US20210236488A1 - Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke - Google Patents
Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20210236488A1 US20210236488A1 US17/186,303 US202117186303A US2021236488A1 US 20210236488 A1 US20210236488 A1 US 20210236488A1 US 202117186303 A US202117186303 A US 202117186303A US 2021236488 A1 US2021236488 A1 US 2021236488A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- imatinib
- dose
- day
- patient
- administered
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000005517 L01XE01 - Imatinib Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 137
- 229960002411 imatinib Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 133
- KTUFNOKKBVMGRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imatinib Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1CC1=CC=C(C(=O)NC=2C=C(NC=3N=C(C=CN=3)C=3C=NC=CC=3)C(C)=CC=2)C=C1 KTUFNOKKBVMGRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 129
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 208000006011 Stroke Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008227 sterile water for injection Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000008215 water for injection Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 230000002537 thrombolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 48
- 108090000373 Tissue Plasminogen Activator Proteins 0.000 description 42
- 102000003978 Tissue Plasminogen Activator Human genes 0.000 description 42
- 238000013151 thrombectomy Methods 0.000 description 31
- 208000032382 Ischaemic stroke Diseases 0.000 description 29
- 229960000187 tissue plasminogen activator Drugs 0.000 description 28
- 239000005536 L01XE08 - Nilotinib Substances 0.000 description 24
- HHZIURLSWUIHRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nilotinib Chemical compound C1=NC(C)=CN1C1=CC(NC(=O)C=2C=C(NC=3N=C(C=CN=3)C=3C=NC=CC=3)C(C)=CC=2)=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 HHZIURLSWUIHRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 229960001346 nilotinib Drugs 0.000 description 23
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 16
- 208000020658 intracerebral hemorrhage Diseases 0.000 description 14
- YLMAHDNUQAMNNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N imatinib methanesulfonate Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O.C1CN(C)CCN1CC1=CC=C(C(=O)NC=2C=C(NC=3N=C(C=CN=3)C=3C=NC=CC=3)C(C)=CC=2)C=C1 YLMAHDNUQAMNNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229940121358 tyrosine kinase inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 13
- 208000032843 Hemorrhage Diseases 0.000 description 12
- 208000016988 Hemorrhagic Stroke Diseases 0.000 description 12
- 108010039185 Tenecteplase Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 108010051412 reteplase Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000005483 tyrosine kinase inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 11
- 206010048962 Brain oedema Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 206010061216 Infarction Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 208000006752 brain edema Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 10
- 230000007574 infarction Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000003146 anticoagulant agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 208000007536 Thrombosis Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229960003318 alteplase Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000002008 hemorrhagic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 108091008606 PDGF receptors Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 102000011653 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 7
- 101150046002 ced-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 238000002591 computed tomography Methods 0.000 description 7
- 102000001301 EGF receptor Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108060006698 EGF receptor Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 229940099983 activase Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 230000036470 plasma concentration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229960002917 reteplase Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 229960000216 tenecteplase Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 229940113038 tnkase Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 5
- 231100000517 death Toxicity 0.000 description 5
- 238000002595 magnetic resonance imaging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 5
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 206010008111 Cerebral haemorrhage Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 206010030113 Oedema Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 101150055276 ced-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229940080856 gleevec Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000000926 neurological effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000004917 tyrosine kinase inhibitor derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002136 L01XE07 - Lapatinib Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102000004022 Protein-Tyrosine Kinases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000412 Protein-Tyrosine Kinases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 208000003251 Pruritus Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 108091008605 VEGF receptors Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000009484 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 3
- 101150117572 ced-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000008121 dextrose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940082652 electrolytes and nutrients iv solution used in parenteral administration of fluids Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000003527 fibrinolytic agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007803 itching Effects 0.000 description 3
- BCFGMOOMADDAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lapatinib Chemical compound O1C(CNCCS(=O)(=O)C)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N=CN=C2NC=3C=C(Cl)C(OCC=4C=C(F)C=CC=4)=CC=3)C2=C1 BCFGMOOMADDAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000010410 reperfusion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940124676 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Drugs 0.000 description 3
- SRSGVKWWVXWSJT-ATVHPVEESA-N 5-[(z)-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1h-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-n-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-1h-pyrrole-3-carboxamide Chemical compound CC=1NC(\C=C/2C3=CC(F)=CC=C3NC\2=O)=C(C)C=1C(=O)NCCN1CCCC1 SRSGVKWWVXWSJT-ATVHPVEESA-N 0.000 description 2
- BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aspirin Chemical compound CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000024172 Cardiovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000032170 Congenital Abnormalities Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101000851181 Homo sapiens Epidermal growth factor receptor Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010020772 Hypertension Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000005411 L01XE02 - Gefitinib Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002147 L01XE04 - Sunitinib Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108010038512 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000010780 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 206010037549 Purpura Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010040914 Skin reaction Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000003819 Toceranib Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960001138 acetylsalicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940127218 antiplatelet drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000013176 antiplatelet therapy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010003119 arrhythmia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000006793 arrhythmia Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000007894 caplet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- XGALLCVXEZPNRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N gefitinib Chemical compound C=12C=C(OCCCN3CCOCC3)C(OC)=CC2=NC=NC=1NC1=CC=C(F)C(Cl)=C1 XGALLCVXEZPNRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960002584 gefitinib Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 102000045108 human EGFR Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N insulin Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)CN)C(C)CC)CSSCC(C(NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2NC=NC=2)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)CNC2=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)N3C(CCC3)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C)C(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(O)=O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)CC)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C1CSSCC2NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(C)C)CC1=CN=CN1 NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960004891 lapatinib Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940126601 medicinal product Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 206010034754 petechiae Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000011458 pharmacological treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000035483 skin reaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000430 skin reaction Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- -1 small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- WEVYNIUIFUYDGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)anilino]-4-pyrimidinyl]benzamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C=2N=CN=C(NC=3C=CC(OC(F)(F)F)=CC=3)C=2)=C1 WEVYNIUIFUYDGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010002329 Aneurysm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000022211 Arteriovenous Malformations Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010003658 Atrial Fibrillation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- MLDQJTXFUGDVEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N BAY-43-9006 Chemical compound C1=NC(C(=O)NC)=CC(OC=2C=CC(NC(=O)NC=3C=C(C(Cl)=CC=3)C(F)(F)F)=CC=2)=C1 MLDQJTXFUGDVEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000032862 Clinical Deterioration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010010356 Congenital anomaly Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000059 Dyspnea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010013975 Dyspnoeas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000001828 Gelatine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940121710 HMGCoA reductase inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 206010018852 Haematoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010018985 Haemorrhage intracranial Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000031226 Hyperlipidaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000004877 Insulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090001061 Insulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002145 L01XE14 - Bosutinib Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010028813 Nausea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010028817 Nausea and vomiting symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010029350 Neurotoxicity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091000080 Phosphotransferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940124090 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor antagonist Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 102000001253 Protein Kinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091005682 Receptor kinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940124639 Selective inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 206010042434 Sudden death Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000001871 Tachycardia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010044221 Toxic encephalopathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000005789 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010019530 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010047700 Vomiting Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008485 antagonism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005744 arteriovenous malformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001367 artery Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000975 bioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007698 birth defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008499 blood brain barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003736 bosutinib Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UBPYILGKFZZVDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bosutinib Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC)=CC(NC=2C3=CC(OC)=C(OCCCN4CCN(C)CC4)C=C3N=CC=2C#N)=C1Cl UBPYILGKFZZVDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000036471 bradycardia Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000006218 bradycardia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004958 brain cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002490 cerebral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002648 combination therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011284 combination treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001085 cytostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960002768 dipyridamole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IZEKFCXSFNUWAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipyridamole Chemical compound C=12N=C(N(CCO)CCO)N=C(N3CCCCC3)C2=NC(N(CCO)CCO)=NC=1N1CCCCC1 IZEKFCXSFNUWAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940125436 dual inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AAKJLRGGTJKAMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N erlotinib Chemical compound C=12C=C(OCCOC)C(OCCOC)=CC2=NC=NC=1NC1=CC=CC(C#C)=C1 AAKJLRGGTJKAMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001105 femoral artery Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108020001507 fusion proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000037865 fusion proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003102 growth factor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003685 imatinib mesylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002757 inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940125396 insulin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000302 ischemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940043355 kinase inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002483 medication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LBWFXVZLPYTWQI-IPOVEDGCSA-N n-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-5-[(z)-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1h-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1h-pyrrole-3-carboxamide;(2s)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O.CCN(CC)CCNC(=O)C1=C(C)NC(\C=C/2C3=CC(F)=CC=C3NC\2=O)=C1C LBWFXVZLPYTWQI-IPOVEDGCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008693 nausea Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229950008835 neratinib Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZNHPZUKZSNBOSQ-BQYQJAHWSA-N neratinib Chemical compound C=12C=C(NC\C=C\CN(C)C)C(OCC)=CC2=NC=C(C#N)C=1NC(C=C1Cl)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=N1 ZNHPZUKZSNBOSQ-BQYQJAHWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004770 neurodegeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000015122 neurodegenerative disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007971 neurological deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007135 neurotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000228 neurotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000002547 new drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100001079 no serious adverse effect Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229940127017 oral antidiabetic Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940090244 palladia Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000026731 phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006366 phosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000020233 phosphotransferase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000003757 phosphotransferase inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000902 placebo Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940068196 placebo Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000106 platelet aggregation inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002062 proliferating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005180 public health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000306 recurrent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000019491 signal transduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 102000009076 src-Family Kinases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010087686 src-Family Kinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000011272 standard treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001796 sunitinib Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WINHZLLDWRZWRT-ATVHPVEESA-N sunitinib Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCNC(=O)C1=C(C)NC(\C=C/2C3=CC(F)=CC=C3NC\2=O)=C1C WINHZLLDWRZWRT-ATVHPVEESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940034785 sutent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 206010042772 syncope Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006794 tachycardia Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940069905 tasigna Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960005048 toceranib Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940094060 tykerb Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008728 vascular permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229950000578 vatalanib Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YCOYDOIWSSHVCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N vatalanib Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1NC(C1=CC=CC=C11)=NN=C1CC1=CC=NC=C1 YCOYDOIWSSHVCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PJVWKTKQMONHTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N warfarin Chemical compound OC=1C2=CC=CC=C2OC(=O)C=1C(CC(=O)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 PJVWKTKQMONHTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005080 warfarin Drugs 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
- A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/08—Solutions
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
Definitions
- This disclosure relates generally to the field of medicine and the treatment of stroke, and in particular to a novel method and use in the treatment of stroke involving the administration of Imatinib or Nilotinib at a prescribed dose for at least 3 consecutive days.
- a stroke is defined as the sudden death of brain cells in a localized area due to interrupted or inadequate blood flow.
- European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2012 stroke is the second single most common cause of death in Europe: accounting for almost 1.1 million deaths each year. Over one in seven women (15%) and one in ten men (10%) die from the disease (Melanie Nichols et al., European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics, 2012 Edition, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford).
- a stroke can be designated as one of the following two main types:
- Ischemic stroke which occurs as a result of an obstruction, or clot, within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. This accounts for the vast majority of all stroke cases.
- Hemorrhagic stroke which occurs when a blood vessel ruptures.
- the reason for the rupture can be an aneurysm or an arteriovenous malformation, which can be congenital defects.
- the most common cause is however uncontrolled hypertension.
- ischemic stroke and in particular acute ischemic stroke, but is not limited thereto.
- the goal of all existing treatments of ischemic stroke is to quickly restore the blood flow and to prevent or at least reduce the likelihood of another stroke.
- tissue plasminogen activator tPA, ALTEPLASE®, ACTIVASE®.
- tPA works by dissolving the clot and improving blood flow to the part of the brain being deprived of blood flow. If administered early tPA may improve the chances of recovering from a stroke.
- tPA is however known to have serious side effects such as neurotoxicity and increased vascular permeability due to an altered blood-brain barrier function.
- tPA therapy should be started as soon as possible, and preferably not later than 4-5 hours after the stroke. Sometimes an even narrower therapeutic window is recommended.
- tPA tPA
- other pharmaceutical thrombolysis Before administering tPA or other pharmaceutical thrombolysis, it has to be determined if the patient suffers from an acute ischemic stroke of from a hemorrhagic stroke. In the case of haemorrhage, the thrombolysis would worsen the condition. The symptoms alone are usually not specific enough to make this distinction, so usually the patient is subjected to a CT scan or MRI scan to rule out any intracranial haemorrhage. Only then can thrombolytic treatment be started. Depending on the available resources and diagnostic capabilities, this may delay the starting time of thrombolytic therapy, or even make the care giver refrain from such therapy altogether as a precaution.
- thrombolysis should be started within 3 hours from the occurrence of the stroke, preferably as early as possible.
- Thrombolysis is the treatment of choice for acute stroke within 3 to 4.5 hours after symptom onset.
- late onset thrombolytic therapy may be associated with more severe side effects. As a consequence, it is possible that a patient does not receive the most appropriate therapy, either because of an uncertainty in the diagnosis (ischemic v.
- hemorrhagic stroke or a delay in reaching the diagnosis (delays in obtaining a CT, or the lack of the necessary equipment), or a combination.
- Other treatments include mechanical thrombectomy, i.e. the surgical removal or disintegration of the clot, and antiplatelet therapy, preventing new clots from forming. Cumulating experience shows that thrombectomy significantly increases the odds of recovery or at least reduces the neurological damage following a stroke.
- the anti-platelet agents do not have effect on clots that are already present. Aspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet agent, and there are indications that it is effective for the early treatment of acute ischemic stroke, preferably in combination with dipyridamol.
- WO 2007/124308 discloses methods and compositions for preventing or ameliorating the side effects, and for improving the treatment, or extending the treatment window, of tPA where thrombolysis is desired, by using platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor antagonism to counter the undesirable effects of tPA.
- PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
- WO 2007/124308 also discloses a combination therapy in the treatment of ischemic stroke using tPA and a PDGF receptor antagonist. Imatinib mesylate is given as one example of suitable substances that inhibit the PDGF receptor.
- One objective is to improve the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, regardless if this involves surgical removal of a clot or clots (thrombectomy) or pharmaceutical thrombolytic treatment, such as the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator, or antiplatelet therapy, or a combination thereof.
- Another objective is to widen the therapeutic window for thrombolysis, by making it possible to start thrombolytic therapy later than currently recommended.
- Yet another objective is to make available new methods for the treatment of stroke, not limited to acute ischemic stroke, but also applicable for example to hemorrhagic stroke.
- Imatinib GLEEVEC®, GLIVEC, STI-571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- Imatinib can be used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 650 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 700 mg/day or higher, preferably 750 mg/day or higher, more preferably 800 mg/day or higher.
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy (surgical removal or breakdown of a clot).
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis (pharmacological breakdown of a blood clot).
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, undergoing or having undergone thrombectomy and thrombolysis.
- Imatinib is administered to a patient as soon as possible, even before it has been determined if the patient has suffered an acute ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- said thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), preferably chosen from alteplase (ACTIVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN®) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- tPA tissue plasminogen activator
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 1000 mg/day or higher on day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 650 mg/day to 1000 mg/day on the subsequent days.
- Imatinib should not be given at a higher dose than 1600 mg/day as the starting dose. Further, it is contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at doses higher than 1200 mg/day on any of the consecutive days. According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered orally.
- Imatinib is administered intravenously. It is also contemplated that at least a portion of the starting dose of Imatinib is administered intravenously, whereas the subsequent, consecutive doses are administered orally.
- the present inventors make available a method for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein Imatinib (GLEEVEC®, GLIVEC®, STI-571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) is administered to a patient at a dose of 650 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- Imatinib GLEEVEC®, GLIVEC®, STI-571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 700 mg/day or higher, preferably 750 mg/day or higher, more preferably 800 mg/day or higher.
- Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy.
- Thrombectomy is here understood as any surgical removal or breakdown of a clot, regardless of the method used.
- Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis.
- Thrombolysis is here understood as the pharmacological breakdown of a blood clot, regardless of the particular drug or pharmacological treatment used.
- Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, undergoing or having undergone thrombectomy and thrombolysis.
- Imatinib is administered to a patient as soon as possible, even before it has been determined if the patient has suffered an acute ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (chosen from alteplase (ACTIVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN®) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- tPA tissue plasminogen activator
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 1000 mg/day or higher on day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 650 mg/day to about 1000 mg/day on the subsequent days. While the starting dose should be higher that the subsequent dose or doses, it is currently contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at a higher dose than 1600 mg/day as the starting dose.
- Imatinib should not be given at doses higher than 1200 mg/day on any of the consecutive days.
- Imatinib is administered orally.
- Imatinib is administered intravenously. It is also contemplated that the at least a portion of the starting dose of Imatinib is administered intravenously, whereas the subsequent, consecutive doses are administered orally.
- a particular embodiment includes a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration comprising Imatinib at a dose in a range of 400 to 1200, preferably 800 to woo mg in a suitable solution for intravenous administration, for example in 0.8-1.0% NaCl solution, such as 500 ml 0.9% NaCl solution.
- the pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration can be prepared in a hospital pharmacy, at the intensive care ward, or bedside (Point-of-care).
- Imatinib should be stored away from heat, moisture, and light.
- Imatinib is provided in lyophilized form, stored in sealed vials of dark glass, possibly in admixture with one or more suitable stabilizing agents.
- the lyophilized Imatinib is reconstituted by the addition of sterile WFI or saline, and added to a solution for i.v. administration in a desired concentration.
- a specific embodiment is thus the use of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for intravenous administration, said composition comprising Imatinib and optionally adjuvants and excipients, in the treatment of stroke.
- kits of parts comprising Imatinib, preferably in lyophilized form, and a solution suitable for reconstituting the lyophilized Imatinib, and a solution suitable for intravenous administration, and optional adjuvants and excipients.
- Imatinib is supplied in doses of 400 mg and 800 mg in separate vials, and the solution suitable for intravenous administration is 0.8-1.0% NaCl solution, preferably 0.9% NaCl solution, supplied in containers, such as flexible bags with a volume of 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml or 1000 ml, preferably 500 ml.
- Imatinib is administered intravenously, but as Imatinib is available in tablet form, it is contemplated that a starting dose of Imatinib is administered intravenously, during at least Day 1 of the treatment, whereas Imatinib during the remaining treatment is administered orally.
- a kit of parts comprising a solution of 1000 mg Imatinib in 500 ml 0.9% NaCl, and n*400 mg Imatinib tablets, where n is an integer between 2 and 4.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the logistic characteristics of the clinical study.
- the first arrow from the left represents “In total, 60 patients recruited between February 2011 and November 2014”.
- the second arrow from the left represents “All patients treated with iv thrombolysis initiated within 4.5 h: Stroke onset to start: Median 1 h 25 m Range: 0 h 35 m-4 h 25 m”.
- the third arrow from the left represents “25 patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy, ended within 7 h 45 min: Stroke onset to end: Median 4 h 38 m Range: 2 h 25 m-7 h 45 m”.
- the fourth arrow from the left represents “43 randomised to imatinib (17 to control): Stroke onset to first dose: Median 4 h 00 m Range: h 5 m-11 h 4 min”.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the plasma concentrations (ng/ml) of Imatinib as a function of time (Day 0 to Day 6) for three different doses, 400, 600 and 800 mg.
- D0 3 h after first dose;
- D1-D5 before the morning dose day 1-5;
- D6 on the morning of day 6.
- N 14;
- N 14;
- N 14;
- N 14;
- FIG. 3 shows the results as the mean score according to the Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
- FIG. 4 shows the results according to a modified Rankin scale. A score of 0-2 indicates functional independence.
- the term “about” is used to indicate a deviation of +/ ⁇ 2% of a given value, preferably +/ ⁇ 5%, and most preferably +/ ⁇ 10% of the given value, where applicable.
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are bioactive, usually aromatic, small molecules that are currently investigated for use in the treatment of cancer, inflammatory, metabolic, proliferative and neurodegenerative diseases. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors can bind to the active site of a TK receptor thus preventing phosphorylation and by doing so inhibit, regulate or modulate signalling, often with cytostatic activity. Some potent kinase inhibitors will exhibit selectivity for a certain TK receptors, while others are less selective.
- VEGFR Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor
- PDGFR Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor
- EGFR Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
- TKI medications including Imatinib and Gefitinib have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in humans as of today.
- One TKI, Toceranib (Palladia) was recently approved for the treatment of cancer in dogs.
- Erlotinib (Tarceva) which like Gefitinib, inhibits EGFR.
- Lapatinib (Tykerb) is a dual inhibitor of EGFR and a subclass called Human EGFR type 2. EGFR isn't the only growth factor targeted.
- Sunitinib (Sutent) is multi-targeted, inhibiting PDGFR and VEGF.
- Nilotinib (Tasigna), another small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, also inhibits the fusion protein bcr-abl and is typically prescribed when a patient has shown resistance to Imatinib. Nilotinib also targets PDGF receptors. There are indications that Nilotinib is more potent than Imatinib, for example 10-30 fold more potent than Imatinib in inhibiting Br-Abl tyrosine kinase activity.
- Nilotinib is currently commercially available as 150 mg and 200 mg hard gelatine capsules. It is contemplated that the findings made in the clinical study using Imatinib, and the subsequently defined new and surprising uses of Imatinib as well as the new methods for the treatment of stroke, are also transferrable to Nilotinib with appropriate adjustment of dose.
- Bosutinib targets abl and src kinases.
- Neratinib like Lapatinib, inhibits EGFR and Human EGFR type 2.
- Vatalanib inhibits both VEGFR and PDGFR.
- Imatinib GLEEVEC®, GLIVEC®, STI-571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- Imatinib can be used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 650 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- the exact dose can be adjusted by the treating physician, and adapted to the severity of the condition, the age and sex of the patient, body weight and other particulars of the patient.
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 700 mg/day or higher, preferably 750 mg/day or higher, more preferably 800 mg/day or higher.
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy.
- thrombectomy is here used to define any surgical and/or mechanical removal or breakdown of a clot.
- three classes of mechanical thrombectomy devices have been cleared by the FDA; coil retrievers, aspiration devices, and stent retrievers.
- Other devices and methods, currently under development, are also included in the definition of thrombectomy used herein.
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis.
- thrombolysis is here used to define any pharmacological breakdown of a blood clot.
- the currently most commonly used drug for thrombolytic therapy is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), but there are alternative drugs that achieve the same effect.
- tPA tissue plasminogen activator
- Thrombolysis may involve the injection of a thrombolytic drug through an intravenous (IV) line or through a long catheter that delivers the drug directly to the site of the blockage. The chance of surviving and recovering from acute ischemic stroke is significantly improved if the patient is administered a thrombolytic drug within 12 hours after the stroke.
- thrombolytic treatment should be given within the first 30 minutes after arrival at the hospital.
- Imatinib is administered to a patient as soon as possible, even before it has been determined if the patient has suffered an acute ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- thrombolytic treatment is usually initiated before thrombectomy can be performed, but as stated under the heading “Summary”, the steps of any method disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless explicitly stated.
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, undergoing or having undergone thrombectomy and thrombolysis. More preferably Imatinib is administered to a patient as soon as possible, even before it has been determined if the patient has suffered an acute ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- Imatinib improves the outcome for the patient, and additionally makes it possible to start thrombolysis therapy later, also outside the recommended window, in cases where there has been delays for example in the patient reaching the hospital, or delays in making a correct diagnosis, or a delay in determining that the patient has suffered from an ischemic stroke and not from a hemorrhagic stroke, for example due to delays in obtaining access to CT or MRI equipment.
- said thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), preferably chosen from alteplase (ACTIVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN®) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- tPA tissue plasminogen activator
- ACTIVASE® reteplase
- RETEVASE® reteplase
- RAPILYSIN® reteplase
- TNKase® tenecteplase
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 1000 mg/day or higher on day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 650 mg/day to woo mg/day on the subsequent days. While the starting dose should be higher that the subsequent dose, it is currently contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at a higher dose than 1600 mg/day as the starting dose. Further, it is contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at doses higher than 1200 mg/day on any of the consecutive days. Again, the exact dose can be adjusted by the treating physician, and adapted to the severity of the condition, the age and sex of the patient, body weight and other particulars of the patient.
- Imatinib is formulated and administered to the patient as follows: 800 mg Imatinib is dissolved in a NaCl solution, such as 500 ml 0.9% NaCl, or other suitable i.v. solution, and administered to the patient during about 12 hours. Following this initial dose, 400 mg Imatinib in 500 ml of a suitable i.v. solution is given for the consecutive 12 hour period. This amounts to a starting dose of 1200 mg/day on Day 1, and 800 mg/day on each consecutive day.
- a NaCl solution such as 500 ml 0.9% NaCl, or other suitable i.v. solution
- Oral administration forms include, but are not limited to tablets, capsules, caplets, suspensions, and solutions.
- a skilled person within the field of galenic chemistry can prepare a suitable oral administration form without undue burden.
- Intravenous administration forms include conventional i.v. solutions, such as saline (0.9% sodium chloride in sterile water), hypotonic saline (0.45% or 0.33% sodium chloride is sterile water), hypertonic saline (3-5% sodium chloride in sterile water), dextrose in water, dextrose in saline, and electrolyte solutions, for example Ringer's solution.
- Imatinib is preferably administered by adding the desired dose to normal saline solution, for example 650 mg Imatinib to 500 ml saline. Imatinib can for example be given in concentrations such as 400 mg/500 ml, 500 mg/500 ml, 600 mg/500 ml, 700 mg/500 ml, and 800 mg/500 ml i.v. solution.
- the treating physician may however prescribe the addition of Imatinib to another i.v. solution, depending on the condition of the patient. Further, a person skilled within the field of galenic chemistry can prepare a suitable intravenous administration form without undue burden.
- Imatinib is administered intravenously, whereas the subsequent, consecutive doses are administered orally.
- Nilotinib can be used in the same fashion, with appropriate adjustment of dose. Consequently, according to an additional aspect, the present inventors make available Nilotinib for use in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein said Nilotinib is administered to a patient at a dose in the range of 200 to 600 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- said Nilotinib can be administered to a patient at a dose of 300 mg/day or higher, preferably 400 mg/day or higher, more preferably 600 mg/day or higher.
- Nilotinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy, prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis.
- Nilotinib is administered to a patient undergoing or having undergone thrombectomy and thrombolysis. Most preferably it is administered to a patient as soon as possible and already before it has been determined if the patient suffers from an ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- said thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) chosen from alteplase (ACTIVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN®) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- tPA tissue plasminogen activator
- said Nilotinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 500 mg/day or higher on day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 300 mg/day to 500 mg/day on the subsequent days.
- Said Nilotinib is administered orally or intravenously, preferably intravenously.
- at least a portion of said starting dose is administered intravenously, and the consecutive doses are administered orally.
- the present inventors make available a method for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein Imatinib (GLEEVEC®, GLIVEC®, STI-571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) is administered to a patient at a dose of 650 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- Imatinib GLEEVEC®, GLIVEC®, STI-571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 700 mg/day or higher, preferably 750 mg/day or higher, more preferably 800 mg/day or higher.
- Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy.
- Thrombectomy is here understood as any surgical removal or breakdown of a clot, regardless of the method used.
- Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis.
- Thrombolysis is here understood as the pharmacological breakdown of a blood clot, regardless of the particular drug or pharmacological treatment used.
- Imatinib is administered to a patient undergoing or having undergone thrombectomy and thrombolysis.
- Imatinib is administered to a patient as soon as possible, even before it has been determined if the patient has suffered an acute ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (chosen from alteplase (ACTIVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN®) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- tPA tissue plasminogen activator
- said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 1000 mg/day or higher on day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 650 mg/day to about 1000 mg/day on the subsequent days. While the starting dose should be higher that the subsequent dose, it is currently contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at a higher dose than 1600 mg/day as the starting dose. Further, it is contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at doses higher than 1200 mg/day on any of the consecutive days. Again, the exact dose can be adjusted by the treating physician, and adapted to the severity of the condition, the age and sex of the patient, body weight and other particulars of the patient.
- Imatinib is administered orally.
- Oral administration forms include, but are not limited to tablets, capsules, caplets, suspensions, and solutions.
- a skilled person within the field of galenic chemistry can prepare a suitable oral administration form without undue burden.
- Imatinib is administered intravenously.
- Intravenous administration forms include conventional i.v. solutions as exemplified above.
- a person skilled within the field of galenic chemistry can prepare a suitable i.v. administration form without undue burden.
- Imatinib is administered intravenously, whereas the subsequent, consecutive doses are administered orally.
- a particular embodiment includes a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration comprising Imatinib at a dose of 1000 mg in 500 ml 0.9% NaCl solution. It is contemplated that, for emergency room use, ready-made i.v. solutions containing Imatinib in a suitable i.v. solution, and at a predefined dose, should be made available for immediate use. In the alternative, an i.v. solution containing Imatinib can be prepared by adding a concentrated Imatinib solution to a conventional i.v. solution, such as saline, dextrose or Ringer's.
- a conventional i.v. solution such as saline, dextrose or Ringer's.
- one embodiment is a kit of parts, comprising Imatinib, preferably in lyophilized form, and a solution suitable for reconstituting the lyophilized Imatinib, and a solution suitable for intravenous administration, and optional adjuvants and excipients.
- Imatinib is supplied in doses of 400 mg and 800 mg in separate vials, and the solution suitable for intravenous administration is 0.9% NaCl solution, supplied in containers, such as flexible bags with a volume of 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml or 1000 ml, preferably 500 ml.
- Imatinib is administered intravenously, but as Imatinib is available in tablet form, it is contemplated that a starting dose of Imatinib is administered intravenously, during at least Day 1 of the treatment, whereas Imatinib during the remaining treatment is administered orally.
- a kit of parts comprising a solution of 1000 mg Imatinib in 500 ml 0.9% NaCl, and n*400 mg Imatinib tablets, where n is an integer between 2 and 4.
- kits are made available, containing Imatinib both in the form of an i.v. solution, in different concentrations, and optionally also in an oral administration form, at the prescribed doses, and instructions for use, to allow for rapid and safe administration to a patient in need thereof.
- Nilotinib is administered to a patient at a dose in the range of 200 to 600 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- Nilotinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 300 mg/day or higher, preferably 400 mg/day or higher, more preferably 600 mg/day or higher.
- Nilotinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy. More preferably Nilotinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis. In a preferred embodiment of the method, Nilotinib is administered to the patient as soon as possible and even before it has been determined if the patient suffers from an ischemic stroke or an hemorrhagic stroke.
- said thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) chosen from alteplase (ACTVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- tPA tissue plasminogen activator
- said Nilotinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 500 mg/day or higher on day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 300 mg/day to 500 mg/day on the subsequent days.
- Said Nilotinib is administered orally or intravenously, preferably intravenously.
- at least a portion of said starting dose is administered intravenously, and the consecutive doses are administered orally.
- the present inventors conducted a phase II, dose escalating, safety and tolerability, regional multicentre clinical trial with randomized treatment-group assignment, open-label treatment, and blinded end-point evaluation in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis.
- the first treatment occasion occurred as soon as practically possible after randomization (day 0).
- Treatment was given orally as a tablet of 400 mg, 600 mg or 800 mg, depending on the phase of the study. If required, tablets were crushed and given through a nasogastric tube. From day 1 to day 5, one tablet was given each morning, except for the highest dose level (800 mg) when tablets of 400 mg were given twice daily (morning and evening).
- Plasma concentrations of Imatinib were examined for one patient in phase one and all patients in phase two and three at the following three time points: 1) Three hours after the first tablet administration 2) Before the morning dose day 13) Before the morning dose day 2. For two patients, one with 600 mg/day and one with 800 mg per day, plasma concentrations were also examined before the morning dose at day 3-5.
- a serious adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that results in death, is life threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect.
- a non-serious adverse event is defined as any other unfavourable an unintended sign (including, for example, an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product.
- NIHSS score was performed before intravenous thrombolysis and start of study treatment (baseline), 2 hours (day 0), day 1 and then daily until day 7. A final NIHSS score was included in the 3 months follow up examination. Assessment of any adverse event was done daily from day 0 to day 7, and finally at 3 months.
- CT scan was performed at baseline, 24 hours (accepted interval 22-36 hours) and, optionally, at 7 days, MRI at 24 h (accepted interval as for CT) and at 7 days. Definitions of hemorrhagic transformations, parenchymatous hemorrhages and edema are described in an earlier publication R1 and also listed in Table 1. At three months functional status was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. The three months follow up examinations were performed blindly at a different hospital than the one responsible for the acute treatment.
- mRS modified Rankin Scale
- Hemorrhagic infarct type 1 Hemorrhagic infarct type 1, small petechiae along the margins of the infarct HI2: Hemorrhagic infarct type 2, more confluent petechiae within the infarct area but without space-occupying effect
- PH1 Parenchymatous Hemorrhage type 1, blood clot (s) not exceeding 30% of the infarct area with some mild space-occupying effect
- PH2 Parenchymatous Haemorrhage type 2, blood clots exceeding 30% of the infarct area with significant space occupying effect
- PHr1 Remote Parenchymatous Hemorrhage type 1, small or medium sized blood clots located remote from the actual infarct; a mild space occupying effect could be present
- PHr2 Remote Parenchymatous Hemorrhage type 1, small or medium sized blood clots located remote from the actual infarct; a mild space
- the mean plasma concentration of Imatinib during the period from Day 0-Day 6 was 530 ng/ml (95% CI 74-987) for 400 mg daily, 1094 ng/ml (797-1391) for 600 mg daily and 2054 ng/ml (1642-2465) for 800 mg daily (Fig F 2 ). Within three hours of the first dose the plasma concentrations were 996 ng/ml for 400 mg, 1572 ng/ml for 600 mg and 1727 ng/ml för 800 mg.
- CED 1 cerebral edema
- NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
- the mean lowering (improvement) of the NIHSS score was, after adjustment for thrombectomy, 2 points for low dose ( ⁇ 2.30; 95% CI ⁇ 6.30-1.70; p ⁇ 0.259), 3 points for medium dose ( ⁇ 3.05; 95% CI ⁇ 6.75-0.64; p ⁇ 0.106) and 5 points for high dose ( ⁇ 4.94; ⁇ 8.78, ⁇ 1.11; p ⁇ 0.012).
- Functional outcome was measured on the modified Rankin Score (mRS). Functional independence (mRS 0-2) was seen in 61% in the control group, 72% of all Imatinib treated patients, and in 79% of the high dose treated patients. For high dose, this was a 17% absolute increase of the proportion of functional independence (OR 2.33; 95% CI 0.48-11.44; p ⁇ 0.296).
Abstract
Imatinib can be used in the treatment of stroke in a new dosage regime, where Imatinib is administered to the patient at a dose of 650 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, and preferably administered in a starting dose of 1000 mg/day or higher on day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 650 mg/day to 1000 mg/day on the subsequent days. A method for the treatment of stroke, a pharmaceutical composition and a kit of parts is/are also disclosed.
Description
- This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/080,529, filed Aug. 28, 2018, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 national phase application of PCT Application No. PCT/SE2017/050183 filed Feb. 27, 2017, which claims priority to Swedish Application No. 1650260-1 filed Feb. 29, 2016, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein.
- This disclosure relates generally to the field of medicine and the treatment of stroke, and in particular to a novel method and use in the treatment of stroke involving the administration of Imatinib or Nilotinib at a prescribed dose for at least 3 consecutive days.
- A stroke is defined as the sudden death of brain cells in a localized area due to interrupted or inadequate blood flow. According to the European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2012, stroke is the second single most common cause of death in Europe: accounting for almost 1.1 million deaths each year. Over one in seven women (15%) and one in ten men (10%) die from the disease (Melanie Nichols et al., European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics, 2012 Edition, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford).
- Depending on the causative factor and progression, a stroke can be designated as one of the following two main types:
- Ischemic stroke, which occurs as a result of an obstruction, or clot, within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. This accounts for the vast majority of all stroke cases.
- Hemorrhagic stroke, which occurs when a blood vessel ruptures. The reason for the rupture can be an aneurysm or an arteriovenous malformation, which can be congenital defects. The most common cause is however uncontrolled hypertension.
- The following disclosure will focus on ischemic stroke, and in particular acute ischemic stroke, but is not limited thereto. The goal of all existing treatments of ischemic stroke is to quickly restore the blood flow and to prevent or at least reduce the likelihood of another stroke. Currently, the only FDA approved treatment for ischemic strokes is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA, ALTEPLASE®, ACTIVASE®). tPA works by dissolving the clot and improving blood flow to the part of the brain being deprived of blood flow. If administered early tPA may improve the chances of recovering from a stroke. tPA is however known to have serious side effects such as neurotoxicity and increased vascular permeability due to an altered blood-brain barrier function. There are indications that the balance between the positive effects of tPA and the side effects becomes less favourable to the patient when the onset of tPA therapy is delayed. The exact thresholds vary, but it is recommended in general that tPA therapy should be started as soon as possible, and preferably not later than 4-5 hours after the stroke. Sometimes an even narrower therapeutic window is recommended.
- Before administering tPA or other pharmaceutical thrombolysis, it has to be determined if the patient suffers from an acute ischemic stroke of from a hemorrhagic stroke. In the case of haemorrhage, the thrombolysis would worsen the condition. The symptoms alone are usually not specific enough to make this distinction, so usually the patient is subjected to a CT scan or MRI scan to rule out any intracranial haemorrhage. Only then can thrombolytic treatment be started. Depending on the available resources and diagnostic capabilities, this may delay the starting time of thrombolytic therapy, or even make the care giver refrain from such therapy altogether as a precaution. Further, in order to be most effective, thrombolysis should be started within 3 hours from the occurrence of the stroke, preferably as early as possible. Thrombolysis is the treatment of choice for acute stroke within 3 to 4.5 hours after symptom onset. There are trials indicating that alteplase 3-4.5 h after onset was better than placebo, and a registry study supporting this. Professional recommendations have issued in favour of these results but remain to be fully accepted. However, there are indications that late onset thrombolytic therapy may be associated with more severe side effects. As a consequence, it is possible that a patient does not receive the most appropriate therapy, either because of an uncertainty in the diagnosis (ischemic v. hemorrhagic stroke), or a delay in reaching the diagnosis (delays in obtaining a CT, or the lack of the necessary equipment), or a combination. In practice, only about 10% of the patients receive thrombolytic therapy. Other treatments include mechanical thrombectomy, i.e. the surgical removal or disintegration of the clot, and antiplatelet therapy, preventing new clots from forming. Cumulating experience shows that thrombectomy significantly increases the odds of recovery or at least reduces the neurological damage following a stroke. Unlike thrombolytic drugs, the anti-platelet agents do not have effect on clots that are already present. Aspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet agent, and there are indications that it is effective for the early treatment of acute ischemic stroke, preferably in combination with dipyridamol.
- WO 2007/124308 discloses methods and compositions for preventing or ameliorating the side effects, and for improving the treatment, or extending the treatment window, of tPA where thrombolysis is desired, by using platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor antagonism to counter the undesirable effects of tPA. WO 2007/124308 also discloses a combination therapy in the treatment of ischemic stroke using tPA and a PDGF receptor antagonist. Imatinib mesylate is given as one example of suitable substances that inhibit the PDGF receptor.
- In any case, considering the high prevalence of acute ischemic stroke, and the serious consequences such as disabilities and death, there is a need for improved treatments and new drugs.
- One objective is to improve the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, regardless if this involves surgical removal of a clot or clots (thrombectomy) or pharmaceutical thrombolytic treatment, such as the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator, or antiplatelet therapy, or a combination thereof.
- Another objective is to widen the therapeutic window for thrombolysis, by making it possible to start thrombolytic therapy later than currently recommended.
- Yet another objective is to make available new methods for the treatment of stroke, not limited to acute ischemic stroke, but also applicable for example to hemorrhagic stroke.
- Further objectives, corresponding aspects of the invention, and the advantages associated with the solutions offered by the invention, will become evident to a person skilled in the art upon study of the description and examples, together with the claims appended hereto.
- According to a first aspect, the present inventors disclose that Imatinib (GLEEVEC®, GLIVEC, STI-571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) can be used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 650 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- According to an embodiment of said first aspect said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 700 mg/day or higher, preferably 750 mg/day or higher, more preferably 800 mg/day or higher.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy (surgical removal or breakdown of a clot).
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis (pharmacological breakdown of a blood clot).
- According to a preferred embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, undergoing or having undergone thrombectomy and thrombolysis.
- Most preferably Imatinib is administered to a patient as soon as possible, even before it has been determined if the patient has suffered an acute ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), preferably chosen from alteplase (ACTIVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN®) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- According to a preferred embodiment, freely combinable with the above embodiments, said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 1000 mg/day or higher on
day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 650 mg/day to 1000 mg/day on the subsequent days. - While the starting dose should be higher that the subsequent dose, it is currently contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at a higher dose than 1600 mg/day as the starting dose. Further, it is contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at doses higher than 1200 mg/day on any of the consecutive days. According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered orally.
- According to an alternative embodiment, freely combinable with the above, wherein said Imatinib is administered intravenously. It is also contemplated that at least a portion of the starting dose of Imatinib is administered intravenously, whereas the subsequent, consecutive doses are administered orally.
- According to a second aspect, the present inventors make available a method for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein Imatinib (GLEEVEC®, GLIVEC®, STI-571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) is administered to a patient at a dose of 650 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- According to an embodiment of said second aspect Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 700 mg/day or higher, preferably 750 mg/day or higher, more preferably 800 mg/day or higher.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy. Thrombectomy is here understood as any surgical removal or breakdown of a clot, regardless of the method used.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis. Thrombolysis is here understood as the pharmacological breakdown of a blood clot, regardless of the particular drug or pharmacological treatment used.
- According to a preferred embodiment, freely combinable with the above, Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, undergoing or having undergone thrombectomy and thrombolysis.
- Most preferably Imatinib is administered to a patient as soon as possible, even before it has been determined if the patient has suffered an acute ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, wherein said thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (chosen from alteplase (ACTIVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN®) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- According to a preferred embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 1000 mg/day or higher on
day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 650 mg/day to about 1000 mg/day on the subsequent days. While the starting dose should be higher that the subsequent dose or doses, it is currently contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at a higher dose than 1600 mg/day as the starting dose. - Further, it is contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at doses higher than 1200 mg/day on any of the consecutive days.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, Imatinib is administered orally.
- According to an alternative embodiment, freely combinable with the above, Imatinib is administered intravenously. It is also contemplated that the at least a portion of the starting dose of Imatinib is administered intravenously, whereas the subsequent, consecutive doses are administered orally.
- The steps of any method disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless explicitly stated.
- A particular embodiment includes a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration comprising Imatinib at a dose in a range of 400 to 1200, preferably 800 to woo mg in a suitable solution for intravenous administration, for example in 0.8-1.0% NaCl solution, such as 500 ml 0.9% NaCl solution.
- The pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration can be prepared in a hospital pharmacy, at the intensive care ward, or bedside (Point-of-care). Imatinib should be stored away from heat, moisture, and light. Preferably Imatinib is provided in lyophilized form, stored in sealed vials of dark glass, possibly in admixture with one or more suitable stabilizing agents. When preparing a composition for intravenous administration, the lyophilized Imatinib is reconstituted by the addition of sterile WFI or saline, and added to a solution for i.v. administration in a desired concentration.
- A specific embodiment is thus the use of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for intravenous administration, said composition comprising Imatinib and optionally adjuvants and excipients, in the treatment of stroke.
- Another embodiment is a kit of parts, comprising Imatinib, preferably in lyophilized form, and a solution suitable for reconstituting the lyophilized Imatinib, and a solution suitable for intravenous administration, and optional adjuvants and excipients. In a particular embodiment, Imatinib is supplied in doses of 400 mg and 800 mg in separate vials, and the solution suitable for intravenous administration is 0.8-1.0% NaCl solution, preferably 0.9% NaCl solution, supplied in containers, such as flexible bags with a volume of 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml or 1000 ml, preferably 500 ml.
- It is currently preferred that Imatinib is administered intravenously, but as Imatinib is available in tablet form, it is contemplated that a starting dose of Imatinib is administered intravenously, during at
least Day 1 of the treatment, whereas Imatinib during the remaining treatment is administered orally. Thus, yet another embodiment is a kit of parts, comprising a solution of 1000 mg Imatinib in 500 ml 0.9% NaCl, and n*400 mg Imatinib tablets, where n is an integer between 2 and 4. - Further aspects and embodiments will become apparent to a person skilled in the art upon study of the figures and the following detailed description and examples.
- The invention and embodiments thereof is now described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 illustrates the logistic characteristics of the clinical study. The first arrow from the left represents “In total, 60 patients recruited between February 2011 and November 2014”. The second arrow from the left represents “All patients treated with iv thrombolysis initiated within 4.5 h: Stroke onset to start: Median 1 h 25 m Range: 0 h 35 m-4 h 25 m”. The third arrow from the left represents “25 patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy, ended within 7 h 45 min: Stroke onset to end: Median 4 h 38 m Range: 2 h 25 m-7 h 45 m”. The fourth arrow from the left represents “43 randomised to imatinib (17 to control): Stroke onset to first dose: Median 4 h 00 m Range: h 5 m-11h 4 min”. -
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the plasma concentrations (ng/ml) of Imatinib as a function of time (Day 0 to Day 6) for three different doses, 400, 600 and 800 mg. D0=3 h after first dose; D1-D5=before the morning dose day 1-5; D6=on the morning ofday 6. For each 600 mg and 800 mg D0-D2, N=14; for each 400 mg and for each 600 mg and 800 mg D3-D6, N=1. -
FIG. 3 shows the results as the mean score according to the Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) -
FIG. 4 shows the results according to a modified Rankin scale. A score of 0-2 indicates functional independence. - Before the present invention is described, it is to be understood that the terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the invention will be limited only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
- It must be noted that, as used in this specification and appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” also include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
- Also, the term “about” is used to indicate a deviation of +/−2% of a given value, preferably +/−5%, and most preferably +/−10% of the given value, where applicable.
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are bioactive, usually aromatic, small molecules that are currently investigated for use in the treatment of cancer, inflammatory, metabolic, proliferative and neurodegenerative diseases. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors can bind to the active site of a TK receptor thus preventing phosphorylation and by doing so inhibit, regulate or modulate signalling, often with cytostatic activity. Some potent kinase inhibitors will exhibit selectivity for a certain TK receptors, while others are less selective. For example, some compounds are potent and selective inhibitors of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) receptor kinases, but weak inhibitors of Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR) tyrosine kinases and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinases.
- Eight TKI medications, including Imatinib and Gefitinib, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in humans as of today. One TKI, Toceranib (Palladia), was recently approved for the treatment of cancer in dogs. Erlotinib (Tarceva), which like Gefitinib, inhibits EGFR. Lapatinib (Tykerb) is a dual inhibitor of EGFR and a subclass called
Human EGFR type 2. EGFR isn't the only growth factor targeted. Sunitinib (Sutent) is multi-targeted, inhibiting PDGFR and VEGF. - Other tyrosine kinase inhibitors are more specialized. Sorafenib (Nexavar) targets a complex pathway that would lead to a kinase signalling cascade. Nilotinib (Tasigna), another small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, also inhibits the fusion protein bcr-abl and is typically prescribed when a patient has shown resistance to Imatinib. Nilotinib also targets PDGF receptors. There are indications that Nilotinib is more potent than Imatinib, for example 10-30 fold more potent than Imatinib in inhibiting Br-Abl tyrosine kinase activity. Nilotinib is currently commercially available as 150 mg and 200 mg hard gelatine capsules. It is contemplated that the findings made in the clinical study using Imatinib, and the subsequently defined new and surprising uses of Imatinib as well as the new methods for the treatment of stroke, are also transferrable to Nilotinib with appropriate adjustment of dose.
- More TKIs are currently in development, though the process is slow and more drugs end up being abandoned during clinical phases than get approved. Three TKIs are currently showing promise in clinical trials. Bosutinib targets abl and src kinases. Neratinib, like Lapatinib, inhibits EGFR and
Human EGFR type 2. Vatalanib inhibits both VEGFR and PDGFR. - According to a first aspect, the present inventors disclose that Imatinib (GLEEVEC®, GLIVEC®, STI-571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) can be used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 650 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days. The exact dose can be adjusted by the treating physician, and adapted to the severity of the condition, the age and sex of the patient, body weight and other particulars of the patient.
- According to an embodiment of said first aspect said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 700 mg/day or higher, preferably 750 mg/day or higher, more preferably 800 mg/day or higher.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy. The term “thrombectomy” is here used to define any surgical and/or mechanical removal or breakdown of a clot. In the United States, three classes of mechanical thrombectomy devices have been cleared by the FDA; coil retrievers, aspiration devices, and stent retrievers. Other devices and methods, currently under development, are also included in the definition of thrombectomy used herein.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis. The term “thrombolysis” is here used to define any pharmacological breakdown of a blood clot. The currently most commonly used drug for thrombolytic therapy is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), but there are alternative drugs that achieve the same effect. Thrombolysis may involve the injection of a thrombolytic drug through an intravenous (IV) line or through a long catheter that delivers the drug directly to the site of the blockage. The chance of surviving and recovering from acute ischemic stroke is significantly improved if the patient is administered a thrombolytic drug within 12 hours after the stroke. Ideally, thrombolytic treatment should be given within the first 30 minutes after arrival at the hospital. Most preferably Imatinib is administered to a patient as soon as possible, even before it has been determined if the patient has suffered an acute ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- Both thrombectomy and thrombolysis are emergency treatments, and should be given as soon as possible. For practical reasons, thrombolytic treatment is usually initiated before thrombectomy can be performed, but as stated under the heading “Summary”, the steps of any method disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless explicitly stated.
- According to a preferred embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, undergoing or having undergone thrombectomy and thrombolysis. More preferably Imatinib is administered to a patient as soon as possible, even before it has been determined if the patient has suffered an acute ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke. An advantage of this is that the administration of Imatinib as such improves the outcome for the patient, and additionally makes it possible to start thrombolysis therapy later, also outside the recommended window, in cases where there has been delays for example in the patient reaching the hospital, or delays in making a correct diagnosis, or a delay in determining that the patient has suffered from an ischemic stroke and not from a hemorrhagic stroke, for example due to delays in obtaining access to CT or MRI equipment.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), preferably chosen from alteplase (ACTIVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN®) and tenecteplase (TNKase®). While the present disclosure focuses on the above mentioned tPA drugs, other drugs currently under development and pending approval can also be useful in a combination treatment.
- According to a preferred embodiment, freely combinable with the above embodiments, said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 1000 mg/day or higher on
day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 650 mg/day to woo mg/day on the subsequent days. While the starting dose should be higher that the subsequent dose, it is currently contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at a higher dose than 1600 mg/day as the starting dose. Further, it is contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at doses higher than 1200 mg/day on any of the consecutive days. Again, the exact dose can be adjusted by the treating physician, and adapted to the severity of the condition, the age and sex of the patient, body weight and other particulars of the patient. - According to a specific embodiment, Imatinib is formulated and administered to the patient as follows: 800 mg Imatinib is dissolved in a NaCl solution, such as 500 ml 0.9% NaCl, or other suitable i.v. solution, and administered to the patient during about 12 hours. Following this initial dose, 400 mg Imatinib in 500 ml of a suitable i.v. solution is given for the consecutive 12 hour period. This amounts to a starting dose of 1200 mg/day on
Day - According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered orally. Oral administration forms include, but are not limited to tablets, capsules, caplets, suspensions, and solutions. A skilled person within the field of galenic chemistry can prepare a suitable oral administration form without undue burden.
- According to an alternative embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered intravenously. Intravenous administration forms include conventional i.v. solutions, such as saline (0.9% sodium chloride in sterile water), hypotonic saline (0.45% or 0.33% sodium chloride is sterile water), hypertonic saline (3-5% sodium chloride in sterile water), dextrose in water, dextrose in saline, and electrolyte solutions, for example Ringer's solution. Imatinib is preferably administered by adding the desired dose to normal saline solution, for example 650 mg Imatinib to 500 ml saline. Imatinib can for example be given in concentrations such as 400 mg/500 ml, 500 mg/500 ml, 600 mg/500 ml, 700 mg/500 ml, and 800 mg/500 ml i.v. solution.
- The treating physician may however prescribe the addition of Imatinib to another i.v. solution, depending on the condition of the patient. Further, a person skilled within the field of galenic chemistry can prepare a suitable intravenous administration form without undue burden.
- It is also contemplated that at least a portion of the starting dose of Imatinib is administered intravenously, whereas the subsequent, consecutive doses are administered orally.
- Based on the findings obtained for Imatinib, it is also contemplated that Nilotinib can be used in the same fashion, with appropriate adjustment of dose. Consequently, according to an additional aspect, the present inventors make available Nilotinib for use in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein said Nilotinib is administered to a patient at a dose in the range of 200 to 600 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- Further, said Nilotinib can be administered to a patient at a dose of 300 mg/day or higher, preferably 400 mg/day or higher, more preferably 600 mg/day or higher.
- Preferably Nilotinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy, prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis. Preferably Nilotinib is administered to a patient undergoing or having undergone thrombectomy and thrombolysis. Most preferably it is administered to a patient as soon as possible and already before it has been determined if the patient suffers from an ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- In the aspects above, relating to the use of Nilotinib, said thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) chosen from alteplase (ACTIVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN®) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- According to another embodiment, freely combinable with any of the above embodiments relating to Nilotinib, said Nilotinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 500 mg/day or higher on
day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 300 mg/day to 500 mg/day on the subsequent days. Said Nilotinib is administered orally or intravenously, preferably intravenously. According to a specific embodiment, at least a portion of said starting dose is administered intravenously, and the consecutive doses are administered orally. - According to a second aspect, the present inventors make available a method for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein Imatinib (GLEEVEC®, GLIVEC®, STI-571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) is administered to a patient at a dose of 650 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- According to an embodiment of said second aspect Imatinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 700 mg/day or higher, preferably 750 mg/day or higher, more preferably 800 mg/day or higher.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy. Thrombectomy is here understood as any surgical removal or breakdown of a clot, regardless of the method used.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, Imatinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis. Thrombolysis is here understood as the pharmacological breakdown of a blood clot, regardless of the particular drug or pharmacological treatment used.
- According to a preferred embodiment, freely combinable with the above, Imatinib is administered to a patient undergoing or having undergone thrombectomy and thrombolysis.
- Most preferably Imatinib is administered to a patient as soon as possible, even before it has been determined if the patient has suffered an acute ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke.
- According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, wherein said thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (chosen from alteplase (ACTIVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN®) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- According to a preferred embodiment, freely combinable with the above, said Imatinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 1000 mg/day or higher on
day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 650 mg/day to about 1000 mg/day on the subsequent days. While the starting dose should be higher that the subsequent dose, it is currently contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at a higher dose than 1600 mg/day as the starting dose. Further, it is contemplated that Imatinib should not be given at doses higher than 1200 mg/day on any of the consecutive days. Again, the exact dose can be adjusted by the treating physician, and adapted to the severity of the condition, the age and sex of the patient, body weight and other particulars of the patient. - According to yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above, Imatinib is administered orally. Oral administration forms include, but are not limited to tablets, capsules, caplets, suspensions, and solutions. A skilled person within the field of galenic chemistry can prepare a suitable oral administration form without undue burden.
- According to an alternative and currently preferred embodiment, freely combinable with the above, Imatinib is administered intravenously. Intravenous administration forms include conventional i.v. solutions as exemplified above. A person skilled within the field of galenic chemistry can prepare a suitable i.v. administration form without undue burden.
- It is also contemplated that at least a portion of the starting dose of Imatinib is administered intravenously, whereas the subsequent, consecutive doses are administered orally.
- The steps of any method disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless explicitly stated.
- A particular embodiment includes a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration comprising Imatinib at a dose of 1000 mg in 500 ml 0.9% NaCl solution. It is contemplated that, for emergency room use, ready-made i.v. solutions containing Imatinib in a suitable i.v. solution, and at a predefined dose, should be made available for immediate use. In the alternative, an i.v. solution containing Imatinib can be prepared by adding a concentrated Imatinib solution to a conventional i.v. solution, such as saline, dextrose or Ringer's.
- Therefor, one embodiment is a kit of parts, comprising Imatinib, preferably in lyophilized form, and a solution suitable for reconstituting the lyophilized Imatinib, and a solution suitable for intravenous administration, and optional adjuvants and excipients. In a particular embodiment, Imatinib is supplied in doses of 400 mg and 800 mg in separate vials, and the solution suitable for intravenous administration is 0.9% NaCl solution, supplied in containers, such as flexible bags with a volume of 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml or 1000 ml, preferably 500 ml.
- It is currently preferred that Imatinib is administered intravenously, but as Imatinib is available in tablet form, it is contemplated that a starting dose of Imatinib is administered intravenously, during at
least Day 1 of the treatment, whereas Imatinib during the remaining treatment is administered orally. Thus, yet another embodiment is a kit of parts, comprising a solution of 1000 mg Imatinib in 500 ml 0.9% NaCl, and n*400 mg Imatinib tablets, where n is an integer between 2 and 4. - It is contemplated that, for emergency room use, different kits are made available, containing Imatinib both in the form of an i.v. solution, in different concentrations, and optionally also in an oral administration form, at the prescribed doses, and instructions for use, to allow for rapid and safe administration to a patient in need thereof.
- Yet another aspect and embodiments thereof relate to a method for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, wherein Nilotinib is administered to a patient at a dose in the range of 200 to 600 mg/day or higher for at least 3 consecutive days, preferably for at least 4 consecutive days, and most preferably for at least 5 consecutive days.
- Further, in an embodiment of said method, Nilotinib is administered to a patient at a dose of 300 mg/day or higher, preferably 400 mg/day or higher, more preferably 600 mg/day or higher.
- Preferably Nilotinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombectomy. More preferably Nilotinib is administered to a patient prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to thrombolysis. In a preferred embodiment of the method, Nilotinib is administered to the patient as soon as possible and even before it has been determined if the patient suffers from an ischemic stroke or an hemorrhagic stroke.
- In an embodiment of the method, said thrombolysis comprises the administration of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) chosen from alteplase (ACTVASE®), reteplase (RETEVASE®, RAPILYSIN) and tenecteplase (TNKase®).
- In yet another embodiment, freely combinable with the above embodiments, said Nilotinib is administered to a patient at a starting dose of 500 mg/day or higher on
day 1, and at a dose in the interval of 300 mg/day to 500 mg/day on the subsequent days. Said Nilotinib is administered orally or intravenously, preferably intravenously. According to a specific embodiment, at least a portion of said starting dose is administered intravenously, and the consecutive doses are administered orally. - The present inventors conducted a phase II, dose escalating, safety and tolerability, regional multicentre clinical trial with randomized treatment-group assignment, open-label treatment, and blinded end-point evaluation in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis.
- In this study, treatment with an oral dose of Imatinib, administered orally as soon as possible on the day of arrival and for five following days, was compared to standard treatment. In a first phase of the study (n=20), a daily dose of 400 mg of Imatinib was used, followed in the next phase (n=20) by 600 mg and finally by 800 mg (n=20). Each dose increase was preceded by a safety evaluation and clearance by an independent safety committee. Randomization was 3:1, thus to create four groups of equal size (n=15), including control with a total 60 patients. All patients received intravenous thrombolysis in agreement with accepted indications, and mechanical thrombectomy in patients with large artery occlusion fulfilling local criteria for intervention.
- The study was conducted at five centers in Stockholm County. Patients for which mechanical thrombectomy were considered had intravenous thrombolysis initiated at their local hospital and were then transferred to Karolinska University Hospital at Solna (KS). The patients were 18-85 years, with an acute ischemic stroke onset causing a neurological deficit of 7 to 25 points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). All patients were treated with intravenous thrombolysis, 0.9 mg/kg, within 4.5 hours after stroke onset in accordance with generally accepted criteria. Following informed consent, all patients were to be randomized to active treatment or control within 1 hour after termination of reperfusion treatment, whether intravenous thrombolysis alone or followed by mechanical thrombectomy. If allocated to active treatment, it had to be initiated as soon as it was practically possible after randomization.
- The first treatment occasion occurred as soon as practically possible after randomization (day 0). Treatment was given orally as a tablet of 400 mg, 600 mg or 800 mg, depending on the phase of the study. If required, tablets were crushed and given through a nasogastric tube. From
day 1 today 5, one tablet was given each morning, except for the highest dose level (800 mg) when tablets of 400 mg were given twice daily (morning and evening). - Plasma concentrations of Imatinib were examined for one patient in phase one and all patients in phase two and three at the following three time points: 1) Three hours after the first tablet administration 2) Before the morning dose day 13) Before the
morning dose day 2. For two patients, one with 600 mg/day and one with 800 mg per day, plasma concentrations were also examined before the morning dose at day 3-5. - The primary outcome of this study was any serious or non-serious adverse event. A serious adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that results in death, is life threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect. A non-serious adverse event is defined as any other unfavourable an unintended sign (including, for example, an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. These measures included mortality and any untoward deviation of laboratory values, as a part of the safety evaluation.
- Occurrence and severity of hemorrhagic transformation, intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral edema on post-treatment computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MR) were among secondary outcomes. Others were neurological outcome at 2 hours, 24 hours and 7 days after initiation of intravenous thrombolysis, functional outcome at 3 months and infarct volume at 7 days. Infarct volume evaluation will be addressed in a following publication.
- Clinical assessments, including determination of the NIHSS score were performed before intravenous thrombolysis and start of study treatment (baseline), 2 hours (day 0),
day 1 and then daily untilday 7. A final NIHSS score was included in the 3 months follow up examination. Assessment of any adverse event was done daily fromday 0 today 7, and finally at 3 months. CT scan was performed at baseline, 24 hours (accepted interval 22-36 hours) and, optionally, at 7 days, MRI at 24 h (accepted interval as for CT) and at 7 days. Definitions of hemorrhagic transformations, parenchymatous hemorrhages and edema are described in an earlier publication R1 and also listed in Table 1. At three months functional status was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. The three months follow up examinations were performed blindly at a different hospital than the one responsible for the acute treatment. -
TABLE 1 Definitions of hemorrhagic transformations, parenchymatous hemorrhages and cerebral edema Definitions of hemorrhagic transformations HI1 Hemorrhagic infarct type 1, small petechiaealong the margins of the infarct HI2: Hemorrhagic infarct type 2, more confluentpetechiae within the infarct area but without space-occupying effect PH1: Parenchymatous Hemorrhage type 1, blood clot (s)not exceeding 30% of the infarct area with some mild space-occupying effect PH2: Parenchymatous Haemorrhage type 2, bloodclots exceeding 30% of the infarct area with significant space occupying effect PHr1: Remote Parenchymatous Hemorrhage type 1, small ormedium sized blood clots located remote from the actual infarct; a mild space occupying effect could be present PHr2: Remote Parenchymatous Hemorrhage type 2,large confluent dense blood clots in an area remote from the actual infarct; significant space occupying effect may be present Definitions of edema CED 1: Cerebral edema, type 1, focal brain swelling upto one third of the hemisphere CED 2: Cerebral edema, type 2, focal brain swellinggreater than one third of the hemisphere CED 3: Cerebral edema, type 3, brain swellingwith midline shift - To analyze whether Imatinib had any effect on NIHSS, the dose of Imatinib was treated both as categorical and as continuous. When looking at separate time points, linear regression with robust standard errors was used, while adjusting for thrombectomy. When looking at the mean effect over the entire time course, we used a linear mixed model with random intercept and adjustment for thrombectomy, using robust standard errors and allowing the residuals to have an autoregressive 1 (AR1) correlation within individuals. The choice of using AR1 correlation was made by comparing the Akaike Information Criterion to a model without AR1 correlation. Due to some missing NIHSS values, multiple imputation R2 was used. The association between treatment groups and functional independence was analyzed using odds ratios. The statistical software Stata v.13 was used.
- In total, 60 patients were recruited between February 2011 and November 2014, 20 patients per each dose level. Within the first dose level, 15 patients were randomized to 400 mg daily (low dose) and 5 to control. The second dose level included 14 patients allocated to treatment with 600 mg daily (medium dose) and 6 to control. In the final dose level, 14 patients were randomized to 800 mg daily (high dose) and 6 to control. Baseline characteristics are provided in Table 2 and logistic characteristics in
FIG. 1 . -
TABLE 2 Demographic and baseline data as per ITT Control Low Medium High Number of pts 17 15 14 14 Age (median) 70 76 73 72 NS % Male 65 53 79 43 NS % Hypertension 76 73 64 50 NS % Atrial fibrillation 29 33 43 36 NS % Diabetes 18 20 7 7 NS % Hyperlipidemia 35 20 29 36 NS % Smoker (current) 18 7 29 0 NS % Smoker (previous) 35 40 50 29 NS % Previous stroke (>3M) 12 7 0 7 NS % Previous TIA 12 13 7 0 NS Baseline NIHSS 13 12 11 13 NS IVT % 100 100 100 100 NS IAT % 0 7 0 0 NS MT % 29 47 21 71 NS Stenting % 6 13 0 7 NS Aspirin % 31 47 36 21 NS Warfarin % 6 0 8 7 NS Oral antidiabetic % 7 7 0 7 NS Insulin % 6 0 8 0 NS Statin % 50 20 21 21 NS - All patients were included in the safety analysis in accordance with intention to treat. Other analyses were performed in agreement with their actual treatment. Thus three patients in the first dose level were removed from per protocol analysis since they received some, but incomplete, doses. One patient intended for 400 mg per day did not receive any treatment and were analyzed as control. One patient intended for 600 mg did instead receive 400 mg per day and was included in the corresponding dose group. Consequently, for the per protocol analysis, the control group included 18 patients, low dose group 12 patients,
medium dose group 13 patients and high dose group 14 patients. - The mean plasma concentration of Imatinib during the period from Day 0-
Day 6 was 530 ng/ml (95% CI 74-987) for 400 mg daily, 1094 ng/ml (797-1391) for 600 mg daily and 2054 ng/ml (1642-2465) for 800 mg daily (Fig F2). Within three hours of the first dose the plasma concentrations were 996 ng/ml for 400 mg, 1572 ng/ml for 600 mg and 1727 ng/ml för 800 mg. - Three patients died during the study period. One patient, who was allocated to the low dose group, but did not receive active treatment, died because of an intracerebral hemorrhage. One control patient died because of an infection. A third patient, who received two doses of medium dose Imatinib, died because of a recurrent ischemic stroke.
- Four serious adverse events were reported, which resulted in death for the three patients reported above and clinical deterioration for one. One patient in the control group deteriorated because of fever and infection. The patient also had a growing femoral hematoma at the site of the femoral artery puncture. There were no serious adverse events in the high dose group.
- In total, 118 non-serious adverse events were reported in 41 patients (Table 3), 25 of the events were in the control group, 19 in the low dose group, 44 with medium dose and 30 with high dose. The number of reported events per patient varied between 1 and 7.
-
TABLE 3 Adverse events Adverse Control Low Medium High Total Number of pts 17 15 14 14 60 Fever, infection 4 (6) 4 (7) 4 (5) 3 (3) 15 (21) Itching, skin 2 (2) 3 (3) 0 (0) 6 (6) 11 (11) Cerebral 3 (3) 0 (0) 9 (10) 1 (1) 13 (14) Arrhythmia, 3 (3) 1 (1) 4 (5) 2 (2) 10 (11) Nausea, 1 (2) 1 (2) 2 (6) 4 (4) 8 (14) Fail 1 (1) 0 (0) 3 (4) 1 (1) 5 (6) Dyspnea 2 (2) 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (1) 4 (4) Systemic 1 (1) 0 (0) 1 (1) 2 (3) 4 (5) Fainting 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (2) 2 (2) Other 6 (6) 5 (6) 10 (11) 5 (5) 26 (28) - As can be seen in the table, the most common adverse events were fever and infection (21), cerebral bleeding (15), nausea and vomiting (12), arrhythmia including tachycardia and bradycardia (10), and itching and skin reactions (10). Itching/skin reactions and nausea/vomiting were slightly more common with the higher doses. Most of the cerebral bleedings were found in the medium dose group.
- Most of the non-serious adverse events were mild (4), 42 of these were considered unrelated or unlikely related, 25 possibly or probably related and 7 were not classified. Of all mild events, 73 recovered and 1 was not classified. For 29 patients, adverse events were reported moderately severe, with 16 unrelated or unlikely related and 13 possibly or probably related. Most of these recovered (21), 4 recovered with sequels and for one patient in the control group, the symptoms were ongoing. Three patients were not classified. Severe non-serious adverse events occurred in 3 patients, 2 in the control group and one, judged unlikely related, in the medium dose group. The latter recovered, although one control patient recovered with sequels and one experienced ongoing symptoms. In 14 patients, severity was not classified; of these 9 were unrelated or unlikely related and 1 possibly related. Four recovered, 4 control patients and six others were not classified regarding outcome of the event.
- There were totally 22 hemorrhagic transformations (3 HI1, 16 HI2) in the study, 6 each in the control and low dose groups, 7 with medium dose and 3 with high dose. Three parenchymatous hemorrhages were reported. One PH1 type occurred in the control group, one with high dose and one PH2 with medium dose.
- In addition, five remote parenchymatous hemorrhages of the milder grade (PHr1) were reported, one each in the low and medium groups and 3 in the high dose group.
- For patients with initiation of treatment with Imatinib within 5 hours after stroke onset there were no hemorrhages reported of 5 treated in the high dose group, while this occurred in 5 of 10 treated in medium dose and in 4 of 8 treated in the low dose group.
- For patients who had their reperfusion treatment (intravenous thrombolysis only or in combination with thrombectomy) completed within 4.5 hours, no hemorrhages were reported in the high dose group of 7 treated, while within the
same time frame 6 hemorrhages of 11 treated were found in medium dose, 5 of 9 were found with low dose and 6 of 16 in the control group. - There were in overall 33 cerebral edema (28
CED 1; 3 CED-2 and 2 CED-3) in the study, 9 in the control group, 6 in low dose, 8 in medium dose and 10 in high dose. The mildest form,CED 1, was seen in 7 patients in control, 4 in low dose, 7 in medium dose and in all 10 in the high dose. Two moderately severe edema (CED-2) was found in the low dose group and 1 with medium dose. Two severe edema (CED-3) were in control. - For patients with initiation of treatment with Imatinib within 5 hours after stroke onset, 2 of 5 patients in the high dose group had
CED 1 at follow up, while 5 of 10 patients with medium dose and 4 of 8 patients with low dose hadCED - For patients who had their reperfusion treatment (intravenous thrombolysis only or in combination with thrombectomy) completed within 4.5 hours, 4 of 7 patients in the high dose group had
CED CED CED 3. - The invention has mainly been described above with reference to a few embodiments. However, as is readily appreciated by a person skilled in the art, other embodiments than the ones disclosed above are equally possible within the scope of the invention, as defined by the appended patent claims.
- Treatment with Imatinib significantly improved neurological outcome. The improvement was 0.6 points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) per 100 mg Imatinib after adjustment for the effect of thrombectomy. The mean lowering (improvement) of the NIHSS score was, after adjustment for thrombectomy, 2 points for low dose (−2.30; 95% CI −6.30-1.70; p<0.259), 3 points for medium dose (−3.05; 95% CI −6.75-0.64; p<0.106) and 5 points for high dose (−4.94; −8.78, −1.11; p<0.012). For all individual time points except baseline and 2 hours, there was a statistically significant lowering of the adjusted mean NIHSS score for patients treated with high dose Imatinib compared to control for
day 1 by 5 points (−5.28; −95% CI −9.60, −0.96; p<0.018), for 7 days by 6 points (−5.68; 95% CI −10.38-−0.98; p<0.019) and for 3 months by 5 points (−4.81; 95% CI −10.39, −0.98; p<0.019). - Functional outcome was measured on the modified Rankin Score (mRS). Functional independence (mRS 0-2) was seen in 61% in the control group, 72% of all Imatinib treated patients, and in 79% of the high dose treated patients. For high dose, this was a 17% absolute increase of the proportion of functional independence (OR 2.33; 95% CI 0.48-11.44; p<0.296).
- Two patients in the control group scored severe disability (5 points on mRS) and 2 patients died (6 points), while this did not occur in any of the Imatinib treated patients.
Claims (12)
1-24. (canceled)
25. A method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration, said method comprising the steps of:
a) storing imatinib in lyophilized form in a sealed vial, wherein said imatinib is in admixture with one or more stabilizing agents;
b) reconstituting the lyophilized imatinib by addition of sterile Water for Injection (WFI) or saline; and
c) adding the reconstituted imatinib to a solution for intravenous administration in a desired concentration.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein steps b) and c) and are carried out in a hospital pharmacy, at an intensive care ward, at bedside, or at point-of-care.
27. The method of claim 25 , wherein the sealed vial is formed of dark glass.
28. The method of claim 25 , wherein said imatinib in lyophilized form in step a) is stored away from heat, moisture, and light.
29. The method of claim 25 , wherein the vial contains a dose of 400 mg imatinib.
30. A method for the treatment of stroke, said method comprising the steps of:
a) storing imatinib in lyophilized form in sealed vials, wherein said imatinib is in admixture with one or more stabilizing agents;
b) reconstituting the lyophilized imatinib by addition of sterile Water for Injection (WFI) or saline;
c) adding the reconstituted imatinib to a solution for intravenous administration in a desired concentration; and
d) intravenously administering the solution from step c) to a stroke patient.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the sealed vial is formed of dark glass.
32. The method of claim 30 , wherein said imatinib in lyophilized form in step a) is stored away from heat, moisture, and light.
33. The method of claim 30 , wherein the vial contains a dose of 400 mg imatinib.
34. The method of claim 30 , wherein step d) comprises intravenously administering a daily dose of 800 mg imatinib.
35. The method of claim 34 , wherein step d) comprises intravenously administering two doses of 400 mg imatinib per day.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17/186,303 US20210236488A1 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2021-02-26 | Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE1650260A SE539450C2 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2016-02-29 | Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke |
SE1650260-1 | 2016-02-29 | ||
PCT/SE2017/050183 WO2017151043A1 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2017-02-27 | Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke |
US201816080529A | 2018-08-28 | 2018-08-28 | |
US17/186,303 US20210236488A1 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2021-02-26 | Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/080,529 Continuation US10953010B2 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2017-02-27 | Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke |
PCT/SE2017/050183 Continuation WO2017151043A1 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2017-02-27 | Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20210236488A1 true US20210236488A1 (en) | 2021-08-05 |
Family
ID=59744327
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/080,529 Active US10953010B2 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2017-02-27 | Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke |
US17/186,303 Pending US20210236488A1 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2021-02-26 | Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/080,529 Active US10953010B2 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2017-02-27 | Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke |
Country Status (17)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US10953010B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3423060B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP6914957B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN108697711A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2017227515B2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK3423060T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2895432T3 (en) |
HR (1) | HRP20211621T1 (en) |
HU (1) | HUE056798T2 (en) |
LT (1) | LT3423060T (en) |
PL (1) | PL3423060T3 (en) |
PT (1) | PT3423060T (en) |
RS (1) | RS62465B1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2739382C1 (en) |
SE (1) | SE539450C2 (en) |
SI (1) | SI3423060T1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2017151043A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4311539A1 (en) * | 2022-07-29 | 2024-01-31 | Artorange Ltd. | Imatinib formulation for parenteral administration |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10617756B2 (en) * | 2017-01-05 | 2020-04-14 | Shimojani, LLC | Drug regimen for treatment of cerebral ischemia |
CN114306342A (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-04-12 | 江苏先声药业有限公司 | Pharmaceutical composition of imatinib salt for injection and preparation method thereof |
US20230279120A1 (en) * | 2021-11-09 | 2023-09-07 | Truebinding, Inc. | Methods of treating or inhibiting cardiovascular diseases |
WO2024057296A2 (en) | 2023-06-28 | 2024-03-21 | Pharmazz, Inc. | Lyophilized sovateltide-based injectable formulation and a process for preparation |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080207904A1 (en) * | 2006-10-26 | 2008-08-28 | Macdonald Peter | Imatinib base, and imatinib mesylate and processes for preparation thereof |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
MY148074A (en) * | 2005-05-10 | 2013-02-28 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising imatinib and a release retardant |
WO2007124308A2 (en) * | 2006-04-17 | 2007-11-01 | Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research | Methods and compositions for modulation of blood-neural barrier |
US7977348B2 (en) | 2006-04-27 | 2011-07-12 | Sicor Inc. | Polymorphic forms of imatinib mesylate and processes for preparation of novel crystalline forms as well as amorphous and form α |
US20100136094A1 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2010-06-03 | Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware | Systems for modulating inflammation |
TR201911199T4 (en) * | 2009-03-27 | 2019-08-21 | Moleac Pte Ltd | Treatment to increase cell growth. |
-
2016
- 2016-02-29 SE SE1650260A patent/SE539450C2/en unknown
-
2017
- 2017-02-27 EP EP17760399.0A patent/EP3423060B1/en active Active
- 2017-02-27 HU HUE17760399A patent/HUE056798T2/en unknown
- 2017-02-27 WO PCT/SE2017/050183 patent/WO2017151043A1/en active Application Filing
- 2017-02-27 PL PL17760399T patent/PL3423060T3/en unknown
- 2017-02-27 SI SI201730931T patent/SI3423060T1/en unknown
- 2017-02-27 AU AU2017227515A patent/AU2017227515B2/en active Active
- 2017-02-27 HR HRP20211621TT patent/HRP20211621T1/en unknown
- 2017-02-27 PT PT177603990T patent/PT3423060T/en unknown
- 2017-02-27 US US16/080,529 patent/US10953010B2/en active Active
- 2017-02-27 ES ES17760399T patent/ES2895432T3/en active Active
- 2017-02-27 CN CN201780013732.6A patent/CN108697711A/en active Pending
- 2017-02-27 LT LTEPPCT/SE2017/050183T patent/LT3423060T/en unknown
- 2017-02-27 DK DK17760399.0T patent/DK3423060T3/en active
- 2017-02-27 RU RU2019122730A patent/RU2739382C1/en active
- 2017-02-27 JP JP2018545843A patent/JP6914957B2/en active Active
- 2017-02-27 RS RS20211286A patent/RS62465B1/en unknown
-
2021
- 2021-02-26 US US17/186,303 patent/US20210236488A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080207904A1 (en) * | 2006-10-26 | 2008-08-28 | Macdonald Peter | Imatinib base, and imatinib mesylate and processes for preparation thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (6)
Title |
---|
Albini et al. Photochemistry of Drugs: An Overview and Practical Problems. Retrieved from the internet on 12/07/2023, https://watermark.silverchair.com/bk9780854047437-00001.pdf?, published 1998. (Year: 1998) * |
Cambridge Dictionary. SEALED. Retrieved from the Internet on 12/07/2023, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/sealed. (Year: 2023) * |
Cell Signaling Technology. Imatinib. Retrieved from the Wayback Machine on 1/18/2024. Published 09/06/2015. (Year: 2015) * |
CMS, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Revised Hospital Guidance for Pharmaceutical Services and Expanded Guidance Related to Compounding of Medications. Published 2015. (Year: 2015) * |
Iqbal et al. Imatinib: A Breakthrough of Targeted Therapy in Cancer. Chemo Research and Practice. Volume 2014. Published 2014. (Year: 2014) * |
Otto, Thomas. Drug Storage and Stability. Auerbach: Wilderness Medicine. Retrieved from the Internet on 12/07/2023, https://www.em-consulte.com/article/513841/drug-storage-and-stability. Published 2007. (Year: 2007) * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4311539A1 (en) * | 2022-07-29 | 2024-01-31 | Artorange Ltd. | Imatinib formulation for parenteral administration |
WO2024023295A1 (en) * | 2022-07-29 | 2024-02-01 | Artorange Ltd. | Imatinib formulation for parenteral administration |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN108697711A (en) | 2018-10-23 |
ES2895432T3 (en) | 2022-02-21 |
AU2017227515A1 (en) | 2018-08-30 |
PT3423060T (en) | 2021-10-20 |
AU2017227515B2 (en) | 2022-03-24 |
PL3423060T3 (en) | 2022-01-10 |
RU2739382C1 (en) | 2020-12-23 |
SE539450C2 (en) | 2017-09-26 |
LT3423060T (en) | 2021-11-10 |
WO2017151043A1 (en) | 2017-09-08 |
HRP20211621T1 (en) | 2022-02-04 |
DK3423060T3 (en) | 2021-10-25 |
EP3423060A4 (en) | 2020-01-01 |
JP2019507165A (en) | 2019-03-14 |
SE1650260A1 (en) | 2017-08-30 |
US20190030030A1 (en) | 2019-01-31 |
RS62465B1 (en) | 2021-11-30 |
JP6914957B2 (en) | 2021-08-04 |
HUE056798T2 (en) | 2022-03-28 |
SI3423060T1 (en) | 2021-11-30 |
US10953010B2 (en) | 2021-03-23 |
EP3423060B1 (en) | 2021-07-21 |
EP3423060A1 (en) | 2019-01-09 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20210236488A1 (en) | Imatinib for use in the treatment of stroke | |
Diringer et al. | Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: strategies for preventing vasospasm in the intensive care unit | |
Kronvall et al. | Nimodipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study of intravenous or peroral administration | |
JP7082115B2 (en) | Compositions and Methods Using Nintedanib to Treat Eye Diseases Associated with Abnormal Neovascularization | |
US11633419B2 (en) | Methods of treating, reducing the incidence of, and/or preventing ischemic events | |
Awad et al. | Dabigatran, intracranial hemorrhage, and the neurosurgeon | |
Takeuchi et al. | Decompressive craniectomy for arteriovenous malformation-related intracerebral hemorrhage | |
KR20230106644A (en) | How to Treat Conditions Associated with the S1P1 Receptor | |
JP2011511844A (en) | Use of ranolazine for the treatment of cardiovascular disease | |
RU2542455C2 (en) | Otamixaban for treating non-st elevation myocardial infarction in senior patients and patients suffering disturbed renal function | |
CA3232633A1 (en) | Milvexian for prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders | |
Ahmed et al. | Carotid endarterectomy following thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke | |
Tempaku | Intracranial hemorrhage during administration of a novel oral anticoagulant | |
KR20200013644A (en) | Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | |
Yang et al. | Reversal and resumption of anticoagulants in patients with anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage | |
Kim13 et al. | Eun‑Seok Jeon1, Sang Wook Lim2, Seok‑Yeon Kim3, Hyoung‑Mo Yang4, Moo Hyun Kim5, Moo‑Yong Rhee6, Seung Hwan Han7, Jinho Shin8, Kwang‑il Kim9, Jin‑Ok Jeong10, Ki Chul Sung11, Geu Ru Hong12 | |
US20180243247A1 (en) | Drug combinations for cerebrovascular disease | |
TW202342049A (en) | Methods of treating patients suffering from brain injury and methods of increasing the value of the extended glasgow outcome scale of patients suffering from brain injury | |
Sawhney et al. | Daptomycin-Induced Severe Hyperkalemia With Normal Creatine Kinase in a Patient With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis | |
Naeem et al. | Posterior Fossa Hemorrhage Following the Use of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism | |
TW202400145A (en) | Methods of treating conditions related to the s1p receptor | |
KR20240035483A (en) | How to use aldosterone synthase inhibitors | |
WO2024030409A1 (en) | Use of milvexian for treating or preventing ischemic stroke | |
Kim et al. | Early therapeutic persistence on dabigatran versus warfarin therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: results from the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF) registry. | |
Green et al. | Neurovascular neurosurgery |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: APPLICATION DISPATCHED FROM PREEXAM, NOT YET DOCKETED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |