also includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
- the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, descriptive terms, etc., from one or more of the claims or from relevant portions of the description is introduced into another claim.
- any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim.
- the claims recite a composition, it is to be understood that methods of using the composition for any of the purposes disclosed herein are included, and methods of making the composition according to any of the methods of making disclosed herein or other methods known in the art are included, unless otherwise indicated or unless it would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that a contradiction or inconsistency would arise.
- any particular embodiment of the present invention may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Where ranges are given, any value within the range may explicitly be excluded from any one or more of the claims. Any embodiment, element, feature, application, or aspect of the compositions and/or methods of the invention, can be excluded from any one or more claims. For purposes of brevity, all of the embodiments in which one or more elements, features, purposes, or aspects is excluded are not set forth explicitly herein.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The present disclosure relates to compositions, nucleic acid constructs, methods and kits thereof for cell induction or reprogramming cells to the dendritic cell state or antigen presenting cell state, based, in part, on the surprisingly effect described herein of novel use and combinations of transcription factors that permit induction or reprogramming of differentiated or undifferentiated cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells. Such compositions, nucleic acid constructs, methods and kits can be used for inducing dendritic cells in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, and these induced dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells can be used for immunotherapy applications.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/342,803 filed Apr. 17, 2019, which is a U.S. National Stage under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT/IB2018/052378 filed Apr. 5, 2018, and which depends from and claims priority to Portugal Application No: 110012 filed Apr. 5, 2017, European Application No. 17171166.6 filed May 15, 2017, Portugal Application No 110263 filed Aug. 24, 2017, and Portugal Application No: 110267 filed Aug. 25, 2017, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Apr. 25, 2022, is named 2022-04-26_Sequence_listing_16 UCOI-H070303NA.txt and is 335,644 bytes in size.
- The present disclosure relates to the development of methods for making dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells with antigen presenting capacity from differentiated, multipotent or pluripotent stem cells by introducing and expressing isolated transcription factors. More particularly, the disclosure provides methods for redirecting differentiated, multipotent or pluripotent stem cells to a dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell state by direct cellular reprogramming with a surprisingly use of combinations of transcription factors.
- Cellular reprogramming relies on rewiring the epigenetic and transcriptional network of one cell state to that of a different cell type. Transcription factor (TF)-transduction experiments have highlighted the plasticity of adult somatic or differentiated cells, providing new technologies to generate any desired cell type. Through forced expression of TFs, it is possible to reprogram somatic or differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that are remarkably similar to embryonic stem cells (1, 2). Alternatively, a somatic cell can also be converted into another specialized cell type (3). Direct lineage conversion has proven successful to reprogram mouse and human fibroblasts into several cell types, such as neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes, using TFs specifying the target-cell identity (4). Lineage conversions were also demonstrated in the hematopoietic system, where forced expression of TFs induced a macrophage fate in B cells and fibroblasts (5) and the direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into clonogenic hematopoietic progenitors is achieved with Gata2, Gfi1b, cFos and Etv6 (6). These four TFs induce a dynamic, multi-stage hemogenic process that progresses through an endothelial-like intermediate, recapitulating developmental hematopoiesis in vitro (7).
- Reprogrammed cells are very promising therapeutic tools for regenerative medicine, and cells obtained by differentiation of iPSCs are already being tested in clinical studies. For hematopoietic regeneration, however, approaches to generate mature blood cells from iPSCs are still lacking. Therefore, alternative strategies are needed to generate patient-specific definitive hematopoietic cells that can be used as blood products. Given the opportunity of direct cell reprogramming mediated by TFs, one can envision the generation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system such as Dendritic Cells (DCs).
- DCs are professional APCs capable of activating T cell responses by displaying peptide antigens complexed with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surface, together with all of the necessary soluble and membrane associated co-stimulatory molecules. DCs induce primary immune responses, potentiate the effector functions of previously primed T-lymphocytes, and orchestrate communication between innate and adaptive immunity. DCs are found in most tissues, where they continuously sample the antigenic environment and use several types of receptors to monitor for invading pathogens. In steady state, and at an increased rate upon detection of pathogens, sentinel DC in non-lymphoid tissues migrate to the lymphoid organs where they present to T cells the antigens they have collected and processed. The phenotype acquired by the T cell depends on the context in which the DC presents its antigen. If the antigen is derived from a pathogen, or damaged self, DC receive danger signals, become activated and the T cells are then stimulated to become effectors, necessary to provide protective immunity.
- The ability of DCs to induce adaptive immunity has boosted research on DC-vaccine strategies for bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens and cancer immunotherapy. In fact, clinical trials are ongoing utilizing DC-mediated immunotherapy for several tumor types, including solid and hematological tumors (8). However, the clinical outcome has been inconsistent, probably associated with variable efficiency in generating DCs in vitro: autologous monocytes give origin to less-efficient DCs, and hematopoietic progenitors are isolated in very low numbers. In addition, these precursor cells are commonly compromised in cancer-bearing patients, resulting in the generation of dysfunctional DCs (8, 9). Cancer evasion mechanisms also may be underlying the lack of consistent therapeutic advantages in DC-based immunotherapies. During tumor progression cancer cells exploit several immunological processes to escape immune surveillance. These adaptations, together with cancer antigen heterogeneity, prevent the recognition of tumor antigens by the immune system and are consequently responsible for the reduced immunogenicity of tumor cells and current immunotherapies.
- The generation of APCs by direct reprogramming opens new opportunities to a better understanding of DC specification and cellular identity, contributing to a more efficient control of immune responses using autologous-engineered cells.
- These facts are disclosed in order to illustrate the technical problem addressed by the present disclosure.
- The present subject matter identifies several isolated transcription factors that surprisingly reprogram or induce differentiated cell, multipotent or pluripotent stem cell into dendritic cell, in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo.
- Surprisingly the induced Dendritic Cells generated by reprograming as described in the present disclosure, are intrinsically more mature than splenic DCs (natural DCs) and are less dependent on exogenous activation stimuli for antigen presentation.
- DCs are professional APCs located throughout the body functioning at the interface of the innate and adaptive immune system. DCs are able to provide a crucial link between the external environment and the adaptive immune system through their ability to capture, process and present antigens to T cells, targeting them to different types of immune responses or to tolerance. Firstly, DCs have to capture antigens and process them through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II. Following their activation, DCs are able to migrate towards the local draining lymph nodes priming multiple B cell and T cell responses, a key feature of adaptive immunity. The early protective efficacy is primarily conferred by the induction of antigen-specific antibodies produced by B lymphocytes. The long-term protection against specific antigens requires the persistence of specific antibodies and the generation of immunological memory that could provide a rapid and efficient response after subsequent antigen exposure. DCs, as professional APCs, have the ability to cross-present antigens, meaning that, in addition to its classical ability to present exogenous antigens on MHC class II and endogenous antigens on MHC class I, they are also able to present exogenous antigens on MHC class I, a critical step for the generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte responses (CTL).
- The ontogeny and/or microenvironment in which DC are positioned may result in the expression of distinct combinations of surface receptors by DCs. For example, phenotypic criteria alone allow the classification of mouse DCs into different subpopulations.
- Of these, conventional DC (cDC) in lymphoid tissues are traditionally sub-divided into cDC1 and cDC2 subpopulations. It has been argued that different DC subsets may be involved in specific recognition of certain pathogens and/or regulate different immune responses, e.g. Th1 or Th2 (immunity) or regulatory T cells (tolerance). However, the phenotype and functional behavior of DCs is also significantly conditioned by external activating stimuli, denoting significant plasticity. cDC1 and cDC2 subsets differentially prime Th1 and Th2 responses in vivo. Immune therapy for cancer relies on using DCs to prime Th1 or cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to promote tumor clearance.
- Currently, DC-based immunotherapies rely on autologous DC precursors: either monocytes, which are associated with the production of less-efficient DCs, or hematopoietic progenitors, which are isolated in very low numbers. In addition, these precursor cells are commonly compromised in cancer-bearing patients, resulting in the generation of dysfunctional DCs. In contrast, non-hematopoietic cell-types such as fibroblasts are usually not affected. Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDFs) also exhibit other competitive advantages, namely are easily obtained from a small skin punch biopsy, are easily expanded in vitro for several passages (15-20 million cells after 4 weeks) and can be conserved frozen and used on-demand. Given the fundamental role of DCs as APCs functioning at the interface of the innate and adaptive immune system, there remains a clinical need to find alternative strategies to generate functional DCs to prime antigen-specific immune responses.
- An aspect of the present disclosure relates to compositions comprising the combination of at least two isolated transcription factors encoded by a
sequence 90% identical to a sequence from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14); as a reprogramming or inducing factor of a cell selected from a list consisting of: stem cell or a differentiated cell, or mixtures thereof, into dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. - In some embodiments, polypeptide variants or family members having the same or a similar activity as the reference polypeptide encoded by the sequences provided in the sequence listing can be used in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein. Generally, variants of a particular polypeptide encoding a DC inducing factor for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein will have at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99% or more sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art.
- Methods for the alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art, such methods include GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA and TFASTA. GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch ((1970) J Mol Biol 48: 443-453) to find the global (over the whole the sequence) alignment of two sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. The BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al. (1990) J Mol Biol 215: 403-10) calculates percent sequence identity and performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between the two sequences. The software for performing BLAST analysis is publicly available through the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Global percentages of similarity and identity may also be determined using one of the methods available in the MatGAT software package (Campanella et al., BMC Bioinformatics. 2003 Jul. 10; 4:29. MatGAT: an application that generates similarity/identity matrices using protein or DNA sequences). Minor manual editing may be performed to optimise alignment between conserved motifs, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art. The sequence identity values, which are indicated in the present subject-matter as a percentage were determined over the entire amino acid sequence, using BLAST with default parameters.
- In an embodiment for better results, the combination of isolated transcription factor may be:
-
- BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) and BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8).
- In an embodiment, the isolated transcription factor of the present disclosure may be used in veterinary or human medicine, in particular in immunotherapy, or in neurodegenerative diseases, or in cancer or in infectious diseases.
- In an embodiment for better results the cell may be selected from a list consisting of: pluripotent stem cell, multipotent stem cell, differentiated cell, tumor cell, cancer cell, and mixtures thereof. In particular mammalian cell, more in particular a mouse or a human cell.
- In an embodiment for better results, the isolated transcription factor of the present disclosure may be use as a reprogramming or inducing factor of a cell selected from a list consisting of: pluripotent stem cell, or multipotent stem cell, or differentiated cell, and mixtures thereof into dendritic cell.
- In an embodiment for better results, the isolated transcription factor of the present disclosure may be use a reprogramming or inducing factor of a cell selected from a list consisting of: tumor cell, cancer cell, and mixtures thereof, into antigen presenting cell.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure is the use of a combination of at least two sequences at least 90% identical, preferably at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or identical, to a sequence from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), and mixtures thereof; as a reprogramming or inducing factor of a cell selected from a list consisting of: stem cell or a differentiated cell, or mixtures thereof, into dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo.
- Preferably the combination may be selected from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), and mixtures thereof. More preferably, the isolated transcription may include the following combination: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) and BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8).
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a construct or a vector encoding at least one isolated transcription factor described in the present subject-matter.
- In an embodiment for better results, the construct or the vector may be the combination of three isolated transcription factors is in the following sequential order from 5′ to 3′: PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2); or IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2).
- In an embodiment, the vector is a viral vector; in particular a retrovirus, a adenovirus, a lentivirus, a herpes virus, a pox virus, or adeno-associated virus vectors.
- In an embodiment for better results, the transducing step further comprises at least one vector selected from a list consisting of: a nucleic acid sequence encoding IL12; nucleic acid sequence encoding GM-CSF; nucleic acid sequence encoding IL-7; nucleic acid sequence encoding siRNA targeting IL-10 RNA, and mixtures thereof.
- In an embodiment for better results the transducing of step further comprises at least one vector comprising nucleic acids encoding immunostimulatory cytokines.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for programming or inducing a stem cell or a differentiated cell into a dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell, comprising the following step:
-
- transducing a cell selected from a list consisting of: a stem cell or a differentiated cell, and mixtures thereof,
- with one or more vectors comprising at least two nucleic acid sequence encoding a sequence at least 90% identical to a sequence from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), and mixtures thereof; preferably at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or identical;
- culturing the transduced somatic cell in a cell media that supports growth of dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells.
- Preferably for better results, wherein the combination of isolated transcription factors is selected from the following encoded combinations: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) and BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14) BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8); or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8).
- In an embodiment for better results, the construct or the vector may be the combination of at least three isolated transcription factors in the following sequential order from 5′ to 3′: PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2); or IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2).
- In an embodiment for better results, cells may be transduced with a plurality of isolated transcription factors and cultured during at least 2 days, preferably at least 5 days, more preferably at least 8 days, even more preferably 9 days.
- In an embodiment for better results, the transducing step may further comprise at least one vector selected from a list consisting of: a nucleic acid sequence encoding IL-12; nucleic acid sequence encoding GM-CSF; nucleic acid sequence encoding IL-7; nucleic acid sequence encoding siRNA targeting IL-10 RNA, and mixtures thereof.
- In an embodiment for better results, the cell may be selected from the group consisting of pluripotent stem cell, or multipotent stem cell, differentiated cell, and mixtures thereof. In particular an endoderm derived cell, a mesoderm derived cell, or an ectoderm derived cell, a multipotent stem cell including mesenchymal stem cell, a hematopoietic stem cell, intestinal stem cell, a pluripotent stem cell, a tumor or cancer cell and cell lines.
- In an embodiment for better results, the cell may be a non-human cell, preferably a mouse or a human cell, more preferably cell is a human or mouse fibroblast, or a mammal umbilical cord blood stem cell.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to induced dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell obtained by the method described in the present disclosure.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to induced antigen presenting cell obtained by the method described in the present disclosure. In particular, an induced antigen presenting cell capable to present a cancer antigen, a self-antigen, an allergen, an antigen from a pathogenic and/or infectious organism.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to composition comprising at least one isolated transcription factor as described in the present disclosure, or an induced dendritic cell as described in the present disclosure, or an induced antigen presenting cell as described in the present disclosure, or mixtures thereof, in a therapeutically effective amount and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may be use in veterinary or human medicine, in particular in immunotherapy, or in neurodegenerative diseases, or in cancer or in infectious diseases.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may further comprise an anti-viral, an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory agent, a chemotherapy agent, a radiotherapy agent, an antibiotic, a diuretic, or mixtures thereof.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may further comprise a filler, a binder, a disintegrant, or a lubricant, or mixtures thereof.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may be use in intradermal and transdermal therapies.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may be use as an injectable formulation, in particular an in-situ injection.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may be use in veterinary or human medicine, in particular in immunotherapy, or in the treatment or therapy neurodegenerative diseases, or in the treatment or therapy of cancer or in the treatment or therapy of an infectious diseases.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may be use in the treatment, therapy or diagnostic of a central and peripheral nervous system disorder.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may be use in the treatment therapy or diagnostic of neoplasia in particular cancer, namely solid or hematological tumors.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may be use in the treatment, diagnostic or therapy of benign tumor, malignant tumor, early cancer, basal cell carcinoma, cervical dysplasia, soft tissue sarcoma, germ cell tumor, retinoblastoma, age-related macular degeneration, Hodgkin's lymphoma, blood cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, cervix cancer, uterus cancer, vaginal cancer, breast cancer, naso-pharynx cancer, trachea cancer, larynx cancer, bronchi cancer, bronchioles cancer, lung cancer, hollow organs cancer, esophagus cancer, stomach cancer, bile duct cancer, intestine cancer, colon cancer, colorectum cancer, rectum cancer, bladder cancer, ureter cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, gall bladder cancer, spleen cancer, brain cancer, lymphatic system cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, skin cancer, or myeloma.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may be use in the treatment, therapy or diagnostic of a fungal, viral, chlamydial, bacterial, nanobacterial or parasitic infectious disease.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may be use in therapy or diagnostic of HIV, infection with SARS coronavirus, Asian flu virus, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, hepatitis, or viral hepatitis.
- In a preferably embodiment, the composition may be use in the treatment, therapy or diagnostic of an amyloid disease in particular Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, Alzheimer's disease, Light-Chain (AL) amyloidosis, Type-2 Diabetes, Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid, Parkinson's disease, Polyneuropathy, or Spongiform Encephalopathy—Creutzfeldt Jakob disease.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a vaccine for cancer comprising to compositions comprising at least one isolated transcription factor as described in the present disclosure, or an induced dendritic cell as described in the present disclosure, or an induced antigen presenting cell as described in the present disclosure, or mixtures thereof.
- A kit comprising at least one of the following components: a composition comprising at least one isolated transcription factor as described in the present disclosure, or an induced dendritic cell as described in the present disclosure, or a induced antigen presenting cell as described in the present disclosure, a composition as described in the present disclosure, or a vector as described in the present disclosure, or a construct as described in the present disclosure or mixtures thereof.
- An aspect of the present disclosure relates to compositions, methods, and kits for dendritic cell induction or for reprogramming cells to antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC). In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least one DC inducing factor. Such compositions, methods and kits can be used for inducing dendritic cells in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, as described herein, and these induced dendritic cells (iDCs) can be used in immunotherapies.
- The compositions, methods, and kits for dendritic cell induction or for reprogramming cells to dendritic cells of the present disclosure are based, in part, in the use of a novel combination of transcription factors that permit direct reprogramming of differentiated cells to the dendritic cell state. Such compositions, nucleic acid constructs, methods and kits can be used for inducing dendritic cells in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, as described herein, and these induced dendritic cells can be used in immunotherapies.
- In an embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the regulation of the immune system, and in particular to the use of reprogrammed dendritic cells to prime immune responses to target antigens.
- In an embodiment, the resulting dendritic cell is an antigen presenting cell which activates T cells against MHC class I-antigen targets. Cancer, viral, bacterial and parasitic infections are all ameliorated by the reprogrammed dendritic cells. As reprogrammed dendritic cells are capable of cross-presenting extracellular antigens via the MHC class I pathway, they are particularly suitable for generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.
- In an embodiment isolated transcription factor (or exogenous transcription factor) selected from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), and mixtures thereof, upon forced expression in fibroblasts induce activation of the Clec9a DC-specific reporter, DC morphology and a conventional DC type 1 (cDC1) transcriptional program. Induced Dendritic Cells (iDCs) express cDC1 markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and II at the cell surface and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and CD40. iDCs are able to engulf particles and upon challenge with LPS or poly I:C secrete inflammatory cytokines. iDCs present antigens to CD4+ T cells and cross-present antigens to CD8+ T cells.
- In an embodiment isolated transcription factor (or exogenous transcription factor) selected from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), upon forced expression in fibroblasts induce expression of CLEC9A and HLA-DR, typical DC markers, and DC morphology. Induced Dendritic Cells (iDCs) are able to engulf particles and soluble protein. This disclosure provides powerful new treatments for cancers and cellular infections, as well as a variety of diagnostic and cell screening assays.
- In an embodiment, isolated transcription factor (or exogenous transcription factor) selected from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), upon forced expression in cancer cell lines induce expression of CLEC9A and MHC-II at the cell surface.
- In an embodiment, CLEC9A is preferentially expressed on the subset cDC1 of dendritic cells. This is an important cell type because it is capable of processing antigens derived from outside the cell and presenting them to T cells via MHC class I molecules. This is in contrast to most antigen presenting cells, which present extracellularly-derived antigens via MHC class II molecules. Consequently, this mechanism of antigen presentation is sometimes referred to as “cross-presentation”. These cells therefore play an important role in the generation and stimulation of CTL responses, which are an essential part of the immune response against intracellular pathogens, e.g. viruses and cancers.
- In an embodiment, immune responses stimulated via iDCs involve proliferation of T cells, which may be CTL or helper T cells. Antigen presenting cells (and in particular iDCs) can induce proliferation of both CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells, and may stimulate proliferation of both types of T cells in any given immune response.
- In an embodiment, iDCs may be implicated in at least Th1, Th2, and Th17-type immune responses. Thus, the methods of the invention may be applied to stimulation of various types of immune response against any antigen. However, these cells are believed to be particularly important in the generation of CTL responses, so the immune response to be stimulated is preferably a CTL response. The method may comprise determining production and/or proliferation of CTLs, which are typically T cells expressing CD8 and are capable of cytotoxic activity against cells displaying their cognate antigen in the context of MHC class I molecules.
- It will therefore be further understood that iDCs may be used for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of any condition in which it is desirable to induce a CTL response, such as cancer, or infection by an intracellular parasite or pathogen, such as a viral infection.
- Nevertheless, if modified, iDCs can result in proliferation of helper T cells as well as, or instead of, CTLs. Thus, the method may additionally or alternatively comprise determining production and/or proliferation of helper T cells. The helper T cells may be CD4+ T cells, and may be of Th1, Th2, Th17 or Treg type.
- Under certain conditions, it is believed that iDCs may be capable of stimulating regulatory T cell (Treg) proliferation. Treg cells are characterised by the expression of the Foxp3 (Forkhead box p3) transcription factor. Most Treg cells are CD4+ and CD25+, and can be regarded as a subset of helper T cells, although a small population may be CD8+. Thus, the immune response, which is to be stimulated by a method of the present disclosure, may comprise inducing proliferation of Treg cells in response to an antigen. Given that Treg cells may be capable of modulating the response of other cells of the immune system against an antigen in other ways, e.g. inhibiting or suppressing their activity, the effect on the immune system as a whole may be to modulate (e.g. suppress or inhibit) the response against that antigen. Thus, the methods of this aspect of the invention can equally be referred to as methods of modulating (e.g. inhibiting or suppressing) an immune response against an antigen. This may be particularly useful (for example) in the treatment of autoimmune disease.
- iDCs will promote antigen-specific responses. The antigen may be any protein or fragment thereof against which it is desirable to raise an immune response, in particular a CTL response, but also a Th17 response or a Treg response. These may include antigens associated with, expressed by, displayed on, or secreted by cells against which it is desirable to stimulate a CTL response, including cancer cells and cells containing intracellular pathogens or parasites. For example, the antigen may be, or may comprise, an epitope peptide from a protein expressed by an intracellular pathogen or parasite (such as a viral protein) or from a protein expressed by a cancer or tumor cell. Thus, the antigen may be a tumor-specific antigen. The term “tumor-specific” antigen should not be interpreted as being restricted to antigens from solid tumors, but to encompass antigens expressed specifically by any cancerous, transformed or malignant cell.
- The invention therefore provides a primed antigen presenting cell or population thereof. By “primed” is meant that the cell has been contacted with an antigen, is presenting that antigen or an epitope thereof in the context of MHC molecules, preferably MHC I molecules, and is capable of activating or stimulating T cells to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells in response thereof.
- The term “antigen” is well understood in the art and includes immunogenic substances as well as antigenic epitopes. It will be appreciated that the use of any antigen is envisioned for use in the present invention and thus includes, but is not limited to, a self-antigen (whether normal or disease-related), an infectious antigen (e.g., a microbial antigen, viral antigen, etc.), or some other foreign antigen (e.g., a food component, pollen, etc.). Loading the antigen-presenting cells with an antigen can be accomplished utilizing standard methods, for example, pulsing, transducing, transfecting, and/or electrofusing. It is envisioned that the antigen can be nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), proteins, protein lysate, whole cell lysate, or antigen proteins linked to other proteins, i.e., heat shock proteins. The antigens can be derived or isolated from a pathogenic microorganism such as viruses including HIV, influenza, Herpes simplex, human papilloma virus, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, EBV, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the like. The antigen may be derived or isolated from pathogenic bacteria such as from Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, Legionella, Meningiococcus, Group A Streptococcus, Salmonella, Listeria, Haemophilus influenzae, and the like. Still further, the antigen may be derived or isolated from pathogenic yeast including Aspergillus, invasive Candida, Nocardia, Histoplasmosis, Cryptosporidia and the like. The antigen may be derived or isolated from a pathogenic protozoan and pathogenic parasites including, but not limited to Pneumocystis carinii, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii. In certain embodiments, the antigen includes an antigen associated with a preneoplastic or hyperplastic state. Antigens may also be associated with, or causative of cancer. Such antigens are tumor specific antigen, tumor associated antigen (TAA) or tissue specific antigen, epitope thereof, and epitope agonist thereof. Such antigens include but are not limited to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and epitopes thereof such as CAP-1, CAP-1-6D, MART-1, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, GAGE, GP-100, MUC-1, MUC-2, point mutated ras oncogene, normal and point mutated p53 oncogenes, PSMA, tyrosinase, TRP-1 (gp75), NY-ESO-1, TRP-2, TAG72, KSA, CA-125, PSA, HER-2/neu/c-erb/B2, BRC-I, BRC-II, bcr-abl, pax3-fkhr, ews-fli-1, modifications of TAAs and tissue specific antigen, splice variants of TAAs, epitope agonists, and the like.
- The term “agent” as used herein means any compound or substance such as, but not limited to, a small molecule, nucleic acid, polypeptide, peptide, drug, ion, etc. An “agent” can be any chemical, entity or moiety, including without limitation synthetic and naturally-occurring proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous entities. In some embodiments, an agent is nucleic acid, nucleic acid analogues, proteins, antibodies, peptides, aptamers, oligomer of nucleic acids, amino acids, or carbohydrates including without limitation proteins, oligonucleotides, ribozymes, DNAzymes, glycoproteins, siRNAs, lipoproteins, aptamers, and modifications and combinations thereof etc. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is DNA or RNA, and nucleic acid analogues, for example can be PNA, pcPNA and LNA. A nucleic acid may be single or double stranded, and can be selected from a group comprising; nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest, oligonucleotides, PNA, etc. Such nucleic acid sequences include, for example, but not limited to, nucleic acid sequence encoding proteins that act as transcriptional repressors, antisense molecules, ribozymes, small inhibitory nucleic acid sequences, for example but not limited to RNAi, shRNAi, siRNA, micro RNAi (mRNAi), antisense oligonucleotides etc. A protein and/or peptide agent or fragment thereof, can be any protein of interest, for example, but not limited to; mutated proteins; therapeutic proteins; truncated proteins, wherein the protein is normally absent or expressed at lower levels in the cell. Proteins of interest can be selected from a group comprising; mutated proteins, genetically engineered proteins, peptides, synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, chimeric proteins, antibodies, humanized proteins, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, modified proteins and fragments thereof.
- As used herein, the term “transcription factor” or “TF” refers to a protein that binds to specific parts of DNA using DNA binding domains and is part of the system that controls the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA.
- The term “DC inducing factor,” as used herein, refers to a developmental potential altering factor, as that term is defined herein, such as a protein, RNA, or small molecule, the expression of which contributes to the reprogramming of a cell, e.g. a somatic cell, to the DC state. A DC inducing factor can be, for example, transcription factors that can reprogram cells to the DC state, such as PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4, and the like, including any gene, protein, RNA or small molecule that can substitute for one or more of these factors in a method of making iDCs in vitro. In some embodiments, exogenous expression of a DC inducing factor induces endogenous expression of one or more DC inducing factors, such that exogenous expression of the one or more DC inducing factor is no longer required for stable maintenance of the cell in the iDC state.
- The term “an antigen-presenting cell” (APC) as used herein, refers to a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces; this process is known as antigen presentation. T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). These cells process antigens and present them to T-cells.
- The term “a somatic cell” used herein, refers to any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell.
- The expression of endogenous DC inducing factors can be induced by the use of DNA targeting systems able to modulate mammalian gene expression in a cell with or without the use of chromatin modifying drugs. In some embodiments, the DNA targeting system may comprise a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9-based system (as described in WO2014197748 A2) that may include any modified protein, isolated polynucleotide or vector contacted with the cell and at least one guide RNA targeting a promoter region of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4. The DNA targeting system may comprise dCas9-VP64. In some embodiments, the DNA targeting system may comprise two or more transcription activator-like effector transcription factors (as described in US20140309177 A1) that bind to different target regions of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4.
- In an embodiment, iDCs can be used as immunotherapy to induce specific immune responses in patients with cancer, such as melanoma, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, among others.
- In an embodiment, iDCs can also be used to treat infections caused by viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens.
- In an embodiment, iDCs can also be used as in vitro tools for vaccine immunogenicity testing.
- The pluripotent stem cells used in the present disclosure are obtained without having to recur to a method necessarily involving the destruction of human embryos, namely with the use of induced pluripotent stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells by cellular reprogramming.
- The induced Dendritic Cells (iDCs) obtainable by this method express MHC-I and II at the cell surface and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and CD40.
- In some embodiments, the composition may comprises the isolated transcription factor discloses in the present subject-matter, in an amount effective to improve the immunotherapy by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 95.7%, at least 98%, or at least 99% in the subject.
- In some embodiments, the composition may comprise the induced dendritic cells disclosure in the present subject-matter, in an amount effective to improve the immunotherapy by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 95.7%, at least 98%, or at least 99% in the subject.
- DC inducing factors of the present disclosure can be delivered to induce reprogramming in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo.
- Differentiated cells of the present disclosure can be isolated from a subject in need, DC inducing factors can be introduced to induce reprogramming into iDCs. Generated iDCs can be infused back to the patient.
- Alternatively, DC inducing factors can be delivered to induce reprogramming in vivo of, for example, cancer cells into iDC with ability to present cancer antigens.
- Preferred routes of administration include but are not limited to oral, parenteral, intramuscular, intravenous, in situ injection, intranasal, sublingual, intratracheal, and inhalation.
- In some embodiments, the dose or dosage form is administered to the subject once a day, twice a day, or three times a day. In other embodiments, the dose is administered to the subject once a week, once a month, once every two months, four times a year, three times a year, twice a year, or once a year.
- The embodiments of the invention provide multiple applications, including kits for research use and methods for generation of cells useful for conducting small molecule screens for immune disorders. In addition, the invention provides commercially and medically useful methods to produce autologous dendritic cells and give them back to a patient in need.
- For example, the methods described herein can be used to produce dendritic cells to treat diseases including hyperproliferative diseases, which can also be further defined as cancer. In still further embodiments, the cancer is melanoma, non-small cell lung, small-cell lung, lung, hepatocarcinoma, leukemia, retinoblastoma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, gum, tongue, neuroblastoma, head, neck, breast, pancreatic, prostate, colorectal, Esophageal, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, uterine, liver, thyroid, renal, skin, bone, testicular, ovarian, mesothelioma, cervical, gastrointestinal, lymphoma, brain, colon, sarcoma or bladder. The cancer may include a tumor comprised of tumor cells. For example, tumor cells may include, but are not limited to melanoma cell, a bladder cancer cell, a breast cancer cell, a lung cancer cell, a colon cancer cell, a prostate cancer cell, a liver cancer cell, a pancreatic cancer cell, a stomach cancer cell, a testicular cancer cell, a brain cancer cell, an ovarian cancer cell, a lymphatic cancer cell, a skin cancer cell, a brain cancer cell, a bone cancer cell, or a soft tissue cancer cell. In other embodiments, the hyperproliferative disease is rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, leiomyomas, adenomas, lipomas, hemangiomas, fibromas, vascular occlusion, restenosis, atherosclerosis, pre-neoplastic lesions (such as adenomatous hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia), carcinoma in situ, oral hairy leukoplakia, or psoriasis.
- Accordingly, provided herein, in an embodiment are dendritic cell (DC) inducing composition comprising one or more expression vectors encoding at least two, three, four, or more DC inducing factors selected from: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), or mixtures thereof. In a particular embodiment, the addition of increases the efficiency in at least 8%.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the one or more expression vectors are retroviral vectors.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the one or more expression vectors are lentiviral vectors. In some embodiments, the lentiviral vectors are inducible lentiviral vectors.
- Also provided herein, in some aspects, are dendritic cell (DC) inducing compositions comprising modified mRNA sequences encoding at least two, three, four, DC inducing factors selected from BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), or mixtures thereof, wherein each cytosine of each said modified mRNA sequence is a modified cytosine, each uracil of each said modified mRNA sequence is a modified uracil, or a combination thereof.
- Provided herein, in some aspects, are dendritic cell (DC) inducing compositions comprising at least two sequences selected from TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), or mixtures thereof, wherein each cytosine of each said modified mRNA sequence is a modified cytosine, each uracil of each said modified mRNA sequence is a modified uracil, or a combination thereof.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the modified cytosine is 5-methylcytosine and the modified uracil is pseudouracil.
- Also provided herein in some aspects, are methods for preparing an induced dendritic cell (iDC) from a somatic cell comprising:
-
- transducing the somatic cell with one or more vectors comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), a nucleic acid sequence encoding IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6); a nucleic acid sequence encoding BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2); wherein each said nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a promoter; and
- culturing the transduced somatic cell in a cell media that supports growth of dendritic cells, thereby preparing an iDC.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the transducing step further comprises one or more vectors comprising one or more of: a nucleic acid sequence encoding TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14); a nucleic acid sequence encoding IL12; nucleic acid sequence encoding GM-CSF; nucleic acid sequence encoding IL-7; nucleic acid sequence encoding siRNA targeting IL-10 RNA.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the transducing step further comprises one or more vectors comprising nucleic acids encoding immunostimulatory cytokines. Preferably, the cytokine is one of the interleukins (e.g., IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20), interferons (e.g., IFN-α, IFN-3, IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), granulocyte colony stimulating factors (G-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Flt-3 ligand or kit ligand. The amino acid sequences of these cytokines are well known in the art. In the case of heterodimeric immunostimulatory cytokines (e.g., IL-12), induced dendritic cells (iDCs) shall be genetically modified to express both subunits of the cytokine molecule.
- The additional vectors may also comprise nucleic acids encoding variants of these cytokines. For example, for those cytokines having both pro-forms and mature forms (e.g., before and after cleavage of a signal peptide, or before and after limited proteolysis to yield an active fragment), the APCs of the invention may be genetically modified to express either the pro- or mature form. Other variants, such as fusion proteins between an active fragment of a cytokine and a heterologous sequence (e.g., a heterologous signal peptide), may also be employed. Species variants may also be employed to the extent that they retain activity in a human subject. Thus, for example, human APCs may be genetically modified to express a murine, bovine, equine, ovine, feline, canine, non-human primate or other mammalian variant of a human cytokine if these species variants retain activity substantially similar to their human homologues.
- It may be desirable also to administer further immunostimulatory agents in order to achieve maximal CTL stimulation and proliferation, and/or stimulation and proliferation of other T cell types. These may include agents capable of activating dendritic cells and stimulating their ability to promote T cell activation. Such an agent may be referred to as an adjuvant. The adjuvant may comprise an agonist for CD40 (such as soluble CD40 ligand, or an agonist antibody specific for CD40), an agonist of CD28, CD27 or OX40 (e.g. an agonist antibody specific for one of those molecules), a CTLA-4 antagonist (e.g. a blocking antibody specific for CTLA-4), and/or a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist, and/or any other agent capable of inducing dendritic cell activation. A TLR agonist is a substance that activates a Toll-like receptor. Preferably, the TLR agonist is an activator of TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7 or TLR9. A suitable TLR agonist is MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A), which binds TLR4. Other TLR agonists which may be used are LTA (lipoteichoic acid, which binds TLR2; Poly I:C (polyinosine-polycytidylic acid), which binds TLR3; flagellin, which binds TLR5; imiquimod or polyU RNA (1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo(4,5-c)quinolin-4-amine), which binds TLR7 and CpG (DNA CpG motifs), which binds TLR9; or any other component which binds to and activates a TLR. For more details, see Reis e Sousa, Toll-like receptors and dendritic cells. Seminars in Immunology 16:27, 2004. Adjuvants which may not work via TLRs include 5′ triphosphate RNA, poly I:C, and β-glucans such as curdlan (β-1,3-glucan).
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the culturing step further comprises the use of cell media that supports growth of dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells supplemented with at least one immunostimulatory recombinant cytokine selected from the group consisting of interleukins (e.g., IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20), interferons (e.g., IFN-α, IFN-(3, IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), granulocyte colony stimulating factors (G-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Flt-3 ligand or kit ligand. In the case of heterodimeric immunostimulatory cytokines (e.g., IL-12), induced dendritic cells (iDCs) shall be cultured with both subunits of the cytokine molecule. Other pro-inflammatory cytokines may also be used as adjuvants.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the somatic cell is a fibroblast cell.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the somatic cell is a hematopoietic lineage cell.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the hematopoietic lineage cell is selected from promyelocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, reticulocytes, erythrocytes, mast cells, osteoclasts, megakaryoblasts, platelet producing megakaryocytes, platelets, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, innate lymphocytes, multipotent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, oligopotent hematopoietic progenitor cells, lineage restricted hematopoietic progenitors.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the hematopoietic lineage cell is selected from a multi-potent progenitor cell (MPP), common myeloid progenitor cell (CMP), granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells (GMP), common lymphoid progenitor cell (CLP), and pre-megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the hematopoietic lineage cell is selected from a megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell (MEP), a ProB cell, a PreB cell, a PreProB cell, a ProT cell, a double-negative T cell, a pro-NK cell, a pre-dendritic cell (pre-DC), pre-granulocyte/macrophage cell, a granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GMP) cell, and a pro-mast cell (ProMC).
- Also provided herein, in some aspects, are kits for making induced dendritic cells (iDC), the kits comprising any of the DC inducing compositions comprising one or more expression vector components described herein.
- Provided herein, in some aspects, are kits for making induced dendritic cells (iDC), the kits comprising any of the DC inducing compositions comprising modified mRNA sequence components described herein.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the one or more expression vectors are lentiviral vectors. In some embodiments, the lentiviral vectors are inducible lentiviral vectors. In some embodiments, the lentiviral vectors are polycistronic inducible lentiviral vectors. In some embodiments, the polycistronic inducible lentiviral vectors express three or more nucleic acid sequences. In some embodiments, each of the nucleic acid sequences of the polycistronic inducible lentiviral vectors are separated by 2A peptide sequences.
- The use of polycistronic viral expression systems can increase the in vivo reprogramming efficiency of somatic cells to iDCs. Accordingly, in some embodiments of the aspects described herein, a polycistronic lentiviral vector is used. In such embodiments, sequences encoding two or more of the DC inducing factors described herein, are expressed from a single promoter, as a polycistronic transcript. 2A peptide strategy can be used to make polycistronic vectors (see, e.g., Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2005 May; 5(5):627-38). Polycistronic expression vector systems can also use internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) elements to create multigene, or polycistronic, messages. IRES elements are able to bypass the ribosome scanning model of 5′-methylated Cap dependent translation and begin translation at internal sites (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988). IRES elements can be linked to heterologous open reading frames. Multiple open reading frames can be transcribed together, each separated by an IRES, thus creating polycistronic messages. By virtue of the IRES element, each open reading frame is accessible to ribosomes for efficient translation. Multiple genes can be efficiently expressed using a single promoter/enhancer to transcribe a single message. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,980,285; 5,925,565; 5,631,150; 5,707,828; 5,759,828; 5,888,783; 5,919,670; and 5,935,819; and Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989).
- The following figures provide preferred embodiments for illustrating the description and should not be seen as limiting the scope of invention.
-
FIG. 1 . Schematic representation of hematopoietic differentiation. Whereas hematopoietic differentiation normally proceeds from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through progressively more-restricted progenitors into differentiated blood effector cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs) (highlighted with dashed-line box), the results described herein aim to utilize DC-enriched transcription factors to reprogram somatic differentiated cells from other lineages into the dendritic cell fate with antigen-presenting capacity. Multi-potent progenitor cells (MPPs), common myeloid progenitor cells (CMPs), common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLPs), granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells (GMPs), pre-megakaryocyte-erythrocyte (pre-MEG/E) progenitor cell, megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cells (MEP), colony forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E), megakaryocytic progenitor MkP, pro-mast cells (ProMCs), Monocyte DC progenitors (MDP), Common Dendritic Cell Precursors (CDP), pre-dendritic cell (pre-DC), double negative T lineage precursors (DN1, DN2). -
FIG. 2 . Generating Antigen Presenting Cells by Direct Cellular Reprogramming. Observation of the effect of the TF combination disclosure in the present subject-matter for the induction of dendritic cells (iDCs) from mouse and human fibroblasts. Induced DCs can be applied to generate a personalized immunotherapy after loading with cell extracts or defined antigens (Primed-iDC). DCs are specialized in antigen presentation to Macrophages (Mø), T, B and NK cells. Induced DCs stimulate antigen-specific immune responses against cancer, viral, parasitic or bacterial infections. -
FIG. 3 . In situ or ex vivo direct reprogramming of cancer cells to stimulate antigen-specific immune responses. Effect of TF combination (PIB) for the induction of DC fate and antigen presenting capacity, when this cocktail is introduced directly into cancer cells in vivo or in situ or, ex vivo or in vitro. This strategy enables tumor cells to present their specific antigens (Tumor-APC) to CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, triggering a targeted immune response against the tumor. -
FIG. 4 . 18 TF candidates for the direct reprogramming of DCs. (A) Heat map showing gene expression of the 18 candidate factors across multiple mouse tissues (GeneAtlas MOE430). The majority of the 18 factors are specifically enriched in DCs (black box) but not in other tissues (right). (B) Heat maps showing increased gene expression of the 18 factors in mouse DCs when compared with macrophages (Mcp) derived from bone marrow cultures (left panel, GSE62361). Heat maps displaying gene expression of the 18 TFs in common dendritic cell precursors (CDP), Pre-conventional DCs (Pre-cDC1 and Pre-cDC2) and conventional DCs (cDC1 and cDC2) (right panel, GSE66565). Gene expression data were analyzed by Cluster 3.0 and displayed by Treeview. Red indicates increased expression, whereas blue indicates decreased expression over the mean. (C) Gene ontology biological process (left) and mouse loss-of-function mutant phenotype (right) enrichment analysis was performed for thecandidate 18 TFs using Enrichr (http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr/). Lists show the most enriched terms (top 19) and left columns show respective p-values. Top enriched biological processes enriched are leucocyte differentiation (p=2.51E-12), leucocyte activation (p=1.02E-11), DC differentiation (p=9.58E-12) and DC activation (p=6.31E-11), whilst mutant phenotypes include abnormal adaptive immunity (p=1.19E-04) and abnormal antigen presentation (p=1.25E-03). -
FIG. 5 . Expression of Clec9a is specifically restricted to the conventional DC-lineage. (A) Clec9a-Cre X R26-stop-Tomato double transgenic mouse enables identification of conventional DCs and their committed precursors (CDP, Common Dendritic Cell Precursors), but not other leukocytes, due to restricted tdTomato expression. (B) Expression profile of Clec9a in DCs and several hematopoietic cell lineages obtained from data available in Immunological Genome Project (www.immgen.org). (C) Gene expression of the Clec9a gene in Monocyte DC progenitors (MDPs) and DC-committed precursors (CDPs and pre-DCs) at the single cell level (GSE60783). -
FIG. 6 . Clec9a is highly expressed in mature cDC1s. (A) Gene expression of Clec9a in DC precursors (CDPs, pre-DC1 and pre-DC2) and mature cells (cDC1 and cDC2) (GSE60782). (B) Confirmation of Clec9a-tdTomato on splenic cDC1 (MHC-II+ CD11c+ CD8+ cells) isolated from double transgenic C9a-tdT animals. CD8+ T-cells that do not express Clec9a were included as control. -
FIG. 7 . Isolation and purification of Clec9a reporter MEFs to screen candidate TFs. (A) Double transgenic (Clec9a-Cre X R26-stop-Tomato) pregnant females were used to isolate MEFs at embryonic day E13.5. After removal of the head, fetal liver and internal organs, MEFs were cultured until confluency. MEFs were sorted to remove residual CD45+ and tdTomato+ cells that could represent cells with hematopoietic potential. (B) Gating strategy to remove residual CD45+ and tdTomato+ cells. Double negative MEFs, approximately 97% of the population, were sorted. (C) Purity confirmation of the sorted population. -
FIG. 8 . Experimental design to screen candidate TFs' ability to activate Clec9a reporter MEFs. Purified MEFs were transduced with different pools of inducible lentiviral vectors encoding DC-specific TFs. MEFs were cultured in the presence of Dox to induce expression of the TFs and monitored fromday 1 to 15 for tdTomato expression. Activation of Clec9a promoter induces expression of Cre recombinase, which mediates excision of the Stop codon and consequent expression of tdTomato. -
FIG. 9 . Combinations of candidate DC-inducing TFs induce activation of the Clec9a-tdTomato reporter. (A) MEFs were transduced with M2rtTA (as control), all 18 candidate TFs and pools of 3-4 TFs and analyzed by fluorescent microscopy and flowcytometry 5 days after addition of Dox. (B) Quantification of tdT+ cells after transduction with M2rtTA, all 18 TFs or smaller pools atday 8. Mean±SD, n=2. (C) Quantification of tdT+ cells after removal of individual TFs from the pool of 4 TFs or their individual expression atday 8. Mean±SD, n=2. -
FIG. 10 . Minimal transcription factor network activates Clec9a reporter and induce DC morphology in mouse fibroblasts. (A) MEFs were transduced with M2rtTA (as control) or PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 (PIB—mixture of the 3 TF) and analysed by fluorescent microscopy and flowcytometry 5 days after addition of Dox. (B) Kinetics of Clec9a-tdTomato reporter activation analysed by flow cytometry. (C) Quantification of tdTomato+ cells after removal of individual TFs from the pool of PIB or their individual expression atday 5 after addition of Dox. (D) Flow cytometry histograms showing size (FSC) and complexity (SSC) in PIB transduced cells (gated in tdTomato+ or total population) and M2rtTA transduced cells. (E) Morphology of tdTomato+ cells atday 5 after the addition of Dox. (F) Immunofluorescence for F-actin atday 8 after addition of Dox. -
FIG. 11 . Kinetics of Clec9a reporter activation analyzed by time-lapse microscopy fromday 0 today 7. Scale bars represent 200 μm. -
FIG. 12 . Minimal transcription factor network induces expression of the pan-hematopoietic marker CD45. Flow cytometry analysis atday 8 for expression of CD45 and tdTomato in PIB-transduced MEFs. -
FIG. 13 . TCF4 increases the efficiency of Clec9a reporter activation. (A) MEFs were transduced with PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3, PIB (black bar) or PIB combined with individual TFs from the 18 candidates (grey bars). tdTomato+ cells were quantified atday 8. M2rtTA transduction was included as control. Mean±SD, n=2-6. (B) MEFs were transduced with PIB (black bar) or PIB combined with individual hematopoietic TFs (grey bars). tdTomato+ cells were quantified atday 8. Mean±SD, n=2-6. -
FIG. 14 . Optimal culture conditions to induce the activation of the Clec9a reporter. (A) Quantification of tdTomato+ cells in MEFs transduced with PIB (PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3) and cultured in different conditions atday 10 after addition of Dox. (B) Absolute numbers of tdTomato+ cells in MEFs transduced with PIB (black bar) and co-cultured with OP9 and OP9-DL1 cells atday 10 after addition of Dox. OP9 and OP9-DL1 cultures were included as controls. -
FIG. 15 . Expression profiles of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4 at the single cell level. Gene expression of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4 in single monocyte-dendritic cells precursors (MDPs) and restricted DC precursor cells (CDPs, and pre-DCs) (GSE60783). Gene expression level is shown in reads per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads (RPKM) values. -
FIG. 16 . Analysis of PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 factors expression in mouse cells/tissues. (A) Combined gene expression levels of Pu.1+Ir8+Batf3 across 96 tissues and cell-types. Gene expression data from different mouse tissues and cell-types, were obtained from the GeneAtlas MOE430 database. The “GPSforGenes” program was written and used to classify the tissues where combinations of TFs were most enriched (best fit=1). (B) Gene expression of Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 in DC precursors (CDPs, pre-DC1 and pre-DC2) and mature cells (cDC1 and cDC2) (GSE60782). Gene expression level is shown in relative gene expression. (C) Heat map showing increased expression of Clec9a, PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 in CD103+ DCs (highlighted in red) belonging to cDC1 subset when compared to other DC subsets and several hematopoietic cell lineages available in the Immunological Genome Project (www.immgen.org). Gene expression data were analyzed by Cluster 3.0 and displayed by Treeview. Red indicates increased expression, whereas blue indicates decreased expression over the mean. -
FIG. 17 . Induced DCs express cDC1 markers at cell surface. (A) Flow cytometry analysis of surface phenotype of MEFs transduced withPIB 8 days after the addition of Dox. Quantification of CD103, CD8a, CD4, C11b and B220 expression in tdT+ and tdT-populations. (B) Representative flow cytometry plots. -
FIG. 18 . Induced DCs express antigen-presenting machinery at the cell surface (A) Flow cytometry analysis of MHC-II expression in MEFs transduced with M2rtTA (as control) and PIB (PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3) 7 days after addition of Dox. TdTomato+ and tdTomato-populations are shown. (B) Kinetics of MHC-II surface expression in M2rtTA and PIB transduced cells. MEFs were analysed by flow cytometry fromday 1 to 15 after addition of Dox. (C) Quantification of the percentage of cells expressing MHC-II in high and low levels in bulk cultures after removal of individual TF from the pool of PIB, atday 5 after addition of Dox. (D) Quantification of MHC-II+ cells atday 5 within tdTomato+ population after transduction with 4TFs or upon their individual removal. -
FIG. 19 . Induced DCs express MHC-I at cell surface. Flow cytometry analysis of MHC-I expression in MEFs transduced with M2rtTA and PIB atday 7 after the addition of Dox. -
FIG. 20 . Induced DCs express co-stimulatory molecules at cell surface. Flow cytometry analysis of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) at cell surface of tdTomato+ population in PIB (PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3) transducedMEFs 5 days after addition of Dox. MHC-II+ and MHC-II-populations are shown. -
FIG. 21 . Induced DCs up-regulate CD40 expression upon LPS stimuli. (A) Flow cytometry analysis of CD40 expression in tdTomato- and tdTomato+ population in PIB-transduced MEFs atday 8. (B) Histograms show expression of CD40 with or without overnight LPS stimulation atday 13. -
FIG. 22 . PIB factors induce global dendritic cell gene expression program in fibroblasts. (A) Clec9a reporter MEFs were transduced with Pu.1 (P), Irf8 (I) and Batf3 (B) to generate iDCs. Transduced cells were sorted by FACS and sampled using full-transcript single-cell RNA-seq using Fluidigm Cl system, at day 3 (d3, 20 Clec9a-tdTomato+ cells), day 7 (d7, 40 Clec9a-tdTomato+ cells) and day 9 (d9, 36 Clec9a-tdTomato+ MHC-II+ cells). Non-transduced MEFs at day 0 (30 cells) and splenic DCs (sDCs, 66 CD11c+ MHC-II+CD8a+ cells) isolated from C57131/6 animals were used as controls. (B) t-distributed stochastic linear embedding (tSNE) analysis of genome-wide transcriptomes showing clustering of 163 single cells. Each dot represents an individual cell. The number of cells from each sample group is depicted inside brackets. (C) Complete•linkage hierarchical clustering of the consensus matrix obtained by the SC3 clustering algorithm. (D) Heatmap showing expression of the 6525 most variable genes across the 5 different biological sample groups (columns, MEFs, d3, d7, d9 and sDCs). 4 clusters of genes are shown: Cluster I (3014 genes), II (530 genes), III (347 genes) and IV (2634 genes). Color scheme is based on z-score distribution, from −2 (blue) to 2 (red). Examples of genes from each cluster are shown (right panel). (E) Expression levels of fibroblast genes are shown as Census counts median values±95% confidence interval. (F) Expression levels of genes in Cluster II (Eea1, Aldh1a2, Ifit3), Cluster III (H2-Pb, Ctsc, Cd74) and Cluster IV (Clec9a, Cd45, Cd11c, TIr3, Ccr2, Nlrc5), presented as violin plots (height, gene expression; width, abundance of cells expressing the gene). Log values of Census counts are shown, horizontal lines corresponding to median values. -
FIG. 23 . PIB factors induce expression of DC transcriptional regulators, including endogenous Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3. (A) Violin plots showing the expression levels of the DC transcriptional regulators Zbtb46, Bcl11a, Stat2, Irf7, Stat6 and Stat1. (B) Expression levels of Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 genes are shown as Log counts presented as box plot with whiskers extending to ±1.5× interquartile range. Total (left panel) and endogenous transcript (right panel) levels are displayed. -
FIG. 24 . Pathway enrichment for step-wise transitions during iDC reprogramming. (A) Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) for step-wise iDC reprogramming was performed using annotated gene sets from NetPath-annotated signaling pathways.Day 3 refers to the pathways upregulated atday 3 versus MEFs,day 7 refers to the pathways upregulated atday 7 versusday 3 andday 9 refers to the upregulated pathways atday 9 versusday 7. Datasets were ordered according to the normalized enrichment score (NES) and the False Discovery Rate (FDR) q-value is shown. The bottom panel shows the enrichment plots for the IL-4 (day 3) and Oncostatin M (day 9) gene sets. -
FIG. 25 . Transcriptional networks for step-wise transitions during iDC reprogramming. (A) Transcription factor covariance networks during iDC reprogramming for each step-wise transition. Shown are transcriptional regulators with more than five edges, with each edge reflecting a correlation >0.35 between connected transcriptional regulators. The transcription factors PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 are highlighted in red. (B) Heat maps showing expression of transcriptional regulators shown in panel A in DC precursors (CDPs and pre-DC1) and mature cells (cDC1) from bone marrow (GSE60782). Gene expression data were analyzed by Cluster 3.0 and displayed by Treeview. Red indicates increased expression, whereas blue indicates decreased expression over the mean. (C) PIB-transduced MEFs atday -
FIG. 26 . PIB factors induce transcriptional reprogramming towards cDC1 expression program. cDC1 and cDC2 gene expression signatures were generated by analyzing the datasets from Schlitzer et al. (11) (GSE60783). Cumulative median expression levels of cDC1 and cDC2 gene signatures during reprogramming. -
FIG. 27 . Reconstruction of single cell reprogramming trajectory. (A) Genome wide transcriptomes of single cells were ordered with TSCAN software (Pseudo-time). Ordering of nontransduced MEFs, induced DCs (iDCs) Clec9a-tdTomato+ at day 3 (d3), day 7 (d7), Clec9a-tdTomato+ MHC-11+ day 9 (d9) and splenic DCs (sDCs, CD11c+ MHC-II+ CD8a+) are shown. Each dot represents an individual cell. (B) Cell expression profiles in a two-dimensional independent component space according to predicted trajectory. Solid black line shows pseudo-time ordering constructed by Monocle2. Each dot represents an individual cell, colored according to biological sample groups (left panel) or cell state (right panel). The number of cells from each sample group assigned to each cell state is depicted inside brackets. -
FIG. 28 . Reconstruction of single cell reprogramming trajectory highlights different maturation states of iDCs. (A) Five kinetic clusters of branch-dependent genes identified by BEAM. (B) Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) betweencell state 2 andcell state 3 was performed using gene sets present in the Immunologic signatures collection (4,872 gene sets, FDR<0.02 or maximum of 200 genes per gene set). Gene sets were ordered according to the normalized enrichment score (NES) and the False Discovery Rate (FDR) q-value is shown. Black lines represent DC gene sets. The right panel shows enrichment plots for Mature Stimulatory DC, IFNγ stimulated DC and IFNα stimulated DC gene sets (all enriched in State 3). -
FIG. 29 . PIB factors induce high levels of expression of genes associated with DC maturation. (A) GSEA forday 9 iDCs and sDC1s showing the enrichment for 2 MSigDB gene sets (left). Violin plots (right) show expression distribution ofday 9 enriched genes. -
FIG. 30 . PIB factors induce high levels of expression of genes associated with DC maturation. (A) Expression levels of Ciita, H2-Aa, H2-Ab1 and H2-Eb1 genes in single cells fromState -
FIG. 31 . Induced DCs secrete inflammatory cytokines upon TLR stimuli. (A) Secretion of cytokines by MEFs transduced with PIB (PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3) or PIBT (PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4) with or without TLR4 (LPS) or TLR3 (PolyI:C) stimuli overnight. Supernatants of MEFs transduced with PIB or PIBT factors were collected atday 10 after addition of Dox and analysed for cytokine concentration using BD Cytometric Bead Array Mouse Inflammation Kit. Cytokine levels for untreated, 100 ng/mL LPS or 25 μg/mL of PolyI:C-treated cells overnight are shown; black or grey bars represent PIB or PIBT-transduced MEFs, respectively. -
FIG. 32 . Induced DCs are able to engulf small particles. MEFs transduced with PIB (PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3) were incubated overnight with FITC-labelled latex beads (1 μm) and analysed by fluorescent microscopy atday 7 after addition of Dox. -
FIG. 33 . Induced DCs are able to engulf proteins and dead cells. (A) PIB-transduced MEFs were FACS sorted and tdTomato- and tdTomato+(iDCs) populations were incubated with AlexaFluor647-labelled Ovalbumin (OVA-Alexa647) at 37° C. atday 11 and analysed by flow cytometry. Controls were kept on ice (4° C.). (B) Sorted tdTomato- and tdTomato+(iDCs) populations atday 11 were incubated overnight with dead cells labeled with CellVue Claret Far Red membrane staining and analyzed by flow cytometry. (C, D) iDCs atday 11 were incubated overnight with dead cells labelled with DAPI and analysed by fluorescent or (D) time-lapse microscopy. -
FIG. 34 . Induced DCs express genes involved in TLR signalling and endocytic pathway. Violin plots for genes regulating (A) TLR signalling and (B) incorporation of antigens. -
FIG. 35 . Induced DCs capture and present antigens to CD4+ T cells. (A) Schematic representation of antigen presenting assay. iDCs atday 8 after addition of Dox were co-cultured with OT-II CD4+ T cells isolated from OT-II Rag2KO mice and labelled with CFSE in the presence of Ovalbumin (OVA) or OVA peptide 323-339. After 7 days, activation of CD4+ T cells was evaluated by CFSE dilution and expression of T cell activation marker CD44. (B) Flow cytometry plots of CFSE-labelled CD4+ T cells co-cultured with MEFs transduced with PIB or PIB plus TCF4, in the presence of OVA, stimulated or not with LPS. CD4+ T cells co-cultured with splenic MHC-II+ CD11c+ DCs were included as controls. Grey lines correspond to untouched CD4+ T cells. (C) Flow cytometry plots showing CD44 expression of CFSE-labelled CD4+ T cells co-cultured with MEFs transduced with PIB, in the presence of LPS and OVA or OVA peptide. -
FIG. 36 . Induced DCs capture and present antigens to CD4+ T cells. Quantification of the percentage of CFSElow CD4+ T-cells co-cultured with MEFs transduced with PIB (iDCs), in the presence of LPS and OVA or OVA peptide. Splenic DCs were included as control. -
FIG. 37 . Induced DCs efficiently export endocytic cargo into the cytoplasm and express cross-presentation genes. (A) iDCs atday 16 were loaded with a FRET-sensitive cytosolic substrate of β-lactamase, CCF4, followed by incubation with β-lactamase. Kinetics of β-lactamase's export to cytosol was measured as CCF4 cleavage by flow cytometry. (B) Violin plots for genes regulating cross-presentation. -
FIG. 38 . Induced DCs capture and cross-present exogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells. (A) iDCs atday 16 were co-incubated with B3Z T-cell hybridomas for 16 h and increasing concentrations of soluble OVA protein in the absence (left panel) or presence of LPS or poly-I:C (PIC) stimulation (right panel). T-cell activation was measured as up-regulation of β-galactosidase expression in B3Zs (driven by the IL-2 promoter) and quantified using a colorimetric substrate, CPRG. (B) Schematic representation of cross-presentation assay (left panel). iDCs atday 8 after addition of Dox were co-cultured with OT-1 CD8+ T cells isolated from OT-1 Rag2KO mice and labelled with CFSE in the presence of Ovalbumin (OVA) or OVA 257-264 peptide. After 4 days, activation of CD4+ T cells was evaluated by CFSE dilution and expression of the T cell activation marker CD44. Flow cytometry plots showing CD44 expression of CFSE-labelled CD8+ T cells co-cultured with MEFs transduced with PIB or PIB plus TCF4, in the presence of OVA. CD8+ T cells co-cultured with splenic MHC-II+ CD11c+ DCs were included as controls (middle panel), and respective quantification (right panel). -
FIG. 39 . PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 induce DC-like morphology in human fibroblasts. (A) Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDFs) were transduced with PIB (PU.1, IRF8, BATF3) and cultured in the presence of Dox. (B) Bright field images of HDFs transduced with PIB atday 3 after addition of Dox. White arrowheads mark cells with typical DC-like morphology. M2rtTA transduced HDFs are shown as control. (C) Higher magnification of bright field images of PIB-transduced HDFs with DC-like morphology. -
FIG. 40 . PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 induce expression of HLA-DR and CLEC9A in human fibroblasts. Flow cytometry analysis of HLA-DR and CLEC9A expression in PIB-transduced human fibroblasts atday 9 after addition of Dox. -
FIG. 41 . PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 induce ability to capture beads and proteins in human fibroblasts. (A) HDFs transduced with PIB were incubated overnight with FITC-labelled latex beads (1 μm) and analysed by fluorescent microscopy atday 7 after addition of Dox. CellVue Claret Far Red and DAPI were used to stain cellular membranes and nuclei, respectively. (B) Flow cytometry analysis of PIB-transduced HDFs after incubation with Ovalbumine-AlexaFluor647 for 20 minutes at 37° C. atday 7 after addition of Dox. Controls were kept on ice (4° C.). -
FIG. 42 . PIB factors induce Clec9a and MHC-II expression in lung cancer cells. Flow cytometry analysis of Clec9a and MHC-II expression in PIB-transduced 3LL cells atday 8 after addition of Dox. M2rtTA-transduced cells are included as control. -
FIG. 43 . PIB factors induce CLec9a and MHC-II expression in melanoma cells. Flow cytometry analysis of Clec9a and MHC-II expression in PIB-transduced B16 cells atday 8 after addition of Dox. M2rtTA-transduced cells are included as control. -
FIG. 44 . Delivery of PIB factors in a polycistronic vector increases reprogramming efficiency. (A) Schematic representation of polycistronic regions encoding either Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 (PIB) or Irf8, Pu.1 and Batf3 (IPB) separated by 2A-like sequences. (B) Flow cytometry analysis of Clec9a reporter activation in MEFs transduced with Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 in individual vectors (top, right panel) or polycistronic vectors (PIB and IPB) atday 7 after addition of Dox. M2rtTA-transduced cells are included as control. (C) Quantification of tdTomato+ cells after transduction with PIB factors in individual or polycistronic vectors atday 7. - The present disclosure relates to compositions, nucleic acid constructs, methods and kits thereof for cell induction or reprogramming cell to the dendritic cell state or antigen presenting cell state, based, in part, on the surprisingly effect described herein of novel use and combinations of transcription factors that permit induction or reprogramming of differentiated or undifferentiated cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells. Such compositions, nucleic acid constructs, methods and kits can be used for inducing dendritic cells in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, and these induced dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells can be used for immunotherapy applications.
- Natural DCs are bone marrow-derived cells that are seeded in all tissues. DCs are poised to sample the environment and to transmit the gathered information to cells of the adaptive immune system (T cells and B cells). Upon antigen engulfment, DCs initiate an immune response by presenting the processed antigen, which is in the form of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule complexes, to naive (that is, antigen inexperienced) T cells in lymphoid tissues. After activation, DCs typically overexpress co-stimulatory and MHC molecules in addition to secrete various cytokines responsible for initiating and/or enhancing many T and B lymphocyte responses, i.e. type I interferon, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-6. Thus, DCs are generally identified by their high expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHC-II), co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD80/86 and CD40, and integrin CD11c, as well as their superior capacity to secrete inflammatory cytokines and to migrate from non-lymphoid to lymphoid organs and stimulate naïve T cells. In mice and humans, distinct subsets of DCs can be variably defined by phenotype, ontogeny, and function. They include the conventional DC subset 1 (cDC1, also kwon as CD8α+ DC subset) found in mouse lymphoid organs and the related CD103+ DC subset in non-lymphoid tissues. Cells bearing a similar phenotype have recently been described in humans, humanized mice, and sheep, indicating cross-species conservation of the cDC1 family. This extended family has distinct functional properties, most notably a remarkable efficiency at capturing material from dead or dying cells, as well as processing exogenous antigens for cross-presentation on MHC class I. These two features allow cDC1 DCs to cross-present cell-associated antigens and trigger CTL responses against infectious agents or tumors. In addition to priming CD8+ T cells, cDC1+ DCs have been implicated in the establishment of cross-tolerance to tissue-specific cell-associated antigens. The ability of cDC1 DCs to either cross-prime or cross-tolerize CD8+ T cells against cell-associated antigens implies that they can decode the context in which they encounter dead cells. DNGR-1, also known as CLEC9A, is a receptor for necrotic cells that favors cross-priming of CTLs to dead cell-associated antigens in mice. DNGR-1 is selectively expressed at high levels by mouse cDC1 DCs, CD103+ DCs and by their human equivalents, being responsible for recognizing an intracellular ligand exposed after cell death. Recently, expression of Clec9a was shown to allow the identification of DC precursors (CDPs) committed to the conventional DC lineage and their progeny in lymphoid tissues (10).
- The successful identification of DC inducing factors capable of reprogramming differentiated cells to induced DCs, as described herein, can advance our basic understanding of DC biology in a number of ways. This work will provide thorough insight into DC minimal transcriptional networks. In addition, the identification of DC inducing factors offer unprecedented opportunities to understand how DC state is established and how key regulatory machinery is put into place.
- Transcription factors play a critical role in the specification of all cell types during development. The success of direct reprogramming strategies using transcription factor-mediated reprogramming indicates that it is equally plausible to direct the differentiation of pluripotent ES/iPS cells or multipotent stem cells to specific fates using such factors. Accordingly, using the DC inducing factors identified herein, directed differentiation of ES/iPS cells to a definitive DC fate by expression of the DC-enriched transcription factors can be achieved. Additionally, using the DC inducing factors identified herein, directed differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to a definitive DC fate by expression of the DC-enriched transcription factors can be achieved (forcing differentiation along the hematopoietic tree depicted in
FIG. 1 ) - Typically, nucleic acids encoding the DC inducing factors, e.g., DNA or RNA, or constructs thereof, are introduced into a cell, using viral vectors or without viral vectors, via one or repeated transfections, and the expression of the gene products and/or translation of the RNA molecules result in cells that are morphologically, biochemically, and functionally similar to DCs, as described herein. These induced DCs (iDCs) after priming with the adequate antigens have the ability to capture, process and present them to effectors cells of the immune system (macrophages, T-cells, B-cells, NK cells) eliciting antigen-specific immune responses against cancer, viral and parasitic/bacterial infections (
FIG. 2 ). - An aspect of the present disclosure is the use of TFs or the use of a combination of TFs in cancer cells (in situ or ex vivo) to force them to present their own antigens to immune cells (
FIG. 3 ). This method represents a feasible strategy to increase the clinical outcome of anticancer immunotherapies as it bypasses cancer evasion mechanisms and increases tumor immunogenicity. - In an embodiment, 18 candidate TFs were selected due to their specifically enriched gene expression in DCs (
FIG. 4A ), enriched in DCs when compared to macrophages, which are less efficient APCs (FIG. 4B , left panel) (20) and during DC ontogeny (FIG. 4B , right panel). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for the 18 TFs highlighted their fundamental role on leucocyte and DC differentiation (p=2.51E-12 and p=9.58E-12, respectively) and activation (p=1.02E-11 and p=6.31E-11, whilst mouse mutant phenotype enrichment analysis confirmed that genetic perturbations in those genes cause largely hematopoietic phenotypes, in particular abnormal adaptive immunity (p=1.19E-04) and abnormal antigen presentation (p=1.25E-03) (FIG. 4C ). 18 candidate TFs were cloned individually in a reprogramming proven Doxycycline (Dox)-inducible lentiviral vector (6). - In an embodiment, for screening the effect of the new dendritic cell-inducing TFs and DC-inducing TF combinations by cellular reprogramming, it has started with Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) harboring a DC-specific reporter (Clec9a-Cre X R26-stop-tdTomato) and used the activation of the reporter to shown DC-inducing TFs. In Clec9a-tomato reporter mouse, the tdTomato fluorescent protein is expressed exclusively by CDPs, pre-DCs and in cDCs (10). Macrophages, other immune lineages or monocyte-derived DCs in culture do not express Clec9a and therefore the tdTomato protein (
FIG. 5A ). Within the immune system Clec9a gene expression is selectively restricted to CDPs and their progeny (pre-cDCs and cDCs) (FIG. 5B ). Results from gene expression analysis of cDC and precursors also highlighted that Clec9a expression is acquired after commitment to cDC lineage in CDPs and pre-DCs and not before in Monocyte DC progenitors (MDPs) (FIG. 5C ) (11). Clec9a is expressed in CDPs, both pre-DCs and cDC subset, reaching high levels in the cDC1 subset (FIG. 6A ) (21). Spleen cells isolated from Clec9a reporter mice were analysed, confirming that 98.8% of cDC1 cells (gated in MHC-II+CD11c+CD8a+) express the tdTomato fluorescent protein (FIG. 6B ). - Double transgenic Clec9a-tdTomato reporter MEFs were isolated from E13.5 embryos and excluded from any contaminating tdTomato+ or CD45+ cell that could be already committed to the hematopoietic lineage (
FIGS. 7A and 7B ) by Fluorescent-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). MEFs used for screening and in the following experiments were tdTomato− CD45− with a purity of 99.8% (FIG. 7C ). - In an embodiment, PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 are sufficient for Clec9a activation and to impose dendritic cell morphology.
- In an embodiment, Clec9a reporter MEFs were transduced with combinations of candidate TFs and evaluated for tdTomato expression (
FIG. 8 ). After transduction with the 18 candidate TFs or one of the pools of 4 TFs, we observed the emergence oftdTomato+ cells 5 days after adding Dox (FIG. 9A ,FIG. 9B ). The pool comprising of Pu.1, Irf4, Irf8 and Batf3 generated more tdTomato+ cells than 18 TFs (2.36% versus 0.59%, respectively) suggesting that the minimal combination of factors required to induced reporter activation is contained within this pool. TdTomato+ cells were not detected after transduction with control M2rtTA vector. We then removed each of the factors individually (FIG. 9C ). Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 (PIB) removal reduced reporter activation while removal of Irf4 did not have an impact. These results suggest that PIB are essential for DC reprogramming. - In an embodiment when the combination of PU.1, IRF8 or BATF3 (PIB) was expressed in MEFs the Clec9-reporter is activated with an increased efficiency (approx. 3.96%,
FIG. 10A ). In an embodiment was then evaluated the kinetics of reporter activation (FIG. 10B ). TdTomato+ cells start to be detected betweenday 1 andday 2 and peak betweenday 5 and day 7 (FIG. 10B ). In an embodiment removal of PU.1, IRF8 or BATF3 completely abolished reporter activation whereas their individual expression was not sufficient to generate tdTomato+ cells (FIG. 10C ). These data suggest that in this embodiment PIB constitute the minimal combination of TFs for Clec9a activation and induced Dendritic Cell (iDC) generation. Importantly, tdTomato+ cells display increased size and complexity (FIG. 10D ), consistent with the observed stellate morphology and the establishment of dendrites characteristic of DCs (FIG. 10E ,FIG. 10F ). It has been confirmed that reporter activation occurs around 30 hours by time-lapse microscopy and observed that tdTomato+ cells exhibited morphology changes, migration capacity and dendrites gradually being established within 6 days (FIG. 11 ). The pan-hematopoietic marker CD45 is expressed in approximately 20% of PIB-transduced MEFs, with approximately 6.6% of tdT+ cells included in this population (FIG. 12 ). - In an embodiment was evaluated the impact of expressing additional factors to PIB. It was assessed the individual impact of each of the TFs from the candidate pool of 18 TFs (
FIG. 13A ) as well as other hematopoietic TFs (FIG. 13B ). From the 31 TFs tested it was observed that STAT3, IKZF1, IRF2, NFIL3, BCL6, L-MYC, RUNX1 and KLF4 negatively impact the numbers of tdTomato+ cells generated. The addition of TCF4 and Gfi1b showed a 2.2-fold and 1.9-fold increase in reporter activation, respectively. - In an effort to optimize the culture conditions for iDC generation it was tested the addition of the cytokines Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-4 and FMS-
like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3I) during the induction (FIG. 14A ) because of their important role during DC specification (12). It was also tested adding lipopolysaccharides (LPS), different media compositions (RPMI, 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and 4 mM L-Glutamine (2×Glut) and co-culture with the stromal cells OP-9 and OP9-DL1 (FIG. 14B ) (13). These culture modifications did not increase the number of induced tdTomato+ cells. - In an embodiment, the in vivo expression patterns of the PIB and TCF4 were analysed. PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4 transcripts are expressed in single DC precursor cells (
FIG. 15 ). While Pu.1 is equally expressed in MDPs, CDPs and Pre-DCs, IRF8 expression markedly increases in CDPs and is maintained in pre-DCs. BATF3 and TCF4 are only up-regulated at a later stage, in pre-DCs. Moreover, the combined expression of PU.1+IRF8+BATF3 is mostly enriched in CD8α+ DCs among 96 cells and tissues (FIG. 16A ). Importantly, Pu.1 levels are higher in both pre-DC stages, while Irf8 and Batf3 are specifically enriched in pre-cDC1 and cDC1 subsets (FIG. 16B ). When compared to other DC subsets and several hematopoietic cell lineages, Clec9a, Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 display increased expression of in CD103+ DCs belonging to cDC1 subset (FIG. 16C ). - In an embodiment, it was evaluated whether the activation of the C9a-tdTomato reporter was reflected in the expression of DC markers, such as typical surface markers used to discriminate between conventional cDC and pDC subsets (
FIG. 17A ,FIG. 17B ). Interestingly, the cDC1 marker CD103 is expressed in 25±13.65% of tdTomato+ cells in contrast to undetectable levels in tdTomato− cells suggesting the specification of a non-lymphoid migratory cDC1 program. Moreover, we could detect only residual expression of cDC2 and pDC markers (0.41±0.58% CD4+, 2.56±0.18% CD11b+, 0.77±1.09% B220+ cells, respectively). - In an embodiment was evaluated, if the activation of the Clec9a-tdTomato reporter was reflected in the expression of key components of the antigen presentation machinery at the cell surface. Remarkably it was observed that 71.4% of tdTomato+ cells at
day 7 expressed MHC-II at the surface (FIG. 18A ), a key molecule for the establishment of APC functionality. The expression of MHC-II is gradually acquired starting betweenday 1 andday 2 and peak betweenday 7 and day 11 (FIG. 18B ). The kinetics of MHC-II activation resembles the activation of the Clec9a reporter (FIG. 10B ). Atday 7 the tdTomato-compartment contained a lower percentage of MHC-II+ cells (14.2%) (FIG. 18A ). It was then addressed whether expression of MHC-II was controlled directly by PIB factors. By excluding each of the factors individually it was observed that PU.1 expression, but not IRF8 or BATF3 expression, is important for MHC-II activation (FIG. 18C ), consistent with the described Pu.1 role in regulating Class II Transactivator (CIITA) through its promoter I (CIITApI) (14, 15). CIITA is known as the master regulator of MHC Class II genes' expression, determining cell-type-specific, cytokine-induced and developmental-derived modulation of MHC-II expression through the differential usage of CIITA promoters (16). In conventional DCs, CIITApI has been associated with regulation of MHC-II genes. - In an embodiment, due to the described involvement of IRF4 in inducing MHC-II expression through interaction with CIITA (17), it was evaluated whether IRF4 could compensate for Pu.1 in the generation of MHC-II+ cells within the tdTomato+ population. It was therefore assessed the expression of MHC-II in tdTomato+ cells generated by 4TFs (including IRF4) or their individual exclusion (
FIG. 18D ). Inclusion of IRF4 in the pool did not increase MHC-II expression on tdTomato+ cells and IRF4 could not substitute for the loss of Pu.1. Accordingly, IRF4 and PU.1 were found to synergistically promote MHC-II expression through CIITA promoter III in B cells but not DCs (17). During reprogramming to iDCs, no synergism with PU.1 was observed, which was strictly required for MHC-II expression in tdTomato+ cells. - In an embodiment, it was evaluated the expression of MHC class I molecules, key molecules for the establishment of APC functionality. 56.7% of tdTomato+ cells at
day 7 expressed MHC-I at the surface (FIG. 19 ). Atday 7 the tdT-compartment contained a lower percentage of MHC-I+ cells (11.2%) (FIG. 19 ). - In an embodiment, it was evaluated the expression the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, required for efficient antigen presentation (
FIG. 20 ). CD80 and CD86 are expressed in 35.2% of tdTomato+MHC-II+ cells in contrast to only 12.9% of tdTomato+ MHC-II− cells. This characterization of the expression of MHC-II, CD80 and CD86 at the cell surface of iDCs suggests that a cohort of tdTomato+ MHC-II+ cells would be competent in antigen presentation. An additional co-stimulatory molecule, CD40, is expressed in 16.1% of tdTomato+ cells, comparing to only 2.8% of tdTomato− cells (FIG. 21A ). Resting cDCs, in particular cDC1 subset, have been described to respond to microbial stimulation up-regulating the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and becoming more effective APCs (25). Accordingly, tdTomato+ cells up-regulate the expression of CD40 (4-fold increase) at cell surface after toll-like receptor TLR4 stimulation (LPS) (FIG. 21B ). - In an embodiment, in order to define the extent of transcriptional changes during iDC reprogramming, it was measured the full-length single-cell transcriptomes after transduction with PIB (
FIG. 22A ). 192 cells were initially profiled from nontransduced MEFs,sorted day 3 Clec9a-tdTomato+,day 7 Clec9a-tdTomato+,day 9 Clec9− tdTomato+MHC-II+ cells and freshly isolated CD11c+ MHC-II+ CD8α+ splenic DCs (sDCs). From these, 163 individual cells passed quality control filters and were used for analysis. After alignment of reads at individual gene loci, it has used the Census algorithm to convert relative RNAseq expression levels (transcript per million, TPM) into relative transcript counts (Census counts) without the need for experimental spike-in controls and improving the accuracy of differential expression analysis. It was first employed t-distributed stochastic linear embedding (tSNE) algorithm to perform clustering analysis of the genome-wide transcriptomes (FIG. 22B ) and observed two main clusters of cells. IDCs atday 3 and the majority ofday 7 cells map close to MEFs, whilst the remainingday 7 and allday 9 iDCs cluster together with sDCs. It was performed unsupervised clustering using Single-Cell Consensus Clustering (SC3), confirming the global similarity of sDCs with the group ofday 9 and some of theday 7 iDCs (FIG. 22C ). Moreover, the timing of global transcriptome reprogramming correlates well with the peak generation of Clec9a-tdTomato+ MHC-II+ cells betweendays 7 and 15 (FIG. 18B ). TdTomato+ cells show time-dependent transcriptional changes starting as early asday 3; byday 9 iDCs are remarkably similar to bona fide DCs. This analysis suggests that PIB factors induce global transcription reprogramming towards the DC fate. It was extracted the 6525 most variable genes across the dataset, which after clustering could be organized in 4 groups (FIG. 22D ). Cluster I comprises highly expressed genes in MEFs, which are silenced during DC reprogramming. These include typical fibroblast markers, such as Col5a2, Grem1, Lox, Acta2 and Thy1 (FIG. 22E ). Cluster II includes transcripts enriched atday 3 andday 7, suggesting activation during the initial stages of reprogramming. This cluster comprises genes such as Eea1 and Aldh1a2 that are associated with intracellular trafficking and metabolism as well as type I interferon (IFN) signaling (Ifit3) (FIG. 22F ). In contrast, Cluster III encompasses genes enriched at day 9 (FIG. 22D ). Interestingly, MHC-II related genes (such as H2-Pb) as well as genes regulating cross-presentation in DCs (such as the cathepsin Ctsc and Cd74) are enriched in this cluster (FIG. 22F ). Finally, Cluster IV includes genes enriched in sDC1s and reprogrammed iDCs (FIG. 22D ), such as the pan-hematopoietic marker Cd45 and the general DC marker Cd11c (FIG. 22F ). Importantly, cDC1-restricted genes were also upregulated, such as the Clec9a gene and TIr3 (22), and the key regulator of MHC class I-dependent immune responses (Nlrc5) necessary for antigen cross-presentation, a key feature of cDC1s (23). Indeed, we have detected a robust increase in cDC1-signature genes during the reprogramming process when compared to cDC2-signature genes (FIG. 26 ) (11). Collectively, these data suggest complete DC reprogramming favoring the cDC1 subset. Accordingly GO analysis showed that categories related to antigen processing and presentation (p-value=3.34E-08, 1.80E-06, 3.53E-06, 4.03E-06) where enriched top biological process and pathways (Table 1). Top cellular component GO categories include lysosome (p-value=1.31E-07) and lytic vacuole (p-value=1.44E-07), concordant with the described role of lysosome signaling in coordinating antigen processing and migration of DCs (24). MicroRNA (miRNA) target prediction showed highest enrichment of miR-155 (p-value=1.41E-11) and miR-124 (p-value=1.00E-10) targets (Table 2), that have been implicated in DC function and specification, respectively (25,26). -
TABLE 1 Top 5 gene ontology biological process (left) and cellularcomponent (right) enriched in Cluster I to IV. GO Biological Processes P-value GO Cellular Processes P-value Cluster I Translation 1.06E−81 Ribonucleoprotein 1.46E−96 Generation of metabolites and 1.50E−34 complex energy Ribosome 1.75E−90 Electron transport chain 2.58E−26 Mitochondrion 6.32E−72 Intracellular transport 1.52E−24 Mitochondrial part 7.38E−50 Establishment of protein 3.61E−19 Ribosomal subunit 6.27E−37 localization Cluster II Chromatin modification 2.74E−05 Membrane-enclosed 2.96E−06 Protein transport 1.07E−04 lumen Establishment of protein 1.22E−04 Intracellular organelle 5.10E−06 localization lumen Macromolecule catabolic 1.54E−04 Organelle lumen 5.53E−06 process Endoplasmatic reticulum 9.61E−06 Protein catabolic process 1.54E−04 Non-membrane bound 9.98E−05 organelle Cluster Antigen presentation of 3.34E−08 Vacuole 1.38E−08 III exogenous antigen Lysosome 1.31E−07 Antigen presentation of 1.80E−06 Lytic vacuole 1.44E−07 exogenous peptide Cytosol 3.08E−05 Actin cytoskeleton organization 2.71E−06 Endoplasmatic reticulum 4.19E−05 Antigen presentation of peptide 3.53E−06 antigen Antigen processing and 4.03E−06 presentation Cluster Chromosome organization 3.28E−09 Cytoskeleton 2.51E−11 IV Cell cycle 5.10E−09 Non-membrane bound 1.24E−09 Regulation of GTPase-mediated 9.30E−09 organelle signaling Intracellular organelle 1.24E−09 DNA metabolic process 2.64E−08 Endomembrane system 3.39E−09 Regulation Ras protein signal 1.20E−07 Microtubule cytoskeleton 2.31E−08 transduction -
TABLE 2 Gene ontology mouse loss-of-function mutant phenotype (top panel), KEGG pathways (middle panel) and microRNA target interactions (bottom panel) enrichment analysis was performed on the 4 clusters of genes identified using the 6,525 most variable genes across the 5 sample groups (relative to FIG. 22). The lists show the most enriched terms and the right columns show respective p-values by fold change in relation to the top enriched term. Cluster I P-value Cluster II P-value Mouse Abnormal cell death 2.36E−11 Abnormal response 4.25E−06 Phenotypes to infection Abnormal cell physiology 3.44E−12 Abnormal embryonic tissue 3.87E−06 Premature death 1.10E−12 Abnormal development 2.68E−06 patterning Abnormal extraembryonic 5.36E−13 Abnormal extraembryonic 1.00E−06 tissue tissue Abnormal embryonic tissue 1.86E−13 Abnormal embryo size 5.38E−07 Abnormal cell proliferation 7.69E−14 Abnormal immune system 1.38E−07 Abnormal embryo size 2.25E−14 Abnormal adaptive immunity 4.15E−08 Cellular phenotype 7.15E−19 Abnormal immune cell 3.61E−08 Mammalian phenotype 8.04E−29 Mammalian phenotype 5.99E−09 Prenatal Lethality 8.24E−50 Prenatal Lethality 5.05E−10 Pathways Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) 2.06E−05 Endocytosis 8.69E−02 Ubiquitin mediated 1.51E−05 Apoptosis 8.01E−02 proteolysis Nucleotide excision repair 8.73E−06 Vesicular transport 7.84E−02 Spliceosome 9.90E−11 Lysosome 3.79E−02 Proteasome 1.01E−14 Galactose metabolism 3.35E−02 Alzheimer’s disease 2.76E−20 RIG-I-like receptor signaling 3.35E−02 Parkinson’s disease 3.04E−31 Antigen processing/ 3.30E−02 presentation Huntington’s disease 1.33E−32 Cytosolic DNA-sensing 1.47E−02 Oxidative phosphorylation 3.72E−34 Toll-like receptor signaling 4.50E−03 Ribosome 2.32E−53 Ubiquitin mediated 3.09E−03 proteolysis MicroRNAs miR-1-3p 9.67E−17 miR-100-5p 3.85E−05 Let-7b-5p 1.91E−17 miR-7b-5p 2.78E−05 miR-320a 1.08E−18 miR-425-5p 2.63E−05 miR-484 1.72E−19 miR-19b-3p 2.07E−05 miR-92a-3p 7.25E−20 miR-98-5p 1.93E−05 miR-100-5p 1.84E−20 Let-106b-5p 4.53E−06 miR-186-5p 1.80E−20 miR-93-5p 4.39E−06 miR-30a-5p 7.02E−21 miR-215-5p 3.24E−06 miR-615-3p 1.11E−26 miR-21-5p 3.01E−06 miR-16-5p 6.33E−40 miR-192-5p 2.43E−06 P-value Mouse Phenotypes 6.36E−11 3.22E−11 2.73E−11 6.53E−12 4.54E−12 2.92E−12 5.46E−13 4.15E−13 1.40E−15 9.50E−17 Pathways 6.38E−04 6.09E−04 5.83E−04 5.06E−04 5.02E−04 4.48E−04 1.77E−04 1.33E−04 3.02E−05 2.08E−09 MicroRNAs 2.92E−07 2.76E−07 1.15E−07 5.32E−08 4.41E−08 1.54E−08 7.27E−09 4.60E−09 1.00E−10 1.41E−11 Cluster IV P-value Abnormal morphology 3.90E−15 Cellular phenotype 2.36E−15 Premature death 1.73E−16 Abnormal brain morphology 1.48E−16 Pre-natal lethality 4.28E−19 Preweaning lethality 1.80E−20 Post-natal lethality 1.64E−20 Abnormal survival 1.70E−22 Mortality/aging 7.48E−23 Mammalian phenotype 8.97E−38 Endometrial cancer 3.56E−03 Adherent junction 3.32E−03 Pancreatic cancer 1.80E−03 Pathways in cancer 1.08E−03 Long-term depression 6.48E−04 Prostate cancer 6.44E−04 Insulin signaling 1.90E−04 Inositol metabolism 1.59E−04 Acute myeloid leukemia 9.09E−05 Phosphatidylinositol signal. 1.16E−05 miR-425-5p 1.64E−06 miR-484 9.27E−07 miR-21-5p 7.15E−07 miR-223-3p 3.97E−07 miR-181a-5p 8.57E−08 miR-9-5p 1.12E−08 miR-149-5p 7.37E−10 miR-218-5p 1.85E−10 miR-340-5p 1.25E−10 miR-324-3p 1.11E−12 indicates data missing or illegible when filed - This analysis also revealed activation of DC transcriptional regulators, including Zbtb46 and Bcl11a, which were originally included in our candidate TF list (
FIG. 23A ). Several members of the interferon-regulatory factors IFN and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein families were also identified. For example, Stat2 and 117, key mediators of TLR-Induced DC activation and type I IFN responses, respectively, are detected in high levels atday day 3 andday 7, whilst Stat1 expression increases atday 9 to levels 128-fold higher than splenic DCs. DC maturation has been reported to be accompanied by a change from STAT6 to STAT1 utilization, which suggests that Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 overexpression may also induce DC maturation. It was observed high levels of expression of Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 atday 3,day 7 andday 9 when compared to sDCs, consistently with the lentiviral-mediated expression of the 3 TFs (FIG. 23B , top panel). Since our lentiviral vectors encode the coding sequences without UTRs, it was quantified the expression levels of the endogenous transcripts using the reads at the 3′- and 5′-UTRs. Importantly, it was observed the expression of endogenous Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 starting at day 3 (FIG. 23B , bottom panel). Atday 9 of reprogramming, endogenous expression levels are comparable to splenic DCs. - In order to further characterize the dynamic nature of the transcriptional reprogramming, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed using NetPath gene sets to compare the transitions between
day FIG. 24 , top panel). It was observed that several immune-related gene sets were highly enriched inday 3 compared with MEFs. Interestingly, IL-4 used for in vitro differentiation of DCs ranked on top (NES: 1.97, FDR q-value: 0.02) (FIG. 24 , bottom left panel). Some gene sets were also enriched onday 7, although with smaller NES values, suggesting that more subtle transitions might occur during this phase. In contrast, several gene sets were highly enriched inday 9 compared withday 7, including interleukin pathways and Oncostatin M, previously associated with DC maturation (FIG. 24, bottom right panel). - In an embodiment, the transcriptional networks for step-wise transitions during iDC reprogramming were evaluated (
FIG. 25A ). It was observed that the transition of MEFs today 3 was associated with the expression of a dense TF network that highly connected to the PIB reprogramming factors; the transition ofday 3 today 7 was softer, characterized by a less dense TF network, which do not include the PIB factors; and the transition ofday 7 today 9, characterized by a dense TF network which can be divided in 2 clusters of TFs, one denser that includes the cDC marker Zbtb46, and one composed by fewer TFs including the PIB factors. This reinforces the idea that a subtler transition might occur betweenday 3 andday 7, and suggests thatday 9 iDCs might have acquired a stable cell fate. Importantly, all these transcriptional regulators are enriched in mature DCs and not in DC progenitors, irrespective of the day that are activated, suggesting that the reprogramming process do not pass through an intermediate progenitor state (FIG. 25B ). Moreover, the absence of intermediate progenitor cells in the iDC reprogramming process was further validated by performing hematopoietic colony formation assays with PIB-transduced MEFs atday FIG. 25C ). No colonies were observed in iDCs or sDC1 cultures whereas, as expected, unsorted splenocytes and bone marrow cells in culture gave origin to colonies. This supports the idea that the reprogramming process is direct and do not transit through intermediate progenitor cells. - In an embodiment, it was set out to reconstruct the DC reprogramming path by establishing a pseudo-temporal order based on the gradual transition of cell transcriptomes (
FIG. 27A ). Using pseudo-Time reconstruction in Single-Cell RNA-seq Analysis (TSCAN) software, it was observed that the order is consistent with the temporal reprogramming events, with MEFs being followed byday 3 iDCs and subsequently by the majority ofday 7 iDCs. Interestingly, 4individual day 7 and someday 9 iDCs are positioned in line with sDCs in the pseudotime ordering, suggesting that the transcriptome reprogramming was complete. However, the remainingday 9 iDCs seem to be further away from the initial timepoint than the splenic DCs. In order to confirm the robustness of these results, it was performed pseudo-time ordering using Monocle2, an alternative algorithm for delineating differentiation paths. This reconstruction positioned biological sample groups along 3 branches of pseudotime ordering (FIG. 27B , left panel). MEFs, d3 iDCs and 26day 7 iDCs were placed along the first branch, considered cell state 1 (FIG. 27B , right panel), which then reaches a branching point and divides intoState 2 andState 3.State 2 includes 82% of sDCs as well as 3day day 9 iDCs. However, 55% ofday 9 iDCs as well as 11 sDCs are placed withinState 3, which is consistent with TSCAN results. To understand the transcriptional differences between these 2 states, GO enrichment analysis was performed using the differentially expressed genes (Table 3), which showed that top biological processes and pathways inState 3 include type I and type II (IFN-γ) IFN signaling, known inflammatory mediators of DC activation and maturation (38, 39). Genetic perturbations forState 3 enriched genes highlighted corresponding immune phenotypes, such as abnormal APC and abnormal immune system. Consistently, BEAM analysis revealed 2 kinetic clusters of branch-dependent genes upregulated in State 3 (cluster 2 and 4) functionally enriched for antigen presentation and other immune-related processes (FIG. 28A and Table 4). -
TABLE 3 Top 5 gene ontology biological process, mouse phenotypes and wiki pathways enrichment analysisof genes differentially expressed between State 2 andState 3. Relative to FIG. 27.State 2 P-Value State 3 P-Value GO Biological Phosphatidylinositol 5.90E−04 IFNγ signaling 2.58E−06 processes dephosphorylation Response to IFNγ 6.98E−06 Regulation of error-prone 6.50E−04 Cellular response to IFNγ 7.39E−06 translesion synthesis Neutrophil 2.21E−05 Actin filament capping 1.05E−03 degranulation Actin filament reorganization 1.19E−03 Type I interferon 2.24E−05 Peptidyl-serine 2.13E−03 signaling autophosphorylation Phenotypes Lethality at weaning 2.56E−06 Abnormal antigen 1.00E−09 Premature death 9.47E−05 presenting cell Abnormal mineral 1.25E−03 Abnormal immune 8.88E−08 homeostasis system Mammalian phenotype 9.44E−04 Abnormal blood cell 1.34E−07 Abnormal startle reflex 3.40E−03 Abnormal response to 1.40E−07 infection Abnormal bone marrow 1.79E−07 Pathways Estrogen signaling pathway 7.03E−03 IFNγ signaling 9.80E−07 Regulation of actin 9.07E−03 G13 Signaling 3.09E−06 cytoskeleton Alzheimers Disease 5.68E−06 Breast cancer 9.50E−03 Heart Hypertrophy 1.52E−05 MAPK signaling 1.06E−02 IL-3 Signaling Pathway 1.94E−05 Gastric cancer 1.06E−02 -
TABLE 4 Top 5 gene ontology biological process and mouse loss-of-function mutantphenotype enrichment analysis of genes in Cluster 1 to 5. Relative to FIG. 28.GO Biological processes P-value Mouse Phenotypes P-value Cluster 1 Translation 6.97E−05 Abnormal cell death 8.32E−04 DNA packaging 5.26E−03 Abnormal lacrimal gland 1.25E−03 Nucleosome assembly 1.41E−02 Abnormal sex gland 2.11E−03 Chromatin assembly 1.51E−02 Abnormal hormone levels 3.18E−03 Protein-DNA assembly 1.57E−02 Abnormal muscle 4.46E−03 contractility Cluster 2 Negative regulation signal 7.46E−03 Abnormal blood cell 2.33E−06 transduction Abnormal immune system 2.52E−05 Negative regulation cell 1.20E−02 Abnormal immune cell 7.16E−04 communication Perinatal lethality 9.04E−04 Regulation of cell killing 1.29E−02 Abnormal adaptive 6.72E−04 Regulation leukocyte 1.29E−02 immunity cytotoxicity 2.23E−02 Regulation lymphocyte immunity Cluster 3 Sensory perception chemical 9.34E−23 Mammalian phenotype 3.04E−14 stimulus Abnormal blood 9.59E−09 Neurological system process 1.04E−22 homeostasis Sensory perception 1.67E−22 Abnormal hormone levels 9.62E−09 Sensory perception smell 6.48E−22 Abnormal nervous system 7.57E−08 Cognition 2.96E−21 Abnormal neuron 6.91E−08 morphology Cluster 4 Antigen presentation of 1.94E−05 Abnormal blood cell 1.81E−09 exogenous peptide Abnormal Immune system 5.66E−08 Antigen presentation via MHC-II 1.94E−05 Abnormal antigen 1.77E−07 Polysaccharide antigen 4.03E−05 presenting cell presentation Abnormal immune cell 8.54E−07 Positive regulation leukocyte 8.20E−05 Abnormal bone marrow 1.87E−06 activation Exogenous antigen 8.91E−05 presentation Clusters 5 Protein-DNA complex assembly 4.71E−03 Mammalian phenotype 4.93E−05 Chromosome organization 7.89E−03 No abnormal phenotype 4.81E−04 Chromatin 1.01E−02 Normal phenotype 5.16E−04 Lens development in eye 1.34E−02 Metabolism phenotype 1.54E−03 Positive regulation of secretion 1.47E−02 Abnormal Social 5.30E−03 interaction - In an embodiment, GSEA also showed that 4705 vs 167 gene sets for immunological signatures were upregulated on
State 3 when compared withState 2, such as Mature Stimulatory DC, IFNγ and IFNα stimulated DC gene sets (FIG. 28B ). AsState 3 contained the majority ofday 9 iDCs, it was sought to confirm that similar maturation trait was observed when comparing sDC1s (naïve) withday 9 iDCs. GSEA showed that antigen processing and presentation and DC maturation gene sets are enriched atday 9 iDCs (FIG. 29A ). Interestingly, Stat6, which is associated with immature DCs, was up regulated in sDC1s, whilst Stat1, described to increase with maturation, was up regulated inday 9 iDCs (FIG. 23A ). - In an embodiment, given that it was previously observed that iDCs express high levels of MHC-II molecules, which is reported to be associated with maturation of DCs (
FIG. 18 ), it was sought to investigate if the observed pseudotime trajectories were indicative of different maturation states. It was observed that the branch kinetic curves reflect a continuous upregulation of Ciita, the known master regulator of MHC-II genes' expression, and several MHC-II genes (H2-Aa, H2-Ab1 and H2-Eb1) towardsState 3 as compared with State 2 (FIG. 30A ). Consistently, expression of Ciita and genes associated with mouse (Tnfrs1a, Tapbp, Inpp5d and Traf6) and human (Acp5 and Itag4) DC maturation were enriched atday 9 iDCs (FIG. 30B ). These data suggest that iDCs are intrinsically more mature than sDCs and may be less dependent on exogenous activation stimuli for antigen presentation. - In an embodiment, the induced dendritic cells in some aspects of all the embodiments of disclosure, while similar in functional characteristics, differ in their gene expression from the naturally occurring endogenous dendritic cells (Table 5).
-
TABLE 5 Top 500 differentially expressed genes betweenday 9 iDCsand sDC1 cells ordered by fold change. Day 9 up Day9 Down (vs sDC1) Fold change (vs sDC1) Fold Change Cd74 8.378400519 AY036118 3.630967107 Ucp2 7.999114666 Sfi1 3.546674749 Grn 7.650480054 Gprc5c 3.440084658 Cdkn1a 7.079169574 Olfr648 3.00881167 S100a11 7.048233116 Rsph9 2.959047864 Gapdh 6.979316778 Tmsb4x 2.890522248 Cct8 6.923788452 Mtmr1 2.654214297 Ly6e 6.336631107 Il15 2.574244187 Ubb 6.19368097 Fanci 2.24583185 B2m 6.151779369 Ptprk 2.113646962 Mir6240 6.053040315 Cnot6l 2.002604494 Irf8 5.725731065 Bdkrb1 1.987001179 Mir6236 5.674808976 Pdgfb 1.930540437 Spi1 5.640038385 Letm1 1.915941208 Cd81 5.563653083 Abca3 1.880254741 Ctsa 5.501860486 Plpp5 1.867877278 Rnf13 5.457727173 1700095J03Rik 1.847936727 Ifitm3 5.400810698 Dcun1d4 1.788829125 Samhd1 5.263523757 Lrif1 1.769132531 Pgam1-ps2 5.203763065 Fus 1.758030571 Prkar1a 5.192511183 Ltbp1 1.719160475 Gns 5.151976827 Prr15l 1.702342332 Gdi2 5.020765205 Rps20 1.686771039 mt-Nd5 4.991318969 Fam92a 1.682146576 Usp14 4.895884787 Rpl32 1.661123211 Eif2ak3 4.883252352 Clstn3 1.658201639 mt-Tm 4.874702287 Usp10 1.651957116 Med21 4.82652063 2900009J06Rik 1.642513164 Shisa5 4.762756365 4930553l04Rik 1.639560609 Stat1 4.717469627 Nceh1 1.633238968 Scpep1 4.654917481 Kdelr1 1.623624988 Tmem59 4.630781554 Amdhd2 1.620291498 Drg1 4.622644784 Snhg14 1.60518724 Pttg1ip 4.613419142 Ppcdc 1.593210807 Batf3 4.567419599 Cit 1.571609014 Grina 4.563608382 Lef1 1.571116453 Ctsc 4.562081251 Cinp 1.555760027 Calm2 4.5319627 Cep290 1.542877805 Ifi44 4.526513658 Eya4 1.542329932 Arhgdib 4.448903084 Ssbp2 1.541337751 Ifitm2 4.43505433 Stard3nl 1.53918705 Itm2b 4.41388282 Ppp2r5a 1.529811517 Sbds 4.328188964 Rps27 1.514118829 Bst1 4.322914109 Rpain 1.512378029 Nnat 4.253027937 Rpsl5a 1.503115843 Sulf2 4.233589183 Ushbp1 1.489434725 Lgals3bp 4.212602771 Caprin2 1.48766573 Dazap2 4.138256756 Glis1 1.468306086 Slc30a9 4.045135818 Rpl24 1.455561714 Rbms1 4.026259385 Rgs1 1.452134922 Ftl1 4.022138158 Lsp1 1.445858249 Eif3a 4.002306157 Malat1 1.441188932 Axl 3.997197448 Kctd19 1.439866506 Cited2 3.993185485 Sfxn5 1.438464054 Lars2 3.932022979 Brca2 1.429734511 Cfl1 3.902855666 Fgd4 1.429251043 Pfn1 3.862256545 Mir762 1.42527755 Ate1 3.846471162 Rabgap1 1.418468643 Myadm 3.828349737 Notch1 1.417303263 Bgn 3.827554891 Anapc5 1.415567561 Ywhab 3.794470188 Slc6a17 1.412700849 mt-Rnr1 3.783136169 Ncapd2 1.407349715 Tnfrsf1a 3.708506639 Ccdc40 1.382403998 Tmbim6 3.677054824 4930519L02Rik 1.382401843 Ppp3r1 3.659734805 Aacs 1.378156309 Cap1 3.650896891 Arhgef40 1.377963701 Sparc 3.634708576 Olfr986 1.376630166 Tgtp2 3.628901251 Dnm1 1.369144578 Chordc1 3.627931997 Adgrv1 1.36678555 Mir8114 3.606630393 Reg2 1.36266606 Tma7 3.600667604 Kif24 1.360757058 Slc25a3 3.59535779 Khk 1.354650399 Unc93b1 3.541471457 Camk2d 1.353347692 Mapk1 3.539792266 Disp1 1.337935937 Spp1 3.53813155 Msh3 1.330172804 Trim25 3.537049716 Pmf1 1.328658766 Ywhaz 3.533742941 Mrpl48 1.320851411 Pla2g7 3.518104367 Fry 1.318521603 Cyfip1 3.485665307 Adgra3 1.315125368 Ncoa4 3.473391046 Tssc1 1.313253438 Tgtp1 3.454518062 Fbf1 1.312311242 Pros1 3.417372505 Hsd3b2 1.311309901 Dda1 3.40525625 Snord57 1.309355259 Cmtr1 3.387409585 Adsl 1.308071098 Stt3a 3.385900731 Banp 1.307751088 mt-Cytb 3.381159175 Diexf 1.303869281 Edem1 3.367122678 Ctage5 1.296409102 Lgmn 3.355164538 Olfr1089 1.295835162 Serinc3 3.35283067 Arhgef19 1.293919043 Plbd2 3.337813415 Trpm4 1.291888876 Slfn5 3.330993072 Olfr980 1.290974033 Rab1b 3.324732402 Ap3b2 1.290262191 Ap3d1 3.315238282 Ndufs1 1.282010137 Icaml 3.293730801 Prob1 1.279252518 Mdh1 3.270873537 Tox 1.277128111 Hsp90aa1 3.26235373 Tnk2 1.275196071 Zmpste24 3.256672868 Pcdh15 1.274945531 mt-Rnr2 3.227837673 Use1 1.273360442 Sp100 3.20878081 Znrf1 1.273285759 Surf4 3.208326066 Il16 1.265024831 Pkm 3.190910497 Gsn 1.264820606 Ciita 3.181654915 Tyrobp 1.254979854 Glul 3.165849559 Zfp57 1.25469807 Cmc4 3.145763373 Dnm3 1.249092237 Ifit2 3.140223266 Btbd19 1.246939299 AA474408 3.12954966 Tmeff2 1.244721598 Pigt 3.127377903 Pde1c 1.241625438 Serinc1 3.116484011 Slc16a14 1.241236737 Lyn 3.111346193 Herc4 1.240940968 Tnfaip1 3.108541206 Pdzd2 1.240932703 Rnf145 3.108426516 Cenpu 1.239620462 Ubl5 3.09022469 Ccdc9 1.237773411 Map2k4 3.089586057 Cd63 1.235857882 Hmga1 3.069250123 Scrib 1.229623359 Cox6a1 3.069034679 Lats2 1.222817428 Laptm4a 3.060750646 Plbd1 1.220326423 Psmc5 3.047865774 1700030K09Rik 1.212538771 Plekho2 3.039215546 Gpsm3 1.212322462 Lgals9 3.035253178 Rasa4 1.212195177 Mlxip 3.031480133 Jade1 1.211805352 Fos 2.995472377 Astn1 1.206888241 Fkbp10 2.995150234 Abca2 1.205733273 Gps2 2.993152938 Ptpn5 1.2051801 Tecr 2.987574318 Tpk1 1.201688574 Mbnl1 2.96248689 Kantr 1.201432145 Sez6l 2.951436702 Slc15a2 1.199012945 Sh3bp2 2.949222732 Fgf1 1.196064338 Mov10 2.935927814 4930511M06Rik 1.193287597 Fam167a 2.91423349 A430010J10Rik 1.193177327 Asns 2.907465523 Pde4c 1.186996538 C530025M09Rik 2.889428766 2610203C20Rik 1.183842191 Zdhhc5 2.875076576 Cep85 1.182775307 Rpl38 2.871058843 Auts2 1.181857217 Tmod3 2.869947135 Pld1 1.179419755 Tspan9 2.868408159 Lsamp 1.179262613 Arhgap1 2.861787688 Ercc5 1.174619478 Rn7s1 2.857560775 B230216N24Rik 1.172531942 Rn7s2 2.857560775 Cdkal1 1.172233483 St3gal5 2.850664779 Pib1 1.170618218 Lamp2 2.838622934 Ttc3 1.169286246 Zfp36l1 2.828619356 Smarcad1 1.1661693 Qsox1 2.816348613 B130055M24Rik 1.164407791 Nubp2 2.801535041 Glrb 1.162769632 Dap 2.798447222 Fam71e1 1.161503582 H2-Eb1 2.790275212 Actr1b 1.160650079 Trpc4ap 2.790223774 Fam120c 1.159839707 Ptk2 2.774986716 Lamb3 1.1544153 Litaf 2.76910688 Rpl18 1.147822978 Samd12 2.756415888 B430219N15Rik 1.147593372 Hspa8 2.738492847 Pnpla7 1.146410398 Psap 2.725482169 Myo1b 1.145796458 Rap1b 2.708283782 Tmcc1 1.145088425 Rab11b 2.707195739 Mxd1 1.142557058 Kdm5c 2.659888994 Gtpbp4 1.140348186 Atp6vOc 2.652904455 Mbtd1 1.139896426 Pnkp 2.627212937 Mir101c 1.139676828 Atp1b3 2.57433971 Srcin1 1.138957445 Plin2 2.569589842 C130026l21Rik 1.13879651 Dusp1 2.564304737 Qrich1 1.135006953 Dennd6a 2.55766128 Snora7a 1.129825352 Syt9 2.54591498 P2ry2 1.12826657 Park7 2.538892352 Tle6 1.127997617 Thbs1 2.526658864 Gstt2 1.127976061 Ndel1 2.520436416 Rnf214 1.125647634 Eif2s2 2.517791626 Mier2 1.125490293 Degs1 2.516228756 Rad52 1.123514249 Pcsk6 2.508442547 Tsfm 1.121124616 Washc4 2.501207547 Rp134 1.118504821 H2-Pb 2.494182352 Ampd2 1.118010861 Gins4 2.480528831 Col6a6 1.11565181 Ap2m1 2.479969069 6820408C15Rik 1.11415417 Stam 2.460346325 Plekha7 1.11413288 Calm1 2.459547652 Kifc1 1.113349023 Cd47 2.452322667 Entpd8 1.11138608 Arhgap5 2.436336219 Trmu 1.111070484 Msn 2.427359 Dhx30 1.110688069 Arhgef2 2.424471636 Becn1 1.108510602 Rnps1 2.421957675 Gtf2h1 1.107621797 Agpat3 2.420651749 Dennd2d 1.107444842 Hexb 2.406950442 St14 1.10685259 Jmjd1c 2.403960577 Sema6c 1.105449952 Uba7 2.393024725 Olfr1321 1.105249776 Stat3 2.392854797 Nin 1.104494546 Aqr 2.390209543 2900076A07Rik 1.103729098 Rasgrp3 2.389626162 Alg13 1.102785341 Ifi207 2.378045514 Rapgef3 1.101622786 Tcn2 2.366636661 Trps1 1.101516996 Jkamp 2.362648719 Morc2a 1.100797248 Xpnpep2 2.36068485 Myo15b 1.097398552 Pld4 2.345478622 Dlg1 1.096480818 Csnk1a1 2.333344842 Pus7 1.092393911 Cmklr1 2.331529539 H2afz 1.091796066 mt-Co1 2.330383946 Cacna1f 1.091419504 Commd7 2.308633577 Rps7 1.091078271 Gabarap 2.303502443 Kctd15 1.087832781 Aes 2.298975567 Slc22a15 1.083405985 Nfe2l1 2.296002657 Nbr1 1.082686573 Sgpl1 2.2917436 Cd27 1.081589891 Gbf1 2.287585646 Itga2b 1.080996825 Gstm1 2.280980951 Eci2 1.080130803 Mtcl1 2.275467469 Cd6 1.080089799 Vcl 2.249503311 Mical1 1.080032007 Slc25a5 2.249170226 Serpina6 1.079365549 2610507B11Rik 2.249033444 Cadm2 1.079157707 Tmem248 2.243289507 Kmt5b 1.075999202 Chd9 2.24028321 Scn8a 1.075722849 B4galt5 2.23488477 Zfp239 1.075383073 Rictor 2.234163721 Ap1s1 1.075103048 Srrm2 2.233556776 Erdr1 1.071138918 Sh3bgrl 2.232075277 Cacna1a 1.069720493 Cdc42se1 2.209710506 Ivns1abp 1.067892703 Lrp1 2.208956871 Dhodh 1.067584269 Ipo9 2.195716865 Ttn 1.067147365 Tcp1 2.194202192 Ddx19a 1.066321446 Ppp1cb 2.188862064 Stx4a 1.064577603 Pgam1 2.187328026 Safb2 1.063265347 Atp6v0e 2.185473454 Aloxe3 1.063249994 Pik3r1 2.177807689 Stx18 1.062644106 mt-Nd4l 2.170033442 Notch4 1.062408256 Ddx5 2.1526024 Vars2 1.06236208 n-R5-8s1 2.137222743 Ces5a 1.06224942 Ddost 2.137080797 Fxyd2 1.061290421 Btf3 2.136870648 Olfr539 1.061124921 Pitpna 2.130897293 Ubl4a 1.06102377 Zfp451 2.121640696 Plxnc1 1.059510561 Msrb3 2.108023782 Tars2 1.059081003 Tram1 2.103942132 A430073D23Rik 1.058179534 Gpx1 2.092125019 Brpf1 1.058170111 Rab3il1 2.091780481 E2f6 1.05716641 Anxa3 2.082860042 Gle1 1.055917907 Prkaa1 2.07920508 Clca3a2 1.053662602 Rab8b 2.076422781 Mir99ahg 1.052669091 Srpr 2.060721132 Grk2 1.052345211 Ncstn 2.048033241 Firre 1.052005979 mt-Nd2 2.046373118 Cp 1.049988888 Sf3b1 2.04486528 Cacna2d4 1.04830389 H2-Ab1 2.037298163 Isy1 1.046348457 Plp2 2.021912335 4930402H24Rik 1.046335717 Dnm1l 2.011874745 D430042O09Rik 1.045493524 Nptx1 2.007694218 Pax6 1.043231341 Clec16a 1.998844774 Rcbtb2 1.042445583 Uggt1 1.98850241 Wapl 1.042368448 Pxk 1.982701164 Rab14 1.040736807 Tiparp 1.982534756 Magi3 1.038947888 Impad1 1.982393464 Ctbp2 1.037976024 Gpcpd1 1.979316308 Prpf4b 1.037971623 Tmem214 1.973030883 Csmd2 1.037185914 Coro1b 1.970528885 Btbd11 1.036685875 Naaa 1.968987323 Vwf 1.036683252 Snx12 1.960818344 Cdh4 1.036640143 Anpep 1.959292302 Apbb1 1.036638533 Ptk2b 1.94897573 Ccdc162 1.0359892 Gusb 1.944307923 Sipa1l3 1.035923762 Ccnd3 1.940195368 Slc35a3 1.035192913 Syf2 1.939540412 Ahrr 1.034311688 Tubb5 1.927300046 Opcml 1.034020412 Ap2b1 1.927092864 Sirt5 1.032682041 Col4a1 1.92298865 Nox4 1.032270813 Myl12b 1.918466916 Spint2 1.031953157 Ccnd1 1.912610788 Aebp2 1.031681705 Sfxn3 1.906741793 Dtnbp1 1.030548993 Timp2 1.906668629 Iqca 1.030543359 B230219D22Rik 1.902284133 Lbp 1.029703558 Rhog 1.887582293 Kcnj16 1.029523684 Scap 1.88592784 Gtf2ird1 1.028843965 Qk 1.88561085 Aldoa 1.026887502 Bfar 1.882090302 Pfdn5 1.026732581 Slfn5os 1.880082558 Mtx3 1.026090598 Lipa 1.879981666 Zfp950 1.025199024 Plekha1 1.876160326 Rasgrp4 1.024647963 Errfi1 1.86913871 Lmf1 1.024604555 Ccnd2 1.866791989 Smc3 1.024558747 Snhg4 1.85926484 Fam118b 1.024505164 Zmat3 1.858777231 Kif15 1.023953631 Ptpn9 1.856452888 Cpeb3 1.023923019 Egr1 1.853897687 Adgra1 1.023026376 Dnajc10 1.852044296 Safb 1.022908183 A630033H20Rik 1.851287962 Psmb3 1.022863235 Ctsb 1.832770858 Dhtkd1 1.022813101 Sgsh 1.831682811 Bmpr1b 1.02276876 Ctnna1 1.825509641 Cdk14 1.022075321 Gng12 1.823669353 Abcd3 1.020692022 Tmem176b 1.82285949 A530040E14Rik 1.019535471 Atp6v0a2 1.820322631 Phf24 1.018368684 Dmd 1.814015876 Frmd5 1.017848005 Ssbp4 1.808520665 Cldn34c1 1.017608358 Dck 1.807120995 Mfap4 1.017464779 Tmed10 1.804630829 Lgi1 1.016790218 Plekha2 1.788241201 Fgfr2 1.016403211 Ywhae 1.787342486 Espn 1.015617966 Prdx6 1.782181966 Olfr90 1.015595827 Cpne8 1.780683612 Ahcyl2 1.015502202 Pan3 1.76632335 Zbtb46 1.015224258 Tsn 1.765727062 Ghrhr 1.013691524 Postn 1.760918581 Slu7 1.013465906 5031439G07Rik 1.754798139 Rgs6 1.011093407 Tcf25 1.751773197 Hacl1 1.010778823 Capza2 1.748806651 Myo1g 1.01023387 Ssr3 1.745487096 Tsen54 1.00985654 Pafah1b1 1.741737246 Tdo2 1.006294884 Sbf2 1.740917993 Mrgprc2-ps 1.006158745 Ubc 1.738762972 Sez6 1.005579581 Rnpep 1.733612821 Fmr1 1.004972266 Tnpo1 1.73276259 Olfr295 1.004922065 1110037F02Rik 1.731726851 Stard10 1.004561273 Ogt 1.722820519 Ikzf3 1.003969279 Nras 1.722695811 Mad1l1 1.003331901 Ddx39b 1.722321035 Sun2 1.002634026 Elovl5 1.716649083 Zfp532 1.001725437 Inpp5d 1.708655113 C2cd3 1.001540813 Stx7 1.705989329 Gpr89 1.001332809 Klf3 1.704318719 C920009B18Rik 1.001138066 Sdc3 1.691630397 Itsn1 1.001091655 PItp 1.689657257 BC034090 1.000446333 Gnai2 1.686128128 Gripap1 0.999489556 Nfib 1.677548572 Lmo7 0.998665132 Eef1a1 1.666817084 Cep250 0.99700681 Sval2 1.654461632 Mkln1 0.996736898 Cxcl16 1.653930195 9030624J02Rik 0.996673208 Gpr108 1.649897733 C2cd5 0.994435489 Atp5h 1.648363833 Racgap1 0.994262554 Ppp1ca 1.648036693 Epb41 0.993574572 Amfr 1.646430431 Rgs3 0.9935682 2310014F06Rik 1.642609288 Map2k2 0.991526748 mt-Tl1 1.638589779 Zfp369 0.990602507 Twsg1 1.636545598 Zcchc4 0.990232518 Magt1 1.631891466 Celf3 0.989871179 Gria3 1.614777482 Nfrkb 0.988761687 Gna12 1.611782252 1500012K07Rik 0.987475187 Ppp4r1l-ps 1.611024994 Csnk1g1 0.987302343 Mfge8 1.606938172 Tbk1 0.987242185 Lasp1 1.606641944 Ube2e2 0.986976054 Gstp1 1.60150536 C2cd2l 0.986252848 Sh3pxd2b 1.598640187 Nlgn1 0.985395138 Coq10b 1.597748785 Atad3aos 0.98523759 Cdk1 1.590738694 Lair1 0.98518503 Wnk1 1.589077278 Lamtor3 0.983751037 Calm3 1.575849963 Man2c1 0.98191137 Rad23b 1.575037653 Phc2 0.981299938 Naa20 1.570197421 Rnf123 0.980776141 Nkx2-2 1.566605188 Rgs11 0.980226854 Nfix 1.555019024 Fbxo18 0.980008734 Nans 1.547167513 Plxna3 0.979857188 Sidt2 1.545962364 Adam23 0.979186928 Oasl2 1.532383232 Thsd7a 0.979160545 Cyb561a3 1.53078711 Pde4d 0.979053978 Rasal2 1.530399343 Smim1 0.977702838 Flt4 1.527570552 Pum2 0.977669452 2810474O19Rik 1.526141876 Dlec1 0.977609037 3222401L13Rik 1.520827618 Arhgef4 0.977585828 Fyttd1 1.520231944 Zbtb49 0.977502295 ligp1 1.515968737 Senp3 0.977451995 Atp6vla 1.514613918 Trpm2 0.976880999 Lrrc42 1.513457922 1810032O08Rik 0.976754675 Trim16 1.513078049 Gramd1c 0.976420001 Tmub2 1.511718079 Zfp13 0.975991964 Slc25a12 1.511137106 Ppp4r1 0.975773873 Oasl1 1.509642511 Proser2 0.975505959 Rpph1 1.507834495 Nek10 0.975435395 Crtc3 1.506271977 Mcf21 0.974595726 Rnf44 1.502558854 Cald1 0.974287067 Rab43 1.4997319 Homez 0.973060396 Lrch4 1.494344133 Plcg1 0.972958606 Trim35 1.493644106 Pkp4 0.972945011 Slit2 1.489830377 Hnrnpk 0.972631359 Cyp2f2 1.488373517 Ppp2r1a 0.97246017 Snx3 1.481595088 Trmt1 0.972303044 Etv5 1.479921021 Rab3gap1 0.972187837 Oas2 1.473261403 4930431F12Rik 0.972082764 Psme1 1.470561263 Tcte2 0.97206615 Lsm12 1.468223249 Aoah 0.9714557 Impact 1.466855064 1700110l01Rik 0.970367518 Dcakd 1.465419814 4933427J07Rik 0.970106045 Tbp 1.463219259 Polrmt 0.969835731 Alg8 1.463180722 Plekhg3 0.969499396 Csrp1 1.460388067 Chrna9 0.969212179 Znfx1 1.459793233 Fgfr1op2 0.969013346 Ctps 1.457382832 Olfr889 0.968607339 Zc3h14 1.456860742 Gnas 0.968283741 Nisch 1.454173681 Egflam 0.967634053 Polr2a 1.45089857 Clk4 0.966015603 Hectd1 1.443602365 Metap1d 0.965868178 Mir195b 1.442373355 Rap1gap 0.965285567 Rnf139 1.439425895 Inpp5f 0.965246376 Hist1h4m 1.436213948 Olfr509 0.964350171 Yap1 1.436000261 Trpml 0.964078371 Cse1l 1.432919664 Palm 0.963865503 Hist1h4n 1.420524579 Capn10 0.96369017 Lhx9 1.412383525 Acad10 0.962450168 Plekhnl 1.410987625 Xndcl 0.962213076 Arpc4 1.404917958 Tesk2 0.961846014 Vamp3 1.404006857 Acox2 0.961694735 Phkb 1.402306049 Ptpn3 0.960945148 Atp1a1 1.398979263 Slf1 0.960893662 Scamp2 1.393517046 Rpl23 0.95970086 Rnf213 1.392440751 Hdac7 0.959267451 Grb10 1.389174949 Prkcb 0.958836304 Znrf2 1.388534731 Bcas3 0.958813276 Hspa5 1.385032431 Rpl19-ps10 0.958779312 Dnase2a 1.37456459 Efcab7 0.958287456 Cyr61 1.371301936 Pabpc1 0.95824206 Cystm1 1.370152464 Rassf8 0.95818526 Hnrnpl 1.35916454 Lrmp 0.957724619 Ppia 1.357022789 1700034P13Rik 0.957400444 Pptc7 1.353998906 Rspry1 0.95567678 Fxr1 1.347297931 Sorbs2 0.955664718 Kif1c 1.345550329 Rtel1 0.955325539 Ctsd 1.339661798 Snph 0.955256444 Tgoln1 1.338617781 Clk1 0.952095381 Fam65a 1.336440467 Tdh 0.951361116 Synpo 1.335052229 4930571N24Rik 0.95129822 Fbrs 1.332797189 Frmd4b 0.951044409 Abcc1 1.330281279 Txnrd2 0.950976492 Ranbp2 1.330010856 D10Wsu102e 0.950757437 Ubr4 1.327808199 Stxbp2 0.950655783 Sel1l 1.325945409 Mum1 0.950334319 Tsg101 1.322854408 Adam12 0.949845685 Bag1 1.32115605 Gramd1b 0.949409727 Cmtm3 1.319131098 Duxbl1 0.94925517 Rsu1 1.318682847 Pmaip1 0.949000209 Il6st 1.318295734 Fance 0.948894855 Gng2 1.315481592 Prose 0.948788392 Tmem184b 1.31525017 Lima1 0.948520832 Gatm 1.314698511 Aen 0.94849098 Mir1193 1.31441673 Prdm16 0.948418105 Pias1 1.314346226 Pcca 0.948384277 Elk3 1.309805838 4933411E06Rik 0.948034366 Rnf130 1.301482051 Slc26a4 0.947701486 Rpl13 1.300399066 Dgkd 0.946864762 Lpp 1.296602519 Csnk1e 0.945641621 Mrpl45 1.296477005 Katnal2 0.945160424 Cyb5r3 1.296253036 Vcam1 0.944460807 Shprh 1.289669952 Tmem200a 0.944191277 Cpt1c 1.289477514 Chek2 0.943761214 Ptpn1 1.282425471 Sgk2 0.943639303 Fam160a2 1.279579655 Nsun5 0.943217275 Cfh 1.26988982 Tcf7l1 0.941235147 Hnrnpul1 1.266397252 Uckl1 0.941137918 Txndc12 1.266168771 Rasgrp2 0.941009198 Eri3 1.264671312 Smarcd2 0.940938344 Gsk3b 1.256436011 Epha7 0.939472345 Rnh1 1.255232223 Armc6 0.938877158 Man1b1 1.250578892 Ptpn22 0.938849214 Fkbp1a 1.245105748 Fev 0.93824194 Mia3 1.244304037 Serpinb6a 0.938234426 Ruvbl2 1.239887848 Mier1 0.938199749 Adam10 1.233094367 4930567H12Rik 0.938007376 Mfap5 1.232219563 Sgsm1 0.936969063 Trim56 1.226423401 Csn1s1 0.936473012 Aaed1 1.225534965 Herpud1 0.936370431 Mapre1 1.223804151 Braf 0.936045549 Laptm5 1.223212463 Npsr1 0.935924917 Glipr2 1.21815041 Cox6b1 0.935454199 Dock10 1.213163554 Dpm1 0.935059488 Tmx2 1.211625711 Rhoa 0.935000601 Tor1aip2 1.210578968 Chrnb3 0.934196093 Etv6 1.208482154 Cobl 0.934107222 Vmn1r70 1.208124474 Al838599 0.933705762 Anxa5 1.205547419 Vars 0.932030709 Cuta 1.203534407 Clspn 0.931082728 Larp1 1.202436659 Dvl2 0.930782278 Tapbp 1.19794257 Dync1h1 0.930369494 Ddx6 1.193876061 Luc7l2 0.930153333 Mbnl2 1.186460159 Rell2 0.929377802 Ncoa3 1.179909627 Zfp260 0.929183972 Tpm3 1.179006377 Dock3 0.929117216 Dok1 1.178638573 Bace1 0.928792603 Per1 1.177725503 Sh3gl2 0.927925558 Prrc2b 1.177576351 Pde1a 0.927007191 Memo1 1.173534294 Zfyve1 0.925770343 Pcbp1 1.173138043 Tacc2 0.925726245 Ccs 1.172429114 Col16a1 0.925278858 F11r 1.168823701 Urod 0.924496139 Mmp23 1.167621462 Kntc1 0.924441575 Ssr2 1.167292126 Tprn 0.92401978 Pmpcb 1.16244984 Ipmk 0.923602568 Mtmr2 1.161744403 Tns4 0.923451301 Atxn10 1.15851223 Zfp512b 0.923242144 Glg1 1.156216287 Rnf10 0.922947177 Fndc3a 1.156036991 Pus10 0.922597079 Zdhhc13 1.153699404 Slc39a9 0.922555226 Mef2c 1.150436919 Arhgap22 0.921849391 Mir8116 1.144949195 Mknk1 0.921395425 Slc6a6 1.143929269 1810059H22Rik 0.921384279 Dmpk 1.143512387 Ttc29 0.921368016 Prr32 1.137396445 Grip1 0.921036891 Zcchc6 1.136983879 Nudt16 0.920946667 Pfkp 1.136528919 Sf3b5 0.920695962 1600014C10Rik 1.134651281 Sbno1 0.920236532 Pdhb 1.13293917 4933407L21Rik 0.92002246 Elk4 1.130558075 Bend5 0.919256559 Casp3 1.129817521 Pard3 0.918710037 Gskip 1.129732393 Fam81a 0.918653108 Dnase1l3 1.127323549 Abcg2 0.918618185 Pde4b 1.124393895 Flt3 0.917955107 B4galt1 1.124344501 Nebl 0.917936388 Ube2v1 1.120565671 Ddc 0.917229801 Ifi213 1.120530139 Lrrc8d 0.916139547 Cops8 1.119841447 Focad 0.915711203 Sf3a2 1.118870719 Tlk2 0.915663628 - In an embodiment, in addition to the membrane associated co-stimulatory molecules, mature DCs express cytokines with a pro-inflammatory function that are important for the development of T-cell responses. These responses can be initiated by the triggering of at least 11 different Toll-like receptors (TLRs), allowing the specific recognition of distinct conserved microbial or viral structures. It was asked whether iDCs secrete cytokines to the media when challenged with TLR3 (using Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-I:C)) or TLR4 (Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)) stimulation (
FIG. 31 ). Upon LPS or polyI:C challenge of iDCs it was observed an increase in the secretion of IL-6 (14- or 10-fold, respectively). An increase in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor TNF (7-fold) and interferon IFN-γ (2-fold) was also observed after LPS stimulation or polyI:C, respectively. Cells transduced with PIB plus TCF4 (PIBT) respond equivalently to stimulation displaying increased secretion of IL-6, TNF and IFN-γ. Importantly, upon stimulation of iDCs it was not observed increase in the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These results suggest that iDCs underwent maturation towards a proinflammatory profile. - In an embodiment, it was evaluated the capacity of iDCs to mount an antigen-specific immune response. First it was evaluated whether iDCs would be able to engulf particles by incubation with 1 μm FITC-labeled latex beads. After incubation tdTomato+ cells contained numerous fluorescent beads in the cytoplasm (
FIG. 32 ), suggesting that iDCs have established the competence for phagocytosis. - Then, we evaluated the ability of iDCs to capture soluble proteins. Remarkably, 13.8% of tdTomato+ cells were able to actively uptake soluble protein after incubation at 37° C. for 20 minutes in contrast to only 5.6% when incubated at 4° C. (
FIG. 33A ), further suggesting that iDCs have established the competence for phagocytosis/endocytosis. In contrast, only 4.6% of tdTomato− cells showed similar ability. Next, we evaluated whether iDCs were able to internalize dead cell material in vitro (FIG. 33B-D ). This unique ability has been shown to be associated with cDC1 DC subtypes to cross-present cell-associated antigens on MHC-I (27). After overnight incubation with labeled dead cells, 65.7% of purified tdTomato+ cells have incorporated dead cell material in contrast to only 10.5% of tdTomato-(FIG. 33B ). Uptake of dead cells was further analysed by live imaging and it was observed that tdTomato+ cells avidly accumulated dead cell material in the cytoplasm (FIG. 33C ). TdTomato+ cells move actively and, upon encountering a dead cell, projected cellular protrusions to incorporate and engulf it (FIG. 33D ). - Moreover, we have confirmed that iDCs express genes encoding TLR (TIr3 and TIr4) and other mediators of TLR signaling, including MyD88-dependent (TRAM (encoded by Ticam2), and Traf6) and independent (MICE) pathways (
FIG. 34A ). Also, we have confirmed that iDCs express key mediators of receptor-mediated endocytosis (Fcgr2b, Tfr2 and Mrc1) and macropinocytosis of dead cells (Axl, Lrp1 and Scarf1), further suggesting that iDCs have acquired the ability for sense and incorporate antigens (FIG. 34B). - In an embodiment, it was evaluated the functional capacity of iDCs to promote antigen-specific proliferation of CD4 T-cells (
FIG. 35A ). For this it was employed MHC class II-restricted ovalbumin-specific T cells (OT-11 cells) isolated from lymph nodes and spleen of OT-II Rag2 KO mice (18). In this model T cells respond to the processed antigenic peptide (OVA 323-339) when shown in the context of MHC-II of DCs. Therefore OT-II CD4 T-cells were co-cultured with iDCs when given the Ovalbumin protein (OVA) or pre-processed antigenic peptide (OVA 323-339). Functional DCs are able to capture the protein, process and present the processed antigenic peptide in the context of MHC-II. Induced CD4+ T cell proliferation was measured by CFSE dilution and the activation of the T-cell activation marker CD44 after 7 days of co-culture. Remarkably, 56% of CD4+ T cells diluted CFSE when co-cultured with PIB-generated iDCs in the presence of OVA protein (FIG. 35B ). When co-cultured with MEFs transduced with PIB+TCF4, 38.2% of CD4+ T cells diluted CFSE content, which suggests that inclusion of TCF4 in the reprogramming pool does not increase the stimulatory ability of iDCs. Splenic MHC-II+CD11c+ DCs were used as controls and generated 24.1% of proliferative T-cells. Importantly, addition of LPS stimuli, which is commonly employed to induce DC “maturation”, increased the antigen-specific stimulatory ability of MEFs transduced with PIB (1.5-fold) or PIB+TCF4 (2-fold) and also splenic DCs (3-fold) (FIG. 35B andFIG. 36 ). As expected, T-cells that were not co-cultured did not proliferate with or without LPS stimuli. To further assess the stimulatory ability of iDCs, it was evaluated if they were able to induce expression of T-cell activation markers, such as CD44. When given the pre-processed antigen, OT-II CD4 T cells diluted CFSE and upregulated the expression of CD44 when co-cultured with both PIB-generated iDCs and splenic MHC-II+CD11c+ DCs (FIG. 35C ). Importantly, when given OVA protein, iDCs display comparable ability to induce CD44 expression in OT-II T cells when compared with splenic DCs (52.2% versus 63.8%). This data supports iDCs' functional ability to incorporate and process OVA protein followed by presentation of processed Ovalbumin peptides in MHC-II complexes at cell surface. Collectively, these results highlight the functional capacity of iDCs and support the feasibility of using directly reprogrammed fibroblast to present antigens and inducing antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. - In an embodiment, it was evaluated if iDCs acquire ability to export antigens to cytosol and express key genes essential for cross-presentation ability. Cross-presentation via the cytosolic pathway involves antigen export from endocytic compartments to the cytosol. Thus, the ability of iDCs to perform antigen export was evaluated using a cytofluorimetry-based assay (
FIG. 37A ). Remarkably, after 90-minute incubation with b-lactamase, approximately 80% of CCF4-loaded iDCs expressed cleaved CCF4. Thus, iDCs were able to uptake b-lactamase and efficiently export it into the cytoplasm, leading to the generation of cleaved CCF4. It was also confirmed that iDCs express genes involved in cross-presentation pathway, such as Cybb, Atg7, Tap1 and Tap2 (FIG. 37B ). - In an embodiment, it was evaluated if iDCs were able to cross-present antigens to CD8+ T-cells. For this, cross-presentation of OVA at MHC-I molecules was evaluated by co-culturing iDCs with B3Z T-cell hybridoma cells that express β-galactosidase under the control of IL-2 promoter (
FIG. 38A , left panel). It was observed that iDCs were able to induce antigen-specific T-cell activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, it was observed an increase of activation of B3Z T-cells after TLR3 stimulation with polyI:C and not with LPS (FIG. 38A , right panel). Accordingly, it has been described that maturation of cDC1s with polyI:C enhances the MHC-I cross-presentation process (28). Moreover, cross-presentation was also evaluated employing MHC class I-restricted ovalbumin-specific T cells (OT-1 cells) isolated from lymph nodes and spleen of OT-1 Rag2 KO mice (19). In this model T-cells respond to the processed antigenic peptide (OVA 257-264) when shown in the context of MHC-1 of DCs. Therefore OT-I CD8 T-cells were co-cultured with iDCs in the presence of the Ovalbumin protein (OVA) and polyI:C stimulation (FIG. 38B ). Functional DCs are able to capture the exogenous protein, process and perform cross-presentation of the processed antigenic peptide in the context of MHC-1, inducing activation of CD8+ T cells. Induced CD8+ T cell proliferation was measured by CFSE dilution and the activation of the T-cell activation marker CD44 after 4 days of co-culture. Remarkably, in the presence of OVA protein, 11.3±1.13% of CD8+ T cells diluted CFSE and up-regulated CD44 expression when co-cultured with iDCs, respectively (FIG. 38B ). Splenic MHC-II+CD11c+ DCs were used as controls and generated 18.05±0.78% of proliferative and CD44+ T-cells. - In an embodiment, Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDFs) were transduced with PIB (
FIG. 39A ). Importantly, it was observed morphologic alterations when PIB TFs were introduced in HDFs. Three days after transduction it was observed that HDFs lost the characteristic bipolar and elongated shapes and acquired a stellate DC-like morphology (FIGS. 39B and 39C ). Moreover, it was evaluated the expression of typical DC surface markers. Human foreskin fibroblasts Bis transduced with PIB express HLA-DR molecules and CLEC9A, known specific human DC markers (FIG. 40 ), suggesting that PIB combination of DC-inducing factors is conserved between the mouse and human and is sufficient to generate human iDCs. - In an embodiment, it was evaluated whether human iDCs would be able to engulf particles by incubation with 1 μm FITC-labeled latex beads. After incubation PIB-transduced HDFs contained numerous fluorescent beads in the cytoplasm (
FIG. 41A ), suggesting that iDCs have established the competence for phagocytosis. Additionally, the ability to incorporate proteins was evaluated by incubating iDCs with AlexaFluor647-labelled ovalbumine (FIG. 41B ). After incubation at 37° C., 1.2% of PIB-transduced HDFs contained labelled protein, suggesting that iDCs are able to actively engulf proteins. - In an embodiment, it was evaluated whether cancer cells would acquire DC phenotypic traits after transduction with PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3. Remarkably, 2.13% of PIB-transduced lung cancer cells (3LL cell line) expressed MHC-I molecules and 2.33% co-expressed MHC-II and CLEC9A at
cell surface 8 days after addition of Dox (FIG. 42 ). Similarly, 26% of PIB-transduced B16 melanoma cancer cells expressed CLEC9A, whilst 1.04% of cells co-expressed it with MHC-II molecules (FIG. 43 ). These results suggest that it is possible to induce DC phenotype in cancer cells using PIB factors. - In an embodiment, coding regions of PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 were cloned into polycistronic inducible lentiviral vectors that express the three nucleic acid sequences, each of them separated by 2A peptide sequences (
FIG. 44A ). The 3 TFs were included in different orders, PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 (PIB) or IRF8, PU.1 and BATF3 (IPB). Impressively, Clec9a reporter activation was observed in 10.8% and 6.6% of MEFs transduced with the polycistronic vectors (PIB and IPB, respectively). In contrast, only 1.9% of tdTomato+ cells were observed in MEFs transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding individual factors (FIGS. 44B and 44C ). As expected, delivery of PIB factors in polycistronic vectors increased reprogramming efficiency up to 6-fold. - In an embodiment, coding regions of each candidate TF were individually cloned into an inducible lentiviral pFUW-TetO vector (6) in which the expression of the TFs is under the control of the tetracycline operator and a minimal CMV promoter. A previously described lentiviral vector containing the reverse tetracycline transactivator M2rtTA under the control of a constitutively active human ubiquitin C promoter (FUW-M2rtTA) was used in combination. Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293T cells were transfected with a mixture of TF-encoding plasmids, packaging constructs and the VSV-G envelope protein. Viral supernatants were harvested after 36, 48 and 60 hours, filtered (0.45 μm, Corning) and used fresh or concentrated 40-fold with Amicon ultra centrifugal filters (Millipore).
- In some embodiments, polypeptide variants or family members having the same or a similar activity as the reference polypeptide encoded by the sequences provided in the sequence list can be used in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein. Generally, variants of a particular polypeptide encoding a DC inducing factor for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein will have at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99% or more sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art.
- Homo sapiens Basic Leucine Zipper ATF-Like Transcription Factor (BATF3), mRNA (SEQ. ID. 1) and a codon optimized, or different codons encoding the same amino acids, are naturally also contemplated to be covered by the reference to the nucleic acid as set forth herein.
- Homo sapiens Spi-1 proto-oncogene (PU.1), mRNA (SEQ. ID. 7) and a codon optimized, or different codons encoding the same amino acids, are naturally also contemplated to be covered by the reference to the nucleic acid as set forth herein.
- Homo sapiens Interferon Regulatory Factor 8 (IRF8), mRNA (SEQ. ID. 5) and a codon optimized, or different codons encoding the same amino acids, are naturally also contemplated to be covered by the reference to the nucleic acid as set forth herein.
- Homo sapiens Transcription factor 4 (TCF4), mRNA (SEQ. ID. 13) and a codon optimized, or different codons encoding the same amino acids, are naturally also contemplated to be covered by the reference to the nucleic acid as set forth herein.
- In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kids provided herein, the number of DC inducing factors used or selected to generate iDCs from a starting somatic cell, such as a fibroblast cell or hematopoietic lineage cell, a multipotent stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell, a cancer or tumor cell is at least three. In some embodiments, the number of DC inducing factors used or selected is at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven, at least twelve, at least thirteen, at least fourteen, at least fifteen, at least sixteen, at least seventeen, at least eighteen, at least nineteen, at least twenty, at least thirty, at least thirty three, at least thirty five, at least forty, or more.
- Also provided herein, in various aspects of the compositions, methods, and kits, are isolated amino acid sequences, and isolated DNA or RNA nucleic acid sequences encoding one or more DC inducing factors for use in making iDCs.
- In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the nucleic acid sequence or construct encoding the DC inducing factor(s), such as PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4, is inserted or operably linked into a suitable expression vector for transfection of cells using standard molecular biology techniques. As used herein, a “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule, such as a dsDNA molecule that provides a useful biological or biochemical property to an inserted nucleotide sequence, such as the nucleic acid constructs or replacement cassettes described herein. Examples include plasmids, phages, autonomously replicating sequences (ARS), centromeres, and other sequences that are able to replicate or be replicated in vitro or in a host cell, or to convey a desired nucleic acid segment to a desired location within a host cell. A vector can have one or more restriction endonuclease recognition sites (whether type I, II or IIs) at which the sequences can be cut in a determinable fashion without loss of an essential biological function of the vector, and into which a nucleic acid fragment can be spliced or inserted in order to bring about its replication and cloning. Vectors can also comprise one or more recombination sites that permit exchange of nucleic acid sequences between two nucleic acid molecules. Vectors can further provide primer sites, e.g., for PCR, transcriptional and/or translational initiation and/or regulation sites, recombination signals, replicons, additional selectable markers, etc. A vector can further comprise one or more selectable markers suitable for use in the identification of cells transformed with the vector.
- In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the expression vector is a viral vector. Some viral-mediated expression methods employ retrovirus, adenovirus, lentivirus, herpes virus, pox virus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, and such expression methods have been used in gene delivery and are well known in the art.
- In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the viral vector is a retrovirus. Retroviruses provide a convenient platform for gene delivery. A selected gene can be inserted into a vector and packaged in retroviral particles using techniques known in the art. The recombinant virus can then be isolated and delivered to target cells of the subject either in vivo or ex vivo. A number of retroviral systems have been described. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,740; Miller and Rosman (1989) BioTechniques 7:980-90; Miller, A. D. (1990) Human Gene Therapy 1:5-14; Scarpa et al. (1991) Virology 180:849-52; Burns et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8033-37; Boris-Lawrie and Temin (1993) Curr. Opin. Genet. Develop. 3:102-09. In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the retrovirus is replication deficient. Retroviral vector systems exploit the fact that a minimal vector containing the 5′ and 3′ LTRs and the packaging signal are sufficient to allow vector packaging, infection and integration into target cells, provided that the viral structural proteins are supplied in trans in the packaging cell line. Fundamental advantages of retroviral vectors for gene transfer include efficient infection and gene expression in most cell types, precise single copy vector integration into target cell chromosomal DNA and ease of manipulation of the retroviral genome.
- In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the viral vector is an adenovirus-based expression vector. Unlike retroviruses, which integrate into the host genome, adenoviruses persist extrachromosomally, thus minimizing the risks associated with insertional mutagenesis (Haj-Ahmad and Graham (1986) J. Virol. 57:267-74; Bett et al. (1993) J. Virol. 67:5911-21; Mittereder et al. (1994) Human Gene Therapy 5:717-29; Seth et al. (1994) J. Virol. 68:933-40; Barr et al. (1994) Gene Therapy 1:51-58; Berkner, K. L. (1988) BioTechniques 6:616-29; and Rich et al. (1993) Human Gene Therapy 4:461-76). Adenoviral vectors infect a wide variety of cells, have a broad host-range, exhibit high efficiencies of infectivity, direct expression of heterologous genes at high levels, and achieve long-term expression of those genes in vivo. The virus is fully infective as a cell-free virion so injection of producer cell lines is not necessary. With regard to safety, adenovirus is not associated with severe human pathology, and the recombinant vectors derived from the virus can be rendered replication defective by deletions in the early-region 1 (“E1”) of the viral genome. Adenovirus can also be produced in large quantities with relative ease. Adenoviral vectors for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can be derived from any of the various adenoviral serotypes, including, without limitation, any of the over 40 serotype strains of adenovirus, such as
serotypes - In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the DC inducing factor(s), such as, PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4 are introduced or delivered using one or more inducible lentiviral vectors. Control of expression of DC inducing factors delivered using one or more inducible lentiviral vectors can be achieved, in some embodiments, by contacting a cell having at least one DC inducing factor in an expression vector under the control of or operably linked to an inducible promoter, with a regulatory agent (e.g., doxycycline) or other inducing agent. When using some types of inducible lentiviral vectors, contacting such a cell with an inducing agent induces expression of the DC inducing factors, while withdrawal of the regulatory agent inhibits expression. When using other types of inducible lentiviral vectors, the presence of the regulatory agent inhibits expression, while removal of the regulatory agent permits expression. As used herein, the term “induction of expression” refers to the expression of a gene, such as a DC inducing factor encoded by an inducible viral vector, in the presence of an inducing agent, for example, or in the presence of one or more agents or factors that cause endogenous expression of the gene in a cell.
- In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, a doxycycline (Dox) inducible lentiviral system is used. Unlike retroviruses, lentiviruses are able to transduce quiescent cells making them amenable for transducing a wider variety of hematopoietic cell types. For example, the pFUW-tetO lentivirus system has been shown to transduce primary hematopoietic progenitor cells with high efficiency.
- In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the DC inducing factor(s), such as PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and/or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), are introduced or delivered using a non-integrating vector (e.g., adenovirus). While integrating vectors, such as retroviral vectors, incorporate into the host cell genome and can potentially disrupt normal gene function, non-integrating vectors control expression of a gene product by extra-chromosomal transcription. Since non-integrating vectors do not become part of the host genome, non-integrating vectors tend to express a nucleic acid transiently in a cell population. This is due in part to the fact that the non-integrating vectors are often rendered replication deficient. Thus, non-integrating vectors have several advantages over retroviral vectors including, but not limited to: (1) no disruption of the host genome, and (2) transient expression, and (3) no remaining viral integration products. Some non-limiting examples of non-integrating vectors for use with the methods described herein include adenovirus, baculovirus, alphavirus, picornavirus, and vaccinia virus. In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the non-integrating viral vector is an adenovirus. Other advantages of non-integrating viral vectors include the ability to produce them in high titers, their stability in vivo, and their efficient infection of host cells.
- Nucleic acid constructs and vectors for use in generating iDCs in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can further comprise, in some embodiments, one or more sequences encoding selection markers for positive and negative selection of cells. Such selection marker sequences can typically provide properties of resistance or sensitivity to antibiotics that are not normally found in the cells in the absence of introduction of the nucleic acid construct. A selectable marker can be used in conjunction with a selection agent, such as an antibiotic, to select in culture for cells expressing the inserted nucleic acid construct. Sequences encoding positive selection markers typically provide antibiotic resistance, i.e., when the positive selection marker sequence is present in the genome of a cell, the cell is sensitive to the antibiotic or agent. Sequences encoding negative selection markers typically provide sensitivity to an antibiotic or agent, i.e., when the negative selection marker is present in the genome of a cell, the cell is sensitive to the antibiotic or agent.
- Nucleic acid constructs and vectors for use in making iDCs in the compositions, methods, and kits thereof described herein can further comprise, in some embodiments, other nucleic acid elements for the regulation, expression, stabilization of the construct or of other vector genetic elements, for example, promoters, enhancers, TATA-box, ribosome binding sites, IRES, as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
- In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the DC inducing factor(s), such as PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2) and/or TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), are provided as synthetic, modified RNAs, or introduced or delivered into a cell as a synthetic, modified RNA, as described in US Patent Publication 2012-0046346-A1, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. In those embodiments where synthetic, modified RNAs are used to reprogram cells to iDCs according to the methods described herein, the methods can involve repeated contacting of the cells or involve repeated transfections of the synthetic, modified RNAs encoding DC inducing factors, such as for example, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or more transfections.
- In addition to one or more modified nucleosides, the modified mRNAs for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can comprise any additional modifications known to one of skill in the art and as described in US Patent Publications 2012-0046346-A1 and 20120251618A1, and PCT Publication WO 2012/019168. Such other components include, for example, a 5′ cap (e.g., the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) cap, which contains a 5′-5′-triphosphate guanine-guanine linkage where one guanine contains an N7 methyl group as well as a 3′-O-methyl group; caps created using recombinant Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and recombinant 2′-O-methyltransferase enzyme, which can create a canonical 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-most nucleotide of an mRNA and a guanine nucleotide where the guanine contains an N7 methylation and the ultimate 5′-nucleotide contains a 2′-O-methyl generating the Cap1 structure); a poly(A) tail (e.g., a poly-A tail greater than 30 nucleotides in length, greater than 35 nucleotides in length, at least 40 nucleotides, at least 45 nucleotides, at least 55 nucleotides, at least 60 nucleotide, at least 70 nucleotides, at least 80 nucleotides, at least 90 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, at least 500 nucleotides, at least 600 nucleotides, at least 700 nucleotides, at least 800 nucleotides, at least 900 nucleotides, at least 1000 nucleotides, or more); a Kozak sequence; a 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR); a 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR); one or more intronic nucleotide sequences capable of being excised from the nucleic acid, or any combination thereof.
- The modified mRNAs for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can further comprise an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). An IRES can act as the sole ribosome binding site, or can serve as one of multiple ribosome binding sites of an mRNA. An mRNA containing more than one functional ribosome binding site can encode several peptides or polypeptides, such as the DC inducing factors described herein, that are translated independently by the ribosomes (“multicistronic mRNA”). When nucleic acids are provided with an IRES, further optionally provided is a second translatable region. Examples of IRES sequences that can be used according to the invention include without limitation, those from picornaviruses (e.g. FMDV), pest viruses (CFFV), polio viruses (PV), encephalomyocarditis viruses (ECMV), foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV), hepatitis C viruses (HCV), classical swine fever viruses (CSFV), murine leukemia virus (MLV), simian immune deficiency viruses (SW) or cricket paralysis viruses (CrPV).
- In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the synthetic, modified RNA molecule comprises at least one modified nucleoside. In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the synthetic, modified RNA molecule comprises at least two modified nucleosides.
- In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, the modified nucleosides are selected from the group consisting of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 3,2′-O-dimethyluridine (m4U), 2-thiouridine (s2U), 2′ fluorouridine, pseudouridine, 2′-O-methyluridine (Um), 2′deoxy uridine (2′ dU), 4-thiouridine (s4U), 5-methyluridine (m5U), 2′-O-methyladenosine (m6A), N6,2′-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), N6,N6,2′-O-trimethyladenosine (m62Am), 2′-O-methylcytidine (Cm), 7-methylguanosine (m7G), 2′-O-methylguanosine (Gm), N2,7-dimethylguanosine (m2,7G), N2,N2,7-trimethylguanosine (m2,2,7G), and inosine (I). In some embodiments, the modified nucleosides are 5-methylcytosine (5mC), pseudouracil, or a combination thereof.
- Modified mRNAs need not be uniformly modified along the entire length of the molecule. Different nucleotide modifications and/or backbone structures can exist at various positions in the nucleic acid. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the nucleotide analogs or other modification(s) can be located at any position(s) of a nucleic acid such that the function of the nucleic acid is not substantially decreased. A modification can also be a 5′ or 3′ terminal modification. The nucleic acids can contain at a minimum one and at maximum 100% modified nucleotides, or any intervening percentage, such as at least 50% modified nucleotides, at least 80% modified nucleotides, or at least 90% modified nucleotides.
- In some embodiments, it is preferred, but not absolutely necessary, that each occurrence of a given nucleoside in a molecule is modified (e.g., each cytosine is a modified cytosine e.g., 5-methylcytosine, each uracil is a modified uracil, e.g., pseudouracil, etc.). For example, the modified mRNAs can comprise a modified pyrimidine such as uracil or cytosine. In some embodiments, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the uracil in the nucleic acid are replaced with a modified uracil. It is also contemplated that different occurrences of the same nucleoside can be modified in a different way in a given synthetic, modified RNA molecule. The modified uracil can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures). In some embodiments, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the cytosine in the nucleic acid may be replaced with a modified cytosine. The modified cytosine can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures) (e.g., some cytosines modified as 5mC, others modified as 2′-O-methylcytosine or other cytosine analog). Such multi-modified synthetic RNA molecules can be produced by using a ribonucleoside blend or mixture comprising all the desired modified nucleosides, such that when the RNA molecules are being synthesized, only the desired modified nucleosides are incorporated into the resulting RNA molecule encoding the DC inducing factor.
- In certain embodiments it is desirable to intracellularly degrade a modified nucleic acid introduced into the cell, for example if precise timing of protein production is desired. Thus, in some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, provided herein are modified nucleic acids comprising a degradation domain, which is capable of being acted on in a directed manner within a cell.
- While it is understood that iDCs can be generated by delivery of DC inducing factors in the form of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) or amino acid sequences, in some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, iDC induction can be induced using other methods, such as, for example, by treatment of cells with an agent, such as a small molecule or cocktail of small molecules, that induce expression one or more of the DC inducing factors.
- Detection of expression of DC inducing factors introduced into cells or induced in a cell population using the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, can be achieved by any of several techniques known to those of skill in the art including, for example, Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, and fluorescence-mediated detection.
- In order to distinguish whether a given combination of DC inducing factors has generated iDCs, one or more DC activities or parameters can be measured, such as, in some embodiments, differential expression of surface antigens. The generation of induced DCs using the compositions, methods, and kits described herein preferably causes the appearance of the cell surface phenotype characteristic of endogenous DCs, such as CLEC9A, MHC-I, MHC-II, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD103, for example.
- DCs are most reliably distinguished from other immune cells by their functional behavior. Functional aspects of DC phenotypes, or dendritic cell activities, such as the ability of a dendritic cell to induce antigen specific T cell responses, can be easily determined by one of skill in the art using routine methods known in the art, and as described herein, for example, in the Drawings, i.e.,
FIGS. 1-44 . In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, functional assays to identify reprogramming factors can be used. For example, in some embodiments, antigen presentation and antigen cross-presentation assays can be used to confirm antigen-specific induction of T cell responses (antigen presentation potential) of iDCs generated using the compositions, methods, and kits thereof. Cytokine secretion can be used to confirm immune-modulatory properties of iDCs generated using the compositions, methods, and kits described herein. Ability to engulf particles, proteins and dead cells of iDCs generated using the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can be evaluated by culturing transduced cells in the presence of labelled beads, ovalbumine or dead cells, followed by flow cytometry analysis, respectively. - As used herein, “cellular parameter,” “DC parameter,” or “antigen presentation activity” refer to measureable components or qualities of endogenous or natural DCs, particularly components that can be accurately measured. A cellular parameter can be any measurable parameter related to a phenotype, function, or behavior of a cell. Such cellular parameters include, changes in characteristics and markers of a DC or DC population, including but not limited to changes in viability, cell growth, expression of one or more or a combination of markers, such as cell surface determinants, such as receptors, proteins, including conformational or posttranslational modification thereof, lipids, carbohydrates, organic or inorganic molecules, nucleic acids, e.g. mRNA, DNA, global gene expression patterns, etc. Such cellular parameters can be measured using any of a variety of assays known to one of skill in the art. For example, viability and cell growth can be measured by assays such as Trypan blue exclusion, CFSE dilution, and 3H-thymidine incorporation. Expression of protein or polypeptide markers can be measured, for example, using flow cytometric assays, Western blot techniques, or microscopy methods. Gene expression profiles can be assayed, for example, using RNA-sequencing methodologies and quantitative or semi-quantitative real-time PCR assays. A cellular parameter can also refer to a functional parameter or functional activity. While most cellular parameters will provide a quantitative readout, in some instances a semi-quantitative or qualitative result can be acceptable. Readouts can include a single determined value, or can include mean, median value or the variance, etc. Characteristically a range of parameter readout values can be obtained for each parameter from a multiplicity of the same assays. Variability is expected and a range of values for each of the set of test parameters will be obtained using standard statistical methods with a common statistical method used to provide single values.
- In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, additional factors and agents can be used to enhance iDC reprogramming. For example, factors and agents that modify epigenetic pathways can be used to facilitate reprogramming into iDCs.
- Essentially any primary somatic cell type can be used for producing iDCs or reprogramming somatic cells to iDCs according to the presently described compositions, methods, and kits. Such primary somatic cell types also include other stem cell types, including pluripotent stem cells, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells); other multipotent stem cells; oligopotent stem cells; and (5) unipotent stem cells. Some non-limiting examples of primary somatic cells useful in the various aspects and embodiments of the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, fibroblast, epithelial, endothelial, neuronal, adipose, cardiac, skeletal muscle, hematopoietic or immune cells, hepatic, splenic, lung, circulating blood cells, gastrointestinal, renal, bone marrow, and pancreatic cells, as well as stem cells from which those cells are derived. The cell can be a primary cell isolated from any somatic tissue including, but not limited to, spleen, bone marrow, blood, brain, liver, lung, gut, stomach, intestine, fat, muscle, uterus, skin, spleen, endocrine organ, bone, etc. The term “somatic cell” further encompasses, in some embodiments, primary cells grown in culture, provided that the somatic cells are not immortalized. Where the cell is maintained under in vitro conditions, conventional tissue culture conditions and methods can be used, and are known to those of skill in the art. Isolation and culture methods for various primary somatic cells are well within the abilities of one skilled in the art.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the somatic cell is a fibroblast cell.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the somatic cell can be a hematopoietic lineage cell.
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the somatic cell can be a cancer cell or a tumor cell.
- In some embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, a somatic cell to be reprogrammed or made into an iDC cell is a cell of hematopoietic origin. As used herein, the terms “hematopoietic-derived cell,” “hematopoietic-derived differentiated cell,” “hematopoietic lineage cell,” and “cell of hematopoietic origin” refer to cells derived or differentiated from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Accordingly, hematopoietic lineage cells for use with the compositions, methods, and kits described herein include multipotent, oligopotent, and lineage-restricted hematopoietic progenitor cells, granulocytes (e.g., promyelocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), erythrocytes (e.g., reticulocytes, erythrocytes), thrombocytes (e.g., megakaryoblasts, platelet producing megakaryocytes, platelets), monocytes (e.g., monocytes, macrophages), dendritic cells, and lymphocytes (e.g., T-lymphocytes, which carry T-cell receptors (TCRs), B-lymphocytes or B cells, which express immunoglobulin and produce antibodies, NK cells, NKT cells, and innate lymphocytes). As used herein, the term “hematopoietic progenitor cells” refer to multipotent, oligopotent, and lineage-restricted hematopoietic cells capable of differentiating into two or more cell types of the hematopoietic system, including, but not limited to, granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and lymphocytes B-cells and T-cells. Hematopoietic progenitor cells encompass multi-potent progenitor cells (MPPs), common myeloid progenitor cells (CMPs), common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLPs), granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells (GMPs), and pre-megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cell. Lineage-restricted hematopoietic progenitor cells include megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cells (MEP), ProB cells, PreB cells, PreProB cells, ProT cells, double-negative T cells, pro-NK cells, pre-granulocyte/macrophage cells, granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GMP) cells, and pro-mast cells (ProMCs). A differentiation chart of the hematopoietic lineage is provided at
FIG. 1 . - Cells of hematopoietic origin for use in the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can be obtained from any source known to comprise these cells, such as fetal tissues, umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, peripheral blood, mobilized peripheral blood, spleen, liver, thymus, lymph, etc. Cells obtained from these sources can be expanded ex vivo using any method acceptable to those skilled in the art prior to use in with the compositions, methods, and kits for making iDCs described herein. For example, cells can be sorted, fractionated, treated to remove specific cell types, or otherwise manipulated to obtain a population of cells for use in the methods described herein using any procedure acceptable to those skilled in the art. Mononuclear lymphocytes may be collected, for example, by repeated lymphocytophereses using a continuous flow cell separator as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,915, or isolated using an affinity purification step of CLP method, such as flow-cytometry using a cytometer, magnetic separation, using antibody or protein coated beads, affinity chromatography, or solid-support affinity separation where cells are retained on a substrate according to their expression or lack of expression of a specific protein or type of protein, or batch purification using one or more antibodies against one or more surface antigens specifically expressed by the cell type of interest. Cells of hematopoietic origin can also be obtained from peripheral blood. Prior to harvest of the cells from peripheral blood, the subject can be treated with a cytokine, such as e.g., granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, to promote cell migration from the bone marrow to the blood compartment and/or promote activation and/or proliferation of the population of interest. Any method suitable for identifying surface proteins, for example, can be employed to isolate cells of hematopoietic origin from a heterogeneous population. In some embodiments, a clonal population of cells of hematopoietic origin, such as lymphocytes, is obtained. In some embodiments, the cells of hematopoietic origin are not a clonal population.
- Further, in regard to the various aspects and embodiments of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, a somatic cell can be obtained from any mammalian species, with non-limiting examples including a murine, bovine, simian, porcine, equine, ovine, or human cell. In some embodiments, the somatic cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is from a non-human organism, such as a non-human mammal.
- In general, the methods for making iDCs described herein involve culturing or expanding somatic cells, such as cells of hematopoietic origin, in any culture medium that is available and well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such media include, but are not limited to, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium® (DMEM), DMEM F12 Medium®, Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium®, F-12K Medium®, Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium®, RPMI-1640 Medium®, and serum-free medium for culture and expansion of DCs. Many media are also available as low-glucose formulations, with or without sodium. The medium used with the methods described herein can, in some embodiments, be supplemented with one or more immunostimulatory cytokine. Commonly used growth factors include, but are not limited to, G-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-4, the Flt-3 ligand and the kit ligand. In addition, in preferred embodiments, the immunostimulatory cytokine is selected from the group consisting of the interleukins (e.g., IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20), the interferons (e.g., IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), the Flt-3 ligand and the kit ligand.
- Cells in culture can be maintained either in suspension or attached to a solid support, such as extracellular matrix components or plating on feeder cells, for example. Cells being used in the methods described herein can require additional factors that encourage their attachment to a solid support, in some embodiments, such as type I and type II collagen, chondroitin sulfate, fibronectin, “superfibronectin” and fibronectin-like polymers, gelatin, poly-D and poly-L-lysine, thrombospondin and vitronectin. In some embodiments, the cells are suitable for growth in suspension cultures. Suspension-competent host cells are generally monodisperse or grow in loose aggregates without substantial aggregation. Suspension-competent host cells include cells that are suitable for suspension culture without adaptation or manipulation (e.g., cells of hematopoietic origin, such as lymphoid cells) and cells that have been made suspension-competent by modification or adaptation of attachment-dependent cells (e.g., epithelial cells, fibroblasts).
- In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects described herein, the isolated induced dendritic cells (iDCs) further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for administration to a subject in need.
- Also provided herein, in some aspects, are methods of treating a subject in need of treatment to induce antigen-specific immune responses to eliminate cancer cells or infectious agents using the DC inducing compositions and methods of preparing iDCs described herein, or using the isolated induced dendritic cells (iDCs) and cell clones thereof produced using any of the combinations of DC inducing factors, DC inducing compositions, or methods of preparing iDCs described herein. In such methods of treatment, somatic cells, such as fibroblast cells or hematopoietic lineage cells, can first be isolated from the subject, and the isolated cells transduced or transfected, as described herein with a DC inducing composition comprising expression vectors or synthetic mRNAs, respectively. The isolated induced dendritic cells (iDCs) produced using any of the combinations of DC inducing factors, DC inducing compositions, or methods of preparing iDCs described herein, can then be administered to the subject, such as via systemic injection of the iDCs to the subject.
- Also provided herein, in some aspects, are methods of treating a subject in need of treatment to induce antigen-specific immune responses to eliminate cancer cells or infectious agents using the DC inducing compositions and any of the combinations of DC inducing factors described herein. In such methods of treatment, cancer cells are transduced, as described herein with a DC inducing composition comprising expression vectors. Cancer cells can be first isolated from the subject, transduced with a DC inducing composition comprising expression vectors and then administered to the subject, such as via systemic injection. Alternatively, cancers cells can be transduced in situ or in vivo with DC inducing composition comprising viral expression vectors. The modified cancer cell acquires antigen presentation ability, presenting their tumor antigens to T cells and eliciting cytotoxic responses against themselves.
- The reprogrammed iDCs generated using the compositions, methods, and kits described herein can, in some embodiments of the methods of treatment described herein, be used directly or administered to subjects in need of immunotherapies. Accordingly, various embodiments of the methods described herein involve administration of an effective amount of a iDC or a population of iDCs, generated using any of the compositions, methods, and kits described herein, to an individual or subject in need of a cellular therapy. The cell or population of cells being administered can be an autologous population, or be derived from one or more heterologous sources. Further, such iDCs can be administered in a manner that permits them to migrate to lymph node and activate effector T cells.
- A variety of means for administering cells to subjects are known to those of skill in the art. Such methods can include systemic injection, for example, i.v. injection, or implantation of cells into a target site in a subject. Cells may be inserted into a delivery device which facilitates introduction by injection or implantation into the subject. Such delivery devices can include tubes, e.g., catheters, for injecting cells and fluids into the body of a recipient subject. In one preferred embodiment, the tubes additionally have a needle, e.g., through which the cells can be introduced into the subject at a desired location. The cells can be prepared for delivery in a variety of different forms. For example, the cells can be suspended in a solution or gel or embedded in a support matrix when contained in such a delivery device. Cells can be mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in which the cells remain viable.
- Accordingly, the cells produced by the methods described herein can be used to prepare cells to treat or alleviate several cancers and tumors including, but not limited to, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lymphoma, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, malignant melanoma, ovarian cancer, brain cancer, primary brain carcinoma, head-neck cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, liver cancer, bladder cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, head or neck carcinoma, breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, lung carcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical carcinoma, testicular carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, stomach carcinoma, colon carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, genitourinary carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, myeloma, multiple myeloma, adrenal carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, adrenal cortex carcinoma, malignant pancreatic insulinoma, malignant carcinoid carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, mycosis fungoides, malignant hypercalcemia, cervical hyperplasia, leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, primary macroglobulinemia, and retinoblastoma, and the like.
- In addition to the above, the methods of the invention can be used to prevent or eliminate infection by pathogens known to predispose to certain cancers. Pathogens of particular interest for use in the cancer vaccines provided herein include the hepatitis B virus (hepatocellular carcinoma), hepatitis C virus (heptomas), Epstein Barr virus (EBV) (Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharynx cancer, PTLD in immunosuppressed individuals), HTLVL (adult T cell leukemia), oncogenic human papilloma viruses types 16, 18, 33, 45 (adult cervical cancer), and the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (B cell gastric lymphoma). Other medically relevant microorganisms that may serve as antigens in mammals and more particularly humans are described extensively in the literature, e.g., C. G. A Thomas, Medical Microbiology, Bailliere Tindall, (1983).
- In addition to the above, the methods of the invention can be used for viral infections. Exemplary viral pathogens include, but are not limited to, infectious virus that infect mammals, and more particularly humans. Examples of infectious virus include, but are not limited to: Retroviridae (e.g., human immunodeficiency viruses, such as HIV-I (also referred to as HTLV-III, LAV or HTLV-III/LAV, or HIV-III; and other isolates, such as HIV-LP; Picornaviridae (e.g. polio viruses, hepatitis A virus; enteroviruses, human Coxsackie viruses, rhinoviruses, echoviruses); Calciviridae (e.g. strains that cause gastroenteritis); Togaviridae (e.g. equine encephalitis viruses, rubella viruses); Flaviridae (e.g. dengue viruses, encephalitis viruses, yellow fever viruses); Coronoviridae (e.g. coronaviruses such as the SARS coronavirus); Rhabdoviradae (e.g. vesicular stomatitis viruses, rabies viruses); Filoviridae (e.g. ebola viruses); Paramyxoviridae (e.g. parainfluenza viruses, mumps virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus); Orthomyxoviridae (e.g. influenza viruses); Bungaviridae (e.g. Hantaan viruses, bunga viruses, phleboviruses and Nairo viruses); Arena viridae (hemorrhagic fever viruses); Reoviridae (e.g. reoviruses, orbiviurses and rotaviruses); Bir-naviridae; Hepadnaviridae (Hepatitis B virus); Parvovirida (parvoviruses); Papovaviridae (papilloma viruses, polyoma viruses); Adenoviridae (most adenoviruses); Herpesviridae herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes virus; P. oxyiridae (variola viruses, vaccinia viruses, pox viruses); and Iridoviridae (e.g. African swine fever virus); and unclassified viruses (e.g. the etiological agents of Spongiform encephalopathies, the agent of delta hepatitis (thought to be a defective satellite of hepatitis B virus), the agents of non-A, non-B hepatitis (class I=interaally transmitted; class 2=parenterally transmitted (i.e. Hepatitis C); Norwalk and related viruses, and astro viruses).
- In addition to the above, the methods of the invention can be used to target gram negative and gram positive bacteria in vertebrate animals. Such gram positive bacteria include, but are not limited to Pasteurella sp., Staphylococci sp., and Streptococcus sp. Gram negative bacteria include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and Salmonella sp. Specific examples of infectious bacteria include but are not limited to: Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Legionella pneumophilia, Mycobacteria sp. (e.g. M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. kansaii, M. gordonae), Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus), Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus), Streptococcus (viridans group), Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus (anaerobic sps.), Streptococcus pneumoniae, pathogenic Campylobacter sp., Enterococcus sp., Haemophilus infuenzae, Bacillus antracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium sp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Bacteroides sp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Treponema pallidium, Treponema pertenue, Leptospira, Rickettsia, and Actinomyces israelii.
- In addition to the above, the methods of the invention can be used to target pathogens that include, but are not limited to, infectious fungi and parasites that infect mammals, and more particularly humans. Examples of infectious fungi include, but are not limited to: Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Candida albicans.
- In addition to the above, the methods of the invention can be used to target parasites such as intracellular parasites and obligate intracellular parasites. Examples of parasites include but are not limited to Plasmodium-falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmdodium vivax, Plasmodium knowlesi, Babesia microti, Babesia divergens, Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spiralis, Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania tropica, Trypanosoma gambiense, Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Ascaris lumbricoides, Onchocerca volvulus and Schistosoma mansoni.
- If modified induced dendritic cells can be used to induce a tolerogenic response including the suppression of a future or existing immune response, to one or more target antigens. Thus, induce DCs are useful for treating or preventing an undesirable immune response including, for example, transplant rejection, graft versus host disease, allergies, parasitic diseases, inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. Examples of transplant rejection, which can be treated or prevented in accordance with the present invention, include rejections associated with transplantation of bone marrow and of organs such as heart, liver, pancreas, kidney, lung, eye, skin etc. Examples of allergies include seasonal respiratory allergies; allergy to aeroallergens such as hayfever; allergy treatable by reducing serum IgE and eosinophilia; asthma; eczema; animal allergies, food allergies; latex allergies; dermatitis; or allergies treatable by allergic desensitisation. Autoimmune diseases that can be treated or prevented by the present invention include, for example, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, stiff-man syndrome, thyroiditis, Sydenham chorea, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Examples of inflammatory disease include Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory eye diseases, chronic inflammatory lung diseases and chronic inflammatory liver diseases, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, idiopathic leucopoenia, ulcerative colitis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, irritable bowel syndrome, systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Guillan-Barre syndrome (antiphospholipid syndrome), primary myxoedema, thyrotoxicosis, pernicious anaemia, autoimmune atrophic gastris, Addison's disease, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), Goodpasture's syndrome, Behcet's syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, sympathetic ophthalmia, Hashimoto's disease/hypothyroiditis, celiac disease/dermatitis herpetiformis, and demyelinating disease primary biliary cirrhosis, mixed connective tissue disease, chronic active hepatitis, Graves' disease/hyperthyroiditis, scleroderma, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, diabetic neuropathy and septic shock.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and diluents include saline, aqueous buffer solutions, solvents and/or dispersion media. The use of such carriers and diluents is well known in the art. The solution is preferably sterile and fluid. Preferably, prior to the introduction of cells, the solution is stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi through the use of, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
- It is preferred that the mode of cell administration is relatively non-invasive, for example by intravenous injection, pulmonary delivery through inhalation, topical, or intranasal administration. However, the route of cell administration will depend on the tissue to be treated and may include implantation. Methods for cell delivery are known to those of skill in the art and can be extrapolated by one skilled in the art of medicine for use with the methods and compositions described herein.
- Also provided herein, in some aspects, are kits for making induced dendritic cells (iDCs), the kits comprising any of the DC inducing compositions comprising one or more expression vector components described herein.
- Also provided herein, in some aspects, are kits comprising one or more of the DC inducing factors described herein as components for the methods of making the induced dendritic cells described herein.
- Accordingly, in some aspects, provided herein, are kits for preparing induced dendritic cells comprising the following components: (a) one or more expression vectors encoding at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more DC inducing factors selected from: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1, SEQ. ID. 2), SPIB (SEQ. ID. 3, SEQ. ID. 4), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5, SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7, SEQ. ID. 8), STAT3 (SEQ. ID. 11, SEQ. ID. 12), TCF4 (SEQ. ID. 13, SEQ. ID. 14), IKZF1 (SEQ. ID. 15, SEQ. ID. 16), ID2 (SEQ. ID. 17, SEQ. ID. 18), BCL11A (SEQ. ID. 19, SEQ. ID. 20), RELB (SEQ. ID. 21, SEQ. ID. 22), ZBTB46 (SEQ. ID. 23, SEQ. ID. 24), RUNX3 (SEQ. ID. 25, SEQ: ID. 26), GFI1 (SEQ. ID. 27, SEQ. ID. 28), IRF2 (SEQ. ID. 29, SEQ. ID. 30), NFIL3 (SEQ. ID. 31, SEQ. ID. 32), BCL6 (SEQ. ID. 33, SEQ. ID. 34), L-MYC (SEQ. ID. 35, SEQ. ID. 36), NR4A3 (SEQ. ID. 37, SEQ. ID. 38), and (b) packaging and instructions therefor.
- The kits described herein, in some embodiments, can further provide the synthetic mRNAs or the one or more expression vectors encoding DC inducing factors in an admixture or as separate aliquots.
- In some embodiments, the kits can further comprise an agent to enhance efficiency of reprogramming. In some embodiments, the kits can further comprise one or more antibodies or primer reagents to detect a cell-type specific marker to identify cells induced to the dendritic cell state.
- In some embodiments, the kits can further comprise a buffer. In some such embodiments, the buffer is RNase-free TE buffer at pH 7.0. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a container with cell culture medium.
- All kits described herein can further comprise a buffer, a cell culture medium, a transduction or transfection medium and/or a media supplement. In preferred embodiments, the buffers, cell culture mediums, transfection mediums, and/or media supplements are DNAse and RNase-free. In some embodiments, the synthetic, modified RNAs provided in the kits can be in a non-solution form of specific quantity or mass, e.g., 20 μg, such as a lyophilized powder form, such that the end-user adds a suitable amount of buffer or medium to bring the components to a desired concentration, e.g., 100 ng/μl.
- All kits described herein can further comprise devices to facilitate single-administration or repeated or frequent infusions of the cells generated using the kits components described herein, such as a non-implantable delivery device, e.g., needle, syringe, pen device, or an implantatable delivery device, e.g., a pump, a semi-permanent stent (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracisternal or intracapsular), or a reservoir. In some such embodiments, the delivery device can include a mechanism to dispense a unit dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the iDCs. In some embodiments, the device releases the composition continuously, e.g., by diffusion. In some embodiments, the device can include a sensor that monitors a parameter within a subject. For example, the device can include pump, e.g., and, optionally, associated electronics.
- In an embodiment, induced dendritic cells are made by the hand of man by, e.g., modifying the gene expression of at least one of the factors disclosed herein of a somatic cell, a pluripotent cell, a progenitor cell or a stem cell, or by exposing any one of these cell types to at least one protein or RNA that produces at least one protein as disclosed herein. The cells can further be made by exposing them to small molecules that turn on at least one of the factors disclosed herein. In some aspects at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight factors are used to make the induced dendritic cells.
- In an embodiment, the induced dendritic cells in some aspects of all the embodiments of disclosure, while similar in functional characteristics, differ significantly in their gene expression from the naturally occurring endogenous dendritic cells.
- In an embodiment, the induced dendritic cells as described herein differ from naturally occurring dendritic cells by both their posttranslational modification signatures and their gene expression signatures.
- In an embodiment, the induced dendritic cells as described herein differ from naturally occurring dendritic cells by their ability to growth in vitro as adherent cultures and to survive in culture for more than one month.
- In an embodiment, induced dendritic cell is also defined as comprising a gene expression signature that differs from naturally occurring dendritic cells. One can experimentally show the difference by comparing the gene expression pattern of a naturally occurring dendritic cell to that of the induced dendritic cells. Therefore, in some aspects of all the embodiments of the invention, the induced dendritic cells comprise an expression signature that is about 1-5%, 5-10%, 5-15%, or 5-20% different from the expression signature of about 1-5%, 2-5%, 3-5%, up to 50%, up to 40%, up to 30%, up to 25%, up to 20%, up to 15%, or up to 10% of specific genes. For example, expression levels of DC inducing factor(s), such as PU.1, IRF8, BATF3 and TCF4, in iDCs are higher than in naturally occurring DCs as the DC inducing factors are being overexpressed.
- In an embodiment, mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) were isolated and purified in the following way: Clec9aCre/Cre animals (10) were crossed with Rosa26-stopflox-tdTomato reporter mice (The Jackson Laboratory) to generate double homozygous Clec9aCre/Cre RosatdTomato/tdTomato (C9A-tdTomato) mice. C57BL/6 mice, Rag2 constitutive knock-out (KO)/OT-II random transgenic (Rag2KO/OT-II) mice and Rag2KO/OT-I random transgenic mice were acquired from Charles River and Taconic, respectively (17-19). All animals were housed under controlled temperature (23±2° C.), subject to a fixed 12-h light/dark cycle, with free access to food and water.
- In an embodiment, primary cultures of MEFs were isolated from E13.5 embryos of C9A-tdTomato or C57BL/6 mice (6, 10). Head, fetal liver and all internal organs were removed and the remaining tissue was mechanically dissociated. Dissected tissue was enzymatic digested using 0.12% trypsin/0.1 mM Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution (3 mL per embryo), and incubation at 37° C. for 15 min. Additional 3 mL of same solution per embryo were added, followed by another 15 min incubation period. A single cell suspension was obtained and plated in 0.1% gelatin-coated 10-cm tissue culture dishes in growth media. Cells were grown for 2-3 days until confluence, dissociated with Tryple Express and frozen in Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Before plating for lentiviral transduction, MEFs were sorted to remove residual CD45+ and tdTomato+ cells that could represent cells with hematopoietic potential. MEFs used for screening and in the following experiments were tdTomato-CD45− with a purity of 99.8% and expanded up to 4 passages.
- In an embodiment, HEK293T cells, MEFs and Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDFs, ScienCell) were maintained in growth medium [Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 2 mM L-Glutamine and antibiotics (10 μg/ml Penicillin and Streptomycin)], OP-9 and OP-9-DL1 cell lines were cultured in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) Alpha containing 20% FBS, 1 mM L-Glutamine and penicillin/streptomycin (10 μg/ml). OP-9 and OP-9-DL1 were routinely passaged at 80% confluency. All cells were maintained at 37° C. and 5% (v/v) CO2. All tissue culture reagents were from Thermo Fisher Scientific unless stated otherwise.
- In an embodiment, viral transduction and reprogramming experiments were performed in the following way: C9A-tdTomato MEFs were seeded at a density of 40,000 cells per well on 0.1% gelatin coated 6-well plates. Cells were incubated overnight with a ratio of 1:1 FUW-TetO-TFs and FUW-M2rtTA lentiviral particles in growth media supplemented with 8 μg/mL polybrene. When testing combinations of TFs, equal MOIs of each individual viral particles were applied. Cells were transduced twice in consecutive days and after overnight incubation, media was replaced with fresh growth media. After the second transduction, growth media was supplemented with Doxycycline (1 μg/mL)—
day 0. Media was changed every 2-3 days for the duration of the cultures. Emerging tdTomato+ cells were analyzed 1-15 days post-transduction. When stated, variations of culture conditions were applied, namely RPMI-1640, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml, Sigma), 2-Mercaptoethanol (1×104 μM; 2-ME), L-glutamine (2 μmol/ml), GM-CSF (10 ng/ml, STEMCELL Technologies), IL-4 (20 ng/ml, STEMCELL Technologies) and Flt3I (100 ng/ml, STEMCELL Technologies). - In an embodiment, fluorescent microscopy and immunofluorescence was evaluated in the following way: C9A-driven tdTomato in MEFs and transduced HDFs were visualized directly on 6-well plates under an inverted microscope (Zeiss AxioVert 200M) and images processed with AxioVision and Adobe Photoshop software. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, 1 μg/mL, Sigma) and Phalloidin (50 μg/ml, Sigma) were used to stain nuclei and F-actin, respectively. For time-lapse microscopy fluorescent pictures were acquired after adding Dox every 1 hour for 6 days and 4 hours using an INCELL Analyzer 2200 (GE Healthcare). Movies were generated with Image) software (NIH).
- In an embodiment, flow cytometry analysis was performed in the following way: Transduced C9A-tdTomato MEFs or transduced human fibroblasts were dissociated with TrypLE Express, resuspended in 200
μL PBS 5% FBS and kept at 4° C. prior analysis in BD Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer (BD Biosciences). Sample acquisition was performed with the configuration 3-blue-1-red (533/30 filter in FL1; 585/40 in FL2, 670 LP in FL3 and 675/25 in FL4). tdTomato fluorescence was analyzed in the FL2 channel. For the analysis of CD45 or MHC-II cell surface marker expression, dissociated cells were incubated with APC-Cy7 rat anti-mouse CD45 antibody or Alexa Fluor 647 rat anti-mouse I-A/I-E diluted inPBS 5% FBS at 4° C. for 30 minutes in the presence of rat serum (1/100, GeneTex) to block unspecific binding. Cells were washed withPBS 5% FBS, resuspended inPBS 5% FBS and analyzed in a BD Accuri C6 Flow cytometer. CD45 APC-Cy7 and I-A/I-E Alexa Fluor 647 fluorescence were analyzed in FL4 channel. For the combined analysis of MHCII, CD80 and CD86 cell surface expression, dissociated cells were stained with Alexa Fluor 647 rat anti-mouse I-A/I-E, BV650 rat anti-mouse CD80 and PE-CY7 rat anti-mouse CD86 and analyzed in BD FACSAria III (BD Biosciences). For the analysis of transduced HDFs, dissociated cells were stained with APC mouse anti-human CLEC9A and FITC mouse anti-human HLA-DR. To assess CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and activation after 7 days of co-culture with APCs, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled T cells were incubated with PE rat anti-mouse CD44 and analyzed in BD Accuri C6. Flow cytometry data were analyzed using FlowJo software (FLOWJO, LLC, version 7.6). - In an embodiment, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was performed in the following way: To purify C9A-tdTomato MEFs, cells were incubated at 4° C. for 30 minutes with APC-Cy7 anti-CD45 antibody diluted in
PBS 5% FBS. Subsequently, MEFs were washed withPBS 5% FBS, resuspended inPBS 5% FBS and tdTomato− CD45− MEFs were purified in BD FACSAria III. When described tdTomato+ cells were purified using BD FACSAria III and cultured in the absence or presence of doxycycline. For the isolation of splenic DCs, splenic cells were incubated with Alexa Fluor 647 rat anti-mouse I-A/I-E, FITC rat anti-mouse CD11c and APC-Cy7 rat anti-mouse CD8a. CD11c+MHCII+CD8α+ splenic DCs were purified in BD FACSAria III (BD Biosciences). FACS data was processed in FlowJo software. - In an embodiment, GPSforGenes software was used to calculate the specificity of Pu.1, Irf8 and Batf3 combination for the DC lineage. Gene expression data was downloaded from BioGPS database (GeneAtlas MOE430), transformed to log-space and normalized to bring the expression values to 0-1 range for each gene across different samples. The resulting data was then searched for samples with the highest averaged expression for Pu.1+Irf8+Batf3.
- In an embodiment, Single cell mRNAseq analysis was performed in the following way: Single-end reads were mapped to the mm10 mouse genome (Ensembl annotation, release 89) using Salmon v0.8.1 with k=21. The resulting TPM were imported into R using tximport library and converted into mRNA counts using the Census algorithm implemented in monocle library. Scatter library was used to discard cells and genes that didn't pass quality control threshold. The following QC criteria were used: 1) library size per cell; 2) number of genes detected in each single cell; 3) percentage of counts in mitochondrial genes. From the 192 cells initially profiled, 163 individual cells passed quality control filters and were used for analysis. Custom R scripts were used to perform t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) (Monocle and scatter package), principal component analysis (PCA) (Monocle and scatter package), hierarchical clustering (SC3 package), variance analysis and to construct heat maps, box plots, scatter plots, violin plots, dendrograms, bar graphs, and histograms. Generally, ggplot2, gplots, graphics and pheatmap packages were used to generate data graphs.
- In an embodiment, differential expression analysis was performed using Monocle package, and selecting genes with BH-corrected p-value less than 0.05. The resulting genes were next filtered by variance (genes with variance >=1 across all conditions were selected). Finally, the resulting 6,525 genes were grouped into 4 distinct clusters based on hierarchical clustering.
- In an embodiment, endogenous expression of genes was determined using STAR v2.5.3a with default settings. A window was defined based on −10 kb, start of the gene and end of the gene, +10 kb, which correspond to 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) and used to calculate the number of reads in the UTRs using multicov from bedtools v2.27.0.
- In an embodiment, DC lineage of iDCs was determined by using cDC1 and cDC2 gene signatures from Schlitzer (11). The majority of genes were highly expressed in MEF, and across all our condition. These genes were discarded. Moreover, as sDC cells were purified for the cDC1 markers CD11c, MHC-II and CD8α, genes that were expressed in sDC but at the same time were found in cDC2 signature list were discarded. cDC1/cDC2 gene lists were then used to performed hierarchical clustering. Next, only clusters in which median expression of genes in MEF cells were significantly lower compared to
day 3,day 7 andday 9 were selected. Besides that, for cDC2 gene list, in addition to procedure described above, gene clusters with median expression of genes in sDC cells significantly higher compared today 3,day 7 andday 9 were also discarted. Next, the median of gene expression across each selected gene was calculated from each particular condition. Finally, the median of gene expression across all pre-sorted cDC1 and cDC2 gene signatures defined by Schlitzer and colleagues, was calculated. - In an embodiment, the Monocle package, an algorithm that uses independent component analysis with minimal spanning tree to connect cells along a pseudotemporally ordered path, was used to order cells on a pseudo-time course during MEF to iDC cell reprogramming. Monocle analysis was performed based on cDC1 and cDC2 genes from Schlitzer, 2015 (11) as genes, which define a cell's progress, as this was an alternative approach to prove that
day 9 are cDC1-like cells. The resulting trajectories were visualized using Monocle functions. Since single-cell trajectories included branches, branched expression analysis modeling (BEAM) was used, a special statistical test implemented in Monocle package in order to find differentially expressed genes between the branches. As an alternative approach to Monocle branching algorithm, TSCAN was used, which combines clustering with pseudotime analysis, by building a minimum-spanning tree to connect the clusters. TSCAN, in contrast to Monocle, can use all genes to order the cells. - In an embodiment, gene ontology (biological process, cellular component and KEGG pathway) was performed using Enrichr (amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr/) and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) clustered functional analysis (david.ncifcrf.gov/).
- In an embodiment, microRNA target interaction analysis was performed using miRTarBase 2017, Enrichr website (amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr/).
- In an embodiment, Mouse phenotype analysis was performed using Network2canvas (www.maayanlab.net/N2C/#.WmRvOjLc8yk).
- In an embodiment, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) between all possible conditions and states were performed against C7: immunologic signatures from Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) and NetPath.
- In an embodiment, TF network analysis was computed by pairwise correlation matrix using Pearson correlation. TFs were selected based on DBD: Transcription factor prediction database (http://www.transcriptionfactor.org/) in mouse. As the objective was to investigate the switch between condition from mef to
day day 3;day 3 today 7;day 7 today 9 and included only those TF which have log FC=0.5 for pair of conditions. Next, out of TFs defined based on log FC for 3 pair of conditions TFs were selected with a Pearson correlation of greater than 0.35 with at least five other TFs. Taking into consideration the fact that those results could be obtained by chance, permutations were used in order to determine the probability of TFs passing this threshold by chance. 100 permutations were performed and all of them resulted in 0 TFs that pass this threshold. The function graph.adjacency( ) of igraph R package was used, which took Pearson pairwise correlation matrix for the selected TFs for 3 pair of conditions. - In an embodiment, Methylcelulose clonogenic assays were performed in the fallowing way: PIB-transduced MEFs at
day - In an embodiment, bead incorporation assay was evaluated in the following way: transduced C9A-tdTomato MEF or transduced HDF cultures were incubated with 2.5% yellow-green fluorescent-coupled solid latex beads (carboxylate-modified polystyrene, Sigma) at 1:1000 ratio in growth medium. Sixteen hours later, cells were washed twice in
PBS 5% FBS and analyzed under an inverted microscope. DAPI (1 μg/mL, Sigma) was used for nuclear staining. - In an embodiment, incorporation of labelled ovalbumin was evaluated in the following way: transduced MEFs and human fibroblast cultures were incubated with Alexa647-labelled ovalbumin (Life Technologies) for 20 minutes at 37° C. or 4° C. After washing with
PBS 5% FBS, cells were analysed in BD Accuri C6. - In an embodiment, incorporation of dead cells was evaluated in the following way: HEK293T cells were exposed to ultra-violet (UV) irradiation to induce cell death and labelled with CellVue® Claret Far Red Fluorescent Cell Linker Kit (Sigma), according to manufacturer's instructions. Transduced MEFs were incubated with Far red-labelled dead cells overnight, and analysed in BD Accuri C6.
- In an embodiment, inflammatory cytokine assay was performed in the following way: Levels of the cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were assessed in supernatants of
iDCs cultures 10 days after Dox supplementation. Atday - In an embodiment, splenic DC isolation was evaluated in the following way: Freshly isolated spleens were homogenized using the frosted ends of 2 sterile slides. Cells were harvested in PBS supplemented with 2% FBS and filtered through a 70 μm cell strainers (BD Biosciences). Red blood cells were lysed with BD Pharm Lyse (BD Biosciences) for 8 min at room temperature. MHC-II+CD11c+ DCs were purified by FACS (BD FACSAria III, BD Biosciences) and immediately used for antigen presenting assays.
- In an embodiment, CD4+ T cell isolation and antigen presenting assays was evaluated in the following way: CD4+ T cells from spleen of Rag2KO/OT-11 mice were enriched using Dynabeads Untouched Mouse CD4 Cells Kit (BD Biosciences), according to manufacturer's instructions. Enriched CD4+ T cells were labeled with
CFSE 5 μM at room temperature for 10 min, washed, and counted before cultured with APCs. iDCs cultures atday 8 after the addition of Dox or splenic CD11c+ MHC-II+ DCs cells were incubated with OVA protein (10 μg/mL) or OVA323-339 peptide (10 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of 100 ng/mL of LPS and co-cultured with untouched CFSE-labeled OT-II CD4+ T cells. iDC cultures (20000 cells) or 20000 splenic CD11c+ MHC-II+ DCs were incubated with 20000 CFSE-labeled CD4+ T cells in 96-well round-bottom tissue culture plates. T cell proliferation (dilution of CFSE staining) and activation (CD44 expression) were assessed by flow cytometry after 7 days of co-culture. - In an embodiment, CD8+ T cell isolation and antigen cross-presentation was evaluated in the following way: CD8+ T cells from spleen of Rag2KO/IT-1 mice were enriched using Dynabeads Untouched Mouse CD8 Cells Kit (BD Biosciences), according to manufacturer's instructions. Enriched CD8+ T cells were labelled with
CFSE 5 μM at room temperature for 10 min, washed, and counted before cultured with APCs. iDCs cultures atday 8 after the addition of Dox or splenic CD11c+ MHC-II+ DCs cells were incubated with OVA protein (10 μg/mL) in the presence of 25 μg/mL of polyI:C and co-cultured with untouched CFSE-labelled OT-1 CD8+ T cells. iDC cultures (20000 cells) or 20000 splenic CD11c+ MHC-II+ DCs were incubated with 20000 CFSE-labelled CD8+ T cells in 96-well round-bottom tissue culture plates. T cell proliferation (dilution of CFSE staining) and activation (CD44 expression) were assessed by flow cytometry after 4 days of co-culture. - In an embodiment, hybridoma cross-presentation assays were performed in the fallowing way: PIB-transduced Clec9a-tdTomato MEFs at
day 16 after addition of Dox were dissociated with TrypLE Express, resuspended in growth media and incubated for 4 hours with different concentrations of OVA protein. After being extensively washed, PIB-transduced MEFs (100,000 cells) were co-cultured with 100,000 B3Z cells in 96-well round-bottom tissue culture plates in the presence or absence of 100 ng/mL LPS or 25 μg/mL PIC. After 18 h, cells were lysed in a buffer containing 0.125% Nonidet P-40 (substitute), 9 mM MgCl2, and a colorimetric CPRG β-galactosidase substrate. β-galactosidase activity was measured on MicroPlate Reader as optical density at 590 nm. - In an embodiment, the efficiency of antigen export to the cytosol by Clec9a− tdTomato+ cells were analyzed by cytofluorimetry-based assay. Briefly, PIB-transduced MEFs at
day 16 after addition of Dox were dissociated with TrypLE Express, resuspended in loading buffer and loaded with 1 μM CCF4-AM for 30 min at room temperature. Cells were then washed and incubated with 2 mg/mL β-lactamase at 37° C. for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. To stop the reaction, cells were transferred to ice cold PBS. Immediately before flow cytometry analysis in a BD FACSAriaIII, the cells were stained with Fixable Viability Dye eFluor 780 (eBioscience). The percentage of live Clec9a-tdTomato+ cells with a high blue-to-green (V450/V500) fluorescence ratio was used as a measure of the efficiency of antigen export into the cytosol. - In an embodiment, comparisons among groups were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test with
GraphPad Prism 5 software. P-values are shown when relevant (*p<0.05; **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001). -
TABLE 6 Primary Antibodies Used in the analysis Antibody/ Antigen Specie Clone Conjugate Source CD45 Mouse 30-F11 PE BD Pharmingen CD4 Mouse GK1.5 PE-CY7 eBioscience CD8α Mouse 53-6.7 APC-Cy7 Biolegend CD44 Mouse IM7 PE BD Pharmingen CD103 Mouse 2E7 APC-Cy7 Biolegend MHC Class II Mouse M5/114.15.2 Alexa Fluor 647 BD Pharmingen (I-A/I-E) MHC Class I Mouse AF6-88.5.5.3 FITC eBioscience (H-2Kb) CD80 (B7 1) Mouse 16-101A BV650 BD Horizon CD86 (B7 2) Mouse GL1 PE-CY7 eBioscience CD40 Mouse HM40-3 eFluor450 eBioscience B220 Mouse RA3-6B2 FITC eBioscience CD11b Mouse M1/70 AlexaFluor700 eBioscience CD11c Mouse N418 FITC Biolegend HLA-DR Human L243 FITC Biolegend CLEC9A Human 8F9 APC Biolegend - Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the above description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims.
- Where singular forms of elements or features are used in the specification of the claims, the plural form is also included, and vice versa, if not specifically excluded. For example, the term “a cell” or “the cell” also includes the plural forms “cells” or “the cells,” and vice versa. In the claims articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention also includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
- Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, descriptive terms, etc., from one or more of the claims or from relevant portions of the description is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Furthermore, where the claims recite a composition, it is to be understood that methods of using the composition for any of the purposes disclosed herein are included, and methods of making the composition according to any of the methods of making disclosed herein or other methods known in the art are included, unless otherwise indicated or unless it would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that a contradiction or inconsistency would arise.
- Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, it is to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and/or the understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is also to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and/or the understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values expressed as ranges can assume any subrange within the given range, wherein the endpoints of the subrange are expressed to the same degree of accuracy as the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range.
- In addition, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment of the present invention may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Where ranges are given, any value within the range may explicitly be excluded from any one or more of the claims. Any embodiment, element, feature, application, or aspect of the compositions and/or methods of the invention, can be excluded from any one or more claims. For purposes of brevity, all of the embodiments in which one or more elements, features, purposes, or aspects is excluded are not set forth explicitly herein.
- The above described embodiments are combinable.
- The following claims further set out particular embodiments of the present disclosure.
- All references recited in this document are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference, as if each and every reference had been incorporated by reference individually.
-
- 1. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007; 131(5):861-72. Epub 2007/11/24. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019. PubMed PMID: 18035408.
- 2. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006; 126(4):663-76. Epub 2006/08/15. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024. PubMed PM ID: 16904174.
- 3. Pereira C F, Lemischka I R, Moore K. Reprogramming cell fates: insights from combinatorial approaches. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012; 1266:7-17. Epub 2012/08/21. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06508.x. PubMed PM ID: 22901251.
- 4. Xu J, Du Y, Deng H. Direct lineage reprogramming: strategies, mechanisms, and applications. Cell Stem Cell. 2015; 16(2):119-34. Epub 2015/02/07. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.01.013. PubMed PMID: 25658369.
- 5. Xie H, Ye M, Feng R, Graf T. Stepwise reprogramming of B cells into macrophages. Cell. 2004; 117(5):663-76. Epub 2004/05/28. PubMed PMID: 15163413.
- 6. Pereira C F, Chang B, Qiu J, Niu X, Papatsenko D, Hendry C E, et al. Induction of a hemogenic program in mouse fibroblasts. Cell Stem Cell. 2013; 13(2):205-18. Epub 2013/06/19. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.024. PubMed PMID: 23770078; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3735774.
- 7. Pereira C F, Chang B, Gomes A, Bernitz J, Papatsenko D, Niu X, et al. Hematopoietic Reprogramming In Vitro Informs In Vivo Identification of Hemogenic Precursors to Definitive Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Dev Cell. 2016; 36(5):525-39. Epub 2016/03/10. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.011. PubMed PMID: 26954547; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4785845.
- 8. Datta J, Terhune J H, Lowenfeld L, Cintolo J A, Xu S, Roses R E, et al. Optimizing dendritic cell-based approaches for cancer immunotherapy. Yale J Biol Med. 2014; 87(4):491-518. Epub 2014/12/17. PubMed PMID: 25506283; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4257036.
- 9. Subklewe M, Geiger C, Lichtenegger F S, Javorovic M, Kvalheim G, Schendel D J, et al. New generation dendritic cell vaccine for immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2014; 63(10):1093-103. Epub 2014/09/05. doi: 10.1007/s00262-014-1600-5. PubMed PMID: 25186611.
- 10. Schraml B U, van Blijswijk J, Zelenay S, Whitney P G, Filby A, Acton S E, et al. Genetic tracing via DNGR-1 expression history defines dendritic cells as a hematopoietic lineage. Cell. 2013; 154(4):843-58. Epub 2013/08/21. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.07.014. PubMed PMID: 23953115.
- 11. Schlitzer A, Sivakamasundari V, Chen J, Sumatoh H R, Schreuder J, Lum J, et al. Identification of cDC1- and cDC2-committed DC progenitors reveals early lineage priming at the common DC progenitor stage in the bone marrow. Nat Immunol. 2015; 16(7):718-28. Epub 2015/06/10. doi: 10.1038/ni.3200. PubMed PMID: 26054720.
- 12. Merad M, Sathe P, Helft J, Miller J, Mortha A. The dendritic cell lineage: ontogeny and function of dendritic cells and their subsets in the steady state and the inflamed setting. Annu Rev Immunol. 2013; 31:563-604. Epub 2013/03/23. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-074950. PubMed PMID: 23516985; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3853342.
- 13. Senju S, Hirata S, Matsuyoshi H, Masuda M, Uemura Y, Araki K, et al. Generation and genetic modification of dendritic cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Blood. 2003; 101(9):3501-8. Epub 2002/10/31. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2254. PubMed PMID: 12406878.
- 14. Kitamura N, Yokoyama H, Yashiro T, Nakano N, Nishiyama M, Kanada S, et al. Role of PU.1 in MHC class II expression through transcriptional regulation of class II transactivator pI in dendritic cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 129(3):814-24 e6. Epub 2011/11/25. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.019. PubMed PMID: 22112519.
- 15. Smith M A, Wright G, Wu J, Tailor P, Ozato K, Chen X, et al. Positive regulatory domain I (PRDM1) and IRF8/PU.1 counter-regulate MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) expression during dendritic cell maturation. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286(10):7893-904. Epub 2011/01/11. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.165431. PubMed PMID: 21216962; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3048676.
- 16. Reith W, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Waldburger J M. Regulation of MHC class II gene expression by the class II transactivator. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005; 5(10):793-806. Epub 2005/10/04. doi: 10.1038/nri1708. PubMed PM ID: 16200082.
- 17. van der Stoep N, Quinten E, Marcondes Rezende M, van den Elsen Pt E47, IRF-4, and PU.1 synergize to induce B-cell-specific activation of the class II transactivator promoter III (CIITA-PIII). Blood. 2004; 104(9):2849-57. Epub 2004/07/10. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-0790. PubMed PMID: 15242870.
- 18. Shinkai Y, Rathbun G, Lam K P, Oltz E M, Stewart V, Mendelsohn M, et al. RAG-2-deficient mice lack mature lymphocytes owing to inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement. Cell. 1992; 68(5):855-67. Epub 1992/03/06. PubMed PMID: 1547487.
- 19. Hogquist K A, Jameson S C, Heath W R, Howard J L, Bevan M J, Carbone F R. T cell receptor antagonist peptides induce positive selection. Cell. 1994; 76(1):17-27. Epub 1994/01/14. PubMed PM ID: 8287475.
- 20. J. Helft et al., GM-CSF Mouse Bone Marrow Cultures Comprise a Heterogeneous Population of CD11c(+)MHCII(+) Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Immunity 42, 1197 (Jun. 16, 2015).
- 21. G. E. Grajales-Reyes et al., Batf3 maintains autoactivation of Irf8 for commitment of a CD8alpha(+) conventional DC clonogenic progenitor.
Nat Immunol 16, 708 (July, 2015). - 22. B. T. Edelson et al., Peripheral CD103<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells form a unified subset developmentally related to CD8α<sup>+</sup> conventional dendritic cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 207, 823 (2010).
- 23. K. S. Kobayashi, P. J. van den Elsen, NLRC5: a key regulator of MHC class I-dependent immune responses.
Nat Rev Immunol 12, 813 (12//print, 2012). - 24. M. Bretou et al., Lysosome signaling controls the migration of dendritic cells. Science Immunology, (2017).
- 25. S. M. Han et al., TCF4-Targeting miR-124 is Differentially Expressed amongst Dendritic Cell Subsets.
Immune Network 16, 61 (2016). - 26. I. Dunand-Sauthier et al., Silencing of c-Fos expression by microRNA-155 is critical for dendritic cell maturation and function. Blood 117, 4490 (2011).
- 27. O. Schulz, C. Reis e Sousa, Cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by CD8alpha+ dendritic cells is attributable to their ability to internalize dead cells. Immunology 107, 183 (2002).
- 28. L. Delamarre, H. Holcombe, I. Mellman, Presentation of Exogenous Antigens on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and MHC Class II Molecules Is Differentially Regulated during Dendritic Cell Maturation. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 198, 111 (2003).
Claims (17)
1.-49. (canceled)
50. A construct or vector comprising a combination of at least two polynucleotide sequences encoding at least two transcription factors selected from the group consisting of: BATF3, IRF8 and PU.1.
51. The construct or vector according to claim 50 , wherein the at least two transcription factors are encoded by a sequence at least 90% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of:
i. SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2 (BATF3),
ii. SEQ. ID. 5 or SEQ. ID. 6 (IRF8), and
iii. SEQ. ID. 7 or SEQ. ID. 8 (PU.1).
52. The construct or vector according to claim 50 , wherein the at least two transcription factors are encoded by a sequence at least 95%, identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of:
i. SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2 (BATF3),
ii. SEQ. ID. 5 or SEQ. ID. 6 (IRF8), and
iii. SEQ. ID. 7 or SEQ. ID. 8 (PU.1).
53. The construct or vector according to claim 50 , wherein the at least two transcription factors are BATF3 and PU.1, or IRF8 and PU.1.
54. The construct or vector according to claim 50 , wherein the construct comprises at least three transcription factors, wherein said three transcription factors are in the following sequential order from 5′ to 3′:
PU.1, IRF8, BATF3; or
IRF8, PU.1, BATF3.
55. The construct or vector according to claim 50 , wherein the vector is a viral vector.
56. The construct or vector according to claim 55 , wherein the viral vector is selected from the group consisting of: lentiviral, adeno-associated viral, adenoviral, retroviral, herpes viral, and pox viral vector.
57. The construct or vector according to claim 50 , wherein the transcription factors sequences are operably linked to a promoter region capable of controlling the transcription of said transcription factors.
58. The construct or vector according to claim 57 , wherein the promoter region comprises the tetracycline operator and a minimal cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter or the constitutively active human ubiquitin C promoter (UbC).
59. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination of at least two isolated transcription factors encoded by a sequence at least 90% identical to a sequence selected from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5 or SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7 or SEQ. ID. 8), and mixtures thereof, and
one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or carriers.
60. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 59 comprising a combination of at least two isolated transcription factors encoded by a sequence at least 95% identical to a sequence from a list consisting of selected from a list consisting of: BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5 or SEQ. ID. 6), PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7 or SEQ. ID. 8), and mixtures thereof.
61. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 59 wherein the combination of isolated transcription factors is selected from the following encoded combinations:
BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5 or SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7 or SEQ. ID. 8); or BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2) and IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5 or SEQ. ID. 6); or IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5 or SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7 or SEQ. ID. 8); or BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7 or SEQ. ID. 8).
62. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 59 , wherein the combination of isolated transcription factors is the encoded combination of BATF3 (SEQ. ID. 1 or SEQ. ID. 2), IRF8 (SEQ. ID. 5 or SEQ. ID. 6) and PU.1 (SEQ. ID. 7 or SEQ. ID. 8).
63. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 59 , further comprising at least one polynucleotide encoding an agent selected from the group consisting of: IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, TNF, TGF-β, G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, Flt-3 ligand, kit ligand, and mixtures thereof.
64. A method of treatment of cancer, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof the construct or vector according to claim 50 .
65. The method of treatment according to claim 64 , wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: benign tumor, malignant tumor, early cancer, basal cell carcinoma, cervical dysplasia, soft tissue sarcoma, germ cell tumor, retinoblastoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, blood cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, cervix cancer, uterus cancer, vaginal cancer, breast cancer, naso-pharynx cancer, trachea cancer, larynx cancer, bronchi cancer, bronchioles cancer, lung cancer, hollow organs cancer, esophagus cancer, stomach cancer, bile duct cancer, intestine cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, rectum cancer, bladder cancer, ureter cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, gall bladder cancer, spleen cancer, brain cancer, lymphatic system cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, skin cancer, and myeloma.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17/729,681 US20220325244A1 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2022-04-26 | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PT110012 | 2017-04-05 | ||
PT11001217 | 2017-04-05 | ||
EP17171166.6 | 2017-05-15 | ||
EP17171166.6A EP3385373A1 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2017-05-15 | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof |
PT110263 | 2017-08-24 | ||
PT11026317 | 2017-08-24 | ||
PT11026717 | 2017-08-25 | ||
PT110267 | 2017-08-25 | ||
PCT/IB2018/052378 WO2018185709A1 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2018-04-05 | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof |
US201916342803A | 2019-04-17 | 2019-04-17 | |
US17/729,681 US20220325244A1 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2022-04-26 | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/342,803 Continuation US11345891B2 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2018-04-05 | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof |
PCT/IB2018/052378 Continuation WO2018185709A1 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2018-04-05 | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20220325244A1 true US20220325244A1 (en) | 2022-10-13 |
Family
ID=63712920
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/342,803 Active 2038-11-22 US11345891B2 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2018-04-05 | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof |
US17/729,681 Pending US20220325244A1 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2022-04-26 | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/342,803 Active 2038-11-22 US11345891B2 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2018-04-05 | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US11345891B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3607055A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP7303743B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN110088272B (en) |
CA (1) | CA3040626A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL266131A (en) |
SG (1) | SG11201903353WA (en) |
WO (1) | WO2018185709A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2020239807A1 (en) * | 2019-05-27 | 2020-12-03 | Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster | Rapid and deterministic generation of microglia from human pluripotent stem cells |
EP4041869A1 (en) * | 2019-10-10 | 2022-08-17 | Asgard Therapeutics AB | Composition for reprogramming cells into plasmacytoid dendritic cells or interferon type i-producing cells, methods and uses thereof |
WO2021087234A1 (en) * | 2019-11-01 | 2021-05-06 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Lineage reprogramming as a cancer immunotherapy |
EP4065697A1 (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2022-10-05 | Asgard Therapeutics AB | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells type 2 competent for antigen presentation, methods and uses thereof |
CA3161103A1 (en) * | 2019-12-16 | 2021-06-24 | Carl Deselm | Chimeric antigen receptor dendritic cells (car-dcs) and methods of making and using same |
EP4081634A4 (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2024-01-24 | University of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated | Immunotherapy for direct reprogramming of cancer cells into immune cells/antigen presenting cells/dendritic cells |
WO2022170026A1 (en) * | 2021-02-05 | 2022-08-11 | Duke University | Methods to detect and treat a fungal infection |
IL308291A (en) * | 2021-05-19 | 2024-01-01 | Asgard Therapeutics Ab | Reprogramming of cells to type 1 conventional dendritic cells or antigen-presenting cells |
CN114252611B (en) * | 2021-12-07 | 2022-09-27 | 暨南大学附属第一医院(广州华侨医院) | Method for screening potential biomarkers of prostate cancer and application thereof |
CN114324126B (en) * | 2022-01-07 | 2024-03-19 | 南京鼓楼医院 | Method for changing early B cell differentiation |
WO2023176806A1 (en) * | 2022-03-18 | 2023-09-21 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | Method for reprogramming fibroblast or fibroblast-like cell to conventional type-2 dendritic cell |
Family Cites Families (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0746994B2 (en) | 1984-10-04 | 1995-05-24 | 味の素株式会社 | Method for producing L-amino acid by fermentation method |
US4690915A (en) | 1985-08-08 | 1987-09-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Adoptive immunotherapy as a treatment modality in humans |
US5219740A (en) | 1987-02-13 | 1993-06-15 | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center | Retroviral gene transfer into diploid fibroblasts for gene therapy |
CA2058820C (en) | 1991-04-25 | 2003-07-15 | Kotikanyad Sreekrishna | Expression cassettes and vectors for the secretion of human serum albumin in pichia pastoris cells |
JPH07501450A (en) | 1991-11-29 | 1995-02-16 | モンサント カンパニー | Cyclic diguanylate metabolizing enzyme |
DE4228457A1 (en) | 1992-08-27 | 1994-04-28 | Beiersdorf Ag | Production of heterodimeric PDGF-AB using a bicistronic vector system in mammalian cells |
EP0672161B1 (en) | 1992-11-05 | 1999-09-22 | Xyrofin Oy | Recombinant method and host for manufacture of xylitol |
FR2722208B1 (en) | 1994-07-05 | 1996-10-04 | Inst Nat Sante Rech Med | NEW INTERNAL RIBOSOME ENTRY SITE, VECTOR CONTAINING SAME AND THERAPEUTIC USE |
CN1124340C (en) | 1994-08-30 | 2003-10-15 | 味之素株式会社 | Process for producing L-valine and L-leucine |
JP3966583B2 (en) | 1997-06-23 | 2007-08-29 | 協和醗酵工業株式会社 | Method for producing L-amino acid by fermentation |
US8148129B2 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2012-04-03 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Generation of potent dominant negative transcriptional inhibitors |
WO2008124133A1 (en) * | 2007-04-07 | 2008-10-16 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Reprogramming of somatic cells |
US20120142094A1 (en) * | 2009-04-08 | 2012-06-07 | Ld Biopharma, Inc. | Generating ips cells by protein transduction of recombinant potency-determining factors |
EP3072961A1 (en) | 2010-04-16 | 2016-09-28 | Children's Medical Center Corporation | Sustained polypeptide expression from synthetic, modified rnas and uses thereof |
EP3578205A1 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2019-12-11 | ModernaTX, Inc. | A pharmaceutical formulation comprising engineered nucleic acids and medical use thereof |
US9228204B2 (en) * | 2011-02-14 | 2016-01-05 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Constructs for making induced pluripotent stem cells |
AU2012236099A1 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2013-10-03 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids |
US20140378537A1 (en) | 2011-09-09 | 2014-12-25 | Genentech, Inc. | Treatment of th17 mediated inflammatory diseases |
US9540612B2 (en) * | 2012-01-30 | 2017-01-10 | Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai | Methods for programming differentiated cells into hematopoietic stem cells |
US9828582B2 (en) | 2013-03-19 | 2017-11-28 | Duke University | Compositions and methods for the induction and tuning of gene expression |
AU2014274840B2 (en) | 2013-06-05 | 2020-03-12 | Duke University | RNA-guided gene editing and gene regulation |
WO2016120651A1 (en) * | 2015-01-30 | 2016-08-04 | Debreceni Egyetem | Runx3 dependent enhanced dendritic cell generation |
WO2021087234A1 (en) | 2019-11-01 | 2021-05-06 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Lineage reprogramming as a cancer immunotherapy |
-
2018
- 2018-04-05 US US16/342,803 patent/US11345891B2/en active Active
- 2018-04-05 SG SG11201903353WA patent/SG11201903353WA/en unknown
- 2018-04-05 WO PCT/IB2018/052378 patent/WO2018185709A1/en unknown
- 2018-04-05 EP EP18723960.3A patent/EP3607055A1/en active Pending
- 2018-04-05 CN CN201880005047.3A patent/CN110088272B/en active Active
- 2018-04-05 JP JP2019524083A patent/JP7303743B2/en active Active
- 2018-04-05 CA CA3040626A patent/CA3040626A1/en active Pending
-
2019
- 2019-04-18 IL IL266131A patent/IL266131A/en unknown
-
2022
- 2022-04-26 US US17/729,681 patent/US20220325244A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IL266131A (en) | 2019-06-30 |
US20200017832A1 (en) | 2020-01-16 |
US11345891B2 (en) | 2022-05-31 |
EP3607055A1 (en) | 2020-02-12 |
CN110088272A (en) | 2019-08-02 |
CA3040626A1 (en) | 2018-10-11 |
SG11201903353WA (en) | 2019-05-30 |
WO2018185709A1 (en) | 2018-10-11 |
JP7303743B2 (en) | 2023-07-05 |
CN110088272B (en) | 2023-08-04 |
WO2018185709A9 (en) | 2019-08-22 |
JP2020513191A (en) | 2020-05-07 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20220325244A1 (en) | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof | |
US20220062398A1 (en) | Long chain antigen containing interepitope sequence that promotes antigen presentation to t cells | |
Fuertes Marraco et al. | Novel murine dendritic cell lines: a powerful auxiliary tool for dendritic cell research | |
JP2022065022A (en) | Methods for generating engineered human primary blood dendritic cell lines | |
JP2018531022A6 (en) | Methods for generating modified human primary blood dendritic cell lines | |
CA3200061A1 (en) | Antigen specific t cells and methods of making and using same | |
EP3385373A1 (en) | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells, methods and uses thereof | |
IL292894B2 (en) | Compositions for reprogramming cells into dendritic cells type 2 competent for antigen presentation, methods and uses thereof | |
Pigni et al. | Establishment and characterization of a functionally competent type 2 conventional dendritic cell line | |
US20240052312A1 (en) | Composition for reprogramming cells into plasmacytoid dendritic cells or interferon type i-producing cells, methods and uses thereof | |
Takacs et al. | Immunogenic dendritic cell generation from pluripotent stem cells by ectopic expression of Runx3 | |
US20220193211A1 (en) | Overexpression of immunoproteasome in host cells for generating antigen-presenting cells | |
Guo et al. | Adenovirus co-expressing CD40 ligand and interleukin (IL)-2 contributes to maturation of dendritic cells and production of IL-12 | |
Dobson | Rapid Expansion of NK cells for Cancer Immunotherapy | |
Kirkling | Notch signaling facilitates in vitro generation of cross-presenting | |
Ferreira | Developmental origin of central memory CD8+ T cells | |
CA3218112A1 (en) | Reprogramming of cells to type 1 conventional dendritic cells or antigen-presenting cells | |
CN117580947A (en) | Reprogramming cells to type 1 classical dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells | |
Snook | The Role of the T Cell Receptor in Determining CD4+ Differentiation and CD8+ Anti-Tumor Activity | |
Vormehr | Mutated neo-antigens as targets for individualized cancer immunotherapy | |
See | Identification and characterisation of novel human dendritic cell progenitors | |
Knippertz | Genetic and physical modification of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells in order to improve vaccination protocols |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION |