US20220290123A1 - Method for purifying rna - Google Patents
Method for purifying rna Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20220290123A1 US20220290123A1 US17/668,322 US202217668322A US2022290123A1 US 20220290123 A1 US20220290123 A1 US 20220290123A1 US 202217668322 A US202217668322 A US 202217668322A US 2022290123 A1 US2022290123 A1 US 2022290123A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- rna
- buffer
- support material
- equilibration buffer
- washing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 115
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 238000004191 hydrophobic interaction chromatography Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 146
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 122
- 239000006167 equilibration buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 91
- 239000011534 wash buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 67
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 claims description 61
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000004007 reversed phase HPLC Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- ZNJHFNUEQDVFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+].OCCN1CCN(CCS(O)(=O)=O)CC1 ZNJHFNUEQDVFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000012149 elution buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-] QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 108010053770 Deoxyribonucleases Proteins 0.000 claims description 14
- 102000016911 Deoxyribonucleases Human genes 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 claims description 11
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 claims description 11
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 254
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 description 71
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 46
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 33
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 31
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 28
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 24
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 24
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 23
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 22
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 22
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 21
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 21
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 19
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- -1 nucleoside triphosphate Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- ATHGHQPFGPMSJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N spermidine Chemical compound NCCCCNCCCN ATHGHQPFGPMSJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000013612 plasmid Substances 0.000 description 16
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000013614 RNA sample Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 14
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 14
- 239000001226 triphosphate Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000005526 G1 to G0 transition Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 12
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 108090000626 DNA-directed RNA polymerases Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 102000004163 DNA-directed RNA polymerases Human genes 0.000 description 9
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 108091028043 Nucleic acid sequence Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 239000012928 buffer substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000003835 nucleoside group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 9
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229940063673 spermidine Drugs 0.000 description 9
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 8
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 8
- JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OCC[NH+]1CCN(CCS([O-])(=O)=O)CC1 JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- VKIGAWAEXPTIOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxyhexanenitrile Chemical compound CCCCC(O)C#N VKIGAWAEXPTIOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 239000002777 nucleoside Substances 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ISAKRJDGNUQOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uracil Chemical compound O=C1C=CNC(=O)N1 ISAKRJDGNUQOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 6
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 102000053602 DNA Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 238000005571 anion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 229920003053 polystyrene-divinylbenzene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229940096913 pseudoisocytidine Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 108091008146 restriction endonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000011178 triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- QXDXBKZJFLRLCM-UAKXSSHOSA-N 5-hydroxyuridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(O)=C1 QXDXBKZJFLRLCM-UAKXSSHOSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 108091028075 Circular RNA Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000007995 HEPES buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 101710137500 T7 RNA polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000008351 acetate buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cytosine Chemical compound NC=1C=CNC(=O)N=1 OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanine Chemical compound O=C1NC(N)=NC2=C1N=CN2 UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004055 small Interfering RNA Substances 0.000 description 4
- JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromide Chemical compound [Na+].[Br-] JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 4
- MPDKOGQMQLSNOF-GBNDHIKLSA-N 2-amino-5-[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1h-pyrimidin-6-one Chemical compound O=C1NC(N)=NC=C1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 MPDKOGQMQLSNOF-GBNDHIKLSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000936 Agarose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N D-ribofuranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-O Htris Chemical compound OCC([NH3+])(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102000009609 Pyrophosphatases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010009413 Pyrophosphatases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000006382 Ribonucleases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010083644 Ribonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N Ribose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000246 agarose gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 3
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-D-Furanose-Ribose Natural products OCC1OC(O)C(O)C1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012148 binding buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002415 sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940035893 uracil Drugs 0.000 description 3
- GFYLSDSUCHVORB-IOSLPCCCSA-N 1-methyladenosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=N)N(C)C=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GFYLSDSUCHVORB-IOSLPCCCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UVBYMVOUBXYSFV-XUTVFYLZSA-N 1-methylpseudouridine Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)N(C)C=C1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 UVBYMVOUBXYSFV-XUTVFYLZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JRYMOPZHXMVHTA-DAGMQNCNSA-N 2-amino-7-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1h-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one Chemical compound C1=CC=2C(=O)NC(N)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O JRYMOPZHXMVHTA-DAGMQNCNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RHFUOMFWUGWKKO-XVFCMESISA-N 2-thiocytidine Chemical compound S=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 RHFUOMFWUGWKKO-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 2
- GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzohydrazide Chemical compound COCCOC1=CC=CC(C(=O)NN)=C1 GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEHVGBZKEYRQSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-deaza-adenine Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1C=CN2 PEHVGBZKEYRQSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCGHYQLFMPXSDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-methyladenine Chemical compound C1=NC(N)=C2N(C)C=NC2=N1 HCGHYQLFMPXSDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCAJQHYUCKICQH-VPENINKCSA-N 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine Chemical compound C1=2NC(N)=NC(=O)C=2NC(=O)N1[C@H]1C[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 HCAJQHYUCKICQH-VPENINKCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930024421 Adenine Natural products 0.000 description 2
- GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adenine Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2 GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000002109 Argyria Diseases 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DWRXFEITVBNRMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Beta-D-1-Arabinofuranosylthymine Natural products O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 DWRXFEITVBNRMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108091033409 CRISPR Proteins 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGQMRVRMYYASKQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N Inosine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(O)=C2N=C1 UGQMRVRMYYASKQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930010555 Inosine Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 108091027974 Mature messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108700011259 MicroRNAs Proteins 0.000 description 2
- SLEHROROQDYRAW-KQYNXXCUSA-N N(2)-methylguanosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)NC(NC)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O SLEHROROQDYRAW-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQAYFKKCNSOZKM-IOSLPCCCSA-N N(6)-methyladenosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(NC)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O VQAYFKKCNSOZKM-IOSLPCCCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQAYFKKCNSOZKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N NSC 29409 Natural products C1=NC=2C(NC)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O VQAYFKKCNSOZKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108700026244 Open Reading Frames Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091007412 Piwi-interacting RNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010065868 RNA polymerase SP6 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000039471 Small Nuclear RNA Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020003224 Small Nucleolar RNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000042773 Small Nucleolar RNA Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020004459 Small interfering RNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-XLPZGREQSA-N Thymidine Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C1 IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-XLPZGREQSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108020004566 Transfer RNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- DJJCXFVJDGTHFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uridinemonophosphate Natural products OC1C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)OC1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 DJJCXFVJDGTHFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FHHZHGZBHYYWTG-INFSMZHSSA-N [(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(2-amino-7-methyl-6-oxo-3h-purin-9-ium-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl [[[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3h-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphate Chemical compound N1C(N)=NC(=O)C2=C1[N+]([C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]3[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O3)N3C4=C(C(N=C(N)N4)=O)N=C3)O)O1)O)=CN2C FHHZHGZBHYYWTG-INFSMZHSSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MZVQCMJNVPIDEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [CH2]CN(CC)CC Chemical group [CH2]CN(CC)CC MZVQCMJNVPIDEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DBFUQOZREOHGAV-UAKXSSHOSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(4-amino-5-bromo-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound C1=C(Br)C(N)=NC(=O)N1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O1 DBFUQOZREOHGAV-UAKXSSHOSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YIJVOACVHQZMKI-JXOAFFINSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(4-amino-5-methyl-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C(C)=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O1 YIJVOACVHQZMKI-JXOAFFINSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEWJOCYCKIZKKV-GBNDHIKLSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1h-pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O[C@H]1C1=CNC(=O)NC1=O VEWJOCYCKIZKKV-GBNDHIKLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229960000643 adenine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000003282 alkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001769 aryl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 108010028263 bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001914 chlorine tetroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009295 crossflow filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- IERHLVCPSMICTF-XVFCMESISA-N cytidine 5'-monophosphate Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(O)=O)O1 IERHLVCPSMICTF-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 2
- IERHLVCPSMICTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cytidine monophosphate Natural products O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)O1 IERHLVCPSMICTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940104302 cytosine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004986 diarylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005240 diheteroarylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- ZPTBLXKRQACLCR-XVFCMESISA-N dihydrouridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)CC1 ZPTBLXKRQACLCR-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011180 diphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004401 flow injection analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003055 glycidyl group Chemical group C(C1CO1)* 0.000 description 2
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycine betaine Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RQFCJASXJCIDSX-UUOKFMHZSA-N guanosine 5'-monophosphate Chemical compound C1=2NC(N)=NC(=O)C=2N=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O RQFCJASXJCIDSX-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013928 guanylic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005241 heteroarylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002013 hydrophilic interaction chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003308 immunostimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960003786 inosine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000002679 microRNA Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000003470 mitochondria Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003833 nucleoside derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- PTMHPRAIXMAOOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoramidic acid Chemical class NP(O)(O)=O PTMHPRAIXMAOOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229940068917 polyethylene glycols Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 2
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002342 ribonucleoside Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108020004418 ribosomal RNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- DWRXFEITVBNRMK-JXOAFFINSA-N ribothymidine Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 DWRXFEITVBNRMK-JXOAFFINSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RHFUOMFWUGWKKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N s2C Natural products S=C1N=C(N)C=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 RHFUOMFWUGWKKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108091029842 small nuclear ribonucleic acid Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940045145 uridine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- DJJCXFVJDGTHFX-XVFCMESISA-N uridine 5'-monophosphate Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(O)=O)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 DJJCXFVJDGTHFX-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YZSZLBRBVWAXFW-LNYQSQCFSA-N (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(2-amino-6-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3H-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound COC1(O)NC(N)=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O YZSZLBRBVWAXFW-LNYQSQCFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRBSRWVXPGHGGK-LNYQSQCFSA-N (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(2-amino-6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3H-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound CC1(O)NC(N)=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O IRBSRWVXPGHGGK-LNYQSQCFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KYJLJOJCMUFWDY-UUOKFMHZSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r)-2-(6-amino-8-azidopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound [N-]=[N+]=NC1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O KYJLJOJCMUFWDY-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYUOTPIQBPUQQU-CKTDUXNWSA-N (2s,3r)-2-amino-n-[[9-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-methylsulfanylpurin-6-yl]carbamoyl]-3-hydroxybutanamide Chemical compound C12=NC(SC)=NC(NC(=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)[C@@H](C)O)=C2N=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O MYUOTPIQBPUQQU-CKTDUXNWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000040650 (ribonucleotides)n+m Human genes 0.000 description 1
- CHRJZRDFSQHIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C CHRJZRDFSQHIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYTVCAGSWWRUII-DWJKKKFUSA-N 1-Methyl-1-deazapseudouridine Chemical compound CC1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O OYTVCAGSWWRUII-DWJKKKFUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIXBUOXRHTZHKR-XUTVFYLZSA-N 1-Methylpseudoisocytidine Chemical compound CN1C=C(C(=O)N=C1N)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O MIXBUOXRHTZHKR-XUTVFYLZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KYEKLQMDNZPEFU-KVTDHHQDSA-N 1-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)N=C1 KYEKLQMDNZPEFU-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UTQUILVPBZEHTK-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 1-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1N(C)C(=O)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 UTQUILVPBZEHTK-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKSLVDIXBGWPIS-UAKXSSHOSA-N 1-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-iodopyrimidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(I)=C1 RKSLVDIXBGWPIS-UAKXSSHOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLOCVMVCRJOTTM-TURQNECASA-N 1-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-prop-1-ynylpyrimidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C#CC)=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 QLOCVMVCRJOTTM-TURQNECASA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUNOEKASBVILNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine Chemical compound CC(C=C1C(C2O)OC(CO)C2O)=C(N)NC1=O GUNOEKASBVILNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UTAIYTHAJQNQDW-KQYNXXCUSA-N 1-methylguanosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)N(C)C(N)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O UTAIYTHAJQNQDW-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WJNGQIYEQLPJMN-IOSLPCCCSA-N 1-methylinosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)N(C)C=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WJNGQIYEQLPJMN-IOSLPCCCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UVBYMVOUBXYSFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylpseudouridine Natural products O=C1NC(=O)N(C)C=C1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 UVBYMVOUBXYSFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNIOWJUQPMKCIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(benzylamino)ethanol Chemical compound OCCNCC1=CC=CC=C1 XNIOWJUQPMKCIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCNGYIGHEUKAHK-DWJKKKFUSA-N 2-Thio-1-methyl-1-deazapseudouridine Chemical compound CC1C=C(C(=O)NC1=S)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O JCNGYIGHEUKAHK-DWJKKKFUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWXIOHYALLRNSZ-JWMKEVCDSA-N 2-Thiodihydropseudouridine Chemical compound C1C(C(=O)NC(=S)N1)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O CWXIOHYALLRNSZ-JWMKEVCDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NUBJGTNGKODGGX-YYNOVJQHSA-N 2-[5-[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl]acetic acid Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1C1=CN(CC(O)=O)C(=O)NC1=O NUBJGTNGKODGGX-YYNOVJQHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJKJOPUEUOTEBX-TURQNECASA-N 2-[[1-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-5-yl]methylamino]ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(CNCCS(O)(=O)=O)=C1 VJKJOPUEUOTEBX-TURQNECASA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCKIHCRZXREOJU-KYXWUPHJSA-N 2-[[5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl]methylamino]ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound C(NCCS(=O)(=O)O)N1C=C([C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)C(NC1=O)=O LCKIHCRZXREOJU-KYXWUPHJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTDJAMXESTUWLO-UUOKFMHZSA-N 2-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxolanyl]-3H-purine-6-thione Chemical compound C12=NC(N)=NC(S)=C2N=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O OTDJAMXESTUWLO-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HPKQEMIXSLRGJU-UUOKFMHZSA-N 2-amino-9-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-7-methyl-3h-purine-6,8-dione Chemical compound O=C1N(C)C(C(NC(N)=N2)=O)=C2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O HPKQEMIXSLRGJU-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PBFLIOAJBULBHI-JJNLEZRASA-N 2-amino-n-[[9-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]purin-6-yl]carbamoyl]acetamide Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(NC(=O)NC(=O)CN)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O PBFLIOAJBULBHI-JJNLEZRASA-N 0.000 description 1
- MWBWWFOAEOYUST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminopurine Chemical compound NC1=NC=C2N=CNC2=N1 MWBWWFOAEOYUST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RLZMYTZDQAVNIN-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine Chemical compound COC1=NC(=S)C=CN1[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O RLZMYTZDQAVNIN-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCPQCJVQJKOKMS-VLSMUFELSA-N 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine Chemical compound CC(C(N)=N1)=CN([C@@H]([C@@H]2O)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]2O)C1OC QCPQCJVQJKOKMS-VLSMUFELSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TUDKBZAMOFJOSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-7h-purin-6-amine Chemical compound COC1=NC(N)=C2NC=NC2=N1 TUDKBZAMOFJOSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STISOQJGVFEOFJ-MEVVYUPBSA-N 2-methoxy-cytidine Chemical compound COC(N([C@@H]([C@@H]1O)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O)C=C1)N=C1N STISOQJGVFEOFJ-MEVVYUPBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBVPJIKOWUQTSD-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 2-methoxyuridine Chemical compound COC1=NC(=O)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 WBVPJIKOWUQTSD-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXGXEFXCWDTSQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylsulfanyl-7h-purin-6-amine Chemical compound CSC1=NC(N)=C2NC=NC2=N1 FXGXEFXCWDTSQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEWSGVMSLPHELX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine Chemical compound C12=NC(SC)=NC(NCC=C(C)CO)=C2N=CN1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O QEWSGVMSLPHELX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUMHLCXWYQVTLL-KVTDHHQDSA-N 2-thio-5-aza-uridine Chemical compound [C@@H]1([C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)N1C(=S)NC(=O)N=C1 JUMHLCXWYQVTLL-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VRVXMIJPUBNPGH-XVFCMESISA-N 2-thio-dihydrouridine Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1CCC(=O)NC1=S VRVXMIJPUBNPGH-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVGONGHIVBJXFC-WCTZXXKLSA-N 2-thio-zebularine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=S)N=CC=C1 ZVGONGHIVBJXFC-WCTZXXKLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJTBSTBJLVYKAU-XVFCMESISA-N 2-thiouridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=S)NC(=O)C=C1 GJTBSTBJLVYKAU-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020005345 3' Untranslated Regions Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RDPUKVRQKWBSPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Methylcytidine Natural products O=C1N(C)C(=N)C=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 RDPUKVRQKWBSPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UTQUILVPBZEHTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Methyluridine Natural products O=C1N(C)C(=O)C=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 UTQUILVPBZEHTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RDPUKVRQKWBSPK-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 3-methylcytidine Chemical compound O=C1N(C)C(=N)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 RDPUKVRQKWBSPK-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FGFVODMBKZRMMW-XUTVFYLZSA-N 4-Methoxy-2-thiopseudouridine Chemical compound COC1=C(C=NC(=S)N1)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O FGFVODMBKZRMMW-XUTVFYLZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOCJTJWYMOSXMU-XUTVFYLZSA-N 4-Methoxypseudouridine Chemical compound COC1=C(C=NC(=O)N1)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O HOCJTJWYMOSXMU-XUTVFYLZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTGBLFNEDHVUQA-XUTVFYLZSA-N 4-Thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine Chemical compound S=C1NC(=O)N(C)C=C1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 VTGBLFNEDHVUQA-XUTVFYLZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMUQOPXCCOBPID-XUTVFYLZSA-N 4-Thio-1-methylpseudoisocytidine Chemical compound CN1C=C(C(=S)N=C1N)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O DMUQOPXCCOBPID-XUTVFYLZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Thiouridine Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C(=O)NC(=S)C=C1 ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OCMSXKMNYAHJMU-JXOAFFINSA-N 4-amino-1-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-oxopyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde Chemical compound C1=C(C=O)C(N)=NC(=O)N1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 OCMSXKMNYAHJMU-JXOAFFINSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZHIJZYBTCTDQC-JXOAFFINSA-N 4-amino-1-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2-thione Chemical compound S=C1N=C(N)C(C)=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 OZHIJZYBTCTDQC-JXOAFFINSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GCNTZFIIOFTKIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxypyridine Chemical compound OC1=CC=NC=C1 GCNTZFIIOFTKIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LOICBOXHPCURMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine Chemical compound COC1NC(N)=NC=C1C(C1O)OC(CO)C1O LOICBOXHPCURMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FIWQPTRUVGSKOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine Chemical compound CC(C=C1C(C2O)OC(CO)C2O)=C(N)NC1=S FIWQPTRUVGSKOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SJVVKUMXGIKAAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine Chemical compound NC(N1)=NC=C(C(C2O)OC(CO)C2O)C1=S SJVVKUMXGIKAAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-XVFCMESISA-N 4-thiouridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=S)C=C1 ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020003589 5' Untranslated Regions Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FAWQJBLSWXIJLA-VPCXQMTMSA-N 5-(carboxymethyl)uridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(CC(O)=O)=C1 FAWQJBLSWXIJLA-VPCXQMTMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMUSYJAQQFHJEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-Azacytidine Natural products O=C1N=C(N)N=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 NMUSYJAQQFHJEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFEXJLMYXXIWPI-JXOAFFINSA-N 5-Hydroxymethylcytidine Chemical compound C1=C(CO)C(N)=NC(=O)N1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 NFEXJLMYXXIWPI-JXOAFFINSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAYHVCMSTBRABG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-Methylcytidine Natural products O=C1N=C(N)C(C)=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 ZAYHVCMSTBRABG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITGWEVGJUSMCEA-KYXWUPHJSA-N 5-[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1-prop-1-ynylpyrimidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)N(C#CC)C=C1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 ITGWEVGJUSMCEA-KYXWUPHJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DDHOXEOVAJVODV-GBNDHIKLSA-N 5-[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-sulfanylidene-1h-pyrimidin-4-one Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1C1=CNC(=S)NC1=O DDHOXEOVAJVODV-GBNDHIKLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BNAWMJKJLNJZFU-GBNDHIKLSA-N 5-[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-4-sulfanylidene-1h-pyrimidin-2-one Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1C1=CNC(=O)NC1=S BNAWMJKJLNJZFU-GBNDHIKLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZQDLJNDRVBCST-SHUUEZRQSA-N 5-amino-2-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,2,4-triazin-3-one Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C=NN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 OZQDLJNDRVBCST-SHUUEZRQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUNBIDXYAUXNKD-DBRKOABJSA-N 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=S)N=CN=C1 XUNBIDXYAUXNKD-DBRKOABJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSLBPVOJTCDNEF-DBRKOABJSA-N 5-aza-zebularine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)N=CN=C1 OSLBPVOJTCDNEF-DBRKOABJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMUSYJAQQFHJEW-KVTDHHQDSA-N 5-azacytidine Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)N=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 NMUSYJAQQFHJEW-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IWFHOSULCAJGRM-UAKXSSHOSA-N 5-bromouridine 5'-triphosphate Chemical compound O1[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(Br)=C1 IWFHOSULCAJGRM-UAKXSSHOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OOMLBPVHGFQCCL-RRKCRQDMSA-N 5-iododeoxycytidine triphosphate Chemical compound C1=C(I)C(N)=NC(=O)N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)C1 OOMLBPVHGFQCCL-RRKCRQDMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RPQQZHJQUBDHHG-FNCVBFRFSA-N 5-methyl-zebularine Chemical compound C1=C(C)C=NC(=O)N1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 RPQQZHJQUBDHHG-FNCVBFRFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAYHVCMSTBRABG-JXOAFFINSA-N 5-methylcytidine Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C(C)=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 ZAYHVCMSTBRABG-JXOAFFINSA-N 0.000 description 1
- USVMJSALORZVDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-(gamma,gamma-dimethylallylamino)purine riboside Natural products C1=NC=2C(NCC=C(C)C)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O USVMJSALORZVDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZKBQDFAWXLTYKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-Chloro-1H-purine Chemical compound ClC1=NC=NC2=C1NC=N2 ZKBQDFAWXLTYKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZTOEARQSSIFOG-MWKIOEHESA-N 6-Thio-7-deaza-8-azaguanosine Chemical compound Nc1nc(=S)c2cnn([C@@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)c2[nH]1 OZTOEARQSSIFOG-MWKIOEHESA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYXSYVWAUAUWLD-SHUUEZRQSA-N 6-azauridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=N1 WYXSYVWAUAUWLD-SHUUEZRQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYYIULNRIVUMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-chloroguanine Chemical compound NC1=NC(Cl)=C2N=CNC2=N1 RYYIULNRIVUMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBNRZZNSRJQZNT-IOSLPCCCSA-O 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine Chemical compound CC1=C[NH+]([C@@H]([C@@H]2O)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]2O)C(NC(N)=N2)=C1C2=S CBNRZZNSRJQZNT-IOSLPCCCSA-O 0.000 description 1
- RFHIWBUKNJIBSE-KQYNXXCUSA-O 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine Chemical compound C1=2NC(N)=NC(=S)C=2N(C)C=[N+]1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O RFHIWBUKNJIBSE-KQYNXXCUSA-O 0.000 description 1
- MJJUWOIBPREHRU-MWKIOEHESA-N 7-Deaza-8-azaguanosine Chemical compound NC=1NC(C2=C(N=1)N(N=C2)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O1)CO)=O MJJUWOIBPREHRU-MWKIOEHESA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISSMDAFGDCTNDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=C2NC=CC2=N1 ISSMDAFGDCTNDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YVVMIGRXQRPSIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-deaza-2-aminopurine Chemical compound N1C(N)=NC=C2C=CN=C21 YVVMIGRXQRPSIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZTAWTRPFJHKMRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=C2NN=CC2=N1 ZTAWTRPFJHKMRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMXRCJBCWRHDJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine Chemical compound NC1=NC=C2C=NNC2=N1 SMXRCJBCWRHDJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LHCPRYRLDOSKHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1C=NN2 LHCPRYRLDOSKHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJNXUFOTKNTNPG-IOSLPCCCSA-O 7-methylinosine Chemical compound C1=2NC=NC(=O)C=2N(C)C=[N+]1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O VJNXUFOTKNTNPG-IOSLPCCCSA-O 0.000 description 1
- ABXGJJVKZAAEDH-IOSLPCCCSA-N 9-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-(dimethylamino)-3h-purine-6-thione Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=S)NC(N(C)C)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O ABXGJJVKZAAEDH-IOSLPCCCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ADPMAYFIIFNDMT-KQYNXXCUSA-N 9-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-(methylamino)-3h-purine-6-thione Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=S)NC(NC)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O ADPMAYFIIFNDMT-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MSSXOMSJDRHRMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-purine-2,6-diamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=C2NC=NC2=N1 MSSXOMSJDRHRMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HDZZVAMISRMYHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9beta-Ribofuranosyl-7-deazaadenin Natural products C1=CC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O HDZZVAMISRMYHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020005544 Antisense RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091023037 Aptamer Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002126 C01EB10 - Adenosine Substances 0.000 description 1
- JFOABDDGMNRDQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(=CC(=O)O)C.C=C Chemical compound CC(=CC(=O)O)C.C=C JFOABDDGMNRDQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010354 CRISPR gene editing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108090000994 Catalytic RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000053642 Catalytic RNA Human genes 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 241000408659 Darpa Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010008532 Deoxyribonuclease I Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007260 Deoxyribonuclease I Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YKWUPFSEFXSGRT-JWMKEVCDSA-N Dihydropseudouridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1C1C(=O)NC(=O)NC1 YKWUPFSEFXSGRT-JWMKEVCDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108700007698 Genetic Terminator Regions Proteins 0.000 description 1
- NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N Guanosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)NC(N)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020005004 Guide RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HAEJPQIATWHALX-KQYNXXCUSA-J ITP(4-) Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O)O[C@H]1N1C(N=CNC2=O)=C2N=C1 HAEJPQIATWHALX-KQYNXXCUSA-J 0.000 description 1
- RSPURTUNRHNVGF-IOSLPCCCSA-N N(2),N(2)-dimethylguanosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)NC(N(C)C)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O RSPURTUNRHNVGF-IOSLPCCCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIDVTARKFBZMOT-PEBGCTIMSA-N N(4)-acetylcytidine Chemical compound O=C1N=C(NC(=O)C)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 NIDVTARKFBZMOT-PEBGCTIMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVGPGNPCZPYCLK-WOUKDFQISA-N N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N(C)C)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WVGPGNPCZPYCLK-WOUKDFQISA-N 0.000 description 1
- USVMJSALORZVDV-SDBHATRESA-N N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(NCC=C(C)C)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O USVMJSALORZVDV-SDBHATRESA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVGPGNPCZPYCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Dimethyladenosine Natural products C1=NC=2C(N(C)C)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O WVGPGNPCZPYCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UNUYMBPXEFMLNW-DWVDDHQFSA-N N-[(9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurin-6-yl)carbamoyl]threonine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(NC(=O)N[C@@H]([C@H](O)C)C(O)=O)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O UNUYMBPXEFMLNW-DWVDDHQFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LZCNWAXLJWBRJE-ZOQUXTDFSA-N N4-Methylcytidine Chemical compound O=C1N=C(NC)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 LZCNWAXLJWBRJE-ZOQUXTDFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOSWTRUMMSCNCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(NCC=C(CO)C)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O GOSWTRUMMSCNCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003204 NH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XMIFBEZRFMTGRL-TURQNECASA-N OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)n1cc(CNCCS(O)(=O)=O)c(=O)[nH]c1=S Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)n1cc(CNCCS(O)(=O)=O)c(=O)[nH]c1=S XMIFBEZRFMTGRL-TURQNECASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012408 PCR amplification Methods 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical class OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091034057 RNA (poly(A)) Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020004518 RNA Probes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000003391 RNA probe Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006819 RNA synthesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108020004422 Riboswitch Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000008156 Ringer's lactate solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910006069 SO3H Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 108020004682 Single-Stranded DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RZCIEJXAILMSQK-JXOAFFINSA-N TTP Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O1 RZCIEJXAILMSQK-JXOAFFINSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(S)=O RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020000999 Viral RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- JCZSFCLRSONYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Wyosine Natural products N=1C(C)=CN(C(C=2N=C3)=O)C=1N(C)C=2N3C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O JCZSFCLRSONYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CAEFEWVYEZABLA-UUOKFMHZSA-N XTP Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O[C@H]1N1C(NC(=O)NC2=O)=C2N=C1 CAEFEWVYEZABLA-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUKRVHYQIIURNV-RLKNHCSUSA-N [[(2R,3R,5R)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound Cc1cn([C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)C2F)c(=O)[nH]c1=O RUKRVHYQIIURNV-RLKNHCSUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GKVHYBAWZAYQDO-XVFCMESISA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(2-oxo-4-sulfanylidenepyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O1[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=S)C=C1 GKVHYBAWZAYQDO-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHYOUGAATNYCAZ-XVFCMESISA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(4-oxo-2-sulfanylidenepyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O1[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1N1C(=S)NC(=O)C=C1 KHYOUGAATNYCAZ-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABOQIBZHFFLOGM-UAKXSSHOSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(5-iodo-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O1[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(I)=C1 ABOQIBZHFFLOGM-UAKXSSHOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTWNSBVFPSAMPO-IOSLPCCCSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(6-imino-1-methylpurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=N)N(C)C=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O QTWNSBVFPSAMPO-IOSLPCCCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCQWKKZWHQFOAH-IOSLPCCCSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[6-(methylamino)purin-9-yl]oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(NC)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O LCQWKKZWHQFOAH-IOSLPCCCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNVZQYHBHSLUHJ-XVFCMESISA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-4-amino-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound N[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)N=C(N)C=C1 WNVZQYHBHSLUHJ-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 1
- CABDYDUZLRXGTB-UUOKFMHZSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound C12=NC(N)=NC(N)=C2N=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O CABDYDUZLRXGTB-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWHNPOKVSACYOQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(2-amino-1-methyl-6-oxopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)N(C)C(N)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O YWHNPOKVSACYOQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GLIPDAOPPNSQCA-KQYNXXCUSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(2-amino-6-methoxypurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(OC)=NC(N)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GLIPDAOPPNSQCA-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NCKFQXVRKKNRBB-SHUUEZRQSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-2-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=N1 NCKFQXVRKKNRBB-SHUUEZRQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WJUFDWJKJXOYSB-XVFCMESISA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(4-amino-2-sulfanylidenepyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound S=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O1 WJUFDWJKJXOYSB-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZPZGYYNOHSQDQC-UAKXSSHOSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(4-amino-5-iodo-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound C1=C(I)C(N)=NC(=O)N1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O1 ZPZGYYNOHSQDQC-UAKXSSHOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GVVRDIINMFAFEO-KCGFPETGSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound C1=CC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GVVRDIINMFAFEO-KCGFPETGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UOVXAGVICVPZQP-SHUUEZRQSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(5-amino-3-oxo-1,2,4-triazin-2-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C=NN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O1 UOVXAGVICVPZQP-SHUUEZRQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQISXOFEOCLOCT-UUOKFMHZSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-amino-8-azidopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [N-]=[N+]=NC1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O PQISXOFEOCLOCT-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDPOFPOWJQWIPX-UUOKFMHZSA-N [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(7-aminotriazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound N1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WDPOFPOWJQWIPX-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GIYJFUYCSKNMOE-IVZWLZJFSA-N [[(2r,3s,5r)-5-(2,4-dioxo-5-prop-1-ynylpyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C#CC)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)C1 GIYJFUYCSKNMOE-IVZWLZJFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCUUXXCLJLZGLD-IVZWLZJFSA-N [[(2r,3s,5r)-5-(4-amino-2-oxo-5-prop-1-ynylpyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C(C#CC)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)C1 QCUUXXCLJLZGLD-IVZWLZJFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UYPHYZSNRPGPAN-RRKCRQDMSA-N [[(2r,3s,5r)-5-(4-amino-5-bromo-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound C1=C(Br)C(N)=NC(=O)N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)C1 UYPHYZSNRPGPAN-RRKCRQDMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BLQCQNFLEGAHPA-RRKCRQDMSA-N [[(2r,3s,5r)-5-(5-bromo-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O1[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)C[C@@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(Br)=C1 BLQCQNFLEGAHPA-RRKCRQDMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZWDWDTXYXXJLJB-RRKCRQDMSA-N [hydroxy-[[(2r,3s,5r)-3-hydroxy-5-(5-iodo-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy]phosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O1[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)C[C@@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(I)=C1 ZWDWDTXYXXJLJB-RRKCRQDMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005305 adenosine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N adenosine 5'-monophosphate Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001042 affinity chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005210 alkyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002431 aminoalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-WDCZJNDASA-N arabinose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-WDCZJNDASA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N arabinose Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002756 azacitidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007630 basic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene Substances C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-D-Pyranose-Lyxose Natural products OC1COC(O)C(O)C1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008366 buffered solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003917 carbamoyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005277 cation exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004671 cell-free system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108091092328 cellular RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003636 chemical group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013375 chromatographic separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011210 chromatographic step Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007979 citrate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010367 cloning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003184 complementary RNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanol Chemical compound OC1CCCCC1 HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001086 cytosolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J diphosphate(4-) Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dithiophosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(S)=S NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009881 electrostatic interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOC(=O)C(C)=C STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000003527 eukaryotic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002523 gelfiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycidyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC1CO1 VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011194 good manufacturing practice Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940029575 guanosine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000013542 high molecular weight contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013537 high throughput screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005661 hydrophobic surface Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004190 ion pair chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011901 isothermal amplification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011005 laboratory method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002605 large molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002502 liposome Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013541 low molecular weight contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002751 lymph Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010369 molecular cloning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001668 nucleic acid synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 210000000496 pancreas Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010647 peptide synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011338 personalized therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000004713 phosphodiesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001308 poly(aminoacid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008488 polyadenylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108091033319 polynucleotide Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000040430 polynucleotide Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000002157 polynucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012521 purified sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010526 radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037425 regulation of transcription Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009712 regulation of translation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001177 retroviral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010839 reverse transcription Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003161 ribonuclease inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108091092562 ribozyme Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002477 rna polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- JRPHGDYSKGJTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenophosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)([SeH])=O JRPHGDYSKGJTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001542 size-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000020 sulfo group Chemical group O=S(=O)([*])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-K thiophosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=S RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- HDZZVAMISRMYHH-KCGFPETGSA-N tubercidin Chemical compound C1=CC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O HDZZVAMISRMYHH-KCGFPETGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002525 ultrasonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAOHCFGKCWTBGC-QHOAOGIMSA-N wybutosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)N3C(CC[C@H](NC(=O)OC)C(=O)OC)=C(C)N=C3N(C)C=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O QAOHCFGKCWTBGC-QHOAOGIMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOHCFGKCWTBGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N wybutosine Natural products C1=NC=2C(=O)N3C(CCC(NC(=O)OC)C(=O)OC)=C(C)N=C3N(C)C=2N1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O QAOHCFGKCWTBGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCZSFCLRSONYLH-QYVSTXNMSA-N wyosin Chemical compound N=1C(C)=CN(C(C=2N=C3)=O)C=1N(C)C=2N3[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O JCZSFCLRSONYLH-QYVSTXNMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RPQZTTQVRYEKCR-WCTZXXKLSA-N zebularine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)N=CC=C1 RPQZTTQVRYEKCR-WCTZXXKLSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/1003—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor
- C12N15/1006—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/1003—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor
- C12N15/1006—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers
- C12N15/101—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers by chromatography, e.g. electrophoresis, ion-exchange, reverse phase
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods for purifying RNA by chromatography under high salt conditions, e.g. by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
- RNA is emerging as an innovative candidate for a variety of pharmaceutical applications, but efficient purification of RNA is still a challenge. This is partly due to the different types and combinations of undesired contaminants in a sample that need to be separated from a desired RNA species to obtain a pure RNA sample. Such contaminants are typically components and by-products of any upstream processes, for example RNA manufacture. If RNA in vitro transcription is used to produce large RNA molecules, the sample after transcription typically contains the desired RNA species and various contaminants such as undesired RNA species, various proteins, spermidine, DNA template or fragments thereof, pyrophosphates, free nucleotides, endotoxins, detergents, and organic solvents.
- any purification method for RNA requiring (i) a high degree of purity while retaining RNA stability and functionality; (ii) compatibility with any formulation requirements of the RNA for in vivo delivery; and (iii) compliance with good manufacturing practices.
- any RNA purification method must enable consistent, cost- and time-efficient, as well as quick, easy, reproducible, repetitive, cleanable (cleaning-in place), and scalable (large scale, small scale) operation.
- RNA precipitation allowing for sample concentration as well as depletion of contaminating high molecular weight contaminants and low molecular weight contaminants such as proteins and spermidine, respectively.
- precipitation is not the method of choice in industrial production processes since precipitation and re-solubilisation of nucleic acids is time-consuming.
- the use of alcohols and other organic solvents should be avoided in a highly regulated environment, e.g. current good manufacturing processes (cGMP).
- silica-based columns for RNA purification has the disadvantage that silica based materials do not allow cleaning with common cleaning solutions such as NaOH etc. as silica materials are not compatible with alkaline buffers commonly used for cleaning (cleaning in place).
- WO 03/051483 A1 describes a method for purifying a polynucleotide by a chromatographic process comprising a combination of steps which are based on different chromatographic principles, such as hydrophobic interaction chromatography, polar interaction chromatography and anion exchange chromatography.
- WO 2008/077592 discloses a method for purifying RNA on a preparative scale with ion-pairing reverse phase HPLC using a porous reversed stationary phase. It is reported that a particular advantage of using the specified porous stationary phase is that excessively high pressures can be avoided, facilitating a preparative purification of RNA.
- WO 2014/140211, WO 2014/152966 and PCT/EP2016/062152 disclose methods of purifying RNA by means of tangential flow filtration. However, such a method is only suitable for large-scale preparations and technically not appropriate for small scale-preparations.
- RNA purification methods should ideally allow for a cleaning of the RNA preparation (e.g., depletion of contaminants from crude preparations), for a polishing of RNA preparations (e.g., depletion of residual contaminants such as solvents etc. from purified RNA preparation), for a concentration of the RNA preparation, for capturing an RNA of an RNA preparation, and for a conditioning of the RNA preparation (e.g., re-buffering).
- methods are required that are executable in a regulated environment (e.g., cGMP) and that are scalable, allowing for both small-scale and large-scale RNA preparations.
- a regulated environment e.g., cGMP
- methods are needed to allow RNA purification in a small-scale manufacturing process that can be e.g. used in high throughput screening approaches or in the production of small amounts of pharmaceutical-grade RNA e.g. for personalized therapies.
- methods are needed to allow RNA purification using materials compatible with common alkaline cleaning solutions. For large-scale preparations the method should allow for operations at large flow rates.
- RNA in vitro transcription reaction mixture including enzymes and proteins such as RNA polymerase, spermidine, desired RNA products, abortive RNA products, DNA template, NTPs etc.
- HPLC purified RNA under high salt conditions led to binding of the desired RNA to the respective column support material and to depletion of undesired contaminants (enzymes, proteins etc.).
- RNA under high salt conditions to a column having a sulfate (SO 3 ) ligand which column is typically used for cation exchange chromatography also led to binding of the desired RNA to the respective column support material and to depletion of undesired contaminants (spermidine etc.).
- SO 3 sulfate
- the method of the present invention may be used for purifying and/or re-buffering and/or concentrating and/or polishing and/or capturing of a crude in vitro transcription mixture, an eluate from a RP-HPLC column containing RNA, or already purified RNA (e.g., HPLC purified RNA) or other RNA preparations (e.g., cellular RNA preparations).
- RNA e.g., HPLC purified RNA
- other RNA preparations e.g., cellular RNA preparations.
- the present invention relates to a method for purifying RNA, comprising the steps of:
- washing the support material with a washing buffer having a high salt concentration
- the method does not comprise a polar interaction chromatography or an anion exchange chromatography step.
- the RNA is in vitro transcribed RNA.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer has a salt concentration of 50 mM to 5M.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 2 M NaCl.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl.
- the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have the same composition and the same pH.
- the support material may be a monolithic support material.
- the support material is a methacrylate polymer.
- the hydroxyl ligand or sulfate moiety may be attached directly to the support material.
- the RNA may be eluted by gradually decreasing the salt concentration.
- the elution solution does not contain a salt.
- the elution solution comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- the present invention further relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- the method may further comprise a step al) of degrading the template DNA, wherein the template DNA may be degraded by treatment with DNase.
- the method may further comprise a step a2) of subjecting the in vitro transcribed RNA to an RP-HPLC step and/or a step e) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer has a salt concentration of 50 mM to 5M.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 2 M NaCl.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl.
- the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have the same composition and the same pH.
- the support material may be a monolithic support material.
- the support material may be a methacrylate polymer.
- the support material comprises a ligand capable of binding the RNA and the ligand may be a hydroxyl ligand or a sulfate moiety.
- the hydroxyl ligand or sulfate moiety is attached directly to the support material.
- the RNA may be eluted by gradually decreasing the salt concentration.
- the elution solution does not contain a salt.
- the elution buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- the present invention also relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- the method may further comprise a step g) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
- the template DNA may be degraded by treatment with DNase.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer has a salt concentration of 50 mM to 5M.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 2 M NaCl.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl.
- the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have the same composition and the same pH.
- the support material may be a monolithic support material.
- the support material may be a methacrylate polymer.
- the support material comprises a ligand capable of binding the RNA and the ligand may be a hydroxy ligand or a sulfate moiety.
- the hydroxyl ligand or sulfate moiety is attached directly to the support material.
- the RNA may be eluted by gradually decreasing the salt concentration.
- the elution solution does not contain a salt.
- the elution buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- the present invention also relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- the method may further comprise a step h) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
- the template DNA may be degraded by treatment with DNase.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer has a salt concentration of 50 mM to 5M.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 2 M NaCl.
- the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl.
- the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have the same composition and the same pH.
- the support material may be a monolithic support material.
- the support material may be a methacrylate polymer.
- the support material comprises a ligand capable of binding the RNA and the ligand may be a hydroxy ligand or a sulfate moiety.
- the hydroxyl ligand or sulfate moiety is attached directly to the support material.
- the RNA may be eluted by gradually decreasing the salt concentration.
- the elution solution does not contain a salt.
- the elution buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- the present invention further relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- RNA from the support material by a gradually decreasing salt gradient using an elution buffer comprising 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- the present invention also relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- RNA from the support material by a gradually decreasing salt gradient using an elution buffer comprising 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- the method may further comprise a step g) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
- the present invention also relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- RNA from the support material by a gradually decreasing salt gradient using an elution buffer comprising 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- the method may further comprise a step h) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
- RNA-containing samples which therefore need to be separated may in particular be enzymes such as RNA polymerase, other proteins, spermidine, and nucleotides.
- RNA is purified which has a higher purity after purification than the starting material. It is desirable in this respect for the degree of purity to be as close as possible to 100%. A degree of purity of more than 70%, in particular 80%, very particularly 90% and most favorably 99% or more may be achieved in this way.
- the degree of purity may for example be determined by an analytical HPLC, wherein the percentage provided above corresponds to the ratio between the area of the peak for the target RNA and the total area of all peaks representing the by-products.
- RNA is the usual abbreviation for ribonucleic acid. It is a nucleic acid molecule, i.e. a polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers. These nucleotides are usually adenosine-monophosphate (AMP), uridine-monophosphate (UMP), guanosine-monophosphate (GMP) and cytidine-monophosphate (CMP) monomers or analogs thereof, which are connected to each other along a so-called backbone. The backbone is formed by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar, i.e. ribose, of a first and a phosphate moiety of a second, adjacent monomer.
- AMP adenosine-monophosphate
- UMP uridine-monophosphate
- GMP guanosine-monophosphate
- CMP cytidine-monophosphate
- RNA sequence The specific order of the monomers, i.e. the order of the bases linked to the sugar/phosphate-backbone, is called the RNA sequence.
- RNA may be obtainable by transcription of a DNA sequence, e.g., inside a cell. In eukaryotic cells, transcription is typically performed inside the nucleus or the mitochondria. In vivo, transcription of DNA usually results in the so-called premature RNA which has to be processed into so-called messenger-RNA, usually abbreviated as mRNA. Processing of the premature RNA, e.g. in eukaryotic organisms, comprises a variety of different posttranscriptional-modifications such as splicing, 5′-capping, polyadenylation, export from the nucleus or the mitochondria and the like.
- RNA usually provides the nucleotide sequence that may be translated into an amino acid sequence of a particular peptide or protein.
- a mature mRNA comprises a 5′-cap, optionally a 5′UTR, an open reading frame, optionally a 3′UTR and a poly(A) sequence.
- RNA molecules such as viral RNA, retroviral RNA and replicon RNA, small interfering RNA (siRNA), antisense RNA, CRISPR/Cas9 guide RNA, ribozymes, aptamers, riboswitches, immunostimulating RNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA). Further the term may encompass circular RNA (circRNA), wherein the circRNA is preferably a protein-coding circRNA.
- Modified nucleoside triphosphate refers to chemical modifications comprising backbone modifications as well as sugar modifications or base modifications. These modified nucleoside triphosphates are herein also called (nucleotide) analogs.
- the modified nucleoside triphosphates as defined herein are nucleotide analogs/modifications, e.g. backbone modifications, sugar modifications or base modifications.
- a backbone modification in connection with the present invention is a modification, in which phosphates of the backbone of the nucleotides are chemically modified.
- a sugar modification in connection with the present invention is a chemical modification of the sugar of the nucleotides.
- a base modification in connection with the present invention is a chemical modification of the base moiety of the nucleotides.
- nucleotide analogs or modifications are preferably selected from nucleotide analogs which are applicable for transcription and/or translation.
- modified nucleosides and nucleotides which may be used in the context of the present invention, can be modified in the sugar moiety.
- the 2′ hydroxyl group (OH) can be modified or replaced with a number of different “oxy” or “deoxy” substituents.
- Examples of “oxy” -2′ hydroxyl group modifications include, but are not limited to, alkoxy or aryloxy (—OR, e.g., R ⁇ H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or sugar); polyethyleneglycols (PEG), —O(CH 2 CH 2 O)nCH 2 CH 2 OR; “locked” nucleic acids (LNA) in which the 2′ hydroxyl is connected, e.g., by a methylene bridge, to the 4′ carbon of the same ribose sugar; and amino groups (—O-amino, wherein the amino group, e.g., NRR, can be alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diarylamino, heteroarylamino, or diheteroaryl amino, ethylene diamine, polyamino) or aminoalkoxy.
- alkoxy or aryloxy —OR, e.g.
- “Deoxy” modifications include hydrogen, amino (e.g. NH 2 ; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diaryl amino, heteroaryl amino, diheteroaryl amino, or amino acid); or the amino group can be attached to the sugar through a linker, wherein the linker comprises one or more of the atoms C, N, and O.
- the sugar group can also contain one or more carbons that possess the opposite stereochemical configuration than that of the corresponding carbon in ribose.
- a modified nucleotide can include nucleotides containing, for instance, arabinose as the sugar.
- the phosphate backbone may further be modified in the modified nucleosides and nucleotides.
- the phosphate groups of the backbone can be modified by replacing one or more of the oxygen atoms with a different substituent.
- the modified nucleosides and nucleotides can include the full replacement of an unmodified phosphate moiety with a modified phosphate as described herein. Examples of modified phosphate groups include, but are not limited to, phosphorothioate, phosphoroselenates, borano phosphates, borano phosphate esters, hydrogen phosphonates, phosphoroamidates, alkyl or aryl phosphonates and phosphotriesters.
- Phosphorodithioates have both non-linking oxygens replaced by sulfur.
- the phosphate linker can also be modified by the replacement of a linking oxygen with nitrogen (bridged phosphoroamidates), sulfur (bridged phosphorothioates) and carbon (bridged methylene-phosphonates).
- modified nucleosides and nucleotides which may be used in the present invention, can further be modified in the nucleobase moiety.
- nucleobases found in RNA include, but are not limited to, adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
- nucleosides and nucleotides described herein can be chemically modified on the major groove face.
- the major groove chemical modifications can include an amino group, a thiol group, an alkyl group, or a halo group.
- the nucleotide analogs/modifications are selected from base modifications, which are preferably selected from 2-amino-6-chloropurineriboside-5′-triphosphate, 2-Aminopurine-riboside-5′-triphosphate; 2-aminoadenosine-5′-triphosphate, 2′-Amino-2′-deoxycytidine-triphosphate, 2-thiocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 2-thiouridine-5′-triphosphate, 2′-Fluorothymidine-5′-triphosphate, 2′-O-Methyl inosine-5′-triphosphate 4-thiouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallyluridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Bromo-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate
- nucleotides for base modifications selected from the group of base-modified nucleotides consisting of 5-methylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaguanosine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine-5′-triphosphate, and pseudouridine-5′-triphosphate.
- modified nucleosides include pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, l-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-l-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1
- modified nucleosides include 5-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebula
- modified nucleosides include 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-di
- modified nucleosides include inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, l-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine.
- the nucleotide can be modified on the major groove face and can include replacing hydrogen on C-5 of uracil with a methyl group or a halo group.
- a modified nucleoside is 5′-O-(l-Thiophosphate)-Adenosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Cytidine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Guanosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Uridine or 5′-O-(l-Thiophosphate)-Pseudouridine.
- the modified nucleotides include nucleoside modifications selected from 6-aza-cytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, ⁇ -thio-cytidine, Pseudo-iso-cytidine, 5-aminoallyl-uridine, 5-iodo-uridine, N1-methyl-pseudouridine, 5,6-dihydrouridine, ⁇ -thio-uridine, 4-thio-uridine, 6-aza-uridine, 5-hydroxy-uridine, deoxy-thymidine, 5-methyl-uridine, Pyrrolo-cytidine, inosine, ⁇ -thio-guanosine, 6-methyl-guanosine, 5-methyl-cytidine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, N1-methyl-adenosine, 2-amino-6-Chloro-purine, N6-methyl-2-amino-purine, Pseudo-iso
- sample refers to a liquid composition comprising the RNA to be purified and one or more impurities.
- the sample may be the in vitro transcription mixture or it may be a partially purified sample.
- the sample may have already been subjected to any known RNA purification technique, in particular to an RP-HPLC purification step and/or precipitation steps.
- Impurity/impurities includes any molecule present in the sample containing RNA other than the RNA to be purified. In particular, it includes components of the RNA in vitro transcription reaction such as enzymes, proteins and nucleotides.
- Equilibration buffer refers to a salt solution which is used to prepare the support material for loading the sample containing RNA.
- the equilibration buffer is also used to load the sample containing RNA on the support material. Therefore, it is passed through the support material simultaneously or substantially simultaneously with passage of the sample through the support material.
- the equilibration buffer is combined with the sample containing RNA prior to passage through the support material.
- the support material is typically a material which serves as the stationary phase, i.e. as a material along which the mobile phase containing the molecules to be separated, in the present case the equilibration buffer with the sample containing RNA, moves.
- the support material can be functionalized with ligands which are suitable for the kind of separation desired.
- the support material may be functionalized with positively or negatively charged ligands and for hydrophobic interaction chromatography the support material may be functionalized with hydrophobic ligands such as alkyl groups, aryl groups or combinations thereof.
- the most widely used support materials are hydrophilic carbohydrates such as cross-linked agarose and synthetic copolymer materials and methacrylate based connective interaction media (CIM) monolithic columns.
- the support material may also comprise derivatives of cellulose, polystyrene, synthetic poly amino acids, synthetic polyacrylamide gels, cross-linked dextran or a glass surface.
- hydrophobic ligand such as NH 2 , SO 3 H, PO 4 H 2 , SH, imidazoles, phenolic groups, butyl, hexyl, phenyl, octyl, polypropylene glycol or non-ionic radicals such as OH and CONH 2 may be attached to the support material.
- hydrophobic ligands may be attached using difunctional linking groups such as —NH—, —S— and —COO.
- the use of OH and SO 3 ligands is particularly preferred.
- the support material may be selected from the group consisting of an agarose media or a membrane functionalized with phenyl groups (e.g., Phenyl SepharoseTM from GE Healthcare or a Phenyl Membrane from Sartorius), Tosoh Hexyl, CaptoPhenyl, Phenyl SepharoseTM 6 Fast Flow with low or high substitution, Phenyl SepharoseTM High Performance, Octyl SepharoseTM High Performance (GE Healthcare); FractogelTM EMD Propyl or FractogelTM EMD Phenyl (E.
- Phenyl SepharoseTM from GE Healthcare or a Phenyl Membrane from Sartorius
- Tosoh Hexyl CaptoPhenyl
- Phenyl SepharoseTM 6 Fast Flow with low or high substitution
- Phenyl SepharoseTM High Performance Phenyl SepharoseTM High Performance
- Octyl SepharoseTM High Performance GE Healthcare
- ToyoScreen PPG, ToyoScreen Phenyl, ToyoScreen Butyl, and ToyoScreen Hexyl are based on rigid methacrylic polymer beads.
- GE HiScreen Butyl FF and HiScreen Octyl FF are based on high flow agarose based beads.
- Toyopearl Ether-650M Preferred are Toyopearl Ether-650M, Toyopearl Phenyl-650M, Toyopearl Butyl-650M, Toyopearl Hexyl-650C (TosoHaas, PA), POROS-OH (ThermoFisher) or methacrylate based monolithic columns such as CIM-OH, CIM-SO 3 , CIM-C4 A and CIM C4 HDL which comprise OH, sulfate or butyl ligands, respectively (BIA Separations).
- the support material is preferably present in a column, wherein the sample containing RNA is loaded on the top of the column and the eluent is collected at the bottom of the column.
- washing buffer refers to a buffer which is passed through the support material after loading the sample containing RNA and before eluting the RNA. The washing buffer therefore serves to remove impurities from the support material before the RNA is eluted.
- Elution solution An elution solution is used to disrupt the interaction between the RNA and the support material. Accordingly, the elution solution has a lower salt concentration than the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer.
- Anion exchange chromatography In anion exchange chromatography binding to a support material is achieved by electrostatic interaction of negatively charged sample components with positively charged moieties such as diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) or quaternary ammonium (QA) on the surface of the support material. This interaction typically occurs at low salt concentrations and elution is achieved by increasing the salt concentration.
- DEAE diethylaminoethyl
- QA quaternary ammonium
- Polar interaction chromatography Polar interaction chromatography or hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is based on the interaction of components of a sample with a support material which carries polar functional groups such as hydroxyl or amine. The interaction may occur at high salt concentrations in the presence of an organic solvent, in particular acetonitrile.
- HILIC hydrophilic interaction chromatography
- Hydrophobic interaction chromatography is based on the hydrophobic interaction between hydrophobic moieties bound to a support material and hydrophobic regions of the molecule that binds to the matrix such as RNA. Binding is achieved at high salt concentrations and the molecule is eluted from the matrix by decreasing the salt concentration and, optionally, the addition of organic solvents.
- RNA in vitro transcription relate to a process wherein RNA is synthesized in a cell-free system (in vitro).
- DNA particularly plasmid DNA, a PCR amplified DNA or synthetic DNA
- RNA may be obtained by DNA-dependent in vitro transcription of an appropriate DNA template, which according to the present invention is preferably a linearized plasmid DNA template.
- the promoter for controlling in vitro transcription can be any promoter for any DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
- DNA-dependent RNA polymerases are the T7, T3, and SP6 RNA polymerases.
- a DNA template for in vitro RNA transcription may be obtained by cloning of a nucleic acid, in particular cDNA corresponding to the respective RNA to be in vitro transcribed, and introducing it into an appropriate vector for in vitro transcription, for example into plasmid DNA.
- the DNA template is linearized with a suitable restriction enzyme, before it is transcribed in vitro.
- the cDNA may be obtained by reverse transcription of mRNA or chemical synthesis.
- the DNA template for in vitro RNA synthesis may also be obtained by gene synthesis or PCR.
- RNA polymerase such as bacteriophage-encoded RNA polymerases
- NTPs ribonucleoside triphosphates
- a cap analog as defined below e.g. m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (m7G)
- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase capable of binding to the promoter sequence within the linearized DNA template (e.g. T7, T3 or SP6 RNA polymerase);
- RNase ribonuclease
- pyrophosphatase to degrade pyrophosphate, which may inhibit transcription
- MgCl 2 which supplies Mg 2+ ions as a co-factor for the polymerase
- a buffer to maintain a suitable pH value which can also contain antioxidants (e.g. DTT), amines such as betaine and/or polyamines such as spermidine at optimal concentrations.
- antioxidants e.g. DTT
- amines such as betaine
- polyamines such as spermidine
- In vitro transcribed RNA is an RNA which has been prepared by the process of in vitro transcription as described above.
- the DNA template provides the nucleic acid sequence which is transcribed into the RNA by the process of in vitro transcription and which therefore comprises a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to the RNA sequence which is transcribed therefrom.
- the DNA template comprises a promoter to which the RNA polymerase used in the in vitro transcription process binds with high affinity.
- the DNA template may be a linearized plasmid DNA template.
- the linear template DNA is obtained by contacting plasmid DNA with a restriction enzyme under suitable conditions so that the restriction enzyme cuts the plasmid DNA at its recognition site(s) and disrupts the circular plasmid structure.
- the plasmid DNA is preferably cut immediately after the end of the sequence which is to be transcribed into RNA.
- the linear template DNA comprises a free 5′ end and a free 3′ end which are not linked to each other. If the plasmid DNA contains only one recognition site for the restriction enzyme, the linear template DNA has the same number of nucleotides as the plasmid DNA.
- the linear template DNA has a smaller number of nucleotides than the plasmid DNA.
- the linear template DNA is then the fragment of the plasmid DNA which contains the elements necessary for in vitro transcription, that is a promotor element for RNA transcription and the template DNA element.
- the open reading frame of the linear template DNA determines the sequence of the transcribed RNA by the rules of base-pairing.
- the DNA template may be selected from a synthetic double stranded DNA construct, a single-stranded DNA template with a double-stranded DNA region comprising the promoter to which the RNA polymerase binds, a cyclic double-stranded DNA template with promoter and terminator sequences or a linear DNA template amplified by PCR or isothermal amplification.
- a monolithic support material (or monolithic bed) is a continuous bed consisting of a single piece of a highly porous solid material where the pores are highly interconnected forming a network of flow-through channels. Hence, the void volume is decreased to a minimum and all the mobile phase is forced to flow through the large pores of the medium.
- Silica gel based monolithic beds which are solid rods of silica monolith that have been prepared according to a sol-gel process. This process is based on the hydrolysis and polycondensation of alkoxysilanes in the presence of water-soluble polymers. The method leads to “rods” made of a single piece of porous silica with a defined bimodal pore structure having macro (of about 2 ⁇ m) and mesopores (of about 0.013 ⁇ m) when smaller rods intended for analytical purposes are prepared.
- Polyacrylamide based monolithic beds are made of swollen polyacrylamide gel compressed in the shape of columns. Their technology relies on the polymerization of advanced monomers and ionomers directly in the chromatographic column. In the presence of salt, the polymer chains form aggregates into large bundles by hydrophobic interaction, creating voids between the bundles (irregularly shaped channels) large enough to permit a high hydrodynamic flow.
- Rigid organic gel based monolithic beds These supports are prepared by free radical polymerization of a mixture of a polymerizable monomer, optionally with functional groups, such as glycidyl methacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate, a crosslinking agent, a radical chain initiator, such as 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, and porogenic solvents (cyclohexanol and dodecanol) in barrels of an appropriate mold (Svec F, Tennikova T B (1991) J Bioact Compat Polym 6: 393; Svec F, Jelinkova M, Votavova E (1991) Angew Macromol Chem 188: 167; Svec F, Frechet J M J (1992) Anal Chem 64: 820) in the case of glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate (GMA-EDMA) monoliths.
- functional groups such as glycidyl methacrylate, ethylene
- DNases are enzymes which hydrolyze DNA by that catalyzing the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone. Suitable DNases are isolated from bovine pancreas and are available from various suppliers such as Sigma-Aldrich, New England Biolabs, Qiagen and ThermoFisher. Preferably, the used DNase is free of any RNAse activity.
- the treatment with DNase is performed in DNase buffer additionally comprising a suitable amount of calcium chloride, such as 0.66 mM CaCl 2 .
- the DNA is treated with the DNase for 1 to 5 hours, preferably for 1.5 to 3 hours and more preferably for 2 hours.
- the DNase treatment is preferably performed at a temperature of 37° C.
- the DNA template is removed by addition of 0.66 mM CaCl 2 and 300 U/ml DNase I in digestion buffer and incubation for two hours at 37° C.
- the DNase treatment can be stopped by adding EDTA or another chelating agent.
- the DNase treatment is stopped by adding EDTA to a final concentration of 25 mM.
- HPLC is the common abbreviation of the term “high performance liquid chromatography”.
- HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
- RP-HPLC reversed phase HPLC
- size exclusion chromatography gel filtration, affinity chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography or ion pair chromatography, wherein reversed phase HPLC is preferred.
- Reversed phase HPLC uses a non-polar stationary phase and a moderately polar mobile phase and therefore works with hydrophobic interactions which result from repulsive forces between a relatively polar solvent, the relatively non-polar analyte, and the non-polar stationary phase (reversed phase principle).
- the retention time on the column is therefore longer for molecules which are more non-polar in nature, allowing polar molecules to elute more readily.
- the retention time is increased by the addition of polar solvent to the mobile phase and decreased by the addition of more hydrophobic solvent.
- RNA molecule as an analyte may play an important role in its retention characteristics.
- an analyte having more apolar functional groups results in a longer retention time because it increases the molecule's hydrophobicity and therefore the interaction with the non-polar stationary phase.
- Very large molecules can result in incomplete interaction between the large analyte surface and the alkyl chain. Retention time increases with hydrophobic surface area which is roughly inversely proportional to solute size. Branched chain compounds elute more rapidly than their corresponding isomers because the overall surface area is decreased.
- Ion-pair, reversed-phase HPLC is a specific form of reversed-phase HPLC in which an ion with a lipophilic residue and positive charge such as an alkylammonium salt, e.g. triethylammonium acetate, is added to the mobile phase as counter ion for the negatively charged RNA.
- an alkylammonium salt e.g. triethylammonium acetate
- ion pair reagents can be used to selectively increase the retention of the RNA.
- a pharmaceutical composition is a composition comprising a pharmaceutically active agent such as a therapeutic RNA and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
- a pharmaceutical composition is suitable for storage for a certain period of time and for administration to a patient.
- the pharmaceutical composition may be in liquid or in freeze-dried form.
- a suitable injection solution for RNA is disclosed in WO 2006/122828 A2.
- a method for lyophilizing RNA is described in WO 2016/165831 A1.
- the pharmaceutical composition comprises the RNA in a pharmaceutically effective amount which is able to exert the therapeutic effect.
- RNA may be complexed using cationic and/or polycationic compounds such as polycationic peptides or polymers (see, e.g., WO 2009/030481 A1; WO 2012/013326 A1; WO 2013/113501 A1; WO 2013/113736 A1) or may be encapsulated (e.g., lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes).
- cationic and/or polycationic compounds such as polycationic peptides or polymers (see, e.g., WO 2009/030481 A1; WO 2012/013326 A1; WO 2013/113501 A1; WO 2013/113736 A1)
- LNPs lipid nanoparticles
- RNA can be purified either from a crude in vitro transcription mixture or from an RP-HPLC-purified mixture by a chromatography step wherein the RNA binds to the support material or the moiety attached thereto under high salt conditions and is then eluted by decreasing the salt concentration.
- these conditions are also used in hydrophobic interaction chromatography so that the method of the present invention may involve hydrophobic interaction chromatography, although the support material used in the method of the present invention is not restricted to the material typically used in hydrophobic interaction chromatography, but may also comprise material which is typically used in other chromatographic techniques such as ion exchange chromatography.
- a support material with sulfate groups is a support material with sulfate groups.
- the binding of the RNA to the support material does not involve the interaction between nucleotide bases within the RNA and nucleotide bases attached to the support, in particular the binding of the RNA to the support material does not involve the interaction between the polyA tail of the RNA and thymidines attached to the support.
- the present invention relates to a method for purifying RNA, comprising the steps of:
- the method does not comprise a polar interaction chromatography or an anion exchange chromatography step.
- the present invention relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- the sample Before applying the sample containing RNA or in vitro transcribed RNA to the support material, the sample may be diluted, for example with equilibration buffer.
- the sample is diluted between 1:2 and 1:20, more preferably it is diluted between 1:5 and 1:12 and most preferably it is diluted 1:10, i.e. one volume of the sample is mixed with 9 volumes of equilibration buffer.
- the sample containing RNA or in vitro transcribed RNA is not diluted with equilibration buffer before applying the sample to the support material.
- any monolithic support can be used which is permeable for RNA.
- the monolithic support is based on a methacrylate polymer, more preferably it is based on poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co ethylene dimethylacrylate).
- the average pore radius is preferably 500 to 1200 nm, preferably it is 675 nm.
- the monolithic support is CIM® available from BIA Separations.
- the monolithic bed may carry functional moieties (ligands) that allow for the specific chromatographic separation.
- ligands functional moieties
- the ligand density is chosen such that capacity, yield and recovery are maximized.
- the monolithic bed comprises a hydroxyl or a sulfate moiety and more preferably it is CIM® OH or CIM® SO 3 available from BIA Separations.
- the hydroxyl moiety is attached to the monolithic bed directly.
- the hydroxyl moiety is not part of a ligand carrying additional chemical groups such as the ligand N-benzyl ethanolamine.
- the solution applied to the support material has an RNA concentration of 0.05 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml, preferably of 0.07 mg/ml to 3 mg/ml, more preferably of 0.1 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml or 0.1 mg/ml to 0.5 mg/ml and most preferably the RNA concentration is 0.2 mg/ml.
- the equilibration buffer has a high salt concentration to enhance the interaction of the RNA with the support material or the ligand attached thereto.
- the high salt concentration is from 50 mM to 5 M or from 100 mM to 4 M, more preferably, the salt concentration is from 300 mM to 3.5 M or from 500 mM to 3 M, even more preferably the high salt concentration is from 700 mM to 2.8 M or from 1.2 M to 2.5 M and most preferably it is 2 M, depending, in part, on the salt type.
- the high salt concentration is 1 M, 1.1 M, 1.2 M, 1.3 M, 1.4 M, 1.5 M, 1.6 M, 1.7 M, 1.8 M, 1.9 M, 2.0 M, 2.1 M, 2.2 M, 2.3 M, 2.4 M, 2.5 M, 2.6 M, 2.7 M, 2.8 M, 2.9 M or 3.0 M.
- the equilibration buffer may comprise a salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, ammonium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium citrate or a combination thereof.
- the equilibration buffer comprises sodium chloride.
- the equilibration buffer may comprise a cation selected from the group consisting of Ba 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Li + , Cs + , Na + , K + , Rb + , and NH 4 + , and/or an anion selected from the group consisting of PO 4 3 ⁇ , SO 4 2 ⁇ , CH 3 CO 3 ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ , NO 3 ⁇ , ClO 4 ⁇ , I ⁇ , and SCN ⁇ or a combination thereof.
- the equilibration buffer comprises 2 M sodium chloride.
- the pH of the equilibration buffer is between 4.0 and 8.5 or between 5.0 and 8.0.
- the equilibration buffer has a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Most preferably, the pH of the equilibration buffer is 7.0.
- the equilibration buffer may contain a buffer substance which is a weak acid or base used to maintain the acidity (pH) of a solution near a chosen value after the addition of another acid or base.
- a buffer substance which is a weak acid or base used to maintain the acidity (pH) of a solution near a chosen value after the addition of another acid or base.
- Suitable buffer substances for use in the present invention are HEPES (2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid), Tris (2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol), phosphate buffer and acetate buffer.
- the equilibration buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0 and 2 M NaCl.
- the equilibration buffer does not contain 1 mM EDTA and more preferably it does not contain any EDTA at all.
- the washing buffer has a high salt concentration so that the interaction of the RNA with the support material or the ligand attached thereto is not interrupted during washing.
- the high salt concentration is from 50 mM to 5 M or from 100 mM to 4 M, more preferably, the salt concentration is from 300 mM to 3.5 M or from 500 mM to 3 M, even more preferably the high salt concentration is from 700 mM to 2.8 M or from 1.2 M to 2.5 M and most preferably it is 2 M, depending, in part, on the salt type.
- the high salt concentration is 1 M, 1.1 M, 1.2 M, 1.3 M, 1.4 M, 1.5 M, 1.6 M, 1.7 M, 1.8 M, 1.9 M, 2.0 M, 2.1 M, 2.2 M, 2.3 M, 2.4 M, 2.5 M, 2.6 M, 2.7 M, 2.8 M, 2.9 M or 3.0 M.
- the washing buffer may comprise a salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, ammonium chloride, sodium bromide or a combination thereof.
- the equilibration buffer comprises sodium chloride.
- the washing buffer may comprise a cation selected from the group consisting of Ba 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Li + , Cs + , Na + , K + , Rb + , and NH 4 + , and/or an anion selected from the group consisting of PO 4 3 ⁇ , SO 4 2 ⁇ , CH 3 CO 3 ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ , NO 3 ⁇ , ClO 4 ⁇ , I ⁇ , and SCN ⁇ or a combination thereof.
- the washing buffer comprises 2 M sodium chloride.
- the pH of the washing buffer is between 4.0 and 8.5 or between 5.0 and 8.0.
- the equilibration buffer has a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Most preferably, the pH of the washing buffer is 7.0.
- the washing buffer may contain a buffer substance which is a weak acid or base used to maintain the acidity (pH) of a solution near a chosen value after the addition of another acid or base.
- a buffer substance which is a weak acid or base used to maintain the acidity (pH) of a solution near a chosen value after the addition of another acid or base.
- Suitable buffer substances for use in the present invention are HEPES (2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid), Tris (2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol), phosphate buffer and acetate buffer.
- the washing buffer has the same composition and pH as the equilibration buffer. Most preferably, the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0 and 2 M NaCl.
- the washing buffer does not contain 1 mM EDTA and more preferably it does not contain any EDTA at all.
- the RNA is eluted from the support material by a gradually decreasing salt gradient. To this end, the percentage of the elution solution which is in contact with the support material is gradually increased, thereby disrupting the interaction between the RNA and the support material.
- the flow rate of the elution solution is selected such that good separation of the RNA from the impurities contained in the sample is achieved.
- the eluent flow rate may amount to from 0.5 ml/min to 5 ml/min, preferably from 1 ml/min to 4 ml/min, more preferably it is 3 ml/min. This flow rate may be established and regulated by a pump.
- the eluent flow rate is also dependent on the volume of the used column (CV).
- the flow rate may amount to from 1.5 CV/min to 15 CV/min, preferably from 3 CV/min to 12 CV/min, more preferably it is 9 CV/min. This flow rate may be established and regulated by a pump.
- the elution solution may have a salt concentration of less than 500 mM, if the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have a salt concentration of at least 1 M.
- the elution solution may have a salt concentration of less than 200 mM, if the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have a salt concentration of at least 500 mM.
- the elution solution may have a salt concentration of less than 100 mM, if the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have a salt concentration of at least 300 mM.
- the elution solution may have a salt concentration of less than 50 mM, if the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have a salt concentration of at least 150 mM.
- the elution solution may have a salt concentration of less than 20 mM, if the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have a salt concentration of at least 100 mM.
- the elution solution does not comprise any salt.
- the elution solution is water.
- the elution solution comprises a buffer substance selected from the group consisting of HEPES (2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid), Tris (2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol), citrate buffer, phosphate buffer and acetate buffer.
- the pH of the elution solution is between 4.0 and 8.5 or between 5.0 and 8.0.
- the elution solution has a pH between 6.0 and 7.5.
- the pH of the washing buffer is 7.0.
- the elution solution comprises the same buffer substance as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but has a lower salt concentration as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer as described above. In one embodiment, the elution solution comprises the same buffer substance as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but does not comprise any salt. In one embodiment, the elution solution has the same pH as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but has a lower salt concentration as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer as described above. In one embodiment, the elution solution has the same pH as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but does not comprise any salt.
- the elution solution comprises the same buffer substance as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer and has the same pH as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but has a lower salt concentration as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer as described above. In one embodiment, the elution solution comprises the same buffer substance as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer and has the same pH as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but does not comprise any salt. In a preferred embodiment the elution solution comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- the elution solution does not contain 1 mM EDTA and more preferably it does not contain any EDTA at all.
- the RNA which is eluted from the support material is preferably detected by UV measurement at 260 nm.
- the method of the present invention comprises an additional purification step, before the RNA is subjected to the chromatography under high salt conditions as claimed herein.
- the additional purification step is preferably a RP-HPLC step.
- a particularly preferred method for purifying the target RNA by RP-HPLC is disclosed in WO 2008/077592 A1 and involves a reversed-phase HPLC using a porous reversed phase as stationary phase.
- the HPLC fraction comprising RNA obtained from RP-HPLC is subjected to the chromatography under high salt conditions as claimed herein.
- the HPLC fraction comprising RNA is subjected to a precipitation step to remove acetonitrile and triethylammonium acetate before it is subjected to the chromatography under high salt conditions as claimed herein.
- any material known to be used as reverse phase stationary phase in particular any polymeric material may be used, if that material can be provided in porous form.
- the stationary phase may be composed of organic and/or inorganic material.
- polymers to be used for the purification step of the present invention are (non-alkylated) polystyrenes, (non-alkylated) polystyrenedivinylbenzenes, silica gel, silica gel modified with non-polar residues, particularly silica gel modified with alkyl containing residues, more preferably with butyl-, octyl and/or octadecyl containing residues, silica gel modified with phenylic residues, polymethacrylates, etc.
- the material for the reversed phase is a porous polystyrene polymer, a (non-alkylated) porous polystyrenedivinylbenzene polymer, porous silica gel, porous silica gel modified with non-polar residues, particularly porous silica gel modified with alkyl containing residues, more preferably with butyl-, octyl and/or octadecyl containing residues, porous silica gel modified with phenylic residues, porous polymethacrylates, wherein in particular a porous polystyrene polymer or a non-alkylated (porous) polystyrenedivinylbenzene may be used.
- a non-alkylated porous polystyrenedivinylbenzene which is particularly preferred for the RP-HPLC step is one which, without being limited thereto, may have a particle size of 8.0 ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ m, in particular 8.0 ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m, and a pore size of 1000-1500 ⁇ , in particular 1000-1200 ⁇ or 3500-4500 ⁇ .
- the stationary phase is conventionally located in a column.
- V2A steel is conventionally used as the material for the column, but other materials may also be used for the column provided they are suitable for the conditions prevailing during HPLC.
- the column is straight. It is favourable for the HPLC column to have a length of 5 cm to 100 cm and a diameter of 4 mm to 25 mm.
- Columns used for the purification step of the method of the invention may in particular have the following dimensions: 50 mm long and 7.5 mm in diameter or 50 mm long and 4.6 mm in diameter, or 50 mm long and 10 mm in diameter or any other dimension with regard to length and diameter, which is suitable for preparative recovery of RNA, even lengths of several meters and also larger diameters being feasible in the case of upscaling.
- the HPLC is preferably performed as ion-pair, reversed phase HPLC as defined above.
- a mixture of an aqueous solvent and an organic solvent is used as the mobile phase for eluting the RNA.
- the buffer used as the aqueous solvent has a pH of 6.0-8.0, for example of about 7, for example 7.0.
- the buffer is triethylammonium acetate which preferably has a concentration of 0.02 M to 0.5 M, more preferably of 0.08 M to 0.12 M.
- an 0.1 M triethylammonium acetate buffer is used, which also acts as a counter ion to the RNA in the ion pair method.
- the organic solvent which is used in the mobile phase is selected from acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and acetone or a mixture thereof. More preferably it is acetonitrile.
- the mobile phase is a mixture of 0.1 M triethylammonium acetate, pH 7, and acetonitrile.
- the mobile phase contains 5.0 vol. % to 25.0 vol. % organic solvent, relative to the mobile phase, and for this to be made up to 100 vol. % with the aqueous solvent.
- the proportion of organic solvent is increased, in particular by at least 10%, more preferably by at least 50% and most preferably by at least 100%, optionally by at least 200%, relative to the initial vol. % in the mobile phase.
- the proportion of organic solvent in the mobile phase amounts in the course of HPLC separation to 3 to 9, preferably 4 to 7.5, in particular 5.0 vol. %, in each case relative to the mobile phase.
- the proportion of organic solvent in the mobile phase is increased in the course of HPLC separation from 3 to 9, in particular 5.0 vol. % to up to 20.0 vol. %, in each case relative to the mobile phase. Still more preferably, the method is performed in such a way that the proportion of organic solvent in the mobile phase is increased in the course of HPLC separation from 6.5 to 8.5, in particular 7.5 vol. %, to up to 17.5 vol. %, in each case relative to the mobile phase.
- the mobile phase contains 7.5 vol. % to 17.5 vol. % organic solvent, relative to the mobile phase, and for this to be made up to 100 vol. % with the aqueous buffered solvent.
- Elution may proceed isocratically or by means of gradient separation.
- elution of the RNA proceeds with a single eluent or a constant mixture of a plurality of eluents, wherein the solvents described above in detail may be used as eluent.
- gradient separation is performed wherein the composition of the eluent is varied by means of a gradient program.
- the equipment necessary for gradient separation is known to a person skilled in the art.
- Gradient elution may here proceed either on the low pressure side by mixing chambers or on the high pressure side by further pumps.
- the proportion of organic solvent is increased relative to the aqueous solvent during gradient separation.
- the above-described agents may here be used as the aqueous solvent and the likewise above-described agents may be used as the organic solvent.
- the proportion of organic solvent in the mobile phase may be increased in the course of HPLC separation from 5.0 vol. % to 20.0 vol. %, in each case relative to the mobile phase.
- the proportion of organic solvent in the mobile phase may be increased in the course of HPLC separation from 7.5 vol. % to 17.5 vol. %, in particular 9.5 to 14.5 vol. %, in each case relative to the mobile phase.
- Eluent B 0.1 M triethylammonium acetate, pH 7, with 25 vol. % acetonitrile
- purified solvent for HPLC.
- Such purified solvents are commercially obtainable. They may additionally also be filtered through a 1 to 5 ⁇ m microfilter, which is generally mounted in the system upstream of the pump. It is additionally preferred for all the solvents to be degassed prior to use, since otherwise gas bubbles occur in most pumps. If air bubbles occur in the solvent, they may interfere not only with separation but also with the continuous monitoring of outflow in the detector.
- the solvents may be degassed by heating, by vigorous stirring with a magnetic stirrer, by brief evacuation, by ultrasonication or by passing a small stream of helium through the solvent storage vessel.
- the flow rate of the eluent is selected such that good separation of the RNA from the other constituents contained in the sample to be investigated takes place.
- the eluent flow rate may amount to from 1 ml/min to several liters per minute (in the case of upscaling), in particular about 1 to 1000 ml/min, more preferably 5 ml to 500 ml/min, even more preferably more than 100 ml/min, depending on the type and scope of the upscaling. This flow rate may be established and regulated by the pump.
- the HPLC is preferably performed under denaturing conditions, such as an increased temperature.
- Suitable temperature conditions include a temperature of at least 70° C., preferably of at least 75° C., more preferably of about 78° C.
- Detection proceeds preferably with a UV detector at 254 nm, wherein a reference measurement may be made at 600 nm.
- a reference measurement may be made at 600 nm.
- any other detection method may alternatively be used, with which the RNA may be detected.
- RNA-containing eluted solvent quantities For preparative purification of the RNA, it is advisable to collect the RNA-containing eluted solvent quantities. In this respect, it is preferred to carry out this collection in such a way that the eluted solvent is collected in individual separated fractions. This may take place for example with a fraction collector. In this way, the high-purity RNA-containing fractions may be separated from other RNA-containing fractions which still contain undesired impurities, albeit in very small quantities. The individual fractions may be collected for example over 1 minute.
- the HPLC is preferably performed under completely denaturing conditions. This may proceed for example in that sample application takes place at a temperature of 4-12° C., the HPLC method otherwise proceeding at a higher temperature, preferably at 70° C. or more, particularly preferably at 75° C. or more, in particular up to 82° C., and very particularly preferably at about 78° C.
- Sample application may be performed with two methods, stop-flow injection or loop injection.
- stop-flow injection a microsyringe is used which is able to withstand the high pressure applied in HPLC.
- the sample is injected through a septum in an inlet valve either directly onto the column packing or onto a small drop of inert material immediately over the packing.
- the system may in this case be under elevated pressure, or the pump may be turned off prior to injection, which is then performed when the pressure has fallen to close to the normal value.
- a loop injector is used to introduce the sample. This consists of a tubular loop, into which the sample is inserted.
- the stationary phase is then conveyed out of the pump through the loop, whose outlet leads directly into the column.
- the sample is entrained in this way by the stationary phase into the column, without solvent flow to the pump being interrupted.
- the material for the reversed phase is a poly-styrenedivinylbenzene, wherein in particular non-alkylated polystyrenedivinyl-benzene may be used.
- a non-alkylated porous polystyrenedivinylbenzene which is very particularly is one which has in particular a particle size of 8.0 ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ m, in particular 8.0 ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m, and a pore size of 1000- or 4000 ⁇ .
- the eluate of the RP-HPLC step contains the RNA.
- the RNA in the eluate is purified as compared to the RNA sample subjected to the RP-HPLC step.
- any organic solvent present in the eluate may be removed by suitable methods which are known to the skilled person. These methods include, but are not limited to, precipitation with isopropanol or lithium chloride, tangential flow filtration and dialysis. In a preferred embodiment the organic solvent is removed by precipitation of the RNA with isopropanol.
- the purified RNA which is obtained by the method of the present invention can be used to prepare a pharmaceutical composition.
- the pharmaceutical composition can be prepared by admixing the RNA with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
- Sterile injectable forms of the pharmaceutical composition may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier typically includes the liquid or non-liquid basis of a composition comprising the components of the composition. If the composition is provided in liquid form, the carrier will typically be pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline or buffered (aqueous) solutions, e.g. phosphate, citrate etc. buffered solutions.
- the injection buffer may be hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic with reference to the specific reference medium, i.e. the buffer may have a higher, identical or lower salt content with reference to the specific reference medium, wherein preferably such concentrations of the afore mentioned salts may be used, which do not lead to damage of cells due to osmosis or other concentration effects.
- Reference media are e.g. liquids occurring in “in vivo” methods, such as blood, lymph, cytosolic liquids, or other body liquids, or e.g. liquids, which may be used as reference media in “in vitro” methods, such as common buffers or liquids. Such common buffers or liquids are known to a skilled person. Ringer-Lactate solution is particularly preferred as a liquid basis.
- compatible solid or liquid fillers or diluents or encapsulating compounds which are suitable for administration to a patient to be treated, may be used as well for the pharmaceutical composition.
- compatible means that these constituents of the inventive pharmaceutical composition are capable of being mixed with the components of the pharmaceutical composition in such a manner that no interaction occurs which would substantially reduce the pharmaceutical effectiveness of the pharmaceutical composition under typical use conditions.
- the method of the present invention is particularly suitable for use in the context of small scale RNA purification, it may also be used with larger amounts of RNA such as several 100 grams of RNA.
- the method of the present invention yields an amount of purified RNA of 0.1 g to 5 g, more preferably of 0.3 g to 3 g and most preferably of 0.5 g to 2 g.
- an amount of purified RNA 0.23 g to 11.6 g, preferably 0.69 g to 6.9 g and more preferably 1.16 g to 4.65 g of RNA have to be subjected to the method of the present invention.
- the method with the method steps as defined herein may not only be used to purify RNA, but also to polish RNA preparations, i.e. to remove residual impurities from a partially purified RNA sample, to concentrate the RNA preparation and to re-buffer the RNA preparation and to capture RNA present in a solution.
- a DNA sequence was prepared by modifying the DNA sequence by GC-optimization for stabilization.
- the GC-optimized DNA sequence was introduced into a pUC19 derived vector.
- the obtained plasmid DNA was used for RNA in vitro transcription experiments to obtain the RNA according to SEQ ID NO: 1.
- RNA in vitro transcription was performed in the presence of a CAP analog (m7GpppG).
- RNA in vitro transcription was carried out in 5.8 mM m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G Cap analog, 4 mM ATP, 4 mM CTP, 4 mM UTP, and 1.45 mM GTP, 50 ⁇ g/ml DNA plasmid, 80 mM HEPES, 24 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM Spermidine, 40 mM DTT, 100 U/ ⁇ g DNA T7 RNA polymerase, 5 U/ ⁇ g DNA pyrophosphatase, and 0.2 U/ ⁇ l RNAse inhibitor.
- the in vitro transcription reaction was incubated for 4.5 hours at 37° C.
- RNA IVT reaction To remove DNA template, 0.66 mM CaCl 2 and 300U/ml DNase1 (Thermo Fisher) was added and incubated in digestion buffer for 2 h at 37° C. The digestion reaction was stopped by adding EDTA to a final concentration of 25 mM. In the following examples the obtained preparation is referred to as “crude RNA IVT reaction”.
- RNA IVT reaction was HPLC purified using PureMessenger® (CureVac, Tübingen, Germany; according to WO 2008/077592 A1).
- HPLC-purified RNA eluates were precipitated using isopropanol precipitation in order to remove organic solvent.
- the samples were mixed with 5M NaCl and 100% isopropanol. After incubation at 4° C., the reaction vials were centrifuged, and supernatants were discarded. The RNA pellets were washed with ethanol, centrifuged, and supernatant was removed. The obtained RNA pellets were dried for 30 minutes at room temperature and eventually re-suspended in 2 ml WFI.
- the purified RNA preparation is referred to as “HPLC purified RNA”.
- RNA probe 1 ml HPLC purified RNA probe was mixed with 10 ml high salt binding buffer to obtain a diluted RNA solution (about 0.2 mg/ml).
- the CIM-OH column was attached to the FPLC device ( ⁇ KTA york) and equilibrated with 20 ml 50% high salt binding buffer. The maximal pressure was set to 5 MPa. The flow rate was 3 ml/min. After loading of 2.5 ml probe onto the CIM-OH column, the salt concentration was gradually reduced by adding low salt elution buffer. During the procedure, different fractions were taken. Moreover, the flow through was collected. Both, the collected fractions and flow through were analyzed (SDS page, Agarose gel electrophoresis).
- HPLC purified RNA (R2025) was used as probe.
- a CIM-OH column (CIM-OH, 340 ⁇ l CV, BIA separations) was attached to the FPLC device ( ⁇ KTA Louis, GE Healthcare Life Sciences) purged with ddH20 and equilibrated (equilibration buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0; 2M NaCl).
- equilibration buffer 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0; 2M NaCl.
- 2 mg/ml RNA (R2025) was diluted 1:10 with equilibration buffer and 500 ⁇ g RNA was loaded onto the respective column with 2 ml min ⁇ 1 and a maximum pressure of 5 MPa.
- the captured RNA was eluted using a gradually decreasing salt gradient with a flow rate of 3 ml min ⁇ 1 (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0).
- the elution profile of the RNA is shown in FIG. 1 .
- equilibration buffer (2) that potentially comprised contaminants (e.g. spermidine, proteins).
- equilibration buffer (3) that potentially comprised contaminants (e.g. spermidine, proteins).
- the salt concentration via increasing the concentration of the low salt buffer (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0) (3) the RNA fraction eluted as a sharp and defined peak (4).
- RNA was diluted 1:10 with equilibration buffer and 500 ⁇ g RNA was loaded onto the respective column with 2 ml min ⁇ 1 and a maximum pressure of 5 MPa.
- the captured RNA was eluted using a gradually decreasing salt gradient with a flow rate of 3 ml min ⁇ 1 (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0).
- the elution profile of the RNA is shown in FIG. 2 .
- unbound sample was eluted by washing with equilibration buffer (2) that potentially comprised contaminants (e.g. spermidine, proteins).
- equilibration buffer (2) that potentially comprised contaminants (e.g. spermidine, proteins).
- equilibration buffer that potentially comprised contaminants (e.g. spermidine, proteins).
- the salt concentration via increasing the concentration of the low salt buffer (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0) (3) the RNA fraction eluted as a sharp and defined peak (4).
- HIC is a suitable method for capturing RNA from a HPLC purified RNA sample.
- Particularly suitable are monolithic column materials (CIM) bearing —OH and SO 3 moieties as they show high binding capacity for large RNA molecules.
- CIM monolith monolithic column materials bearing —OH and SO 3 moieties as they show high binding capacity for large RNA molecules.
- the inventive method may be broadly applicable for the purification and also for the re-buffering, conditioning, cleaning, polishing, concentrating and/or capturing of various kinds of RNA preparations.
- One further advantage of the used material (CIM monolith) is that said materials have a large working pH range (pH 2-pH 13) allowing for cleaning-in place with e.g. alkaline cleaning solutions.
- Another advantage of the used material (CIM monolith) is that those macroporous monoliths also allow for large-scale preparations as these columns can be used with high flow rates.
- inventive HIC method was applied to purify crude RNA IVT samples (see Example 3).
- IVT RNA samples prepared according to Example 1
- 200 ⁇ l of a non-purified IVT RNA sample (1.3 mg/ml) was diluted 1:10 in equilibration buffer and applied to a monolithic CIM column (CIM-OH; 2 ml min ⁇ 1 , maximum pressure of 5 MPa).
- Elution of the RNA was performed via increasing the concentration of the low salt elution buffer (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0).
- Detection was performed via UV measurement at 260 nm.
- the elution profile of the RNA is shown in FIG. 3 .
- equilibration buffer (2) that comprised multiple protein contaminants (e.g. T7 RNA Polymerase, Pyrophosphatase, etc.) of the crude IVT RNA reaction.
- equilibration buffer (2) that comprised multiple protein contaminants (e.g. T7 RNA Polymerase, Pyrophosphatase, etc.) of the crude IVT RNA reaction.
- the salt concentration via increasing the concentration of the low salt buffer (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0) (3) the RNA fraction eluted as a sharp and defined peak (4).
- samples from the flow through and 5 different fractions after applying the elution buffer were taken.
- the inventive HIC method is suitable for capturing, purifying and re-buffering of an RNA sample containing multiple contaminations (crude IVT RNA sample).
- the results indicate that the method may be broadly applicable for the purification and also for the re-buffering, conditioning, cleaning, polishing, concentrating and/or capturing of RNA from various sources (e.g., crude RNA preparations, crude RP-HPLC reactions etc.).
- FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of FIG. 1 :
- FIG. 2
- FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of FIG. 3 :
- FIG. 4
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to methods for purifying RNA by chromatography under high salt conditions, e.g. by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/464,152, filed May 24, 2019, which is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2017/080703, filed Nov. 28, 2017, which claims benefit of International Application No. PCT/EP2016/079026, filed Nov. 28, 2016, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- This invention was made with government support under HR0011-11-3-0001 awarded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The government has certain rights in the invention.
- The instant application contains a Sequence Listing, which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Feb. 9, 2022, is named CRVCP0236USC1_ST25.txt and is 1.2 kilobytes in size.
- The present invention relates to methods for purifying RNA by chromatography under high salt conditions, e.g. by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
- RNA is emerging as an innovative candidate for a variety of pharmaceutical applications, but efficient purification of RNA is still a challenge. This is partly due to the different types and combinations of undesired contaminants in a sample that need to be separated from a desired RNA species to obtain a pure RNA sample. Such contaminants are typically components and by-products of any upstream processes, for example RNA manufacture. If RNA in vitro transcription is used to produce large RNA molecules, the sample after transcription typically contains the desired RNA species and various contaminants such as undesired RNA species, various proteins, spermidine, DNA template or fragments thereof, pyrophosphates, free nucleotides, endotoxins, detergents, and organic solvents.
- Commercial downstream applications (e.g. formulation procedures and/or use as a pharmaceutical composition and/or vaccine) pose further constraints on any purification method for RNA requiring (i) a high degree of purity while retaining RNA stability and functionality; (ii) compatibility with any formulation requirements of the RNA for in vivo delivery; and (iii) compliance with good manufacturing practices. Furthermore, in order to meet industrial applicability, any RNA purification method must enable consistent, cost- and time-efficient, as well as quick, easy, reproducible, repetitive, cleanable (cleaning-in place), and scalable (large scale, small scale) operation.
- A common laboratory technique is RNA precipitation, allowing for sample concentration as well as depletion of contaminating high molecular weight contaminants and low molecular weight contaminants such as proteins and spermidine, respectively. However, precipitation is not the method of choice in industrial production processes since precipitation and re-solubilisation of nucleic acids is time-consuming. Moreover, the use of alcohols and other organic solvents should be avoided in a highly regulated environment, e.g. current good manufacturing processes (cGMP).
- Moreover, the use of silica-based columns for RNA purification has the disadvantage that silica based materials do not allow cleaning with common cleaning solutions such as NaOH etc. as silica materials are not compatible with alkaline buffers commonly used for cleaning (cleaning in place).
- Other processes for the purification of RNA are described in the art as outlined below.
- WO 03/051483 A1 describes a method for purifying a polynucleotide by a chromatographic process comprising a combination of steps which are based on different chromatographic principles, such as hydrophobic interaction chromatography, polar interaction chromatography and anion exchange chromatography.
- WO 2008/077592 discloses a method for purifying RNA on a preparative scale with ion-pairing reverse phase HPLC using a porous reversed stationary phase. It is reported that a particular advantage of using the specified porous stationary phase is that excessively high pressures can be avoided, facilitating a preparative purification of RNA.
- WO 2014/140211, WO 2014/152966 and PCT/EP2016/062152 disclose methods of purifying RNA by means of tangential flow filtration. However, such a method is only suitable for large-scale preparations and technically not appropriate for small scale-preparations.
- Hence, there remains a need for further RNA purification methods, and in particular, for those that allow cost- and time-efficient purification of RNAs at various scale with high yield and pharmaceutical-grade purity, stability, and shelf life. Said further purification methods should ideally allow for a cleaning of the RNA preparation (e.g., depletion of contaminants from crude preparations), for a polishing of RNA preparations (e.g., depletion of residual contaminants such as solvents etc. from purified RNA preparation), for a concentration of the RNA preparation, for capturing an RNA of an RNA preparation, and for a conditioning of the RNA preparation (e.g., re-buffering). In particular, methods are required that are executable in a regulated environment (e.g., cGMP) and that are scalable, allowing for both small-scale and large-scale RNA preparations. Specifically, methods are needed to allow RNA purification in a small-scale manufacturing process that can be e.g. used in high throughput screening approaches or in the production of small amounts of pharmaceutical-grade RNA e.g. for personalized therapies. Further, methods are needed to allow RNA purification using materials compatible with common alkaline cleaning solutions. For large-scale preparations the method should allow for operations at large flow rates.
- It is thus an object of the present invention to provide further RNA purification methods.
- The inventors surprisingly found that applying a crude RNA in vitro transcription reaction mixture (including enzymes and proteins such as RNA polymerase, spermidine, desired RNA products, abortive RNA products, DNA template, NTPs etc.) or HPLC purified RNA under high salt conditions to a monolithic column with hydroxyl ligands led to binding of the desired RNA to the respective column support material and to depletion of undesired contaminants (enzymes, proteins etc.).
- In addition, the inventors surprisingly found that applying HPLC purified RNA under high salt conditions to a column having a sulfate (SO3) ligand which column is typically used for cation exchange chromatography also led to binding of the desired RNA to the respective column support material and to depletion of undesired contaminants (spermidine etc.).
- Hence, the method of the present invention may be used for purifying and/or re-buffering and/or concentrating and/or polishing and/or capturing of a crude in vitro transcription mixture, an eluate from a RP-HPLC column containing RNA, or already purified RNA (e.g., HPLC purified RNA) or other RNA preparations (e.g., cellular RNA preparations).
- Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method for purifying RNA, comprising the steps of:
- a) applying a sample containing RNA in an equilibration buffer having a high salt concentration to a support material capable of binding the RNA under high salt conditions, wherein the support comprises hydroxyl or sulfate groups;
- b) optionally, washing the support material with a washing buffer having a high salt concentration; and
- c) eluting the nucleic acid from the support material with an elution solution.
- In one embodiment, the method does not comprise a polar interaction chromatography or an anion exchange chromatography step.
- Preferably, the RNA is in vitro transcribed RNA.
- In one embodiment, the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer has a salt concentration of 50 mM to 5M.
- In one embodiment, the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate.
- In one embodiment, the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 2 M NaCl.
- In one embodiment, the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl.
- In one embodiment, the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have the same composition and the same pH.
- The support material may be a monolithic support material.
- In one embodiment the support material is a methacrylate polymer.
- The hydroxyl ligand or sulfate moiety may be attached directly to the support material.
- The RNA may be eluted by gradually decreasing the salt concentration.
- In one embodiment the elution solution does not contain a salt.
- In one embodiment the elution solution comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- The present invention further relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- a) transcribing RNA from a template DNA in vitro;
- b) applying a sample containing the in vitro transcribed RNA in an equilibration buffer having a high salt concentration to a support material capable of binding the RNA under high salt conditions;
- c) optionally, washing the support material with a washing buffer having a high salt concentration; and
- d) eluting the RNA from the support material with an elution solution.
- The method may further comprise a step al) of degrading the template DNA, wherein the template DNA may be degraded by treatment with DNase.
- The method may further comprise a step a2) of subjecting the in vitro transcribed RNA to an RP-HPLC step and/or a step e) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer has a salt concentration of 50 mM to 5M.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 2 M NaCl.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have the same composition and the same pH.
- The support material may be a monolithic support material.
- The support material may be a methacrylate polymer.
- Preferably, the support material comprises a ligand capable of binding the RNA and the ligand may be a hydroxyl ligand or a sulfate moiety. Preferably, the hydroxyl ligand or sulfate moiety is attached directly to the support material.
- The RNA may be eluted by gradually decreasing the salt concentration.
- In one embodiment the elution solution does not contain a salt.
- In one embodiment the elution buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- The present invention also relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- a) transcribing RNA from a template DNA in vitro;
- b) degrading the template DNA;
- c) subjecting the in vitro transcribed RNA to an RP-HPLC step;
- d) applying the eluate from the RP-HPLC in an equilibration buffer having a high salt concentration to a support material capable of binding the RNA under high salt conditions;
- e) washing the support material with a washing buffer having a high salt concentration; and
- f) eluting the RNA from the support material with an elution solution.
- The method may further comprise a step g) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
- The template DNA may be degraded by treatment with DNase.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer has a salt concentration of 50 mM to 5M.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 2 M NaCl.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have the same composition and the same pH.
- The support material may be a monolithic support material.
- The support material may be a methacrylate polymer.
- Preferably, the support material comprises a ligand capable of binding the RNA and the ligand may be a hydroxy ligand or a sulfate moiety. Preferably, the hydroxyl ligand or sulfate moiety is attached directly to the support material.
- The RNA may be eluted by gradually decreasing the salt concentration.
- In one embodiment the elution solution does not contain a salt.
- In one embodiment the elution buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- The present invention also relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- a) transcribing RNA from a template DNA in vitro;
- b) degrading the template DNA;
- c) subjecting the in vitro transcribed RNA to an RP-HPLC step;
- d) removing organic solvent from the eluate of the RP-HPLC step;
- e) applying the purified RNA in an equilibration buffer having a high salt concentration to a support material capable of binding the RNA under high salt conditions;
- f) washing the support material with a washing buffer having a high salt concentration; and
- g) eluting the RNA from the support material with an elution solution.
- The method may further comprise a step h) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
- The template DNA may be degraded by treatment with DNase.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer has a salt concentration of 50 mM to 5M.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 2 M NaCl.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl.
- In one embodiment the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have the same composition and the same pH.
- The support material may be a monolithic support material.
- The support material may be a methacrylate polymer.
- Preferably, the support material comprises a ligand capable of binding the RNA and the ligand may be a hydroxy ligand or a sulfate moiety. Preferably, the hydroxyl ligand or sulfate moiety is attached directly to the support material.
- The RNA may be eluted by gradually decreasing the salt concentration.
- In one embodiment the elution solution does not contain a salt.
- In one embodiment the elution buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- The present invention further relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- a) transcribing RNA from a template DNA in vitro;
- b) applying a sample containing the in vitro transcribed RNA in an equilibration buffer comprising 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0 and 2 M NaCl to a monolithic support comprising a hydroxyl or a sulfate moiety;
- c) washing the support material with said equilibration buffer; and
- d) eluting the RNA from the support material by a gradually decreasing salt gradient using an elution buffer comprising 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- The present invention also relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- a) transcribing RNA from a template DNA in vitro;
- b) degrading the template DNA by DNase treatment;
- c) subjecting the in vitro transcribed RNA to an RP-HPLC step;
- d) applying the eluate from the RP-HPLC in an equilibration buffer comprising 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0 and 2 M NaCl to a monolithic support comprising a hydroxyl or a sulfate moiety;
- e) washing the support material with said equilibration buffer; and
- f) eluting the RNA from the support material by a gradually decreasing salt gradient using an elution buffer comprising 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- The method may further comprise a step g) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
- The present invention also relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- a) transcribing RNA from a template DNA in vitro;
- b) degrading the template DNA by DNase treatment;
- c) subjecting the in vitro transcribed RNA to an RP-HPLC step;
- d) removing organic solvent from the eluate of the RP-HPLC step;
- e) applying the eluate from the RP-HPLC in an equilibration buffer comprising 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0 and 2 M NaCl to a monolithic support comprising a hydroxyl or a sulfate moiety;
- f) washing the support material with said equilibration buffer; and
- g) eluting the RNA from the support material by a gradually decreasing salt gradient using an elution buffer comprising 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- The method may further comprise a step h) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
- Definitions
- For the sake of clarity and readability, the following definitions are provided. Any technical feature mentioned for these definitions may be read on each and every embodiment of the invention. Additional definitions and explanations may be specifically provided in the context of these embodiments. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in cell culture, molecular genetics, organic chemistry, and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization are those well-known and commonly employed in the art. Standard techniques are used for nucleic acid and peptide synthesis. The techniques and procedures are generally performed according to conventional methods in the art and various general references (e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2d ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), which are provided throughout this document.
- Purification: The term “purification” or “purifying” is understood to mean that the desired RNA in a sample is separated and/or isolated from the impurities present therein. Thus, after subjecting the RNA to the method of the present invention the RNA is present in a purer form than in the RNA-containing sample before subjecting it to the method of the present invention. Undesired constituents of RNA-containing samples which therefore need to be separated may in particular be enzymes such as RNA polymerase, other proteins, spermidine, and nucleotides.
- Using the method according to the invention, RNA is purified which has a higher purity after purification than the starting material. It is desirable in this respect for the degree of purity to be as close as possible to 100%. A degree of purity of more than 70%, in particular 80%, very particularly 90% and most favorably 99% or more may be achieved in this way. The degree of purity may for example be determined by an analytical HPLC, wherein the percentage provided above corresponds to the ratio between the area of the peak for the target RNA and the total area of all peaks representing the by-products.
- RNA, mRNA: RNA is the usual abbreviation for ribonucleic acid. It is a nucleic acid molecule, i.e. a polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers. These nucleotides are usually adenosine-monophosphate (AMP), uridine-monophosphate (UMP), guanosine-monophosphate (GMP) and cytidine-monophosphate (CMP) monomers or analogs thereof, which are connected to each other along a so-called backbone. The backbone is formed by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar, i.e. ribose, of a first and a phosphate moiety of a second, adjacent monomer. The specific order of the monomers, i.e. the order of the bases linked to the sugar/phosphate-backbone, is called the RNA sequence. Usually RNA may be obtainable by transcription of a DNA sequence, e.g., inside a cell. In eukaryotic cells, transcription is typically performed inside the nucleus or the mitochondria. In vivo, transcription of DNA usually results in the so-called premature RNA which has to be processed into so-called messenger-RNA, usually abbreviated as mRNA. Processing of the premature RNA, e.g. in eukaryotic organisms, comprises a variety of different posttranscriptional-modifications such as splicing, 5′-capping, polyadenylation, export from the nucleus or the mitochondria and the like. The sum of these processes is also called maturation of RNA. The mature messenger RNA usually provides the nucleotide sequence that may be translated into an amino acid sequence of a particular peptide or protein. Typically, a mature mRNA comprises a 5′-cap, optionally a 5′UTR, an open reading frame, optionally a 3′UTR and a poly(A) sequence.
- In addition to messenger RNA, several non-coding types of RNA exist which may be involved in regulation of transcription and/or translation, and immunostimulation. The term “RNA” further encompasses RNA molecules, such as viral RNA, retroviral RNA and replicon RNA, small interfering RNA (siRNA), antisense RNA, CRISPR/Cas9 guide RNA, ribozymes, aptamers, riboswitches, immunostimulating RNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA). Further the term may encompass circular RNA (circRNA), wherein the circRNA is preferably a protein-coding circRNA.
- Modified nucleoside triphosphate: The term “modified nucleoside triphosphate” as used herein refers to chemical modifications comprising backbone modifications as well as sugar modifications or base modifications. These modified nucleoside triphosphates are herein also called (nucleotide) analogs.
- In this context, the modified nucleoside triphosphates as defined herein are nucleotide analogs/modifications, e.g. backbone modifications, sugar modifications or base modifications. A backbone modification in connection with the present invention is a modification, in which phosphates of the backbone of the nucleotides are chemically modified. A sugar modification in connection with the present invention is a chemical modification of the sugar of the nucleotides. Furthermore, a base modification in connection with the present invention is a chemical modification of the base moiety of the nucleotides. In this context nucleotide analogs or modifications are preferably selected from nucleotide analogs which are applicable for transcription and/or translation.
- Sugar Modifications
- The modified nucleosides and nucleotides, which may be used in the context of the present invention, can be modified in the sugar moiety. For example, the 2′ hydroxyl group (OH) can be modified or replaced with a number of different “oxy” or “deoxy” substituents. Examples of “oxy” -2′ hydroxyl group modifications include, but are not limited to, alkoxy or aryloxy (—OR, e.g., R═H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or sugar); polyethyleneglycols (PEG), —O(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OR; “locked” nucleic acids (LNA) in which the 2′ hydroxyl is connected, e.g., by a methylene bridge, to the 4′ carbon of the same ribose sugar; and amino groups (—O-amino, wherein the amino group, e.g., NRR, can be alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diarylamino, heteroarylamino, or diheteroaryl amino, ethylene diamine, polyamino) or aminoalkoxy.
- “Deoxy” modifications include hydrogen, amino (e.g. NH2; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diaryl amino, heteroaryl amino, diheteroaryl amino, or amino acid); or the amino group can be attached to the sugar through a linker, wherein the linker comprises one or more of the atoms C, N, and O.
- The sugar group can also contain one or more carbons that possess the opposite stereochemical configuration than that of the corresponding carbon in ribose. Thus, a modified nucleotide can include nucleotides containing, for instance, arabinose as the sugar.
- Backbone Modifications
- The phosphate backbone may further be modified in the modified nucleosides and nucleotides. The phosphate groups of the backbone can be modified by replacing one or more of the oxygen atoms with a different substituent. Further, the modified nucleosides and nucleotides can include the full replacement of an unmodified phosphate moiety with a modified phosphate as described herein. Examples of modified phosphate groups include, but are not limited to, phosphorothioate, phosphoroselenates, borano phosphates, borano phosphate esters, hydrogen phosphonates, phosphoroamidates, alkyl or aryl phosphonates and phosphotriesters. Phosphorodithioates have both non-linking oxygens replaced by sulfur. The phosphate linker can also be modified by the replacement of a linking oxygen with nitrogen (bridged phosphoroamidates), sulfur (bridged phosphorothioates) and carbon (bridged methylene-phosphonates).
- Base Modifications
- The modified nucleosides and nucleotides, which may be used in the present invention, can further be modified in the nucleobase moiety. Examples of nucleobases found in RNA include, but are not limited to, adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. For example, the nucleosides and nucleotides described herein can be chemically modified on the major groove face. In some embodiments, the major groove chemical modifications can include an amino group, a thiol group, an alkyl group, or a halo group.
- In some embodiments, the nucleotide analogs/modifications are selected from base modifications, which are preferably selected from 2-amino-6-chloropurineriboside-5′-triphosphate, 2-Aminopurine-riboside-5′-triphosphate; 2-aminoadenosine-5′-triphosphate, 2′-Amino-2′-deoxycytidine-triphosphate, 2-thiocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 2-thiouridine-5′-triphosphate, 2′-Fluorothymidine-5′-triphosphate, 2′-O-Methyl inosine-5′-triphosphate 4-thiouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallyluridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Bromo-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-iodocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Iodo-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-iodouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-methylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-methyluridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Propynyl-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Propynyl-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-triphosphate, 6-azacytidine-5′-triphosphate, 6-azauridine-5′-triphosphate, 6-chloropurineriboside-5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaadenosine-5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaguanosine-5′-triphosphate, 8-azaadenosine-5′-triphosphate, 8-azidoadenosine-5′-triphosphate, benzimidazole-riboside-5′-triphosphate, N1-methyladenosine-5′-triphosphate, N1-methylguanosine-5′-triphosphate, N6-methyladenosine-5′-triphosphate, O6-methylguanosine-5′-triphosphate, pseudouridine-5′-triphosphate, or puromycin-5′-triphosphate, xanthosine-5′-triphosphate. Particular preference is given to nucleotides for base modifications selected from the group of base-modified nucleotides consisting of 5-methylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaguanosine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine-5′-triphosphate, and pseudouridine-5′-triphosphate.
- In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, l-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-l-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, and 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine.
- In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include 5-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, and 4-methoxy-l-methyl-pseudoisocytidine.
- In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine, 7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine.
- In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, l-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine.
- In some embodiments, the nucleotide can be modified on the major groove face and can include replacing hydrogen on C-5 of uracil with a methyl group or a halo group.
- In specific embodiments, a modified nucleoside is 5′-O-(l-Thiophosphate)-Adenosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Cytidine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Guanosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Uridine or 5′-O-(l-Thiophosphate)-Pseudouridine.
- In further specific embodiments the modified nucleotides include nucleoside modifications selected from 6-aza-cytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, α-thio-cytidine, Pseudo-iso-cytidine, 5-aminoallyl-uridine, 5-iodo-uridine, N1-methyl-pseudouridine, 5,6-dihydrouridine, α-thio-uridine, 4-thio-uridine, 6-aza-uridine, 5-hydroxy-uridine, deoxy-thymidine, 5-methyl-uridine, Pyrrolo-cytidine, inosine, α-thio-guanosine, 6-methyl-guanosine, 5-methyl-cytidine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, N1-methyl-adenosine, 2-amino-6-Chloro-purine, N6-methyl-2-amino-purine, Pseudo-iso-cytidine, 6-Chloro-purine, N6-methyl-adenosine, α-thio-adenosine, 8-azido-adenosine, 7-deaza-adenosine.
- Further modified nucleotides have been described previously (WO 2013/052523).
- Sample: As used herein, the term “sample” refers to a liquid composition comprising the RNA to be purified and one or more impurities. The sample may be the in vitro transcription mixture or it may be a partially purified sample. For example, the sample may have already been subjected to any known RNA purification technique, in particular to an RP-HPLC purification step and/or precipitation steps.
- Impurity/impurities: The term “impurity” includes any molecule present in the sample containing RNA other than the RNA to be purified. In particular, it includes components of the RNA in vitro transcription reaction such as enzymes, proteins and nucleotides.
- Equilibration buffer: The term “equilibration buffer” refers to a salt solution which is used to prepare the support material for loading the sample containing RNA. Within the method of the present invention the equilibration buffer is also used to load the sample containing RNA on the support material. Therefore, it is passed through the support material simultaneously or substantially simultaneously with passage of the sample through the support material. In certain embodiments, the equilibration buffer is combined with the sample containing RNA prior to passage through the support material.
- Support material: In chromatographic processes the support material is typically a material which serves as the stationary phase, i.e. as a material along which the mobile phase containing the molecules to be separated, in the present case the equilibration buffer with the sample containing RNA, moves. The support material can be functionalized with ligands which are suitable for the kind of separation desired. For example, for ion exchange chromatography the support material may be functionalized with positively or negatively charged ligands and for hydrophobic interaction chromatography the support material may be functionalized with hydrophobic ligands such as alkyl groups, aryl groups or combinations thereof.
- The most widely used support materials are hydrophilic carbohydrates such as cross-linked agarose and synthetic copolymer materials and methacrylate based connective interaction media (CIM) monolithic columns. The support material may also comprise derivatives of cellulose, polystyrene, synthetic poly amino acids, synthetic polyacrylamide gels, cross-linked dextran or a glass surface.
- For hydrophobic interaction chromatography or purification under high salt conditions a hydrophobic ligand such as NH2, SO3H, PO4H2, SH, imidazoles, phenolic groups, butyl, hexyl, phenyl, octyl, polypropylene glycol or non-ionic radicals such as OH and CONH2 may be attached to the support material. These hydrophobic ligands may be attached using difunctional linking groups such as —NH—, —S— and —COO. Within the present invention, the use of OH and SO3 ligands is particularly preferred.
- In some embodiments, the support material may be selected from the group consisting of an agarose media or a membrane functionalized with phenyl groups (e.g., Phenyl Sepharose™ from GE Healthcare or a Phenyl Membrane from Sartorius), Tosoh Hexyl, CaptoPhenyl,
Phenyl Sepharose™ 6 Fast Flow with low or high substitution, Phenyl Sepharose™ High Performance, Octyl Sepharose™ High Performance (GE Healthcare); Fractogel™ EMD Propyl or Fractogel™ EMD Phenyl (E. Merck, Germany); Macro-Prep™ Methyl or Macro-Prep™ t-Butyl columns (Bio-Rad, California); WP HI-Propyl (C3)™ (J. T. Baker, New Jersey) or Toyopearl™ ether, phenyl or butyl (TosoHaas, PA). ToyoScreen PPG, ToyoScreen Phenyl, ToyoScreen Butyl, and ToyoScreen Hexyl are based on rigid methacrylic polymer beads. GE HiScreen Butyl FF and HiScreen Octyl FF are based on high flow agarose based beads. Preferred are Toyopearl Ether-650M, Toyopearl Phenyl-650M, Toyopearl Butyl-650M, Toyopearl Hexyl-650C (TosoHaas, PA), POROS-OH (ThermoFisher) or methacrylate based monolithic columns such as CIM-OH, CIM-SO3, CIM-C4 A and CIM C4 HDL which comprise OH, sulfate or butyl ligands, respectively (BIA Separations). - The support material is preferably present in a column, wherein the sample containing RNA is loaded on the top of the column and the eluent is collected at the bottom of the column.
- Washing buffer: The term “washing buffer”, as used herein refers to a buffer which is passed through the support material after loading the sample containing RNA and before eluting the RNA. The washing buffer therefore serves to remove impurities from the support material before the RNA is eluted.
- Elution solution: An elution solution is used to disrupt the interaction between the RNA and the support material. Accordingly, the elution solution has a lower salt concentration than the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer.
- Anion exchange chromatography: In anion exchange chromatography binding to a support material is achieved by electrostatic interaction of negatively charged sample components with positively charged moieties such as diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) or quaternary ammonium (QA) on the surface of the support material. This interaction typically occurs at low salt concentrations and elution is achieved by increasing the salt concentration.
- Polar interaction chromatography: Polar interaction chromatography or hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is based on the interaction of components of a sample with a support material which carries polar functional groups such as hydroxyl or amine. The interaction may occur at high salt concentrations in the presence of an organic solvent, in particular acetonitrile.
- Hydrophobic interaction chromatography: Hydrophobic interaction chromatography is based on the hydrophobic interaction between hydrophobic moieties bound to a support material and hydrophobic regions of the molecule that binds to the matrix such as RNA. Binding is achieved at high salt concentrations and the molecule is eluted from the matrix by decreasing the salt concentration and, optionally, the addition of organic solvents.
- In vitro transcription: The terms “in vitro transcription” or “RNA in vitro transcription” relate to a process wherein RNA is synthesized in a cell-free system (in vitro). DNA, particularly plasmid DNA, a PCR amplified DNA or synthetic DNA, is used as template for the generation of RNA transcripts. RNA may be obtained by DNA-dependent in vitro transcription of an appropriate DNA template, which according to the present invention is preferably a linearized plasmid DNA template. The promoter for controlling in vitro transcription can be any promoter for any DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Particular examples of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases are the T7, T3, and SP6 RNA polymerases. A DNA template for in vitro RNA transcription may be obtained by cloning of a nucleic acid, in particular cDNA corresponding to the respective RNA to be in vitro transcribed, and introducing it into an appropriate vector for in vitro transcription, for example into plasmid DNA. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the DNA template is linearized with a suitable restriction enzyme, before it is transcribed in vitro. The cDNA may be obtained by reverse transcription of mRNA or chemical synthesis. Moreover, the DNA template for in vitro RNA synthesis may also be obtained by gene synthesis or PCR.
- Methods for in vitro transcription are known in the art (Geall et al. (2013) Semin. Immunol. 25(2): 152-159; Brunelle et al. (2013) Methods Enzymol. 530:101-14). Reagents used in said method typically include:
- 1) a DNA template with a promoter sequence that has a high binding affinity for its respective RNA polymerase such as bacteriophage-encoded RNA polymerases;
- 2) ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) for the four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil);
- 3) optionally a cap analog as defined below (e.g. m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (m7G));
- 4) a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase capable of binding to the promoter sequence within the linearized DNA template (e.g. T7, T3 or SP6 RNA polymerase);
- 5) optionally a ribonuclease (RNase) inhibitor to inactivate any contaminating RNase;
- 6) optionally a pyrophosphatase to degrade pyrophosphate, which may inhibit transcription;
- 7) MgCl2, which supplies Mg2+ ions as a co-factor for the polymerase;
- 8) a buffer to maintain a suitable pH value, which can also contain antioxidants (e.g. DTT), amines such as betaine and/or polyamines such as spermidine at optimal concentrations.
- “In vitro transcribed RNA” is an RNA which has been prepared by the process of in vitro transcription as described above.
- DNA template: The DNA template provides the nucleic acid sequence which is transcribed into the RNA by the process of in vitro transcription and which therefore comprises a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to the RNA sequence which is transcribed therefrom. In addition to the nucleic acid sequence which is transcribed into the RNA the DNA template comprises a promoter to which the RNA polymerase used in the in vitro transcription process binds with high affinity.
- Preferably, the DNA template may be a linearized plasmid DNA template. The linear template DNA is obtained by contacting plasmid DNA with a restriction enzyme under suitable conditions so that the restriction enzyme cuts the plasmid DNA at its recognition site(s) and disrupts the circular plasmid structure. The plasmid DNA is preferably cut immediately after the end of the sequence which is to be transcribed into RNA. Hence, the linear template DNA comprises a free 5′ end and a free 3′ end which are not linked to each other. If the plasmid DNA contains only one recognition site for the restriction enzyme, the linear template DNA has the same number of nucleotides as the plasmid DNA. If the plasmid DNA contains more than one recognition site for the restriction enzyme, the linear template DNA has a smaller number of nucleotides than the plasmid DNA. The linear template DNA is then the fragment of the plasmid DNA which contains the elements necessary for in vitro transcription, that is a promotor element for RNA transcription and the template DNA element. The open reading frame of the linear template DNA determines the sequence of the transcribed RNA by the rules of base-pairing.
- In other embodiments, the DNA template may be selected from a synthetic double stranded DNA construct, a single-stranded DNA template with a double-stranded DNA region comprising the promoter to which the RNA polymerase binds, a cyclic double-stranded DNA template with promoter and terminator sequences or a linear DNA template amplified by PCR or isothermal amplification.
- Monolithic support material: A monolithic support material (or monolithic bed) is a continuous bed consisting of a single piece of a highly porous solid material where the pores are highly interconnected forming a network of flow-through channels. Hence, the void volume is decreased to a minimum and all the mobile phase is forced to flow through the large pores of the medium.
- Three types of monolithic support materials are commercially available:
- 1) Silica gel based monolithic beds which are solid rods of silica monolith that have been prepared according to a sol-gel process. This process is based on the hydrolysis and polycondensation of alkoxysilanes in the presence of water-soluble polymers. The method leads to “rods” made of a single piece of porous silica with a defined bimodal pore structure having macro (of about 2 μm) and mesopores (of about 0.013 μm) when smaller rods intended for analytical purposes are prepared.
- 2) Polyacrylamide based monolithic beds are made of swollen polyacrylamide gel compressed in the shape of columns. Their technology relies on the polymerization of advanced monomers and ionomers directly in the chromatographic column. In the presence of salt, the polymer chains form aggregates into large bundles by hydrophobic interaction, creating voids between the bundles (irregularly shaped channels) large enough to permit a high hydrodynamic flow.
- 3) Rigid organic gel based monolithic beds: These supports are prepared by free radical polymerization of a mixture of a polymerizable monomer, optionally with functional groups, such as glycidyl methacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate, a crosslinking agent, a radical chain initiator, such as 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, and porogenic solvents (cyclohexanol and dodecanol) in barrels of an appropriate mold (Svec F, Tennikova T B (1991) J Bioact Compat Polym 6: 393; Svec F, Jelinkova M, Votavova E (1991) Angew Macromol Chem 188: 167; Svec F, Frechet J M J (1992) Anal Chem 64: 820) in the case of glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate (GMA-EDMA) monoliths.
- DNase: DNases are enzymes which hydrolyze DNA by that catalyzing the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone. Suitable DNases are isolated from bovine pancreas and are available from various suppliers such as Sigma-Aldrich, New England Biolabs, Qiagen and ThermoFisher. Preferably, the used DNase is free of any RNAse activity. In one embodiment the treatment with DNase is performed in DNase buffer additionally comprising a suitable amount of calcium chloride, such as 0.66 mM CaCl2. The DNA is treated with the DNase for 1 to 5 hours, preferably for 1.5 to 3 hours and more preferably for 2 hours. The DNase treatment is preferably performed at a temperature of 37° C. In one particular embodiment, the DNA template is removed by addition of 0.66 mM CaCl2 and 300 U/ml DNase I in digestion buffer and incubation for two hours at 37° C. The DNase treatment can be stopped by adding EDTA or another chelating agent. Preferably, the DNase treatment is stopped by adding EDTA to a final concentration of 25 mM.
- HPLC: HPLC is the common abbreviation of the term “high performance liquid chromatography”. In the HPLC process a pressurized liquid solvent containing the sample mixture is passed through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material leading to the interaction of components of the sample with the adsorbent material. Since different components interact differently with the adsorbent material, this leads to the separation of the components as they flow out of the column. The operational pressure in HPLC process is typically between 50 and 350 bar. The term HPLC includes reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), size exclusion chromatography, gel filtration, affinity chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography or ion pair chromatography, wherein reversed phase HPLC is preferred.
- Reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC): Reversed phase HPLC uses a non-polar stationary phase and a moderately polar mobile phase and therefore works with hydrophobic interactions which result from repulsive forces between a relatively polar solvent, the relatively non-polar analyte, and the non-polar stationary phase (reversed phase principle). The retention time on the column is therefore longer for molecules which are more non-polar in nature, allowing polar molecules to elute more readily. The retention time is increased by the addition of polar solvent to the mobile phase and decreased by the addition of more hydrophobic solvent.
- The characteristics of the specific RNA molecule as an analyte may play an important role in its retention characteristics. In general, an analyte having more apolar functional groups results in a longer retention time because it increases the molecule's hydrophobicity and therefore the interaction with the non-polar stationary phase. Very large molecules, however, can result in incomplete interaction between the large analyte surface and the alkyl chain. Retention time increases with hydrophobic surface area which is roughly inversely proportional to solute size. Branched chain compounds elute more rapidly than their corresponding isomers because the overall surface area is decreased.
- Ion-pair, reversed-phase HPLC: Ion-pair, reversed-phase HPLC is a specific form of reversed-phase HPLC in which an ion with a lipophilic residue and positive charge such as an alkylammonium salt, e.g. triethylammonium acetate, is added to the mobile phase as counter ion for the negatively charged RNA. When used with common hydrophobic HPLC phases in the reversed-phase mode, ion pair reagents can be used to selectively increase the retention of the RNA.
- Pharmaceutical composition: A pharmaceutical composition is a composition comprising a pharmaceutically active agent such as a therapeutic RNA and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. A pharmaceutical composition is suitable for storage for a certain period of time and for administration to a patient. The pharmaceutical composition may be in liquid or in freeze-dried form. A suitable injection solution for RNA is disclosed in WO 2006/122828 A2. A method for lyophilizing RNA is described in WO 2016/165831 A1. The pharmaceutical composition comprises the RNA in a pharmaceutically effective amount which is able to exert the therapeutic effect. The RNA may be complexed using cationic and/or polycationic compounds such as polycationic peptides or polymers (see, e.g., WO 2009/030481 A1; WO 2012/013326 A1; WO 2013/113501 A1; WO 2013/113736 A1) or may be encapsulated (e.g., lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes).
- As discussed above, the present invention is based on the finding that RNA can be purified either from a crude in vitro transcription mixture or from an RP-HPLC-purified mixture by a chromatography step wherein the RNA binds to the support material or the moiety attached thereto under high salt conditions and is then eluted by decreasing the salt concentration. These conditions are also used in hydrophobic interaction chromatography so that the method of the present invention may involve hydrophobic interaction chromatography, although the support material used in the method of the present invention is not restricted to the material typically used in hydrophobic interaction chromatography, but may also comprise material which is typically used in other chromatographic techniques such as ion exchange chromatography. One example of such a material is a support material with sulfate groups. In the present invention the binding of the RNA to the support material does not involve the interaction between nucleotide bases within the RNA and nucleotide bases attached to the support, in particular the binding of the RNA to the support material does not involve the interaction between the polyA tail of the RNA and thymidines attached to the support.
- Hence, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for purifying RNA, comprising the steps of:
- a) applying a sample containing RNA in an equilibration buffer having a high salt concentration to a support material capable of binding the RNA under high salt conditions, wherein the support comprises hydroxyl or sulfate groups;
- b) washing the support material with a washing buffer having a high salt concentration; and
- c) eluting the nucleic acid from the support material with an elution solution,
- wherein the method does not comprise a polar interaction chromatography or an anion exchange chromatography step.
- In another aspect the present invention relates to a method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
- a) transcribing RNA from a template DNA in vitro;
- b) applying a sample containing the in vitro transcribed RNA in an equilibration buffer having a high salt concentration to a support material capable of binding the RNA under high salt conditions, wherein the support comprises hydroxyl or sulfate groups;
- c) washing the support material with a washing buffer having a high salt concentration; and
- d) eluting the RNA from the support material with an elution solution.
- Before applying the sample containing RNA or in vitro transcribed RNA to the support material, the sample may be diluted, for example with equilibration buffer. Preferably, the sample is diluted between 1:2 and 1:20, more preferably it is diluted between 1:5 and 1:12 and most preferably it is diluted 1:10, i.e. one volume of the sample is mixed with 9 volumes of equilibration buffer. In other embodiments, the sample containing RNA or in vitro transcribed RNA is not diluted with equilibration buffer before applying the sample to the support material.
- In the process of the present invention, any monolithic support can be used which is permeable for RNA. Preferably, the monolithic support is based on a methacrylate polymer, more preferably it is based on poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co ethylene dimethylacrylate). The average pore radius is preferably 500 to 1200 nm, preferably it is 675 nm. Also preferably the monolithic support is CIM® available from BIA Separations.
- As described above, the monolithic bed may carry functional moieties (ligands) that allow for the specific chromatographic separation. The ligand density is chosen such that capacity, yield and recovery are maximized.
- Preferably, the monolithic bed comprises a hydroxyl or a sulfate moiety and more preferably it is CIM® OH or CIM® SO3 available from BIA Separations. The hydroxyl moiety is attached to the monolithic bed directly. In particular, the hydroxyl moiety is not part of a ligand carrying additional chemical groups such as the ligand N-benzyl ethanolamine.
- The solution applied to the support material has an RNA concentration of 0.05 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml, preferably of 0.07 mg/ml to 3 mg/ml, more preferably of 0.1 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml or 0.1 mg/ml to 0.5 mg/ml and most preferably the RNA concentration is 0.2 mg/ml.
- The equilibration buffer has a high salt concentration to enhance the interaction of the RNA with the support material or the ligand attached thereto. Preferably, the high salt concentration is from 50 mM to 5 M or from 100 mM to 4 M, more preferably, the salt concentration is from 300 mM to 3.5 M or from 500 mM to 3 M, even more preferably the high salt concentration is from 700 mM to 2.8 M or from 1.2 M to 2.5 M and most preferably it is 2 M, depending, in part, on the salt type. In one embodiment the high salt concentration is 1 M, 1.1 M, 1.2 M, 1.3 M, 1.4 M, 1.5 M, 1.6 M, 1.7 M, 1.8 M, 1.9 M, 2.0 M, 2.1 M, 2.2 M, 2.3 M, 2.4 M, 2.5 M, 2.6 M, 2.7 M, 2.8 M, 2.9 M or 3.0 M.
- The equilibration buffer may comprise a salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, ammonium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium citrate or a combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the equilibration buffer comprises sodium chloride. The equilibration buffer may comprise a cation selected from the group consisting of Ba2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Li+, Cs+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and NH4 +, and/or an anion selected from the group consisting of PO4 3−, SO4 2−, CH3CO3 −, Cl−, Br−, NO3 −, ClO4 −, I−, and SCN− or a combination thereof.
- In a preferred embodiment the equilibration buffer comprises 2 M sodium chloride.
- The pH of the equilibration buffer is between 4.0 and 8.5 or between 5.0 and 8.0. In certain embodiments, the equilibration buffer has a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Most preferably, the pH of the equilibration buffer is 7.0.
- The equilibration buffer may contain a buffer substance which is a weak acid or base used to maintain the acidity (pH) of a solution near a chosen value after the addition of another acid or base. Hence, the function of a buffer substance is to prevent a rapid change in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution. Suitable buffer substances for use in the present invention are HEPES (2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid), Tris (2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol), phosphate buffer and acetate buffer.
- Most preferably, the equilibration buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0 and 2 M NaCl.
- Preferably, the equilibration buffer does not contain 1 mM EDTA and more preferably it does not contain any EDTA at all.
- The washing buffer has a high salt concentration so that the interaction of the RNA with the support material or the ligand attached thereto is not interrupted during washing. Preferably, the high salt concentration is from 50 mM to 5 M or from 100 mM to 4 M, more preferably, the salt concentration is from 300 mM to 3.5 M or from 500 mM to 3 M, even more preferably the high salt concentration is from 700 mM to 2.8 M or from 1.2 M to 2.5 M and most preferably it is 2 M, depending, in part, on the salt type. In one embodiment the high salt concentration is 1 M, 1.1 M, 1.2 M, 1.3 M, 1.4 M, 1.5 M, 1.6 M, 1.7 M, 1.8 M, 1.9 M, 2.0 M, 2.1 M, 2.2 M, 2.3 M, 2.4 M, 2.5 M, 2.6 M, 2.7 M, 2.8 M, 2.9 M or 3.0 M.
- The washing buffer may comprise a salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, ammonium chloride, sodium bromide or a combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the equilibration buffer comprises sodium chloride. The washing buffer may comprise a cation selected from the group consisting of Ba2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Li+, Cs+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and NH4 +, and/or an anion selected from the group consisting of PO4 3−, SO4 2−, CH3CO3 −, Cl−, Br−, NO3 −, ClO4 −, I−, and SCN− or a combination thereof.
- In a preferred embodiment the washing buffer comprises 2 M sodium chloride.
- The pH of the washing buffer is between 4.0 and 8.5 or between 5.0 and 8.0. In certain embodiments, the equilibration buffer has a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Most preferably, the pH of the washing buffer is 7.0.
- The washing buffer may contain a buffer substance which is a weak acid or base used to maintain the acidity (pH) of a solution near a chosen value after the addition of another acid or base. Hence, the function of a buffer substance is to prevent a rapid change in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution. Suitable buffer substances for use in the present invention are HEPES (2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid), Tris (2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol), phosphate buffer and acetate buffer.
- More preferably, the washing buffer has the same composition and pH as the equilibration buffer. Most preferably, the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0 and 2 M NaCl.
- Preferably, the washing buffer does not contain 1 mM EDTA and more preferably it does not contain any EDTA at all.
- The RNA is eluted from the support material by a gradually decreasing salt gradient. To this end, the percentage of the elution solution which is in contact with the support material is gradually increased, thereby disrupting the interaction between the RNA and the support material.
- The flow rate of the elution solution is selected such that good separation of the RNA from the impurities contained in the sample is achieved. The eluent flow rate may amount to from 0.5 ml/min to 5 ml/min, preferably from 1 ml/min to 4 ml/min, more preferably it is 3 ml/min. This flow rate may be established and regulated by a pump.
- The eluent flow rate is also dependent on the volume of the used column (CV). The flow rate may amount to from 1.5 CV/min to 15 CV/min, preferably from 3 CV/min to 12 CV/min, more preferably it is 9 CV/min. This flow rate may be established and regulated by a pump.
- The elution solution may have a salt concentration of less than 500 mM, if the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have a salt concentration of at least 1 M. The elution solution may have a salt concentration of less than 200 mM, if the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have a salt concentration of at least 500 mM. The elution solution may have a salt concentration of less than 100 mM, if the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have a salt concentration of at least 300 mM. The elution solution may have a salt concentration of less than 50 mM, if the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have a salt concentration of at least 150 mM. The elution solution may have a salt concentration of less than 20 mM, if the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have a salt concentration of at least 100 mM.
- In one embodiment, the elution solution does not comprise any salt.
- In one embodiment, the elution solution is water. In another embodiment, the elution solution comprises a buffer substance selected from the group consisting of HEPES (2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid), Tris (2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol), citrate buffer, phosphate buffer and acetate buffer.
- The pH of the elution solution is between 4.0 and 8.5 or between 5.0 and 8.0. In certain embodiments, the elution solution has a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Most preferably, the pH of the washing buffer is 7.0.
- In one embodiment, the elution solution comprises the same buffer substance as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but has a lower salt concentration as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer as described above. In one embodiment, the elution solution comprises the same buffer substance as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but does not comprise any salt. In one embodiment, the elution solution has the same pH as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but has a lower salt concentration as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer as described above. In one embodiment, the elution solution has the same pH as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but does not comprise any salt. In one embodiment, the elution solution comprises the same buffer substance as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer and has the same pH as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but has a lower salt concentration as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer as described above. In one embodiment, the elution solution comprises the same buffer substance as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer and has the same pH as the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer, but does not comprise any salt. In a preferred embodiment the elution solution comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
- Preferably, the elution solution does not contain 1 mM EDTA and more preferably it does not contain any EDTA at all.
- The RNA which is eluted from the support material is preferably detected by UV measurement at 260 nm.
- In one embodiment, the method of the present invention comprises an additional purification step, before the RNA is subjected to the chromatography under high salt conditions as claimed herein. The additional purification step is preferably a RP-HPLC step. A particularly preferred method for purifying the target RNA by RP-HPLC is disclosed in WO 2008/077592 A1 and involves a reversed-phase HPLC using a porous reversed phase as stationary phase.
- In one embodiment, the HPLC fraction comprising RNA obtained from RP-HPLC is subjected to the chromatography under high salt conditions as claimed herein.
- In another embodiment, the HPLC fraction comprising RNA is subjected to a precipitation step to remove acetonitrile and triethylammonium acetate before it is subjected to the chromatography under high salt conditions as claimed herein.
- In general, any material known to be used as reverse phase stationary phase, in particular any polymeric material may be used, if that material can be provided in porous form. The stationary phase may be composed of organic and/or inorganic material. Examples for polymers to be used for the purification step of the present invention are (non-alkylated) polystyrenes, (non-alkylated) polystyrenedivinylbenzenes, silica gel, silica gel modified with non-polar residues, particularly silica gel modified with alkyl containing residues, more preferably with butyl-, octyl and/or octadecyl containing residues, silica gel modified with phenylic residues, polymethacrylates, etc.
- In a particularly preferred embodiment, the material for the reversed phase is a porous polystyrene polymer, a (non-alkylated) porous polystyrenedivinylbenzene polymer, porous silica gel, porous silica gel modified with non-polar residues, particularly porous silica gel modified with alkyl containing residues, more preferably with butyl-, octyl and/or octadecyl containing residues, porous silica gel modified with phenylic residues, porous polymethacrylates, wherein in particular a porous polystyrene polymer or a non-alkylated (porous) polystyrenedivinylbenzene may be used.
- A non-alkylated porous polystyrenedivinylbenzene which is particularly preferred for the RP-HPLC step is one which, without being limited thereto, may have a particle size of 8.0±1.5 μm, in particular 8.0±0.5 μm, and a pore size of 1000-1500 Å, in particular 1000-1200 Å or 3500-4500 Å.
- The stationary phase is conventionally located in a column. V2A steel is conventionally used as the material for the column, but other materials may also be used for the column provided they are suitable for the conditions prevailing during HPLC. Conventionally the column is straight. It is favourable for the HPLC column to have a length of 5 cm to 100 cm and a diameter of 4 mm to 25 mm. Columns used for the purification step of the method of the invention may in particular have the following dimensions: 50 mm long and 7.5 mm in diameter or 50 mm long and 4.6 mm in diameter, or 50 mm long and 10 mm in diameter or any other dimension with regard to length and diameter, which is suitable for preparative recovery of RNA, even lengths of several meters and also larger diameters being feasible in the case of upscaling.
- The HPLC is preferably performed as ion-pair, reversed phase HPLC as defined above.
- In a preferred embodiment, a mixture of an aqueous solvent and an organic solvent is used as the mobile phase for eluting the RNA. Preferably, the buffer used as the aqueous solvent has a pH of 6.0-8.0, for example of about 7, for example 7.0. More preferably the buffer is triethylammonium acetate which preferably has a concentration of 0.02 M to 0.5 M, more preferably of 0.08 M to 0.12 M. Most preferably, an 0.1 M triethylammonium acetate buffer is used, which also acts as a counter ion to the RNA in the ion pair method.
- In a preferred embodiment, the organic solvent which is used in the mobile phase is selected from acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and acetone or a mixture thereof. More preferably it is acetonitrile.
- In a particularly preferred embodiment, the mobile phase is a mixture of 0.1 M triethylammonium acetate, pH 7, and acetonitrile.
- Preferably, the mobile phase contains 5.0 vol. % to 25.0 vol. % organic solvent, relative to the mobile phase, and for this to be made up to 100 vol. % with the aqueous solvent. Typically, in the event of gradient separation, the proportion of organic solvent is increased, in particular by at least 10%, more preferably by at least 50% and most preferably by at least 100%, optionally by at least 200%, relative to the initial vol. % in the mobile phase. In a preferred embodiment, the proportion of organic solvent in the mobile phase amounts in the course of HPLC separation to 3 to 9, preferably 4 to 7.5, in particular 5.0 vol. %, in each case relative to the mobile phase. More preferably, the proportion of organic solvent in the mobile phase is increased in the course of HPLC separation from 3 to 9, in particular 5.0 vol. % to up to 20.0 vol. %, in each case relative to the mobile phase. Still more preferably, the method is performed in such a way that the proportion of organic solvent in the mobile phase is increased in the course of HPLC separation from 6.5 to 8.5, in particular 7.5 vol. %, to up to 17.5 vol. %, in each case relative to the mobile phase.
- Even more preferably the mobile phase contains 7.5 vol. % to 17.5 vol. % organic solvent, relative to the mobile phase, and for this to be made up to 100 vol. % with the aqueous buffered solvent.
- Elution may proceed isocratically or by means of gradient separation. In isocratic separation, elution of the RNA proceeds with a single eluent or a constant mixture of a plurality of eluents, wherein the solvents described above in detail may be used as eluent.
- In a preferred embodiment, gradient separation is performed wherein the composition of the eluent is varied by means of a gradient program. The equipment necessary for gradient separation is known to a person skilled in the art. Gradient elution may here proceed either on the low pressure side by mixing chambers or on the high pressure side by further pumps.
- Preferably, the proportion of organic solvent, as described above, is increased relative to the aqueous solvent during gradient separation. The above-described agents may here be used as the aqueous solvent and the likewise above-described agents may be used as the organic solvent. For example, the proportion of organic solvent in the mobile phase may be increased in the course of HPLC separation from 5.0 vol. % to 20.0 vol. %, in each case relative to the mobile phase. In particular, the proportion of organic solvent in the mobile phase may be increased in the course of HPLC separation from 7.5 vol. % to 17.5 vol. %, in particular 9.5 to 14.5 vol. %, in each case relative to the mobile phase.
- The following gradient program has proven particularly favourable for the purification of RNA:
- Eluent A: 0.1 M triethylammonium acetate, pH 7
- Eluent B: 0.1 M triethylammonium acetate, pH 7, with 25 vol. % acetonitrile
- Eluent Composition:
-
- start: 62% A and 38% B (1st to 3rd minute)
- increase to 58% B (1.67% increase in B per minute), (3rd-15th minute)
- 100% B (15th to 20th minute)
- Another example of a gradient program is described below, the same eluent A and B being used:
- Eluent Composition:
-
- starting level: 62% A and 38% B (1st-3rd min)
- separation range I: gradient 38%-49.5% B (5.75% increase in B/min) (3rd-5th min)
- separation range II: gradient 49.5%-57% B (0.83% increase in B/min) (5th-14th min)
- rinsing range: 100% B (15th-20th min)
- It is preferred to use purified solvent for HPLC. Such purified solvents are commercially obtainable. They may additionally also be filtered through a 1 to 5 μm microfilter, which is generally mounted in the system upstream of the pump. It is additionally preferred for all the solvents to be degassed prior to use, since otherwise gas bubbles occur in most pumps. If air bubbles occur in the solvent, they may interfere not only with separation but also with the continuous monitoring of outflow in the detector. The solvents may be degassed by heating, by vigorous stirring with a magnetic stirrer, by brief evacuation, by ultrasonication or by passing a small stream of helium through the solvent storage vessel.
- The flow rate of the eluent is selected such that good separation of the RNA from the other constituents contained in the sample to be investigated takes place. The eluent flow rate may amount to from 1 ml/min to several liters per minute (in the case of upscaling), in particular about 1 to 1000 ml/min, more preferably 5 ml to 500 ml/min, even more preferably more than 100 ml/min, depending on the type and scope of the upscaling. This flow rate may be established and regulated by the pump.
- The HPLC is preferably performed under denaturing conditions, such as an increased temperature. Suitable temperature conditions include a temperature of at least 70° C., preferably of at least 75° C., more preferably of about 78° C. By using denaturing conditions any intramolecular double strands formed between two RNA strands or between an RNA strand and a DNA strand are disrupted so that only single-stranded nucleic acid molecules are present in the sample.
- Detection proceeds preferably with a UV detector at 254 nm, wherein a reference measurement may be made at 600 nm. However, any other detection method may alternatively be used, with which the RNA may be detected.
- For preparative purification of the RNA, it is advisable to collect the RNA-containing eluted solvent quantities. In this respect, it is preferred to carry out this collection in such a way that the eluted solvent is collected in individual separated fractions. This may take place for example with a fraction collector. In this way, the high-purity RNA-containing fractions may be separated from other RNA-containing fractions which still contain undesired impurities, albeit in very small quantities. The individual fractions may be collected for example over 1 minute.
- The HPLC is preferably performed under completely denaturing conditions. This may proceed for example in that sample application takes place at a temperature of 4-12° C., the HPLC method otherwise proceeding at a higher temperature, preferably at 70° C. or more, particularly preferably at 75° C. or more, in particular up to 82° C., and very particularly preferably at about 78° C.
- Sample application may be performed with two methods, stop-flow injection or loop injection. For stop-flow injection a microsyringe is used which is able to withstand the high pressure applied in HPLC. The sample is injected through a septum in an inlet valve either directly onto the column packing or onto a small drop of inert material immediately over the packing. The system may in this case be under elevated pressure, or the pump may be turned off prior to injection, which is then performed when the pressure has fallen to close to the normal value. In the case of loop injection, a loop injector is used to introduce the sample. This consists of a tubular loop, into which the sample is inserted. By means of a suitable rotary valve, the stationary phase is then conveyed out of the pump through the loop, whose outlet leads directly into the column. The sample is entrained in this way by the stationary phase into the column, without solvent flow to the pump being interrupted.
- In a particularly preferred embodiment, the material for the reversed phase is a poly-styrenedivinylbenzene, wherein in particular non-alkylated polystyrenedivinyl-benzene may be used. A non-alkylated porous polystyrenedivinylbenzene which is very particularly is one which has in particular a particle size of 8.0±1.5 μm, in particular 8.0±0.5 μm, and a pore size of 1000- or 4000 Å. With this material for the reversed phase, the advantages described below may be achieved in a particularly favourable manner.
- The eluate of the RP-HPLC step contains the RNA. The RNA in the eluate is purified as compared to the RNA sample subjected to the RP-HPLC step.
- After the RP-HPLC step any organic solvent present in the eluate may be removed by suitable methods which are known to the skilled person. These methods include, but are not limited to, precipitation with isopropanol or lithium chloride, tangential flow filtration and dialysis. In a preferred embodiment the organic solvent is removed by precipitation of the RNA with isopropanol.
- The purified RNA which is obtained by the method of the present invention can be used to prepare a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition can be prepared by admixing the RNA with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Sterile injectable forms of the pharmaceutical composition may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier typically includes the liquid or non-liquid basis of a composition comprising the components of the composition. If the composition is provided in liquid form, the carrier will typically be pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline or buffered (aqueous) solutions, e.g. phosphate, citrate etc. buffered solutions. The injection buffer may be hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic with reference to the specific reference medium, i.e. the buffer may have a higher, identical or lower salt content with reference to the specific reference medium, wherein preferably such concentrations of the afore mentioned salts may be used, which do not lead to damage of cells due to osmosis or other concentration effects. Reference media are e.g. liquids occurring in “in vivo” methods, such as blood, lymph, cytosolic liquids, or other body liquids, or e.g. liquids, which may be used as reference media in “in vitro” methods, such as common buffers or liquids. Such common buffers or liquids are known to a skilled person. Ringer-Lactate solution is particularly preferred as a liquid basis.
- However, one or more compatible solid or liquid fillers or diluents or encapsulating compounds, which are suitable for administration to a patient to be treated, may be used as well for the pharmaceutical composition. The term “compatible” as used here means that these constituents of the inventive pharmaceutical composition are capable of being mixed with the components of the pharmaceutical composition in such a manner that no interaction occurs which would substantially reduce the pharmaceutical effectiveness of the pharmaceutical composition under typical use conditions.
- Although the method of the present invention is particularly suitable for use in the context of small scale RNA purification, it may also be used with larger amounts of RNA such as several 100 grams of RNA. Preferably, the method of the present invention yields an amount of purified RNA of 0.1 g to 5 g, more preferably of 0.3 g to 3 g and most preferably of 0.5 g to 2 g. To obtain this amount of purified RNA 0.23 g to 11.6 g, preferably 0.69 g to 6.9 g and more preferably 1.16 g to 4.65 g of RNA have to be subjected to the method of the present invention.
- The method with the method steps as defined herein may not only be used to purify RNA, but also to polish RNA preparations, i.e. to remove residual impurities from a partially purified RNA sample, to concentrate the RNA preparation and to re-buffer the RNA preparation and to capture RNA present in a solution.
- The present invention was made with support from the Government under Agreement No. HR0011-11-3-0001 awarded by DARPA. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
- The following Examples are merely illustrative and shall describe the present invention in a further way. The Examples shall not be construed to limit the present invention thereto.
- 1. Preparation of DNA and mRNA Constructs:
- For the present Examples, a DNA sequence was prepared by modifying the DNA sequence by GC-optimization for stabilization. The GC-optimized DNA sequence was introduced into a pUC19 derived vector.
- 2. RNA In Vitro Transcription:
- The obtained plasmid DNA was used for RNA in vitro transcription experiments to obtain the RNA according to SEQ ID NO: 1.
- The EcoRI linearized DNA plasmid was transcribed in vitro using T7 polymerase. RNA in vitro transcription was performed in the presence of a CAP analog (m7GpppG). RNA in vitro transcription was carried out in 5.8 mM m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G Cap analog, 4 mM ATP, 4 mM CTP, 4 mM UTP, and 1.45 mM GTP, 50 μg/ml DNA plasmid, 80 mM HEPES, 24 mM MgCl2, 2 mM Spermidine, 40 mM DTT, 100 U/μg DNA T7 RNA polymerase, 5 U/μg DNA pyrophosphatase, and 0.2 U/μl RNAse inhibitor. The in vitro transcription reaction was incubated for 4.5 hours at 37° C.
- To remove DNA template, 0.66 mM CaCl2 and 300U/ml DNase1 (Thermo Fisher) was added and incubated in digestion buffer for 2 h at 37° C. The digestion reaction was stopped by adding EDTA to a final concentration of 25 mM. In the following examples the obtained preparation is referred to as “crude RNA IVT reaction”.
- Optionally, the crude RNA IVT reaction was HPLC purified using PureMessenger® (CureVac, Tübingen, Germany; according to WO 2008/077592 A1). HPLC-purified RNA eluates were precipitated using isopropanol precipitation in order to remove organic solvent. The samples were mixed with 5M NaCl and 100% isopropanol. After incubation at 4° C., the reaction vials were centrifuged, and supernatants were discarded. The RNA pellets were washed with ethanol, centrifuged, and supernatant was removed. The obtained RNA pellets were dried for 30 minutes at room temperature and eventually re-suspended in 2 ml WFI.
- In the following examples the purified RNA preparation is referred to as “HPLC purified RNA”.
- 1. Buffers and Basic Procedure:
- 1 ml HPLC purified RNA probe was mixed with 10 ml high salt binding buffer to obtain a diluted RNA solution (about 0.2 mg/ml). The CIM-OH column was attached to the FPLC device (ÄKTA avant) and equilibrated with 20 ml 50% high salt binding buffer. The maximal pressure was set to 5 MPa. The flow rate was 3 ml/min. After loading of 2.5 ml probe onto the CIM-OH column, the salt concentration was gradually reduced by adding low salt elution buffer. During the procedure, different fractions were taken. Moreover, the flow through was collected. Both, the collected fractions and flow through were analyzed (SDS page, Agarose gel electrophoresis).
- 2. HIC Using a CIM-OH Column (2 M NaCl in High Salt Binding Buffer):
- HPLC purified RNA (R2025) was used as probe. To purify/concentrate HPLC-purified RNA, a CIM-OH column (CIM-OH, 340 μl CV, BIA separations) was attached to the FPLC device (ÄKTA avant, GE Healthcare Life Sciences) purged with ddH20 and equilibrated (equilibration buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0; 2M NaCl). Then, 2 mg/ml RNA (R2025) was diluted 1:10 with equilibration buffer and 500 μg RNA was loaded onto the respective column with 2 ml min−1 and a maximum pressure of 5 MPa. The captured RNA was eluted using a gradually decreasing salt gradient with a flow rate of 3 ml min−1 (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0). The elution profile of the RNA is shown in
FIG. 1 . Shortly after subjecting the RNA sample to the CIM-OH column (1), unbound sample was eluted by washing with equilibration buffer (2) that potentially comprised contaminants (e.g. spermidine, proteins). While decreasing the salt concentration via increasing the concentration of the low salt buffer (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0) (3) the RNA fraction eluted as a sharp and defined peak (4). - 2. HIC Using CIM-SO3 Columns
- To purify/concentrate HPLC-purified RNA, a CIM-SO3 column (CIM-SO3, 340 μl CV, BIA separations) was attached to the FPLC device (ÄKTA avant, GE Healthcare Life Sciences) purged with ddH20 and equilibrated (equilibration buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0; 2M NaCl). Then, 2 mg/ml RNA (R2025) was diluted 1:10 with equilibration buffer and 500 μg RNA was loaded onto the respective column with 2 ml min−1 and a maximum pressure of 5 MPa. The captured RNA was eluted using a gradually decreasing salt gradient with a flow rate of 3 ml min−1 (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0). The elution profile of the RNA is shown in
FIG. 2 . Shortly after subjecting the RNA sample to the CIM-OH column (1), unbound sample was eluted by washing with equilibration buffer (2) that potentially comprised contaminants (e.g. spermidine, proteins). While decreasing the salt concentration via increasing the concentration of the low salt buffer (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0) (3) the RNA fraction eluted as a sharp and defined peak (4). - Result:
- Unexpectedly, the results show that HIC is a suitable method for capturing RNA from a HPLC purified RNA sample. Particularly suitable are monolithic column materials (CIM) bearing —OH and SO3 moieties as they show high binding capacity for large RNA molecules. The results suggest that the inventive method may be broadly applicable for the purification and also for the re-buffering, conditioning, cleaning, polishing, concentrating and/or capturing of various kinds of RNA preparations. One further advantage of the used material (CIM monolith) is that said materials have a large working pH range (pH 2-pH 13) allowing for cleaning-in place with e.g. alkaline cleaning solutions. Another advantage of the used material (CIM monolith) is that those macroporous monoliths also allow for large-scale preparations as these columns can be used with high flow rates.
- To evaluate if the inventive method also works for crude RNA preparations containing multiple contaminations, the inventive HIC method was applied to purify crude RNA IVT samples (see Example 3).
- To test if also crude IVT RNA samples (prepared according to Example 1) could be purified using the inventive HIC method, 200 μl of a non-purified IVT RNA sample (1.3 mg/ml) was diluted 1:10 in equilibration buffer and applied to a monolithic CIM column (CIM-OH; 2 ml min−1, maximum pressure of 5 MPa). Elution of the RNA was performed via increasing the concentration of the low salt elution buffer (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0). Detection was performed via UV measurement at 260 nm. The elution profile of the RNA is shown in
FIG. 3 . - Shortly after subjecting the crude IVT RNA sample to the CIM-OH column (1), unbound flow through waste sample was eluted by washing with equilibration buffer (2) that comprised multiple protein contaminants (e.g. T7 RNA Polymerase, Pyrophosphatase, etc.) of the crude IVT RNA reaction. While decreasing the salt concentration via increasing the concentration of the low salt buffer (elution buffer: 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0) (3) the RNA fraction eluted as a sharp and defined peak (4). During elution, samples from the flow through and 5 different fractions after applying the elution buffer were taken. Although the very high A260 nm signal of the flow-through peak is indicative for salts and other low molecular weight components of the IVT mix (e.g. DTT and nucleotides), SDS-PAGE with subsequent silver staining was performed in order to detect proteins in single fractions (
FIG. 4a ). Whereas no proteins could be detected in elution fractions, protein contamination was found in the flow-through fraction. Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of the fractions shows that RNA cannot be found in the flow through but accumulates after increase of elution buffer (FIG. 4b ). - Result:
- The results show that the inventive HIC method is suitable for capturing, purifying and re-buffering of an RNA sample containing multiple contaminations (crude IVT RNA sample). The results indicate that the method may be broadly applicable for the purification and also for the re-buffering, conditioning, cleaning, polishing, concentrating and/or capturing of RNA from various sources (e.g., crude RNA preparations, crude RP-HPLC reactions etc.).
-
FIG. 1 : - Elution profiles of a HIC with a CIM-OH column of 0.5 μg HPLC purified RNA under decreasing salt concentrations. 1: RNA sample subjected to CIM-OH, 2: waste fraction, 3: gradual increase of elution buffer, 4: RNA fraction. A detailed description of the experiment is provided in the example section, Example 2.
-
FIG. 2 : - Elution profiles of a HIC with a CIM-SO3 column using 0.5 μg purified RNA under decreasing salt concentrations. 1: RNA sample subjected to CIM-SO3; 2: waste fraction; 3: gradual increase of elution buffer; 4: RNA fraction. A detailed description of the experiment is provided in the example section, Example 2.
-
FIG. 3 : - Elution profiles of a HIC with a CIM-OH column using 0.5 μg RNA under decreasing salt concentrations. 1: RNA sample subjected to CIM-OH; 2: waste fraction; 3: gradual increase of elution buffer; 4: RNA fraction. Asterisks indicate fractions that were further analyzed (see
FIG. 4 ). A detailed description of the experiment is provided in the example section, Example 3. -
FIG. 4 : - (A) Analysis of flow-through (1) and five (2-6) elution fractions (as indicated in
FIG. 3 ) via silver staining of SDS-PAGE (which stains proteins and nucleic acids). (B) Agarose gel electrophoresis of the same samples. A detailed description of the experiment is provided in the example section, Example 3.
Claims (28)
1. Method for purifying RNA, comprising the steps of:
a) applying a sample containing RNA in an equilibration buffer having a high salt concentration to a support material capable of binding the RNA under high salt conditions, wherein the support comprises hydroxyl or sulfate groups;
b) optionally washing the support material with a washing buffer having a high salt concentration; and
c) eluting the nucleic acid from the support material with an elution solution.
2. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the RNA is obtained by RNA in vitro transcription.
3. Method according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer has a salt concentration of 50 mM to 5M.
4. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate.
5. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 2 M NaCl.
6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl.
7. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have the same composition and the same pH.
8. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the support material is a monolithic support material.
9. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the support material is a methacrylate polymer.
10. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the RNA is eluted by gradually decreasing the salt concentration.
11. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the elution solution does not contain a salt.
12. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the elution solution comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
13. Method for purifying in vitro transcribed RNA, comprising the steps of:
a) transcribing RNA from a template DNA in vitro;
b) applying a sample containing the in vitro transcribed RNA in an equilibration buffer having a high salt concentration to a support material capable of binding the RNA under high salt conditions, wherein the support material comprises hydroxyl or sulfate groups;
c) washing the support material with a washing buffer having a high salt concentration; and
d) eluting the RNA from the support material with an elution solution.
14. Method according to claim 13 , further comprising a step a1) of degrading the template DNA.
15. Method according to claim 14 , wherein the template DNA is degraded by treatment with DNase.
16. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 15 , further comprising a step a2) of subjecting the in vitro transcribed RNA to an RP-HPLC step.
17. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 16 , further comprising a step e) of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising said RNA.
18. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 17 , wherein the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer has a salt concentration of 50 mM to 5M.
19. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 18 , wherein the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate.
20. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 19 , wherein the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 2 M NaCl.
21. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 20 , wherein the equilibration buffer and/or the washing buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl.
22. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 21 , wherein the equilibration buffer and the washing buffer have the same composition and the same pH.
23. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 22 , wherein the support material is a monolithic support material.
24. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 23 , wherein the support material is a methacrylate polymer.
25. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 24 , wherein the RNA is eluted by gradually decreasing the salt concentration.
26. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 25 , wherein the elution solution does not contain a salt.
27. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 26 , wherein the elution buffer comprises 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.0.
28. Use of hydrophobic interaction chromatography for the purification of RNA obtained by RNA in vitro transcription.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17/668,322 US20220290123A1 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2022-02-09 | Method for purifying rna |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EPPCT/EP2016/079026 | 2016-11-28 | ||
EP2016079026 | 2016-11-28 | ||
PCT/EP2017/080703 WO2018096179A1 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2017-11-28 | Method for purifying rna |
US201916464152A | 2019-05-24 | 2019-05-24 | |
US17/668,322 US20220290123A1 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2022-02-09 | Method for purifying rna |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2017/080703 Continuation WO2018096179A1 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2017-11-28 | Method for purifying rna |
US16/464,152 Continuation US11279923B2 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2017-11-28 | Method for purifying RNA |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20220290123A1 true US20220290123A1 (en) | 2022-09-15 |
Family
ID=57471836
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/464,152 Active US11279923B2 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2017-11-28 | Method for purifying RNA |
US17/668,322 Pending US20220290123A1 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2022-02-09 | Method for purifying rna |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/464,152 Active US11279923B2 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2017-11-28 | Method for purifying RNA |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US11279923B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2018096179A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (32)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SG11201506052PA (en) | 2013-02-22 | 2015-09-29 | Curevac Gmbh | Combination of vaccination and inhibition of the pd-1 pathway |
CN105473158B (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2021-04-13 | 库瑞瓦格股份公司 | Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) vaccine |
US11149278B2 (en) | 2014-12-12 | 2021-10-19 | Curevac Ag | Artificial nucleic acid molecules for improved protein expression |
EP3294885B1 (en) | 2015-05-08 | 2020-07-01 | CureVac Real Estate GmbH | Method for producing rna |
CN107873055B (en) | 2015-05-29 | 2021-09-17 | 库瑞瓦格房地产有限公司 | Method for producing and purifying RNA comprising at least one tangential flow filtration step |
EP3373965A1 (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2018-09-19 | CureVac AG | Rotavirus vaccines |
WO2017109134A1 (en) | 2015-12-22 | 2017-06-29 | Curevac Ag | Method for producing rna molecule compositions |
SG11201806340YA (en) | 2016-02-17 | 2018-09-27 | Curevac Ag | Zika virus vaccine |
US11920174B2 (en) | 2016-03-03 | 2024-03-05 | CureVac SE | RNA analysis by total hydrolysis and quantification of released nucleosides |
US11279923B2 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2022-03-22 | Curevac Ag | Method for purifying RNA |
WO2018104540A1 (en) | 2016-12-08 | 2018-06-14 | Curevac Ag | Rnas for wound healing |
CN110582304A (en) | 2016-12-08 | 2019-12-17 | 库尔维科公司 | RNA for treating or preventing liver disease |
US11384352B2 (en) | 2016-12-13 | 2022-07-12 | Modernatx, Inc. | RNA affinity purification |
EP3558356A2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2019-10-30 | CureVac AG | Mers coronavirus vaccine |
US11464847B2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2022-10-11 | Curevac Ag | Lassa virus vaccine |
WO2018115507A2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2018-06-28 | Curevac Ag | Henipavirus vaccine |
CN110914433A (en) | 2017-03-24 | 2020-03-24 | 库尔维科公司 | Nucleic acids encoding CRISPR-associated proteins and uses thereof |
MA49914A (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2021-04-21 | Modernatx Inc | HPLC ANALYTICAL PROCESSES |
MA49922A (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2021-06-02 | Modernatx Inc | PROCESSES FOR HPLC ANALYSIS |
EP3673069A1 (en) | 2017-08-22 | 2020-07-01 | CureVac AG | Bunyavirales vaccine |
JP2021502079A (en) | 2017-11-08 | 2021-01-28 | キュアバック アーゲー | RNA sequence adaptation (Adaptation) |
US11931406B2 (en) | 2017-12-13 | 2024-03-19 | CureVac SE | Flavivirus vaccine |
WO2019122371A1 (en) | 2017-12-21 | 2019-06-27 | Curevac Ag | Linear double stranded dna coupled to a single support or a tag and methods for producing said linear double stranded dna |
US11576966B2 (en) | 2020-02-04 | 2023-02-14 | CureVac SE | Coronavirus vaccine |
US11241493B2 (en) | 2020-02-04 | 2022-02-08 | Curevac Ag | Coronavirus vaccine |
EP3896159A1 (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2021-10-20 | Bia Separations D.O.O. | A method of single strand rna purification employing an anion exchanger |
EP3896160A1 (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2021-10-20 | Bia Separations D.O.O. | A method of single-stranded rna purification |
US20240156946A1 (en) | 2020-12-22 | 2024-05-16 | CureVac SE | Rna vaccine against sars-cov-2 variants |
CN114990109A (en) * | 2022-06-21 | 2022-09-02 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | Ribonucleic acid purification partner and application thereof |
CN114907430B (en) * | 2022-06-21 | 2023-12-01 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | mRNA separation and purification method |
WO2024026005A1 (en) * | 2022-07-28 | 2024-02-01 | Modernatx, Inc. | Methods of rna purification |
WO2024083345A1 (en) | 2022-10-21 | 2024-04-25 | BioNTech SE | Methods and uses associated with liquid compositions |
Family Cites Families (109)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA2830887C (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2016-11-29 | Curevac Gmbh | Pharmaceutical composition containing a stabilised mrna optimised for translation in its coding regions |
EP1321176A1 (en) | 2001-12-18 | 2003-06-25 | Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH | Method and device for isolating and purifying a polynucleotide of interest on a manufacturing scale |
DE10162480A1 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2003-08-07 | Ingmar Hoerr | The application of mRNA for use as a therapeutic agent against tumor diseases |
DE10229872A1 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2004-01-29 | Curevac Gmbh | Immune stimulation through chemically modified RNA |
DE10335833A1 (en) | 2003-08-05 | 2005-03-03 | Curevac Gmbh | Transfection of blood cells with mRNA for immune stimulation and gene therapy |
DE102004042546A1 (en) | 2004-09-02 | 2006-03-09 | Curevac Gmbh | Combination therapy for immune stimulation |
DE102005023170A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 | 2006-11-23 | Curevac Gmbh | Optimized formulation for mRNA |
DE102006035618A1 (en) | 2006-07-31 | 2008-02-07 | Curevac Gmbh | New nucleic acid useful as immuno-stimulating adjuvant for manufacture of a composition for treatment of cancer diseases e.g. colon carcinomas and infectious diseases e.g. influenza and malaria |
DE102006061015A1 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2008-06-26 | Curevac Gmbh | Process for the purification of RNA on a preparative scale by HPLC |
DE102007001370A1 (en) | 2007-01-09 | 2008-07-10 | Curevac Gmbh | RNA-encoded antibodies |
US20090048439A1 (en) * | 2007-08-06 | 2009-02-19 | Weisburg William G | Isolation of nucleic acids molecules using modified solid supports |
KR101443218B1 (en) | 2007-08-16 | 2014-09-24 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Method for purifying RNA from biological material on solid support using kosmotropic salt |
WO2009030254A1 (en) | 2007-09-04 | 2009-03-12 | Curevac Gmbh | Complexes of rna and cationic peptides for transfection and for immunostimulation |
WO2009046739A1 (en) | 2007-10-09 | 2009-04-16 | Curevac Gmbh | Composition for treating prostate cancer (pca) |
WO2009046738A1 (en) | 2007-10-09 | 2009-04-16 | Curevac Gmbh | Composition for treating lung cancer, particularly of non-small lung cancers (nsclc) |
DK2176408T5 (en) | 2008-01-31 | 2015-12-14 | Curevac Gmbh | Nucleic acids comprising FORMULA (NuGiXmGnNv) a AND DERIVATIVES AS IMMUNE STIMULATING AGENTS / ADJUVANTS. |
WO2010037408A1 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-08 | Curevac Gmbh | Composition comprising a complexed (m)rna and a naked mrna for providing or enhancing an immunostimulatory response in a mammal and uses thereof |
US20110053829A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 | 2011-03-03 | Curevac Gmbh | Disulfide-linked polyethyleneglycol/peptide conjugates for the transfection of nucleic acids |
WO2011069529A1 (en) | 2009-12-09 | 2011-06-16 | Curevac Gmbh | Mannose-containing solution for lyophilization, transfection and/or injection of nucleic acids |
CA2801523C (en) | 2010-07-30 | 2021-08-03 | Curevac Gmbh | Complexation of nucleic acids with disulfide-crosslinked cationic components for transfection and immunostimulation |
WO2012019630A1 (en) | 2010-08-13 | 2012-02-16 | Curevac Gmbh | Nucleic acid comprising or coding for a histone stem-loop and a poly(a) sequence or a polyadenylation signal for increasing the expression of an encoded protein |
WO2012089225A1 (en) | 2010-12-29 | 2012-07-05 | Curevac Gmbh | Combination of vaccination and inhibition of mhc class i restricted antigen presentation |
WO2012116715A1 (en) | 2011-03-02 | 2012-09-07 | Curevac Gmbh | Vaccination in newborns and infants |
WO2012113413A1 (en) | 2011-02-21 | 2012-08-30 | Curevac Gmbh | Vaccine composition comprising complexed immunostimulatory nucleic acids and antigens packaged with disulfide-linked polyethyleneglycol/peptide conjugates |
WO2012116714A1 (en) | 2011-03-02 | 2012-09-07 | Curevac Gmbh | Vaccination in elderly patients |
WO2013052523A1 (en) | 2011-10-03 | 2013-04-11 | modeRNA Therapeutics | Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof |
WO2013113325A1 (en) | 2012-01-31 | 2013-08-08 | Curevac Gmbh | Negatively charged nucleic acid comprising complexes for immunostimulation |
WO2013113326A1 (en) | 2012-01-31 | 2013-08-08 | Curevac Gmbh | Pharmaceutical composition comprising a polymeric carrier cargo complex and at least one protein or peptide antigen |
EP2623121A1 (en) | 2012-01-31 | 2013-08-07 | Bayer Innovation GmbH | Pharmaceutical composition comprising a polymeric carrier cargo complex and an antigen |
WO2013120499A1 (en) | 2012-02-15 | 2013-08-22 | Curevac Gmbh | Nucleic acid comprising or coding for a histone stem-loop and a poly (a) sequence or a polyadenylation signal for increasing the expression of an encoded pathogenic antigen |
WO2013120497A1 (en) | 2012-02-15 | 2013-08-22 | Curevac Gmbh | Nucleic acid comprising or coding for a histone stem-loop and a poly(a) sequence or a polyadenylation signal for increasing the expression of an encoded therapeutic protein |
WO2013120500A1 (en) | 2012-02-15 | 2013-08-22 | Curevac Gmbh | Nucleic acid comprising or coding for a histone stem-loop and a poly(a) sequence or a polyadenylation signal for increasing the expression of an encoded tumour antigen |
WO2013120498A1 (en) | 2012-02-15 | 2013-08-22 | Curevac Gmbh | Nucleic acid comprising or coding for a histone stem-loop and a poly(a) sequence or a polyadenylation signal for increasing the expression of an encoded allergenic antigen or an autoimmune self-antigen |
KR20140139101A (en) | 2012-03-27 | 2014-12-04 | 큐어백 게엠바하 | Artificial nucleic acid molecules comprising a 5'top utr |
ES2660459T3 (en) | 2012-03-27 | 2018-03-22 | Curevac Ag | Artificial Nucleic Acid Molecules |
WO2013143699A1 (en) | 2012-03-27 | 2013-10-03 | Curevac Gmbh | Artificial nucleic acid molecules for improved protein or peptide expression |
EP2854857B1 (en) | 2012-05-25 | 2018-11-28 | CureVac AG | Reversible immobilization and/or controlled release of nucleic acid containing nanoparticles by (biodegradable) polymer coatings |
SG11201506052PA (en) | 2013-02-22 | 2015-09-29 | Curevac Gmbh | Combination of vaccination and inhibition of the pd-1 pathway |
WO2014152966A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2014-09-25 | Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Inc. | Methods for purification of messenger rna |
LT2970948T (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2019-03-25 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Rna purification methods |
US11377470B2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2022-07-05 | Modernatx, Inc. | Ribonucleic acid purification |
KR20160042935A (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2016-04-20 | 큐어백 아게 | Composition and Vaccine for Treating Lung Cancer |
RU2712743C2 (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2020-01-30 | Куревак Аг | Rabies vaccine |
KR20160043103A (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2016-04-20 | 큐어백 아게 | Composition and Vaccine for Treating Prostate Cancer |
AU2014310933B2 (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2020-05-14 | CureVac SE | Method for increasing expression of RNA-encoded proteins |
CN105473158B (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2021-04-13 | 库瑞瓦格股份公司 | Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) vaccine |
AU2014310935B2 (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2019-11-21 | CureVac SE | Combination vaccine |
CA2925021A1 (en) | 2013-11-01 | 2015-05-07 | Curevac Ag | Modified rna with decreased immunostimulatory properties |
CN111304231A (en) | 2013-12-30 | 2020-06-19 | 库瑞瓦格股份公司 | Artificial nucleic acid molecules |
AU2014375404C1 (en) | 2013-12-30 | 2020-11-19 | CureVac Manufacturing GmbH | Methods for RNA analysis |
JP6584414B2 (en) | 2013-12-30 | 2019-10-02 | キュアバック アーゲー | Artificial nucleic acid molecule |
EP3116535B1 (en) | 2014-03-12 | 2019-08-07 | CureVac AG | Combination of vaccination and ox40 agonists |
WO2015149944A2 (en) | 2014-04-01 | 2015-10-08 | Curevac Gmbh | Polymeric carrier cargo complex for use as an immunostimulating agent or as an adjuvant |
PT3155129T (en) | 2014-06-10 | 2019-05-16 | Curevac Ag | Methods and means for enhancing rna production |
US11149278B2 (en) | 2014-12-12 | 2021-10-19 | Curevac Ag | Artificial nucleic acid molecules for improved protein expression |
EP3233113A1 (en) | 2014-12-16 | 2017-10-25 | CureVac AG | Ebolavirus and marburgvirus vaccines |
SG11201704681QA (en) | 2014-12-30 | 2017-07-28 | Curevac Ag | Artificial nucleic acid molecules |
US10653768B2 (en) | 2015-04-13 | 2020-05-19 | Curevac Real Estate Gmbh | Method for producing RNA compositions |
SG11201707663SA (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2017-11-29 | Curevac Ag | Lyophilization of rna |
EP3173092B1 (en) | 2015-04-22 | 2019-06-26 | CureVac AG | Rna containing composition for treatment of tumor diseases |
WO2016174227A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 | 2016-11-03 | Curevac Ag | Method for in vitro transcription using an immobilized restriction enzyme |
SG11201708867UA (en) | 2015-04-30 | 2017-11-29 | Curevac Ag | Immobilized poly(n)polymerase |
EP3294885B1 (en) | 2015-05-08 | 2020-07-01 | CureVac Real Estate GmbH | Method for producing rna |
CN107810009A (en) | 2015-05-15 | 2018-03-16 | 库瑞瓦格股份公司 | It is related to and exempts from strengthened scheme using at least one the first of mRNA constructs |
SG10201910431RA (en) | 2015-05-20 | 2020-01-30 | Curevac Ag | Dry powder composition comprising long-chain rna |
CN107530448A (en) | 2015-05-20 | 2018-01-02 | 库瑞瓦格股份公司 | Include long-chain RNA dry powder composite |
CN107873055B (en) | 2015-05-29 | 2021-09-17 | 库瑞瓦格房地产有限公司 | Method for producing and purifying RNA comprising at least one tangential flow filtration step |
US11608513B2 (en) | 2015-05-29 | 2023-03-21 | CureVac SE | Method for adding cap structures to RNA using immobilized enzymes |
WO2016203025A1 (en) | 2015-06-17 | 2016-12-22 | Curevac Ag | Vaccine composition |
EP4239080A3 (en) | 2015-07-01 | 2023-11-01 | CureVac Manufacturing GmbH | Method for analysis of an rna molecule |
US10501768B2 (en) | 2015-07-13 | 2019-12-10 | Curevac Ag | Method of producing RNA from circular DNA and corresponding template DNA |
US20200085852A1 (en) | 2015-08-05 | 2020-03-19 | Curevac Ag | Epidermal mrna vaccine |
EP3699288A1 (en) | 2015-08-07 | 2020-08-26 | CureVac AG | Process for the in vivo production of rna in a host cell |
CN116064623A (en) | 2015-08-10 | 2023-05-05 | 库瑞瓦格制造业有限公司 | Method for increasing replication of circular DNA molecules |
EP3341482B1 (en) | 2015-08-28 | 2022-07-06 | CureVac AG | Artificial nucleic acid molecules |
US11225682B2 (en) | 2015-10-12 | 2022-01-18 | Curevac Ag | Automated method for isolation, selection and/or detection of microorganisms or cells comprised in a solution |
EP3373965A1 (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2018-09-19 | CureVac AG | Rotavirus vaccines |
WO2017081082A2 (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2017-05-18 | Curevac Ag | Optimized nucleic acid molecules |
EP3394237A1 (en) | 2015-12-21 | 2018-10-31 | CureVac AG | Inlay for a culture plate and corresponding method for preparing a culture plate system with such inlay |
WO2017109134A1 (en) | 2015-12-22 | 2017-06-29 | Curevac Ag | Method for producing rna molecule compositions |
US11248223B2 (en) | 2015-12-23 | 2022-02-15 | Curevac Ag | Method of RNA in vitro transcription using a buffer containing a dicarboxylic acid or tricarboxylic acid or a salt thereof |
US20210180106A1 (en) | 2016-02-12 | 2021-06-17 | Curevac Ag | Method for analyzing rna |
EP3417069A1 (en) | 2016-02-15 | 2018-12-26 | CureVac AG | Method for analyzing by-products of rna in vitro transcription |
SG11201806340YA (en) | 2016-02-17 | 2018-09-27 | Curevac Ag | Zika virus vaccine |
US11920174B2 (en) | 2016-03-03 | 2024-03-05 | CureVac SE | RNA analysis by total hydrolysis and quantification of released nucleosides |
US20190177714A1 (en) | 2016-03-24 | 2019-06-13 | Curevac Ag | Immobilized inorganic pyrophosphatase (ppase) |
EP3445392A1 (en) | 2016-04-22 | 2019-02-27 | CureVac AG | Rna encoding a tumor antigen |
US11596699B2 (en) | 2016-04-29 | 2023-03-07 | CureVac SE | RNA encoding an antibody |
US20180126003A1 (en) | 2016-05-04 | 2018-05-10 | Curevac Ag | New targets for rna therapeutics |
US11078247B2 (en) | 2016-05-04 | 2021-08-03 | Curevac Ag | RNA encoding a therapeutic protein |
WO2017191258A1 (en) | 2016-05-04 | 2017-11-09 | Curevac Ag | Influenza mrna vaccines |
WO2017191264A1 (en) | 2016-05-04 | 2017-11-09 | Curevac Ag | Nucleic acid molecules and uses thereof |
EP3464619A1 (en) | 2016-05-25 | 2019-04-10 | CureVac AG | Novel biomarkers |
US20190381180A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2019-12-19 | Curevac Ag | Hybrid carriers for nucleic acid cargo |
US20190336608A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2019-11-07 | Curevac Ag | Cationic carriers for nucleic acid delivery |
MX2018013919A (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2019-04-15 | Curevac Ag | Hybrid carriers for nucleic acid cargo. |
WO2017212006A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2017-12-14 | Curevac Ag | Hybrid carriers for nucleic acid cargo |
WO2018033254A2 (en) | 2016-08-19 | 2018-02-22 | Curevac Ag | Rna for cancer therapy |
IL266194B2 (en) | 2016-10-26 | 2023-09-01 | Curevac Ag | Lipid nanoparticle mrna vaccines |
US11279923B2 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2022-03-22 | Curevac Ag | Method for purifying RNA |
CN110582304A (en) | 2016-12-08 | 2019-12-17 | 库尔维科公司 | RNA for treating or preventing liver disease |
WO2018104540A1 (en) | 2016-12-08 | 2018-06-14 | Curevac Ag | Rnas for wound healing |
US11464847B2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2022-10-11 | Curevac Ag | Lassa virus vaccine |
EP3558356A2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2019-10-30 | CureVac AG | Mers coronavirus vaccine |
WO2018115507A2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2018-06-28 | Curevac Ag | Henipavirus vaccine |
US20200085944A1 (en) | 2017-03-17 | 2020-03-19 | Curevac Ag | Rna vaccine and immune checkpoint inhibitors for combined anticancer therapy |
CN110914433A (en) | 2017-03-24 | 2020-03-24 | 库尔维科公司 | Nucleic acids encoding CRISPR-associated proteins and uses thereof |
EP3625363A1 (en) | 2017-05-17 | 2020-03-25 | CureVac Real Estate GmbH | Method for determining at least one quality parameter of an rna sample |
KR20200024905A (en) | 2017-07-04 | 2020-03-09 | 큐어백 아게 | New nucleic acid molecule |
-
2017
- 2017-11-28 US US16/464,152 patent/US11279923B2/en active Active
- 2017-11-28 WO PCT/EP2017/080703 patent/WO2018096179A1/en active Application Filing
-
2022
- 2022-02-09 US US17/668,322 patent/US20220290123A1/en active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
Balasubramanian et al. Enhanced detection of pathogenic enteric viruses in coastal marine environment by concentration using methacrylate monolithic chromatographic supports paired with quantitative PCR. Water Research 106 (2016) 405-414 (Available online 8 October 2016) (Year: 2016) * |
MAXIscript® Kit protocol. 2008 Ambion, Inc., Revision Date: July 22, 2008. (Year: 2008) * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20200318097A1 (en) | 2020-10-08 |
US11279923B2 (en) | 2022-03-22 |
WO2018096179A1 (en) | 2018-05-31 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20220290123A1 (en) | Method for purifying rna | |
US20220364145A1 (en) | Quantitative assessment for cap efficiency of messenger rna | |
US11274293B2 (en) | Method for producing and purifying RNA, comprising at least one step of tangential flow filtration | |
US10501768B2 (en) | Method of producing RNA from circular DNA and corresponding template DNA | |
US20190049414A1 (en) | Method for analyzing by-products of rna in vitro transcription | |
EP1718744A1 (en) | Plasmid purification | |
WO2020055922A1 (en) | Purification methods for guanine-rich oligonucleotides | |
CN106884011B (en) | Combined liquid chromatography separation method for large-scale plasmid purification | |
JP2023551396A (en) | Oligonucleotide-based affinity chromatography methods | |
US20220364078A1 (en) | Mrna large scale synthesis and purification | |
KR101380909B1 (en) | Absorbents for purification of nucleic acid and a purification method using the absorbents | |
US20200308569A1 (en) | Methods and apparatus for purifying rna | |
PT109053A (en) | CHROMATOGRAPHIC SUPPORT FOR PURIFICATION OF PLASMIDIC DNA BY CHROMATOGRAPHY OF AFFINITY AND RESPECTIVE PURIFICATION METHOD |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: APPLICATION UNDERGOING PREEXAM PROCESSING |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |