US20220275634A1 - Cross-laminated timber and cold formed steel connector and system - Google Patents
Cross-laminated timber and cold formed steel connector and system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20220275634A1 US20220275634A1 US17/187,362 US202117187362A US2022275634A1 US 20220275634 A1 US20220275634 A1 US 20220275634A1 US 202117187362 A US202117187362 A US 202117187362A US 2022275634 A1 US2022275634 A1 US 2022275634A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- track
- clt
- cross
- cfs
- cold formed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000011178 precast concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009435 building construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011900 installation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 precast contract Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
- E04B1/388—Separate connecting elements
-
- E04B1/40—
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
- E04B5/12—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with wooden beams
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
- E04B1/10—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements consisting of wood
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/56—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members
- E04B2/58—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of metal
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
- E04C2/12—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products of solid wood
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to the art of building construction, and more specifically to a connector that connects cold formed steel and cross-laminated timber.
- a cross-laminated timber (CLT) commercial building may typically be a post and beam configuration.
- the posts are either glulam or steel-reinforced concrete and the beams are also glulam or reinforced concrete.
- the floor slabs of the building are CLT.
- a building comprising cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels such as CLT floors require a large steel panel under the CLT panel to connect the CLT panel to cold formed steel (CFS) studs and to support the load from the CFS studs.
- CFS panels connecting the CLT floor to the CFS studs are heavy, costly, and labor intensive. Concrete building are heavy requiring a bigger foundations and more robust lateral systems. Concrete buildings also require re-shoring under active floors and a large labor crew size. Concrete decks are fabricated on site leading to a multiple step installation process.
- a cross-laminated timber (CLT) and cold formed steel (CFS) connector is provided.
- the CLT and CFS connector comprises a track, at least one fastener, and at least one spring.
- the track is configured to connect to at least one CFS stud.
- the at least one fastener includes a head and a shaft.
- the at least one fastener is configured to connect the track to a CLT panel.
- the at least one spring is configured to receive the shaft of the fastener and compress between the head of the fastener and the track.
- the CLT and CFS connector may also include a second track and at least one second fastener.
- the second track is configured to connect to at least on second CFS stud.
- the at least one second fastener is configured to connect the second track to a second side of the CLT panel.
- a method of installing the CLT and CFS connector is also provided.
- a CLT and CFS system comprises a CLT panel, at least one CFS stud, a track, at least one fastener and at least one spring.
- the track is configured to connect to the at least one CFS stud.
- the at least one fastener includes a head and a shaft.
- the at least one fastener is configured to connect the track to the CLT panel.
- the at least one spring is configured to receive the shaft of the at least one fastener and compress between the head of the at least one fastener and the track.
- the CLT and CFS system may also include a second track and at least one second fastener.
- the second track is configured to connect to the at least one second CFS stud.
- the at least one second fastener is configured to connect the second track to a second side of the cross-laminated timber panel.
- FIG. 1 shows a top view of a CLT and CFS connection with a precast concrete or wooden spacer.
- FIG. 2 shows a top view of a CLT and CFS connection with a steel spacer.
- FIG. 3 shows cross-section 3 - 3 from FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 5 shows cross-section 5 - 5 from FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 6 shows cross-section 6 - 6 from FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 7 shows cross-section 7 - 7 from FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 8 shows an isometric view of a CLT and CFS system.
- FIG. 9 shows an isometric view of a cross section of a CLT and CFS system.
- FIG. 10 shows an alternative embodiment of FIG. 9 .
- FIG. 11 shows an isometric view of a building comprised of a plurality of CLT and CFS connectors and systems.
- FIG. 12 is a flow chart of a method of installing a CLT and CFS connector.
- FIG. 13 is a flow chart of a method of installing a CLT and CFS system.
- a cross-laminated timber (CLT) and cold formed steel (CFS) connector and a CLT and CFS system are provided.
- the CLT and CFS connector provides a mechanism to connect CLT panels to CFS studs to construct a structure such as a building.
- the CLT and CFS connector connects CFS studs of walls of a building to a CLT panel floor.
- the CLT and CFS connector provides a structural solution that addresses the shrinkage and compressive and bearing forces on CLT platform floors.
- the CLT and CFS connector also provides a structural solution for in-plan or horizontal movements of the CLT panel with respect to the CFS studs.
- the CLT and CFS connector and system allows lighter building structures and are conducive for evolving structural code changes.
- the CLT floor panels do not require reshoring. Installing CLT and CFS systems also requires smaller crew sizes than concrete structures. Off-site fabrication of the CLT and CFS connectors and CLT panels allows for a single-step installation on-site saving time and/or money.
- FIG. 1 shows a top view of a CLT and CFS connection 100 with a precast concrete or wooden spacer 400 .
- the CLT and CFS connection 100 includes a track 110 that is configured to connect to a CFS stud 200 and a CLT panel 300 .
- the track 110 may be made from CFS.
- the track 110 is connected to the CLT panel 300 with at least one spring assembly 120 a - n .
- Each spring assembly 120 a - n includes a fastener and spring (shown in FIG. 2 ).
- the CLT and CFS connection 100 may include a spacer 400 .
- the spacer 400 may be comprised of precast concrete, steel, or wood.
- the spacer 400 is nested within the CLT panel 300 at the approximate location of the CFS stud 200 .
- the spacer 400 is located under a CFS stud or between CFS studs within construction and engineering tolerances.
- FIG. 2 shows a top view of a CLT and CFS connection 100 with a steel spacer 400 .
- the CLT and CFS connection 100 has the same details and embodiments as the CLT and CFS connection 100 of FIG. 1 except the spacer 400 is made of steel instead of precast concrete or wood.
- the steel spacer 400 may have a smaller cross-area than the precast concrete or wood spacer 400 .
- FIG. 3 shows the cross-section 3 - 3 from FIG. 1 .
- the CLT and CFS system 100 may include a first track 110 a and a second track 110 b .
- the CLT and CFS system 100 may include a first CFS stud 200 a and a second CFS stud 200 b .
- the first track 110 a and the second track 110 b may be made from CFS.
- the tracks 110 a , 110 b may be U-shaped or C-shaped.
- the tracks 110 a , 110 b may include a first flange and a second flange that may be approximately 2 inches in length.
- the first track 110 a is configured to connect to the first CFS stud 200 a and the second track 110 b is configured to connect to the second CFS stud 200 b .
- the first CFS stud 200 a and second CFS stud 200 b may fit snuggly between the first and second flange of the first track 110 a and second track 110 b respectively.
- At least one second fastener 130 a - n connects the second track 110 b to a second side 320 of the CLT panel 300 .
- the CFS studs 200 a , 200 b may be connected to the tracks 110 a , 110 b via fasteners, welded seems, or friction fit.
- Spring assemblies 120 a - n connect the first track 100 a to a first side 310 of the CLT panel 300 .
- the spring assembly 120 a - n includes a fastener 122 a - n and a spring 124 a - n .
- Each fastener 122 a - n have a head and a shaft.
- the fastener 122 a - n may be a screw.
- the spring 124 a - n is configured to receive the shaft of the fastener 122 a - n .
- the spring 124 a - n is also configured to compress between the head of the fastener 122 a - n and the track 110 a when the spring assembly 120 a - n is installed.
- the spring assembly 120 a - n accounts for shrinkage and movements of the CLT panel 300 due to climate variations. For example, in cold and dry conditions, the height H of a CLT panel 300 may shrink. The height H may shrink approximately 0.25 inches. Because the spacer 400 is made from steel, precast contract, or wood, there is minimal to no shrinkage of the spacer 400 . As the CLT panel 300 shrinks, a space is created between the bottom of the first track 110 a and the top 310 of the CLT panel 300 . When the CLT panel 300 shrinks, the end of the fastener 122 a - n embedded in the CLT panel 300 gets pulled down.
- the spring 124 a - n compresses between the head of the fastener 122 a - n and the top of the track 110 a .
- the springs 124 a - n may be installed in a partially compressed condition prior to shrinkage of the CLT panel 300 taking place.
- the springs 124 a - n may be compressed approximately 0.25 inches when the fastener 122 a - n is installed.
- the spring 124 a - n will compress further.
- the spring assembly 120 a - n connects the CFS stud 200 a and the CLT panel 300 while accounting for movement, such as shrinkage or creep, of the CLT panel 300 .
- the spacer 400 is positioned within the CLT panel 300 and between the first CFS stud 200 a and the second CFS stud 200 b .
- the spacer 400 is positioned so that the first CFS stud 200 a bears on the spacer 400 and load is transferred through the first CFS stud 200 a to the second CFS stud 200 b .
- the spacer 400 in FIG. 2 is a precast concrete or wooden cylinder.
- FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of FIG. 3 .
- the spring assemblies 120 a - n and second fasteners 130 a - n are not shown for clarity.
- the spacer 400 may be coned shaped so that the spacer 400 is wider at the top or end towards the top or first side 310 of the CLT panel 300 .
- a spacer 400 that is wider at the top, as shown in FIG. 4 prevents the spacer 400 from falling out if the spacer 400 is installed prior to lifting the CLT panel 300 into place.
- the spacer 400 may also include a membrane or barrier 402 .
- the membrane or barrier 402 may prevent bleeding of a precast concrete spacer 400 into the surrounding wood CLT panel 300 .
- FIG. 5 shows the cross-section 5 - 5 from FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 4 shows a CLT and CFS system 100 with a spacer 400 made of steel.
- the CLT and CFS system 100 may also include steel plates 410 a , 410 b between the end of the spacer 400 and CLT panel 300 and the tracks 110 a , 110 b .
- the steel plates 410 a , 410 b may be connected to the tracks 110 a , 110 b with fasteners, welded seems, or a threaded end that may screw into a corresponding threaded hole in the track 110 a , 110 b .
- the steel spacer 400 is connected to the first steel plate 410 a .
- the steel spacer 400 may be welded to the first steel plate 410 a .
- the steel spacer 400 may include threads that screw into a corresponding threaded hole in the steel plate 410 a or vice versa.
- the steel spacer 400 may have a bearing connection with the second steel plate 410 b.
- FIG. 6 shows cross-section 6 - 6 from FIG. 1 .
- the first track 110 a and the second track 110 b are continuous.
- a plurality of spring assemblies 120 a - n and second fasteners 130 a - n connect the tracks 110 a , 110 b to the CLT panel 300 .
- the tracks 110 a , 110 b may be prepunched or predrilled at the location of the spring assemblies 120 a - n and fasteners 130 a - n for quick and efficient connection of the tracks 110 a , 110 b to the CLT panel 300 .
- the quantity and spacing of the spring assemblies 120 a - n and fasteners 130 a - n depends on loads applied to the structure and engineering codes and specifications.
- FIG. 7 shows cross-section 7 - 7 from FIG. 2 .
- the first track 110 a and the second track 110 b are continuous.
- the first steel plate 410 a and second steel plate 410 b are also continuous along the length of the CLT panel 300 .
- a plurality of spring assemblies 120 a - n and second fasteners 130 a - n connect the tracks 110 a , 110 b to the CLT panel 300 .
- the spring assemblies 120 a - n also extend through the first steel plate 410 a .
- Fasteners 130 a - n connect the second track 110 b and second steel plate 410 b to the CLT panel 300 .
- the tracks 110 a , 110 b may be prepunched or predrilled at the location of the spring assemblies 120 a - n and fasteners 130 a - n for quick and efficient connection of the tracks 110 a , 110 b to the CLT panel 300 .
- the steel plates 410 a , 410 b may also be prepunched or predrilled at the location of the spring assemblies 120 a - n and fasteners 130 a - n for quick and efficient connection of the steel plates 410 a , 410 b to the CLT panel 300 .
- the quantity and spacing of the spring assemblies 120 a - n and fasteners 130 a - n depends on loads applied to the structure and engineering codes and specifications.
- FIG. 8 shows an isometric view of a CLT and CFS system 100 .
- the CLT and CFS system 100 includes at least one CFS stud 200 a , 200 b .
- the CFS studs 200 a , 200 b may be part of a load bearing CFS panelized wall.
- the exterior walls may be non-bearing and panelized.
- the CLT and CFS system 100 also includes at least one CLT floor panel 300 .
- the CLT floor panel 300 may span between 12-20 feet.
- the CLT floor panel 300 may span greater than 20 feet.
- the tracks 110 a , 110 b may run the length of the CLT floor panel 300 .
- the CFS studs 200 a , 200 b are connected to the CLT floor panel 300 via the tracks 110 a , 110 b .
- the number and spacing of the CFS studs 200 a , 200 b depend on the loads and engineering codes and specifications.
- a plurality of spring assemblies 120 a - n connect a track 110 a to a first or top side 310 of the CLT floor panel 300 between CFS studs 200 a.
- FIG. 9 shows a cross-section of an isometric view of a CLT and CFS system 100 .
- the CLT and CFS system 100 includes spacers 400 within the CLT floor panel 300 between corresponding CFS studs 200 a , 200 b .
- the spacer 400 transfers the load from the CFS load bearing stud 200 a so that the CLT panel 300 is not crushed.
- the height of the spacer 400 matches the approximate height H of the CLT panel 300 prior to shrinkage.
- FIG. 6 shows a precast concrete spacer 400
- the spacer 400 may be steel or wooden.
- FIG. 10 shows an alternative embodiment of FIG. 9 .
- FIG. 10 shows a spacer 400 that has a cone shape with the top end wider than the bottom end.
- FIG. 11 shows an isometric view of a structure 700 utilizing the CLT and CFS system.
- a plurality of CLT and CFS systems 100 may be utilized to build a structure 700 such as the framework for a building.
- the structure 700 may be a multistory building.
- the structure 700 may be a 7-12 story building. Because the structure 700 is comprised of CLT and CFS, the structures 700 are lighter than concrete and steel structures. There is no need to re-shore under active floors.
- the CLT panels 300 can be prefabricated with the tracks 110 fastened to the CLT panels 300 off-site.
- the spacers 400 may also be inserted into the CLT panels 300 off-site.
- the CLT panels 300 and tracks 110 may be quickly and efficiently connected to the CFS studs.
- the off-site CLT fabrication and single set installation leads to critical time and labor savings.
- FIG. 12 is a flow chart of a method of installing a CLT and CFS connector 800 .
- the CLT and CFS connector installed in the method 800 includes the same embodiments and details previously described.
- the method 800 may include inserting a spacer into a CLT panel.
- the method of installing a CLT and CFS connector 800 includes the step 820 of positioning a track on a cross-laminated timber panel.
- the track is configured to connect to at least one CFS stud.
- the track may be positioned where a plurality of CFS studs of a panelized wall are to be connected to the CLT panel.
- the spacer may be connected to the track or plate. If the spacer is connected to a plate, the plate is connected to the track.
- the CLT panel may include predrilled holes or openings where the spacer is inserted.
- the spacers are located where the CFS studs are configured to connect to the track.
- the track is attached to the CLT panel with a plurality of spring assemblies.
- the spring assembly includes a fastener and a spring.
- the fastener extends through the spring into the CLT panel.
- the fastener may be inserted until the spring is partially compressed.
- the fastener may be inserted into the CLT panel until the spring is compressed 0.25 inches.
- a CFS stud may be connected to the track.
- the CFS stud may be connected to the track via fasteners, welding, or threads.
- the CFS stud may bear on the spacer.
- a plurality of CFS studs may be connected to the track.
- the method 800 may include the steps 810 - 840 in any order.
- FIG. 13 is a flow chart of a method of installing a CLT and CFS system 900 .
- the CLT and CFS system include the same details and embodiments of the CLT and CFS system previously discussed.
- the method 900 may include inserting a spacer into the CLT panel.
- the method 900 includes the step 920 of positioning a track on a first side of a CLT panel.
- the spacer may be connected to the track or plate. If the spacer is connected to a plate, the plate is connected to the track.
- the CLT panel may include predrilled holes or openings where the spacer is inserted.
- the spacers are located where the CFS studs are configured to connect to the track.
- a first side of the track is attached to the first side of the CLT panel with a plurality of spring assemblies.
- a spring assembly includes a fastener and a spring. The fastener extends through the spring into the CLT panel. The fastener is inserted until the spring is partially compressed. For example, the fastener may be inserted into the CLT panel until the spring is compressed 0.25 inch.
- a CFS stud is attached to a second side of the track. The CFS stud may be attached to the track via fasteners, welding, or threads. The CFS stud may bear on the spacer in the CLT panel beneath it.
- a second track may be attached to a second side of the CLT panel.
- the second track may be attached to a second CFS stud.
- the method 900 may include the steps 910 - 940 in any order.
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Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates generally to the art of building construction, and more specifically to a connector that connects cold formed steel and cross-laminated timber.
- A cross-laminated timber (CLT) commercial building may typically be a post and beam configuration. The posts are either glulam or steel-reinforced concrete and the beams are also glulam or reinforced concrete. The floor slabs of the building are CLT. A building comprising cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels such as CLT floors require a large steel panel under the CLT panel to connect the CLT panel to cold formed steel (CFS) studs and to support the load from the CFS studs. The CFS panels connecting the CLT floor to the CFS studs are heavy, costly, and labor intensive. Concrete building are heavy requiring a bigger foundations and more robust lateral systems. Concrete buildings also require re-shoring under active floors and a large labor crew size. Concrete decks are fabricated on site leading to a multiple step installation process.
- A cross-laminated timber (CLT) and cold formed steel (CFS) connector is provided. The CLT and CFS connector comprises a track, at least one fastener, and at least one spring. The track is configured to connect to at least one CFS stud. The at least one fastener includes a head and a shaft. The at least one fastener is configured to connect the track to a CLT panel. The at least one spring is configured to receive the shaft of the fastener and compress between the head of the fastener and the track. The CLT and CFS connector may also include a second track and at least one second fastener. The second track is configured to connect to at least on second CFS stud. The at least one second fastener is configured to connect the second track to a second side of the CLT panel. A method of installing the CLT and CFS connector is also provided.
- A CLT and CFS system is provided. The CLT and CFS system comprises a CLT panel, at least one CFS stud, a track, at least one fastener and at least one spring. The track is configured to connect to the at least one CFS stud. The at least one fastener includes a head and a shaft. The at least one fastener is configured to connect the track to the CLT panel. The at least one spring is configured to receive the shaft of the at least one fastener and compress between the head of the at least one fastener and the track. The CLT and CFS system may also include a second track and at least one second fastener. The second track is configured to connect to the at least one second CFS stud. The at least one second fastener is configured to connect the second track to a second side of the cross-laminated timber panel. A method of installing the CLT and CFS system is also provided.
- The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustration, there is shown in the drawings different embodiments. It should be understood, however, that the teachings are not limited to the precise CLT and CFS connector, system, and methods of installation shown.
-
FIG. 1 shows a top view of a CLT and CFS connection with a precast concrete or wooden spacer. -
FIG. 2 shows a top view of a CLT and CFS connection with a steel spacer. -
FIG. 3 shows cross-section 3-3 fromFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 5 shows cross-section 5-5 fromFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 6 shows cross-section 6-6 fromFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 7 shows cross-section 7-7 fromFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 8 shows an isometric view of a CLT and CFS system. -
FIG. 9 shows an isometric view of a cross section of a CLT and CFS system. -
FIG. 10 shows an alternative embodiment ofFIG. 9 . -
FIG. 11 shows an isometric view of a building comprised of a plurality of CLT and CFS connectors and systems. -
FIG. 12 is a flow chart of a method of installing a CLT and CFS connector. -
FIG. 13 is a flow chart of a method of installing a CLT and CFS system. - A cross-laminated timber (CLT) and cold formed steel (CFS) connector and a CLT and CFS system are provided. The CLT and CFS connector provides a mechanism to connect CLT panels to CFS studs to construct a structure such as a building. For example, the CLT and CFS connector connects CFS studs of walls of a building to a CLT panel floor. The CLT and CFS connector provides a structural solution that addresses the shrinkage and compressive and bearing forces on CLT platform floors. The CLT and CFS connector also provides a structural solution for in-plan or horizontal movements of the CLT panel with respect to the CFS studs. The CLT and CFS connector and system allows lighter building structures and are conducive for evolving structural code changes. The CLT floor panels do not require reshoring. Installing CLT and CFS systems also requires smaller crew sizes than concrete structures. Off-site fabrication of the CLT and CFS connectors and CLT panels allows for a single-step installation on-site saving time and/or money.
-
FIG. 1 shows a top view of a CLT andCFS connection 100 with a precast concrete orwooden spacer 400. The CLT andCFS connection 100 includes atrack 110 that is configured to connect to aCFS stud 200 and aCLT panel 300. Thetrack 110 may be made from CFS. Thetrack 110 is connected to theCLT panel 300 with at least one spring assembly 120 a-n. Each spring assembly 120 a-n includes a fastener and spring (shown inFIG. 2 ). The CLT andCFS connection 100 may include aspacer 400. Thespacer 400 may be comprised of precast concrete, steel, or wood. Thespacer 400 is nested within theCLT panel 300 at the approximate location of theCFS stud 200. Thespacer 400 is located under a CFS stud or between CFS studs within construction and engineering tolerances. -
FIG. 2 shows a top view of a CLT andCFS connection 100 with asteel spacer 400. The CLT andCFS connection 100 has the same details and embodiments as the CLT andCFS connection 100 ofFIG. 1 except thespacer 400 is made of steel instead of precast concrete or wood. As shown inFIG. 2 , thesteel spacer 400 may have a smaller cross-area than the precast concrete orwood spacer 400. -
FIG. 3 shows the cross-section 3-3 fromFIG. 1 . The CLT andCFS system 100 may include afirst track 110 a and asecond track 110 b. The CLT andCFS system 100 may include afirst CFS stud 200 a and asecond CFS stud 200 b. Thefirst track 110 a and thesecond track 110 b may be made from CFS. Thetracks tracks first track 110 a is configured to connect to thefirst CFS stud 200 a and thesecond track 110 b is configured to connect to thesecond CFS stud 200 b. Thefirst CFS stud 200 a andsecond CFS stud 200 b may fit snuggly between the first and second flange of thefirst track 110 a andsecond track 110 b respectively. At least one second fastener 130 a-n connects thesecond track 110 b to asecond side 320 of theCLT panel 300. TheCFS studs tracks - Spring assemblies 120 a-n connect the first track 100 a to a
first side 310 of theCLT panel 300. The spring assembly 120 a-n includes a fastener 122 a-n and a spring 124 a-n. Each fastener 122 a-n have a head and a shaft. The fastener 122 a-n may be a screw. The spring 124 a-n is configured to receive the shaft of the fastener 122 a-n. The spring 124 a-n is also configured to compress between the head of the fastener 122 a-n and thetrack 110 a when the spring assembly 120 a-n is installed. The spring assembly 120 a-n accounts for shrinkage and movements of theCLT panel 300 due to climate variations. For example, in cold and dry conditions, the height H of aCLT panel 300 may shrink. The height H may shrink approximately 0.25 inches. Because thespacer 400 is made from steel, precast contract, or wood, there is minimal to no shrinkage of thespacer 400. As theCLT panel 300 shrinks, a space is created between the bottom of thefirst track 110 a and the top 310 of theCLT panel 300. When theCLT panel 300 shrinks, the end of the fastener 122 a-n embedded in theCLT panel 300 gets pulled down. When the end of the fastener 122 a-n embedded in theCLT panel 300 gets pulled down, the spring 124 a-n compresses between the head of the fastener 122 a-n and the top of thetrack 110 a. The springs 124 a-n may be installed in a partially compressed condition prior to shrinkage of theCLT panel 300 taking place. For example, the springs 124 a-n may be compressed approximately 0.25 inches when the fastener 122 a-n is installed. When theCLT panel 300 shrinks, the spring 124 a-n will compress further. The spring assembly 120 a-n connects theCFS stud 200 a and theCLT panel 300 while accounting for movement, such as shrinkage or creep, of theCLT panel 300. - The
spacer 400 is positioned within theCLT panel 300 and between thefirst CFS stud 200 a and thesecond CFS stud 200 b. Thespacer 400 is positioned so that thefirst CFS stud 200 a bears on thespacer 400 and load is transferred through thefirst CFS stud 200 a to thesecond CFS stud 200 b. Thespacer 400 inFIG. 2 is a precast concrete or wooden cylinder. -
FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment ofFIG. 3 . The spring assemblies 120 a-n and second fasteners 130 a-n are not shown for clarity. Thespacer 400 may be coned shaped so that thespacer 400 is wider at the top or end towards the top orfirst side 310 of theCLT panel 300. Aspacer 400 that is wider at the top, as shown inFIG. 4 , prevents thespacer 400 from falling out if thespacer 400 is installed prior to lifting theCLT panel 300 into place. Thespacer 400 may also include a membrane orbarrier 402. The membrane orbarrier 402 may prevent bleeding of a precastconcrete spacer 400 into the surroundingwood CLT panel 300. -
FIG. 5 shows the cross-section 5-5 fromFIG. 2 .FIG. 4 shows a CLT andCFS system 100 with aspacer 400 made of steel. The CLT andCFS system 100 may also includesteel plates spacer 400 andCLT panel 300 and thetracks steel plates tracks track steel spacer 400 is connected to thefirst steel plate 410 a. Thesteel spacer 400 may be welded to thefirst steel plate 410 a. Thesteel spacer 400 may include threads that screw into a corresponding threaded hole in thesteel plate 410 a or vice versa. Thesteel spacer 400 may have a bearing connection with thesecond steel plate 410 b. -
FIG. 6 shows cross-section 6-6 fromFIG. 1 . Thefirst track 110 a and thesecond track 110 b are continuous. A plurality of spring assemblies 120 a-n and second fasteners 130 a-n connect thetracks CLT panel 300. Thetracks tracks CLT panel 300. The quantity and spacing of the spring assemblies 120 a-n and fasteners 130 a-n depends on loads applied to the structure and engineering codes and specifications. -
FIG. 7 shows cross-section 7-7 fromFIG. 2 . Thefirst track 110 a and thesecond track 110 b are continuous. Thefirst steel plate 410 a andsecond steel plate 410 b are also continuous along the length of theCLT panel 300. A plurality of spring assemblies 120 a-n and second fasteners 130 a-n connect thetracks CLT panel 300. The spring assemblies 120 a-n also extend through thefirst steel plate 410 a. Fasteners 130 a-n connect thesecond track 110 b andsecond steel plate 410 b to theCLT panel 300. Thetracks tracks CLT panel 300. Thesteel plates steel plates CLT panel 300. The quantity and spacing of the spring assemblies 120 a-n and fasteners 130 a-n depends on loads applied to the structure and engineering codes and specifications. -
FIG. 8 shows an isometric view of a CLT andCFS system 100. The CLT andCFS system 100 includes at least oneCFS stud CFS studs CFS system 100 also includes at least oneCLT floor panel 300. TheCLT floor panel 300 may span between 12-20 feet. TheCLT floor panel 300 may span greater than 20 feet. Thetracks CLT floor panel 300. TheCFS studs CLT floor panel 300 via thetracks CFS studs track 110 a to a first ortop side 310 of theCLT floor panel 300 betweenCFS studs 200 a. -
FIG. 9 shows a cross-section of an isometric view of a CLT andCFS system 100. The CLT andCFS system 100 includesspacers 400 within theCLT floor panel 300 betweencorresponding CFS studs spacer 400 transfers the load from the CFSload bearing stud 200 a so that theCLT panel 300 is not crushed. The height of thespacer 400 matches the approximate height H of theCLT panel 300 prior to shrinkage. AlthoughFIG. 6 shows a precastconcrete spacer 400, thespacer 400 may be steel or wooden.FIG. 10 shows an alternative embodiment ofFIG. 9 .FIG. 10 shows aspacer 400 that has a cone shape with the top end wider than the bottom end. -
FIG. 11 shows an isometric view of astructure 700 utilizing the CLT and CFS system. A plurality of CLT andCFS systems 100 may be utilized to build astructure 700 such as the framework for a building. Thestructure 700 may be a multistory building. Thestructure 700 may be a 7-12 story building. Because thestructure 700 is comprised of CLT and CFS, thestructures 700 are lighter than concrete and steel structures. There is no need to re-shore under active floors. TheCLT panels 300 can be prefabricated with thetracks 110 fastened to theCLT panels 300 off-site. Thespacers 400 may also be inserted into theCLT panels 300 off-site. On-site, theCLT panels 300 andtracks 110 may be quickly and efficiently connected to the CFS studs. The off-site CLT fabrication and single set installation leads to critical time and labor savings. -
FIG. 12 is a flow chart of a method of installing a CLT andCFS connector 800. The CLT and CFS connector installed in themethod 800 includes the same embodiments and details previously described. Instep 810, themethod 800 may include inserting a spacer into a CLT panel. The method of installing a CLT andCFS connector 800 includes thestep 820 of positioning a track on a cross-laminated timber panel. The track is configured to connect to at least one CFS stud. The track may be positioned where a plurality of CFS studs of a panelized wall are to be connected to the CLT panel. The spacer may be connected to the track or plate. If the spacer is connected to a plate, the plate is connected to the track. The CLT panel may include predrilled holes or openings where the spacer is inserted. The spacers are located where the CFS studs are configured to connect to the track. Instep 830, the track is attached to the CLT panel with a plurality of spring assemblies. The spring assembly includes a fastener and a spring. The fastener extends through the spring into the CLT panel. The fastener may be inserted until the spring is partially compressed. For example, the fastener may be inserted into the CLT panel until the spring is compressed 0.25 inches. Instep 840, a CFS stud may be connected to the track. The CFS stud may be connected to the track via fasteners, welding, or threads. The CFS stud may bear on the spacer. A plurality of CFS studs may be connected to the track. Themethod 800 may include the steps 810-840 in any order. -
FIG. 13 is a flow chart of a method of installing a CLT andCFS system 900. The CLT and CFS system include the same details and embodiments of the CLT and CFS system previously discussed. Instep 910, themethod 900 may include inserting a spacer into the CLT panel. Themethod 900 includes thestep 920 of positioning a track on a first side of a CLT panel. The spacer may be connected to the track or plate. If the spacer is connected to a plate, the plate is connected to the track. The CLT panel may include predrilled holes or openings where the spacer is inserted. The spacers are located where the CFS studs are configured to connect to the track. Instep 930, a first side of the track is attached to the first side of the CLT panel with a plurality of spring assemblies. A spring assembly includes a fastener and a spring. The fastener extends through the spring into the CLT panel. The fastener is inserted until the spring is partially compressed. For example, the fastener may be inserted into the CLT panel until the spring is compressed 0.25 inch. Instep 940, a CFS stud is attached to a second side of the track. The CFS stud may be attached to the track via fasteners, welding, or threads. The CFS stud may bear on the spacer in the CLT panel beneath it. Instep 950, a second track may be attached to a second side of the CLT panel. Instep 960, the second track may be attached to a second CFS stud. Themethod 900 may include the steps 910-940 in any order. - Having thus described in detail a preferred selection of embodiments of the present invention, it is to be appreciated and will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many physical changes could be made to the CLT and CFS connector, CLT and CFS system, method of installing a CLT and CFS connector, and method of installing a CLT and CFS system without altering the inventive concepts and principles embodied therein. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore to be embraced therein.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17/187,362 US20220275634A1 (en) | 2021-02-26 | 2021-02-26 | Cross-laminated timber and cold formed steel connector and system |
PCT/US2022/018056 WO2022183088A1 (en) | 2021-02-26 | 2022-02-26 | Cross-laminated timber and cold formed steel connector and system |
CA3211705A CA3211705A1 (en) | 2021-02-26 | 2022-02-26 | Cross-laminated timber and cold formed steel connector and system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17/187,362 US20220275634A1 (en) | 2021-02-26 | 2021-02-26 | Cross-laminated timber and cold formed steel connector and system |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20220275634A1 true US20220275634A1 (en) | 2022-09-01 |
Family
ID=83007057
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US17/187,362 Abandoned US20220275634A1 (en) | 2021-02-26 | 2021-02-26 | Cross-laminated timber and cold formed steel connector and system |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20220275634A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3211705A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2022183088A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20230349149A1 (en) * | 2019-08-01 | 2023-11-02 | Mercer Mass Timber Llc | Shear Wall Assembly |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA3211705A1 (en) | 2022-09-01 |
WO2022183088A1 (en) | 2022-09-01 |
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