US20210394417A1 - Pellet based tooling and process for biodegradable component - Google Patents
Pellet based tooling and process for biodegradable component Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20210394417A1 US20210394417A1 US17/362,284 US202117362284A US2021394417A1 US 20210394417 A1 US20210394417 A1 US 20210394417A1 US 202117362284 A US202117362284 A US 202117362284A US 2021394417 A1 US2021394417 A1 US 2021394417A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- biodegradable
- starch
- pellets
- expandable thermoplastic
- thermoplastic microspheres
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 title claims description 146
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229920000856 Amylose Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006266 etherification reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 13
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- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
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- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
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- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000103 Expandable microsphere Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004831 Hot glue Substances 0.000 description 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISQVBYGGNVVVHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N OCC1CCCC1 Chemical compound OCC1CCCC1 ISQVBYGGNVVVHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- JSPLKZUTYZBBKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioxidane Chemical compound OOO JSPLKZUTYZBBKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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- B29C48/022—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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- C08J9/22—After-treatment of expandable particles; Forming foamed products
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- C08J9/236—Forming foamed products using binding agents
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29K2055/00—Use of specific polymers obtained by polymerisation reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, not provided for in a single one of main groups B29K2023/00 - B29K2049/00, e.g. having a vinyl group, as moulding material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0037—Other properties
- B29K2995/0059—Degradable
- B29K2995/006—Bio-degradable, e.g. bioabsorbable, bioresorbable or bioerodible
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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- C08J2201/02—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by mechanical pre- or post-treatments
- C08J2201/03—Extrusion of the foamable blend
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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- C08J2203/22—Expandable microspheres, e.g. Expancel®
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C08J2300/16—Biodegradable polymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
An example starch-based material for forming a biodegradable component includes a mixture of a starch and an expansion additive. The starch has an amylose content of less than about 70% by weight. The expansion additive enhances the expansion and physical properties of the starch. A method of preparing a starch-based material is also disclosed and an alternate starch-based material for forming a biodegradable component is also disclosed.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/462,835 Aug. 19, 2014; which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/867,187 filed on Aug. 19, 2013 and is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/211,701 filed on Mar. 14, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,131,072 issued Nov. 20, 2018; which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/781,809 filed on Mar. 14, 2013.
- This disclosure relates to biodegradable components and more particularly to the manufacture and forming of starch-based biodegradable components using biodegradable pellets, and tooling and processes for both starch-based biodegradable components and biodegradable pellets.
- Polystyrene foam is known and used as a packaging material for shipping, household items, cars, and other areas of manufacture and transportation. For instance, polystyrene foam materials are used to prevent damage to manufactured items during transportation, as well as adding stability to packaging during the shipping process. Many times, these materials are made using pre-cut or sized blanks of foam and then cavitating the pre-cut blank. Other non-biodegradable materials are used for a variety of business, shipping, and household applications.
- An example starch-based material for forming a biodegradable component includes a mixture of a starch and an expansion additive. The starch has an amylose content of less than about 70% by weight. The expansion additive enhances the expansion and physical properties of the starch.
- An example method of preparing a biodegradable material includes mixing an expansion additive with a starch to form a biodegradable material mixture. The expansion additive enhances the expansion and physical properties of the starch, and the starch has an amylose content of less than about 70% by weight.
- A starch-based material for forming a biodegradable component includes a mixture having an amylose content of X1 by weight and an expansion additive content of X2 by weight, and a ratio of X1 to X2 is between about 2 and 60.
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FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example process and tooling to create biodegradable components. -
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of another example process and tooling to create biodegradable components. -
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of another example process and tooling to create biodegradable components. -
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an example component from one of the example process and tooling ofFIGS. 1-3 . -
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a portion of another example component from one of the example process and tooling ofFIGS. 1-3 . -
FIGS. 6A-B show perspective views of another example component, and mold to form the component, from one of the example process and tooling ofFIGS. 1 and 3 . -
FIG. 6C is a perspective view of an example mold for the example components ofFIGS. 6A-B . -
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a tool for use with the component ofFIG. 6 . - Referring to
FIG. 1 , an example process, and corresponding tooling, to create biodegradable components and biodegradable pellets is shown. A starch-basedbiodegradable material 10, shown schematically, is provided. The starch-basedbiodegradable material 10 may include, for instance, corn starch or another type of processed or reclaimed starch. In one example, the starch-based material is dissolvable in water. In another example, thebiodegradable material 10 is formed of a corn-based cellulosic material (“greencell”) or other cellulose based material. In another example, thebiodegradable material 10 is formed by providing starch flour with high amylose content and mixing the starch flour with water and additives. However, any biodegradable material may be used. ASTM International defines testing methods for determining whether a material is considered to be biodegradable. - In one example, the amylose content of the starch-based
biodegradable material 10 is greater than 40% by weight and in further examples is between 55% and 75% by weight. The amylose acts as a blowing agent which allows the starch-basedbiodegradable material 10 to expand during processing to create a foam-like material during extrusion processing, as will be described below. - In a further example, an enhancing agent is added to the
biodegradable material 10 in a dispenser such as anextruder 12, a cookie dispenser, or apositive displacement pump 12, or before thebiodegradable material 10 is dispensed in the extruder, to enhance properties of the extruded biodegradable material 10 (in the form ofbiodegradable pellets 18 as will be described in further detail below). In one example, the material is a latex, peat, or glycerol. In another example, the material is an etherification additive such as an epoxide or hydroxyl ether. These materials enhance the flexibility and durability of the starch-basedbiodegradable material 10 when used with high-amylose content starches. - Low-amylose content starches such as potato starch may exhibit decreased expansion during processing. An example low-amylose content starch may contain between 20% and 30% by weight amylose. An additive material such as heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres may be added to the starch to provide improved expansion, toughness, flexibility, and moisture resistance to the starch-based
biodegradable material 10. These features provide for the use of a wider distribution of natural starch grain sizes in the starting starch material while producing a final product having the desired material characteristics. The heat-expandable thermoplastic microsphere may be a high elongation copolymer of acrylic which encapsulates a light gas contained in the microsphere upon extrusion. One example is EXPANCEL® (AkzoNobel Pulp and Performance Chemicals AB, Sundsvall, Sweden). The heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres may be dry and either unexpanded or expanded prior to addition to the processed or reclaimed starch to form the starch-based biodegradable material. The unexpanded spheres may be sized from 45-120 microns. - The heat-expandable thermoplastic material may be added to the starch-based
biodegradable material 10 in addition to or without other additives as described above. For instance, a primary additive such as the etherification additive or latex may be added in a greater amount than a minority additive such as heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres. Alternatively, only the heat-expandable thermoplastic microsphere may be added to the starch-basedbiodegradable material 10. - The heat-expandable thermoplastic microsphere additive may be mixed with dry starch to provide a starch-based
biodegradable material 10 having between 0.5% and 10% additive content by weight, in one example. In another example, the additive heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres may be partially or fully expanded before mixing with the starch to form the starch-basedbiodegradable material 10. More particularly, the heat-expandable thermoplastic microsphere additive may be mixed with dry starch to provide a starch-basedbiodegradable material 10 having between 0.5% and 4% by weight expanded additive and between 1% and 5% by weight non-expanded additive. - In another example, the amylose content and additive are selected within a ratio on accordance with a desired expansion of the mixture. For example, the starch-based
biodegradable material 10 has an amylose content of X1 by weight and an expansion additive content of X2 by weight, and a ratio of X1 to X2 is between about 2 and 60. In further examples, the ratio of X1 to X2 is between about 4 and 30 or between about 5 and 60 or between about 2 and 8. - The starch based
biodegradable material 10 is provided to the dispenser. In one example, the dispenser is a heatedmix extruder 12 which may be heated gradually from about 70° C. to about 200° C. along its length. However, other types of extruders may be used. In one example, water may be added to the starch-basedbiodegradable material 10 in theextruder 12 to form a gel in an amount between 15% and 30% of the weight of the starch. Theextruder 12 is attached to arotary cutter 14 and extrusion die 16 which are arranged to form a plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. In this example, theextruder 12 heats thebiodegradable material 10 and forces thebiodegradable material 10 through openings of the extrusion die 16. In one example, the extrusion die 16 includes openings between 2 and 5 mm in diameter. One or both of theextruder 12 and the extrusion die 16 are heated between 150° C. and 250° C. - The starch-based
biodegradable material 10 emerges from the extrusion die 16 based on the geometry and arrangement of openings of the extrusion die 16. Thebiodegradable material 10 expands as it emerges from the extrusion die 16. As was described above, primary and/or minority additives aid the starch-basedbiodegradable material 10 in expanding. As the starch-basedbiodegradable material 10 is heated and forced through theextruder 12, thematerial 10 expands. Expansion of the starch-basedbiodegradable material 10 occurs primarily at thedie 16. However, expansion can also occur before extrusion, within theextruder 12, or after extrusion. For example, additives such as thermoplastic heat-expandable microspheres may be added to the starch-basedbiodegradable material 10 in an expanded or unexpanded form, or in combination, prior to subjecting the starch-based biodegradable material to a cold extrusion process. After cold extrusion processing, the majority of expansion of the starch-basedbiodegradable material 10 occurs in a heated tool, such as amold 30 described in more detail below. - The extruded starch-based biodegradable material 10 (in the form of
biodegradable pellets 18 as will be described in further detail below) is thus a foam-like material that may include pockets which are open or closed. The degree of expansion is dependent on the mixing time in theextruder 12, the temperature in theextruder 12 and at the die 16, and the size and initial degree of expansion of additives such as thermoplastic heat-expandable microspheres. - The extruded
biodegradable material 10 is cut by therotary cutter 14, which moves about the face of the extrusion die 16, to form the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. The size of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are determined by the size of the extrusion die 16 opening, the rate of extrusion, and the RPM of therotary cutter 14. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 may be uniformly or non-uniformly formed. The length of the extrudedbiodegradable material 10 is cut to equal the length of the desiredbiodegradable pellet 18. In one example, to form roundbiodegradable pellets 18, the length of the cut extrusion is equal to a diameter of the expanded extrudedbiodegradable material 10. - In this example, the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are formed using the extrusion process and tooling described above. In another example, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are pre-formed by manufacture using an independent process or at a different location, and subsequently provided for further manufacture without the use of the above extrusion process and tooling. - The plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are dispensed in atumbler 20. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are tumbled in thetumbler 20 to form the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 having a round, oval, or elliptical geometry. However, other shapes of plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are contemplated. In one example, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are tumbled while still heated to assist forming of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. In another example, thebiodegradable pellets 18 are not dispensed into atumbler 20 and the round, oval, or elliptical geometry of thepellets 18 is formed directly by cutting with therotary cutter 14 at the die 16 openings. - Round, oval, or elliptical shaped
biodegradable pellets 18 provide a uniform surface for spray coating and are geometrically suitable for packing in a mold, as will be described in further detail below. Round, oval, or elliptical shapedbiodegradable pellets 18 generally have less surface area than other geometric shapes to provide control of the amount of spray coating disposed on the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 and prevent excessive absorption of spray coating. - In this example, the
tumbler 20 is heated to a desired pre-determined temperature to shape the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. The forming viaheated tumbler 20 forms a shell on each of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. - The plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are then disposed in aspray chamber 22. In another example, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are sprayed without the use ofspray chamber 22. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are at a desired temperature when entering thespray chamber 22. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are then sprayed in thespray chamber 22 with one or morebinding agents 24. - In one example, the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are sprayed with a binding agent that is a natural oil or vegetable oil. The oil provides a water barrier or sealer for the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. - In another example, the binding
agent 24 is solid at room temperature and has a specific melt temperature above room temperature. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are provided at room temperature, between 40° F. and 70° F. In one example, the binding agent is melted at a temperature of 135° F. and sprayed onto the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 remain separated due to movement of thespray chamber 22. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 become tack free with continued movement of thespray chamber 22. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are cooled in thespray chamber 22 and dispensed at room temperature. - In another example, the binding
agent 24 is solid at room temperature and has a specific melt temperature above room temperature. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are provided at a temperature above the melt temperature of the bindingagent 24. In one example, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are provided at a temperature of between 210° F. and 250° F. The bindingagent 24 is melted at a temperature of 200° F. and is sprayed onto the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 remain separated due to movement of thespray chamber 22, which is kept between 40° F. and 70° F. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are cooled in thespray chamber 22 and dispensed at room temperature - In another example, the binding
agent 24 is liquid at room temperature. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are frozen at or below 0° F., and generally at −150° F., but at a temperature below the freezing point of the liquid bindingagent 24. In one example, the bindingagent 24 is sprayed onto the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 at a temperature of 35 to 60 F. Thebinder agent 24 freezes on contact with the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 remain separated from each other due to the movement of thespray chamber 22. The coated plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are dispensed frozen. - In another example, the binding
agent 24 is water. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are provided at or below 40° F. The bindingagent 24 is sprayed onto the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 and roll coated in thespray chamber 22. - In another example, the binding
agent 24 is a low viscosity liquid at room temperature. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are provided at room temperature. In one example, the bindingagent 24 is water or a water based adhesive that is sprayed onto the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 at room temperature until the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 begin to adhere together. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 absorb the bindingagent 24 such that the pellets are tack free after continued movement inspray chamber 22 and are dispensed at room temperature. - In one example, the binding
agent 24 is a dry particle which is disposed on the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 by spraying or shaking just after the application of a differentbinding agent 24. Application of dryparticle binding agents 24 provide separation between the coated plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, reduction or increase in adhesion between the coated plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, and/or allows addition of color, fragrance, and/or anti-bacterial features to the coated plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. - In one example, the binding
agent 24 is at least one of dextrin, starch based liquid adhesive, liquid soap, liquid glycerin soap, catalyzed room temperature or elevated cured liquid polyester, acrylic adhesive, urethane adhesive, epoxy adhesive, hot melt wax, solid glycerin bar soap, solid or water based epoxy, hot melt adhesive, aerobic adhesive, and/or other liquid that is sprayed or dispensed at room temperature or above. The solid glycerin bar soap is heated to a temperature at or below 150° F., the solid epoxy is heated to a temperature at or below 220° F., and the hot melt adhesive is heated to a temperature at or below 360° F. The liquid glycerin soap is heated to a temperature at or below 135° F. and the hot melt wax is heated to a temperature at or below 140° F. Combinations of the above bindingagents 24 are contemplated in this disclosure. - One or more
binding agents 24 may be provided alone, or in combination using any of the above described methods. - After the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are coated withbinding agent 24 inspray chamber 22, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are dispensed in at least onemold 30 to form a component.Mold 30 may be heated to between 110° C. and 200° C., in one example. Heating ofmold 30 may be provided by electric rods or coils, steam or hot air injection, microwave, or radio frequency heating. Expansion of thebiodegradable pellets 18 may continue after thepellets 18 have been dispensed into themold 30.Mold 30 may include one or moremale parts 32 andfemale parts 34. Themale parts 32 and female parts are three dimensional and formed based on a component to be shipped (not shown) or other desired shape. In this example, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are dispensed based on at least one of weight or volume. - In one example, a plurality of
molds 30 are disposed on acarousel 36 such that a plurality ofmolds 30 are rotated and provided with the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 without adjusting the source of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. In this example, the number ofmolds 30 in the plurality ofmolds 30 is determined based on the number ofbiodegradable pellets 18 necessary for eachmold 30, the type of bindingagent 24, and the time necessary for the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 to settle, possibly expand, and adhere to one another in eachmold 30. - In this example, the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are compressed in themold 30 to form the component having performance characteristics based on one or more of the finished size of each of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, the finished stiffness of each of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, the bindingagent 24 used, the finished surface porosity of each of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, the presence of a sealing shell on each of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, the thickness of the sealing shell, and/or the density ofbiodegradable pellets 18 within a given thickness of the component. - In one example, the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are compressed in themold 30 using acompression plate 38. Thecompression plate 38 remains in place until the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 form a component. - In one example, the
molds 30 are heated by electric rods or coils, steam or hot air injection, microwave, or radio frequency heating to further aide adhesion of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 to one another. The density of the component is determined based on the compression of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, the density of thepellets 18 entering themold 30, time in themold 30, the heat applied by themold 30, and the amount ofpellet 18 expansion in the mold. - In one example, an adhesive, soap, glue or other material is provided in the
mold 30 with the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 to form the component. - Once the component is formed, the component may be removed from the
mold 30 using ejector pins (not shown) or removal of portions of themold 30 to allow the component to be retrieved. - The component formed using the above process and tooling has enhanced strength and moisture resistance because stress cracks are forced to follow irregular paths afforded by the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 engaged with each other. - Referring to
FIG. 2 , another example process, and corresponding tooling, to create biodegradable components and biodegradable pellets is shown. The process and tooling ofFIG. 2 includes all of the features of the process and tooling ofFIG. 1 , except thatFIG. 2 includes afirst conveyor belt 50 andsecond conveyor belt 52 in place ofcarousel 36 andmolds 30. - In this example, the
first conveyor belt 50 andsecond conveyor belt 52 are spaced apart. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are dispensed onto thefirst conveyor belt 50, between thefirst conveyor belt 50 andsecond conveyor belt 52. Thefirst conveyor belt 50 andsecond conveyor belt 52 are temperature controlled to provide heat by electric rods or coils, steam or hot air injection, microwave, or radio frequency heating, as needed, to the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. Thefirst conveyor belt 50 andsecond conveyor belt 52 compress the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 to form asingle thickness plank 54 of biodegradable material. Expansion of thepellets 18 can also occur between the first andsecond conveyor belts - In one example, the
first conveyor belt 50 and thesecond conveyor belt 52 each have awidth 56 between 12 inches and 53 inches. - Referring to
FIG. 3 , an example process, and corresponding tooling, to create biodegradable components and biodegradable pellets is shown. A starch-basedbiodegradable material 10, shown schematically, is provided. In one example, the starch-based material is mixed with water. In another example, thebiodegradable material 10 is formed of a corn-based cellulosic material (“greencell”) or other cellulose based material. In another example, thebiodegradable material 10 is formed by providing starch flour with high amylose content and mixing the starch flour with water and additives. However, any biodegradable material may be used. ASTM International defines testing methods for determining whether a material is considered to be biodegradable. - The starch based
biodegradable material 10 is provided to anextruder 12. In one example, theextruder 12 is a heated mix extruder. However, other types of extruders may be used. Theextruder 12 is attached to arotary cutter 14 and extrusion die 16 which are arranged to form a plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. In this example, theextruder 12 heats thebiodegradable material 10 and forces thebiodegradable material 10 through openings of the extrusion die 16. One or both of theextruder 12 and the extrusion die 16 are heated between 150° C. and 250° C. - In this example, an
adhesion promoter 40, shown schematically, is added to thebiodegradable material 10 in theextruder 12 or before thebiodegradable material 10 is dispensed in the extruder to enhance bonding between the extruded biodegradable material 10 (in the form of biodegradable pellets 18), as will be described in further detail below. In this example, theadhesion promoter 40 is a water-soluble epoxy. - In one example a
blowing agent 42, shown schematically, is added to thebiodegradable material 10 in theextruder 12, or before thebiodegradable material 10 is dispensed in the extruder, to cause post extrusion expansion. In one example, the blowingagent 42 is a two stage baking powder. The addition of blowingagent 42 assists in reducing openings between the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 as they are compressed, as described in further detail below. - In another example, the blowing
agent 42, for example, thermoplastic microspheres such as EXPANCEL® (AkzoNobel Pulp and Performance Chemicals AB, Sundsvall, Sweden) or a plasticizer comprising polyvinyl butadiene, which provides additional ductility and toughness in the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, and may be designed to cause expansion from heating in a tool, as will be described in further detail below. - The
biodegradable material 10 emerges from the extrusion die 16 based on the geometry and arrangement of openings of the extrusion die 16. Thebiodegradable material 10 expands as it emerges from the extrusion die 16. - The extruded
biodegradable material 10 is cut by therotary cutter 14, which moves about the extrusion die 16, to form the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 may be uniformly or non-uniformly formed. The size of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 is determined by the size of the extrusion die 16 opening, the rate of extrusion, and the RPM of therotary cutter 14. The length of the extrudedbiodegradable material 10 is cut to equal the length of the desiredbiodegradable pellet 18. In one example, to form roundbiodegradable pellets 18, the length of the cut extrusion is equal to a diameter of the expanded extrudedbiodegradable material 10. - In this example, the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are formed using the extrusion process and tooling described above. In another example, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 may be pre-formed by manufacture using an independent process or at a different location, and subsequently provided for further manufacture without the use of the above extrusion process and tooling. - In one example, the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are dispensed directly to at least onemold 30, as will be described in further detail below. - In another example, the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are dispensed in atumbler 20. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are tumbled in thetumbler 20 to form the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 having a round, oval, or elliptical geometry. However, other shapes of plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are contemplated. In one example, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are tumbled while still heated to assist forming of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. - Round, oval, or elliptical shaped
biodegradable pellets 18 provide a uniform surface and are geometrically suitable for packing in a mold, as will be described in further detail below. Round, oval, or elliptical shapedbiodegradable pellets 18 generally have less surface area than other geometric shapes for packing in the mold. - In this example, the
tumbler 20 is heated to a desired pre-determined temperature to shape the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. Theheated tumbler 20 tumbles the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 at a temperature below the extrusion temperature, but at a temperature high enough such that the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 do not adhere together in thetumbler 20, but will be able to adhere when placed in a mold, as will be described in further detail below. - After the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are tumbled and heated, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are dispensed in at least onemold 30 to form a component. Alternatively, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are dispensed in the at least onemold 30 directly after extrusion.Mold 30 may include one or moremale parts 32 andfemale parts 34. Themale parts 32 and female parts are three dimensional and formed based on a component to be shipped (not shown) or other desired shape. In this example, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 is dispensed based on at least one of weight or volume. - In one example, a plurality of
molds 30 are disposed on acarousel 36 such that a plurality ofmolds 30 are rotated and provided with the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 without adjusting the source of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18. In this example, the number ofmolds 30 in the plurality ofmolds 30 is determined based on the number ofbiodegradable pellets 18 necessary for eachmold 30, the type ofadhesion promoter 40, and the time necessary for the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 to settle, possibly expand, and adhere to one another in eachmold 30. - In this example, the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are compressed in themold 30 to form the component having performance characteristics based on one or more of the finished size of each of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, the finished stiffness of each of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, the adhesion promoter used, the finished surface porosity of each of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, and/or the density ofbiodegradable pellets 18 within a given thickness of the component. - In one example, the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 are compressed in themold 30 using acompression plate 38. Thecompression plate 38 remains in place until the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 form a component. - In one example, the
molds 30 are heated to further aide adhesion of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 to one another. The density of the component is determined based on the compression of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18, the density of thepellets 18 entering themold 30, time in themold 30, the heat applied by themold 30, and theamount pellet 18 expansion in themold 30. - In one example, an adhesive, soap, glue or other material is provided in the
mold 30 with the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 to form the component. - Once the component is formed, the component may be removed from the
mold 30 using ejector pins (not shown) or removal of portions of themold 30 to allow the component to be retrieved. - The component formed using the above process and tooling has enhanced strength and moisture resistance because stress cracks are forced to follow irregular paths afforded by the plurality of
biodegradable pellets 18 which are engaged with each other. - Referring to
FIG. 4 , a portion of anexample component 70 formed of a plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 using any of the above processes and tooling is shown. In this example, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are bonded together only at their contact points due to being exposed to reduced compressive force. A plurality ofair gaps 72 are disposed between the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 of thecomponent 70. Although an exemplary portion is shown, example component having different geometric shapes and formations is contemplated. - Referring to
FIG. 5 , a portion of anotherexample component 80 formed of a plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 using any of the above processes and tooling is shown. In this example, the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are bonded together and compressed such that all or substantially all of the voids between each of the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 are removed, or thepellets 18 have expanded to fill the voids between thepellets 18. In this example, thecomponent 80 has is more homogenous and supports strength than theexample component 70 ofFIG. 4 . Although an exemplary portion is shown, example component having different geometric shapes and formations is contemplated. - Referring to
FIG. 6 , anexample component 90 includes the plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 floating in asoap matrix 92. In one example, thebiodegradable pellets 18 range from about ⅛ inch to ⅜ inch in diameter, and the soap matrix includes a soap dust. The plurality ofbiodegradable pellets 18 andsoap 92 are dispensed in amold 30. In this example, themold 30 is a cup forming acomponent 90 having a round cross-sectional profile. In one example, themold 30 is made of at least one of clear acrylic, plastic, paper, and metal, alone or in combination. - Referring to
FIG. 7 , anexample tool 100 is shown and includes ahandle section 102, aseat 104, and apin 106. Thepin 106 is configured to engage the component 90 (shown inFIG. 6 ) to attach thecomponent 90 to thetool 100. In one example, thepin 106 is fixed. In another example, thepin 10 is retractable. Theseat 104 is attached to thehandle section 102 and thepin 106 and provides a surface 108 to contact thecomponent 90 when thepin 106 engagescomponent 90. Thetool 100 provides manual manipulation of thecomponent 90. - Although a preferred embodiment of this disclosure has been disclosed, a worker of ordinary skill in this art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of this disclosure. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine the true scope and content of this disclosure.
Claims (20)
1. A starch-based material for forming a biodegradable component, comprising:
a mixture of a starch having an amylose content of less than about 70% by weight and unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres.
2. The starch-based material of claim 1 , wherein the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres comprise between about 0.5% and 10% by weight of the mixture.
3. The starch-based material of claim 2 , wherein the heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres comprise between about 1% and 5% by weight of the mixture.
4. The starch-based material of claim 1 , wherein the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres are between about 45 and 120 microns in diameter.
5. The starch-based material of claim 1 , further comprising an additive including at least one of an etherification additive, latex, peat, and glycerol.
6. The starch-based material of claim 5 , wherein the additive comprises more of the starch-based material by weight than the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres.
7. The starch-based material of claim 1 , wherein the amylose content is between about 20% and 30% by weight.
8. The starch-based material of claim 1 , wherein the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres comprise a high elongation copolymer of acrylic.
9. The starch-based material of claim 1 , further comprises expanded heat-expandable thermoplastic micro spheres.
10. A method of preparing a biodegradable material, the method comprising:
mixing unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres with a starch to form a biodegradable material mixture, the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres enhancing the physical and expansion properties of the starch, and the starch having an amylose content of less than about 70% by weight.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising forming the biodegradable material into a biodegradable component.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the forming includes extruding the biodegradable material through a die, dividing the extruded biodegradable material to form a plurality of biodegradable pellets, applying a binding agent onto the plurality of pellets, and compressing the biodegradable pellets with the binding agent in a mold to form a biodegradable component corresponding to a geometry of the mold.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the extrusion causes the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres to expand.
14. The method of claim 10 , further comprising expanding a portion of the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres prior to the mixing.
15. The method of claim 10 , further comprising mixing an additive including at least one of an etherification additive, latex, peat, and glycerol with the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres and the starch.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein more of the additive than the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres by weight is mixed with the starch during the mixing.
17. The method of claim 10 , wherein the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres comprise between about 1% and 5% by weight of the mixture.
18. The method of claim 10 , wherein the amylose content is between about 20% and 30% by weight.
19. The method of claim 10 , wherein the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres comprise a high elongation copolymer of acrylic.
20. The method of claim 10 , further comprising mixing expanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres with the unexpanded heat-expandable thermoplastic microspheres and the starch.
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US10920043B2 (en) | 2017-09-19 | 2021-02-16 | NewStarch Solutions, LLC | Sheets of starch based packing material, starch pellets for sheet extrusion and methods for forming the pellets and sheets |
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2021
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US20150011664A1 (en) | 2015-01-08 |
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