US20210351899A1 - Flexible Diplexer with Dynamically Configurable Band-Split in Hybrid Fiber Coax Deployments - Google Patents

Flexible Diplexer with Dynamically Configurable Band-Split in Hybrid Fiber Coax Deployments Download PDF

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US20210351899A1
US20210351899A1 US17/307,449 US202117307449A US2021351899A1 US 20210351899 A1 US20210351899 A1 US 20210351899A1 US 202117307449 A US202117307449 A US 202117307449A US 2021351899 A1 US2021351899 A1 US 2021351899A1
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downstream
upstream
digital
signal
diplexer
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Kevin A. Shelby
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Coherent Logix Inc
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Priority to US18/353,974 priority patent/US20240195597A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/14—Two-way operation using the same type of signal, i.e. duplex
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
    • H04B3/02—Details
    • H04B3/20—Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other
    • H04B3/21—Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other using a set of bandfilters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
    • H04B3/02—Details
    • H04B3/20—Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other

Definitions

  • the field of the invention generally relates to digital signal processing, and more specifically to a flexible diplexer that enables a dynamically configurable band-split arrangement in hybrid fiber coax deployments.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a sub-split transmission configuration where bandwidth is set aside predominantly for DS communications, with a much smaller portion of the available bandwidth set aside for US communications.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a mid-split (top graph) and high-split (bottom graph) configuration with a more equitable split between downstream and upstream bandwidth, with the upstream bandwidth confined to frequencies below ⁇ 85 MHz in the mid-split band, and below ⁇ 204 MHz in the high-split band.
  • DOCSIS Central to its ongoing evolution, DOCSIS has been pushing the upper frequency limit of transmission bandwidth, moving from 1 GHz to 1218 MHz (i.e. 1.2 GHz), and continuing with operation beyond 1.2 GHz with an upper limit of 1794 MHz (i.e. 1.8 GHz), designated as Extended Spectrum DOCSIS (ESD). Standards operation out to 3 GHz and even 5 GHz are currently under consideration. Furthermore, multiple added band-split arrangements are also being considered as part of the forthcoming DOCSIS 4.0 PHY specification, as exemplified in Error! Reference source not found.
  • ESD Extended Spectrum DOCSIS
  • a diplexer has historically been defined as a passive device that implements frequency-domain multiplexing (FDM).
  • FDM frequency-domain multiplexing
  • a diplexer has two ports (e.g., referred to as L and H) that are multiplexed onto a third port (e.g., referred to as S).
  • the signals on ports L and H occupy disjoint frequency bands, and thus the signals on L and H can coexist on port S without interfering with each other.
  • a conventional diplex filter arrangement requires a family of fixed analog filters to meet the range of band-split requirements under consideration. Each filter pair would implement a single instance of the low-/high-pass response symmetric about the center of the US/DS guard band.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the frequency allocations in various diplex configurations as proposed in DOCSIS 4.0. As shown in FIG. 3 , a negative power spectrum indicates a DS vs. US band designation.
  • FDX Full Duplex
  • a flexible diplexer may include a (dynamically) reconfigurable filter pair capable of rendering a variety of band-split arrangements in a digital signal processor (DSP) backed design.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • various embodiments of a flexible digital diplexer design may employ DSP techniques to provide reconfigurable filter pairs, e.g. filter pairs capable of being configured, to programmably achieve a variety of band-split arrangements.
  • the flexible diplexers may thereby incorporate and meet a larger range of band-split requirements, possibly the full range of band-split requirements in a single, programmably reconfigurable design.
  • Configurability may be achieved by digitizing the signal at RF (employing an RF analog-to-digital converter (ADC) at either input interface of a diplexer in a diplexer/amplifier complex) after bandpass filtering and two-to-four wire conversion at the respective forward (e.g. downstream) and reverse (e.g. upstream) input interfaces.
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • a new band-split may be obtained by updating the respective digital low-pass filter and digital high-pass filter using specified coefficient sets, which may be determined off-line and retrieved from memory for the purposes of programming the digital filters.
  • DSP also makes it possible to implement additional functionality within the diplexer/amplifier complex to accommodate various network deployment scenarios.
  • Such functionality includes but is no limited to equalization and tilt regeneration at points along the cable segment for improved signal fidelity, self-interference cancellation to permit reduced guard bands between the upstream frequency band and downstream frequency band or band overlap between upstream and downstream in the case of full duplex, virtual segmentation of the cable plant through the use of repeaters to create a high-speed transport between dedicated endpoints utilizing the frequency range above the designated upstream/downstream bands, and/or creation of auxiliary service points to provide access to/from a small cell base station and/or Wi-Fi access point or other backhaul network stations.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a sub-split band configuration in a transmission cable
  • FIG. 2 illustrates mid-split band and high-split band configurations in a transmission cable
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the frequency allocations for various diplex configurations
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the frequency allocation for a full duplex diplexer arrangement
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a cable system configuration that includes an amplifier in a cable node and also includes multiple additional amplifiers
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a cable system configuration that includes an amplifier in a cable node and does not include additional amplifiers
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a conventional amplifier design with fixed, analog diplexers
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a flexible amplifier design with diplexers that employ digital signal processing, according to some embodiments
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a flexible amplifier design with diplexers that employ digital signal processing and implement additional signal processing features, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 10 shows an exemplary signal diagram illustrating adjacent channel interference (ACI) and adjacent leakage interference (ALI) scenarios
  • FIG. 11 shows an exemplary system diagram illustrating potential DOCSIS DS/US self-interference scenarios
  • FIG. 12 shows an exemplary system diagram illustrating DS echo response and analog echo cancellation
  • FIG. 13 shows an exemplary circuit diagram illustrating flexible diplexers implemented with active interference cancellation (ACI), according to some embodiments
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an amplifier design with diplexers and spectrum allocation with virtual segmentation
  • FIG. 15 illustrates one example of spectrum allocation with virtual segmentation
  • FIG. 16 illustrates a cable system with multiple auxiliary service access points deployed along the cable strand.
  • a flexible diplex arrangement may be able to meet a full range of band requirements, inclusive of those that may arise in future specification releases, e.g., reduced guard bands, additional band-splits, and/or frequency extension out to 3 or 5 GHz and/or beyond.
  • a diplexer i.e. diplex filter pair
  • the occurrence of amplifiers in a span, and consequently the total number of amplifiers in a given cable plant or cable system is generally reflected in the node configuration.
  • N amplifiers may be included (or used) beyond that in the cable node itself (exemplified as the Fiber node), as illustrated in FIG. 5 .
  • the taps are represented by the squares, and the drop span encompasses all of the drops from an amplifier, while a single drop is indicated at tap 10 on the far right.
  • CMs cable modems
  • RPD remote physical-layer device
  • FIG. 6 full duplex (FDX) operation has been relegated to “Node+0” configurations, indicative of a passive plant (e.g., no active components at taps or along the cable spans between taps as well as those to/from RPD and drops to/from CMs).
  • FDX full duplex
  • various spans in the cable plant are indicated by correspondingly labeled lines with arrowheads.
  • the various dashed lines indicate potential signal paths.
  • the curved line under tap T 2 in particular indicates a potential signal/interference path from one CM to another.
  • a flexible diplexer may include a reconfigurable filter pair capable of rendering a variety of band-split arrangements in a digital signal processing (DSP) backed design.
  • DSP digital signal processing
  • various embodiments of a diplexer design may employ DSP techniques to provide reconfigurable filter pairs, e.g. filter pairs capable of being configured, to programmably achieve a variety of band-split arrangements.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a conventional amplifier design that employs fixed, analog, i.e. non-DSP backed, diplexers appearing at the forward, FWD, (or downstream, DS) and reverse, REV, (or upstream, US) I/O interfaces.
  • FWD forward, FWD
  • DS downstream, DS
  • REV reverse, REV
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary flexible diplexer according to some embodiments described herein, which may incorporate digital filters to define a host of prescribed band-splits.
  • the flexible diplexers include a DSP backed design that may incorporate a larger range of band-split requirements, possibly the full range of band-split requirements in a single, reconfigurable design.
  • design configurability may be accomplished by digitizing the signal at RF (employing an RF ADC at either input interface) after bandpass filtering and two-to-four wire conversion at the respective FWD and REV input interfaces.
  • the amplifier may not need to include strict input or output interfaces as the US and DS signals may be combined at either interface.
  • input refers to the signal coupled in at the interface facing the cable modem (CM) or Remote PHY Device (RPD).
  • CM cable modem
  • RPD Remote PHY Device
  • a prescribed band-split may be rendered according to the low-/high-pass filter characteristics located at the center of the signal processing complex, indicated by the high-pass filter in the top signal chain and the low-pass filter in the bottom signal chain.
  • the signal may be input to the configurable diplex filter via a respective ADC and output from the configurable diplex filter via a respective RF DAC, with four-to-two wire conversions at the respective FWD and REV output interfaces.
  • Updating the respective low-pass filter and high-pass filter using prescribed coefficient sets may effect (or institute) a new band-split.
  • the coefficients may be determined off-line (i.e., not under direct control of the cable plant or cable system) and may be retrieved from memory, permitting the DSP to implement one of many filters from a common allotment of DSP resources.
  • multiple filters may be implemented from a common software defined radio (SDR) hardware complex, including those needed to accommodate FDX as needed. Configured appropriately, a field of DSP backed amplifiers may permit the necessary band overlap to bring FDX to “Node+N” deployments.
  • SDR software defined radio
  • design reconfiguration may be accomplished dynamically throughout a node span as signaled from the Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS).
  • CMTS Cable Modem Termination System
  • the upper band edge may be increased to extend bandwidth capability to higher frequencies, e.g. to the 3 GHz or 5 GHz upper band edge.
  • DSP distributed throughout the cable plant (or cable system), inclusive of each amplifier location may permit the band-split to be configured dynamically as signaled by the CMTS. Selected from one of many different, e.g. previously determined and/or specified, configurations, the band-split may be assigned per fiber node span or plant/system wide. The allotment may be shifted from majority DS to majority US or any mix in-between. In some embodiments, every device visible on a node span may follow the same band-split configuration.
  • the intent may be to address shifts in real-time bandwidth demand, shifting the allotment of US vs DS spectrum as a function of time of day, day of the week, holiday schedule, in response to inclement weather, emergency circumstance, pandemic or some other special event.
  • DSP digital signal processing
  • additional facilities and functions may be readily accessible to incorporate anywhere along the cable plant or system.
  • any unused resources may remain dark, e.g. powered-down, reserved for future use.
  • DSP may be distinguished for discussions of DSP as relating to the various embodiments disclosed herein.
  • a first type of DSP may encompass performing conventional analog signal conditioning (e.g. equalization, tilt adjustment, regeneration and band splits), while a second, much more complex type of DSP may encompass, among others, the process of receiving noise and US or DS broadband signals with known formats, decoding the signal to bits, applying error correction to remove received bit errors, optionally performing add/drop on sub-channels, and regenerating a refreshed broadband signal to transmit further US or DS.
  • a DSP-backed design may be further extended to provide signal conditioning to mitigate adverse effects due to the channel itself, as well as to component drift/aging.
  • signal conditioning with no explicit knowledge of the underlying symbol structure and pilot schedule may be considered.
  • US/DS signal fidelity may be enhanced by re-equalizing the signal at intermediate amplifier locations.
  • An OFDM symbol represents a form of data encapsulation.
  • the frequency domain symbol contents at any receiver amplifier in the network reflect the original data set impaired by the channel response encountered since the preceding transmit amplifier.
  • the assigned cyclic prefix (CP) is longer than the channel delay spread, then the channel response from amplifier-to-amplifier may be compensated by a single tap equalizer per subcarrier, further described below.
  • Methods of self-interference cancellation may be added to improve dynamic signal range or otherwise extend the tolerable span from amplifier-to-amplifier, thereby minimizing plant investment, especially given the need to account for additional signal attenuation in coax at higher frequencies, as operational needs push beyond 3 or 5 GHz. Additional digital signal processing at existing amplifier sites may help counteract the increasing loss of signal fidelity due to added attenuation at higher frequencies.
  • a more complex approach capable of demodulating to bits with knowledge of the underlying symbol structure and pilot schedule may further be considered.
  • the data-bearing SCs may be re-equalized subsequent to: digital downconversion (DDC) applied per sub-channel, Cyclic Prefix (CP) removal, and Fourier Transform (FFT) using frequency domain techniques (which are generally included in a typical receiver design.)
  • DDC digital downconversion
  • CP Cyclic Prefix
  • FFT Fourier Transform
  • the DS tilt may additionally be reapplied while processing in the frequency domain.
  • the signal may be returned to the time domain via inverse Fourier Transform (IFFT).
  • IFFT inverse Fourier Transform
  • the CP and window taper may be restored as applicable, followed by digital up conversion (DUC) applied per sub-channel as depicted in FIG. 9 .
  • RS is representative of reference signals particular to the OFDM signal.
  • Symbol Sync is for time-aligning the Fourier Transforms to the sampled symbols.
  • the Fourier Transforms (FFT and IFFT) may use complex math on the complex samples.
  • the RF ADC produces In-phase and Quadrature (complex) samples at a set of time points ⁇ tIi,tQi ⁇ .
  • the time points may be generated in the digital circuits (HyperX) and may be time-wise uniform or optionally non-uniform—for additional self-interference suppression. It should be noted that desynchronized interference may generally appear as random noise to the main signal processing.
  • Replacing the fixed analog diplex filters with digital processing may give rise to the potential of the transmit signal, traveling in one direction, coupling to the receive signal, traveling in the opposite direction.
  • This coupling may manifest as unwanted self-interference due to sidelobe energy attributed to intermodulation distortion at the amplifier output entering the cable plant unfiltered in the form of adjacent leakage interference (ALI).
  • the disparity in signal levels as seen at the amplifier inputs and their corresponding outputs may additionally give rise to unwanted adjacent channel interference (ACI) as the FWD (DS) transmitter output is coupled/reflected back to the REV (US) receive path.
  • the REV (US) transmitter output may be coupled/reflected back to the FWD (DS) receive path.
  • the DS/US self-interference scenarios are further illustrated through the simplified exemplary system diagram in FIG. 11 .
  • the DS TX signal from a Fiber Node (FN) may couple back to the corresponding US RX in the FN according to the channel impulse response, h 00 .
  • the US TX from a cable modem has the potential to couple to its own or an adjacent DS RX according to the channel impulse response, h 11 .
  • DOCSIS defines a sounding method used to identify groups of cable modems, called Interference Groups, which would interfere with each other if they were allowed to transmit and receive at the same time in a given subband.
  • TX/RX opportunities in a given subband are scheduled such that TX and RX opportunities do not overlap among CMs belonging to the same interference group.
  • This consideration largely confines the SIC problem to the FN, given the availability of a separate mechanism to mitigate the problem on the CM side.
  • FIG. 12 an understanding of the DS echo response may be drawn by examining the distribution of taps in a given plant configuration (illustrated in FIG. 12 ) where each tap represents a potential echo source given the likelihood of an impedance mismatch at the tap location.
  • the distribution of taps seen in the DS direction results in a train of echoes spaced proportionally to the roundtrip delay from the FN to each tap location.
  • Plots of the time domain impulse response (h 11 ) and the corresponding frequency domain channel response are shown in FIG. 12 .
  • Harmful self-interference effects may be mitigated via a mix of analog and digital techniques employed in a configurable FDD or FDX amplifier.
  • the principal goal with Active Interference Cancellation (AIC) is to suppress the interfering signal to a level that may be passed linearly by the analog to digital converter (ADC).
  • ADC analog to digital converter
  • analog cancellation may be accomplished by passing a complementary signal (i.e., a signal that is 180° out of phase with the interfering signal) via an auxiliary transmitter.
  • a complementary signal i.e., a signal that is 180° out of phase with the interfering signal
  • this cancellation signal removes the interfering DS signal energy, thereby suppressing its impact on data conversion and subsequent digital processing. Any residual echo may be mitigated by a secondary, purely digital echo cancellation stage.
  • the FDD and FDX deployment configurations are distinguished only by the presence/absence of variability in the DS facing high-pass filters 1302 and 1304 , respectively.
  • the HPF cutoff frequency is made variable (indicated as 258 to 602 ) to enable a variety of band-splits.
  • the HPF cutoff remains fixed (indicated as 108 ) to enable differing band overlaps by varying the cutoff frequency in the US facing low-pass filter (LFP) 1306 .
  • LFP low-pass filter
  • the HyperX processor contributes uniquely given the mix of configurable processing elements (PEs) embedded in an array of data memory and routing (DMRs). Multiple PEs may be assigned as needed to estimate the echo response, mostly as part of the analog EC stage, and optionally as part of any residual digital EC invoking DMRs as needed to support the PE processing.
  • the PE resources may also serve in convolving the DS TX signal with the estimated echo response to feed the AIC signal output, again with DMR support as needed.
  • Digital echo cancellation may involve similar convolution and signal combining steps between the DS TX and US RX signals.
  • the DMRs may play an added role as a delay line feeding the auxiliary AIC signal according to the response determined during channel estimation. As illustrated in Table 2, the DMR memories provide sufficient time resolution to define the echo response corresponding interference bandwidths approaching 600 MHz with as little as a 1.15 GHz processor clock. Combined with appropriate analog and mixed signal components, e.g. ADCs and DACs, the HyperX processor may play a role in a self-interference cancellation solution that may be configured to accommodate a variety of band-splits/band-sets and signal bandwidths.
  • VS of the cable plant may be accomplished via a secondary band-split, followed by a tertiary split to separate the VS US and VS DS, as depicted in FIG. 14 .
  • Virtual Segmentation provides a dedicated transport from the Fiber Node (FN) to the RPD with limited additional fiber outlay.
  • FN Fiber Node
  • VS is invisible to underlying broadcast and cable modem service operation.
  • VS acts as a repeater, bypassing the amplifier and instead regenerating the signal seen on an input port before multiplexing again with the amplified DOCSIS output.
  • An example of spectrum allocation with VS is illustrated in FIG. 15 .
  • the secondary band-split separates the DOCSIS signal (bottom signal path from the DOCSIS/VS split) from the virtual segment signal (upper signal path from the DOCSIS/VS split), with the tertiary split in the upper signal path separating the US and DS portions for the respective repeaters.
  • the required signal processing may be as modest as that described to re-equalize the signal at intermediate points and ranging upward in complexity to that needed to demodulate and decode the VS sub-channels back to user bits, then re-encode and re-modulate.
  • one or all of the VS sub-channel streams may be directed to another access network, e.g., to Wi-Fi or 3GPP, forming auxiliary service access points.
  • the auxiliary service points may further lend themselves to an SDR implementation. Deployed as needed along the cable strand, the needs of a Wi-Fi Access Point, Small-Cell Base Station, Low-Power Broadcast Transmitter, and/or Backhaul Transceiver may be accommodated alongside VS transmit/receive (TX/RX) digital signal processing, with the added flexibility to adapt the access protocol to changing traffic demands as well as advances in to the underlying standards specification, e.g. Wi-Fi 6, 3GPP 5G NR, ATSC 3.x.
  • TX/RX VS transmit/receive
  • Demodulating to bits at intermediate service points may enable the potential for inline, real-time network processing.
  • Examples of inline network processing accessible at intermediate service points might include:
  • An SDR approach may provide adequate processing throughput for a range of deployment scenarios, ongoing upper band extensions, increased signal fidelity (especially in light of higher frequency use), ongoing evolution in prescribed band-splits, and ESD half-duplex/full-duplex capabilities.
  • a DSP-backed amplifier provides a flexible design approach enabling Hardware as a Service (HaaS) with the possibility of remote updates based on an incremental fee schedule with rolling feature deployment.
  • HaaS may be enabled by overprovisioning the DSP complex.
  • Periodic maintenance charges may be applied to ensure early access to the latest features, e.g. bandwidth extension, intermediate re-equalization, and/or self-interference cancellation.
  • Embodiments of DSP-backed amplifiers with flexible diplexers as disclosed herein may provide diverse system benefits to HFC network operators, for example as outlined below.
  • the band-split may be configured dynamically to account for shifts in usage patterns as a function of use (real-time) load demands, time of day, day of the week, scheduled holiday, inclement weather condition, emergency circumstance, pandemic or other special events or circumstances.
  • the shift in bandwidth allocation may be signaled per node span from each RPD or globally from a common CMTS.
  • the allotment of US vs DS bandwidth may be varied from majority DS to majority US, to predominantly DS with minimal US (or vice-versa), or any mix in between.
  • the proportion of bandwidth allotted for FDX can be varied, again based on throughput demand.
  • ACI may be mitigated through additional (or added) signal processing.
  • ALI may be mitigated through additional (added) signal processing.
  • some level of signal conditioning may be introduced at intermediate points, leveraging the data encapsulation afforded by the OFDM symbol representation to improve downstream signal fidelity as the signal is passed amplifier-to-amplifier.
  • Examples of such signal conditioning include:
  • a full signal repeater implemented in both the US and DS directions as applicable, may be added to extend the improvements gained with intermediate signal conditioning described above.
  • the repeater may also be responsible for demodulating/decoding the OFDM symbol contents to user data bits, then re-encoding/re-modulating the signal to ensure no error propagates between amplifiers.
  • the need for this level of reconditioning may be balanced against the DSP capability costs or power consumption as full demodulation/decoding represents a substantially larger computational load than re-equalization alone.
  • HaaS Hardware as a Service

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  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
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US11705958B2 (en) * 2020-07-10 2023-07-18 Wilson Electronics, Llc Software-defined filtering in a repeater
US11764859B2 (en) 2020-07-10 2023-09-19 Wilson Electronics, Llc Software-defined filtering in a repeater
US20230090396A1 (en) * 2021-09-17 2023-03-23 Comcast Cable Communications, Llc Network Management for Band Splits

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WO2021226046A2 (fr) 2021-11-11
CN115804015A (zh) 2023-03-14
EP4147364A2 (fr) 2023-03-15
TWI785594B (zh) 2022-12-01
WO2021226046A3 (fr) 2021-12-16
US20240195597A1 (en) 2024-06-13
TW202312705A (zh) 2023-03-16

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