US20210047987A1 - Hydrogen producing system and device for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions of internal combustion and/or diesel engines - Google Patents
Hydrogen producing system and device for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions of internal combustion and/or diesel engines Download PDFInfo
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- US20210047987A1 US20210047987A1 US17/047,041 US201917047041A US2021047987A1 US 20210047987 A1 US20210047987 A1 US 20210047987A1 US 201917047041 A US201917047041 A US 201917047041A US 2021047987 A1 US2021047987 A1 US 2021047987A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/60—Constructional parts of cells
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
- B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
- B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
- C25B11/081—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound the element being a noble metal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
- C25B15/081—Supplying products to non-electrochemical reactors that are combined with the electrochemical cell, e.g. Sabatier reactor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
- C25B15/085—Removing impurities
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- C25B9/10—
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D21/00—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas
- F02D21/06—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas peculiar to engines having other non-fuel gas added to combustion air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0025—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
- F02M25/10—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone
- F02M25/12—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone the apparatus having means for generating such gases
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10209—Fluid connections to the air intake system; their arrangement of pipes, valves or the like
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/024—Fluid pressure of lubricating oil or working fluid
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to hydrogen generation devices and more particularly, to a portable hydrogen supplemental system that can be used with internal combustion and/or diesel engines of all sizes to reduce emissions and increase fuel efficiency.
- Diesel particulate matter is a part of a complex mixture that makes up diesel exhaust. It should be noted, however, that even though gasoline combustion differs from diesel combustion, particulate matter is also created and is a complex mixture that makes up gasoline exhaust.
- Diesel exhaust is composed of two phases either gas or particle and both phases contribute to the risk.
- the gas phase is composed of many of the urban hazardous air pollutants, such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the particle phase also has many different types of particles that can be classified by size or composition.
- the size of diesel particulates that are of greatest health concern are those that are in the categories of fine, and ultrafine particles.
- the composition of these fine and ultrafine particles may be composed of elemental carbon with adsorbed compounds such as organic compounds, sulfate, nitrate, metals and other trace elements.
- Diesel exhaust is emitted from a broad range of diesel engines; the on-road diesel engines of trucks, buses and cars and the off-road diesel engines that include locomotives, marine vessels and heavy-duty equipment.
- the current technology to reduce particulate matter is based on either incorporation of particulate exhaust filters or use of exhaust systems that attempt to burn the particulate matter once it reaches the exhaust.
- the use of exhaust filters may require active monitoring to determine whether the exhaust filters have reached their maximum capacity.
- the exhaust systems that burn the particulate matter are typically complex and expensive systems.
- Hydrogen co-combustion has been proven to be effective to reduce emissions in internal combustion and/or diesel engines.
- HHO gas otherwise known as Brown's gas, which is used as a supplement to gasoline and diesel engines to reduce exhaust emissions.
- HHO gas consists of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen.
- These devices typically include an electrolyzer that decomposes electrolytic water into oxy-hydrogen gas using an electrolyte, such as potassium hydroxide, or baking soda.
- the present invention is based on a finding that an electrolyzer system can be formed using a modular approach, where the electrolyzer system includes one or more cartridges, depending on the hydrogen supplementation needs of the internal combustion and/or diesel engine to which it is connected.
- the invention provides a portable hydrogen supplemental system for supplying hydrogen gas to an internal combustion or diesel engine.
- the system includes a pair of cells, where each cell includes an oxygen substrate comprising an inner surface, an outer surface, and a plurality of through-holes; a first diffusion layer disposed on the inner surface of the oxygen substrate and in fluid communication with the plurality of through-holes; an anode disposed on the first diffusion layer; a membrane comprising a first surface coated with a first catalyst and a second surface, wherein the first surface of the membrane is disposed on the anode; a cathode disposed on the second surface of the membrane; a second diffusion layer disposed on the cathode; a hydrogen substrate comprising an inner surface, an outer surface, and an output port configured to flow gas therethrough, the inner surface being disposed on the second diffusion layer; and a spacer disposed on the outer surface of the oxygen substrate.
- the outer surfaces of the oxygen substrates are sealingly attached to one another, thereby forming a reservoir with the spacer, the reservoir being configured to hold water, supply the water into each cell and vent oxygen out of each cell, wherein the anode of each cell are electrically bonded to one another, and wherein the cathode of each cell are electrically bonded to one another.
- the pair of cells of the system may be mounted in rack configured for mounting the system in a vehicle having an internal combustion engine or a diesel engine.
- the system includes a power supply in electrical communication with the anode and cathode, wherein each cell, when supplied with power from the power supply, produces hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from the water, and wherein the hydrogen gas exits the output port.
- the membrane may be a selectively permeable membrane, such as an ion exchange membrane.
- the second surface of the membrane is coated with a second catalyst, which may be the same or different from the first catalyst.
- the first and second catalysts are independently selected from the group consisting of platinum black and iridium ruthenium oxide.
- each of the first and second diffusion layers may be formed from a non-conductive material, such as a woven polypropylene mesh.
- the first diffusion layer may be configured to apply tensional force to the oxygen substrate and the anode
- the second diffusion layer may be configured to apply tensional force to hydrogen substrate and the cathode.
- each of the anode and cathode may be formed from a woven conductive mesh, such as a stainless-steel mesh.
- the spacer may be formed on the outer surface of the oxygen substrate as a single unit.
- each of cell is configured to flow hydrogen gas to an intake manifold of an internal combustion or diesel engine.
- each cell further includes a frame disposed on the outer surface of each hydrogen substrate, each frame being configured to sealingly attach the pair of cells to one another.
- the system may further include a collector configured to separate water from collected hydrogen gas.
- the collector includes an input port in fluid communication with the output port of each of cell, an output port configured to flow hydrogen gas to an intake manifold of an internal combustion or diesel engine, and a liquid port configured to flow separated water therefrom.
- the collector also includes a boot disposed within a housing, the boot being in fluid communication with the input port and the output port, a chamber separated from the boot and configured to flow water through the liquid port, a valve disposed within the boot, the valve being configured to flow water into the chamber, and a float disposed within the boot and fixedly attached to the valve, wherein the float is configured to open the valve to flow separated water therethrough.
- the system also includes a filter in fluid communication with the liquid port and configured to filter impurities from the separated water.
- a filter in fluid communication with the liquid port and configured to filter impurities from the separated water.
- one or both of the collector and filter are disposed in a tank, the tank comprising an input port and an output port and being configured to supply fluid to the reservoir.
- the system may further include a pump disposed between the output port of the tank and the reservoir, the pump being configured to pump fluid from the tank to the reservoir.
- the system may also include a sensor disposed in the tank and in electrical communication with the pump, the sensor being configured to supply power to the pump when the tank receives a predetermined amount of water.
- the system may also include a sensor disposed in the reservoir and in electrical communication with the pump, the sensor being configured to supply power to the pump when water in the reservoir reaches a predetermined level.
- the system may also include one or more additional pairs of cells, wherein the reservoir of each pair are in fluid communication with one another, the output ports of each hydrogen substrate are in fluid communication with one another, the cathodes of each pair of cells are in electrical communication with one another, and the anodes of each pair of cells are in electrical communication with one another.
- fluid communication between each reservoir is provided via a tube connecting an outer surface of one oxygen substrate of a first pair with the outer surface of another oxygen substrate of another pair.
- the system may further include a controller disposed in the vehicle and in electrical communication with the system.
- the controller controls power directed to the anode and cathode of the system in response to a signal generated from a sensor mounted in the vehicle and may further control power directed to the pump when so provided.
- the sensor may be mounted in the engine of the vehicle and configured to detect vacuum pressure as the engine runs.
- the invention provides a method for supplying hydrogen gas to an internal combustion and/or diesel engine.
- the method includes supplying electrical power to the portable hydrogen supplemental system provided herein, where the output port of the collector is in fluid communication with an intake manifold of the vehicle.
- the method also includes supplying water to the reservoir of the system, supplying electrical power to the cathode and anode of the cells of the system to produce hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, supplying the produced hydrogen gas to the intake manifold of the vehicle and venting the produced oxygen gas to atmosphere, and pumping the collected water back into the reservoir of the system.
- FIG. 1 is a pictorial diagram showing an exemplary embodiment of the system.
- FIG. 2 is a pictorial diagram showing an exemplary embodiment of the system with additional components.
- FIG. 3A is a pictorial diagram showing a perspective view of an exemplary pair of cells used in the system.
- FIG. 3B is a pictorial diagram showing a perspective view of an exemplary pair of cells with spacers.
- FIG. 4A is a pictorial diagram showing a perspective view of an exemplary pair of cells attached to one another and forming a reservoir.
- FIG. 4B is a pictorial diagram showing a perspective view of an exemplary pair of cells attached to one another and forming a reservoir.
- FIG. 5 is a pictorial diagram showing a cross-sectional view of an exemplary cell for use in the system.
- FIG. 6 is a pictorial diagram showing an exploded view showing the components of an exemplary cell of the system.
- FIG. 7 is a pictorial diagram showing a cross-sectional view of an exemplary collector of the system.
- FIG. 8 is a pictorial diagram showing a partial cross-sectional view of a vehicle having an engine and the system mounted thereto.
- the present invention is based on a finding that an electrolyzer can be formed using a modular approach, where the electrolyzer includes one or more pairs of cells, depending on the hydrogen supplementation needs of the internal combustion and/or diesel engine to which it is connected, to produce hydrogen gas from water.
- references to “a cell” or “the cell” includes one or more cells of the type described herein which will become apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and so forth.
- compositions and methods corresponding to the scope of each of these phrases.
- a composition or method comprising recited elements or steps contemplates particular embodiments in which the composition or method consists essentially of or consists of those elements or steps.
- the present invention provides a portable hydrogen supplementation system 1 for supplying hydrogen gas to an internal combustion or diesel engine, which may be securely mounted in a vehicle 200 or in close proximity to an internal combustion or diesel engine of a power generation device, such as a standalone diesel power generator.
- the hydrogen gas can be directed to the air intake of the engine 220 to improve the combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber of the engine 220 .
- the hydrogen can be directed to the air intake (i.e., intake manifold) 230 at specific rates and under a specific gaseous pressure value, depending on the demands of the engine 220 of the vehicle 200 .
- the system 1 can utilize a vacuum switch 215 or other engine sensor to regulates the power supplied to the system 1 and, therefore, control hydrogen gas production only when the engine 220 is running and/or is running at a speed when pollutants are increased (i.e., at idle).
- the system 1 includes at least one pair of cells 10 that, together, form a reservoir 105 adjacent to and in fluid communication with a pair of electrolyzers 3 such that the reservoir 105 supplies water 7 to the pair of cells 10 by gravity (see, FIGS. 4A and 4B ).
- the system 1 may include more than one pair of cells 10 , depending on the size of the engine to which the system is attached. For example, a small internal combustion engine may only require a system 1 having a single pair of cells 10 , whereas a large diesel engine may require two pairs of cells 10 (as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 ) or more to supply a sufficient amount of hydrogen gas thereto.
- each reservoir 105 of each pair of cells 10 may be interconnected so as to provide fluid communication therebetween.
- the system may further include a tube or pipe 195 disposed on the outer surface of a portion of each pair of cells 10 and configured to flow water between each reservoir 105 of each pair of cells 10 .
- the water supplied to the system 1 is nonelectrolyte water.
- the system 1 further includes an anode 12 and cathode 14 at the electrolyzer 3 that are provided in electrical communication with a power supply 100 .
- This power supply 110 can be the vehicle's electrical system (i.e., the vehicle's alternator and/or the vehicle's battery), a stand-alone battery, a solar cell, or any combination thereof.
- the electrolyzer 3 forms protons, electrons and gaseous oxygen under the influence of the generated electrical field.
- the gaseous oxygen leaves the electrolyzer 3 in the form of bubbles through the reservoir 105 while the protons move through the electrolyzer 3 under the influence of the applied electric field and electrons move through a circuit created therein.
- the protons and electrons combine at the negatively charged electrode (i.e., cathode 70 ), to form pure gaseous hydrogen, which exits via output port 95 .
- the output ports 95 of each cell 5 of the pair of cells 10 may then be combined into a single hydrogen supply pipe 115 , which may be configured to deliver the gaseous hydrogen to the engine of the vehicle.
- each pair of cells 10 is formed by sealingly attaching an oxygen substrate 15 of one cell 5 from the pair of cells 10 to the oxygen substrate 15 of the other cell 5 .
- each pair of cells 10 may be understood to include a single reservoir 105 that feeds water into a pair of electrolyzers 3 , where each electrolyzer is formed within each cell.
- each cell 5 includes an oxygen substrate 15 having an inner surface 20 , an outer surface 25 and a plurality of through-holes 30 disposed therethrough.
- the through-holes 30 are configured to permit water to flow from the reservoir 105 into the electrolyzer 3 of each cell.
- the oxygen substrate 15 may be formed from any rigid non-conductive material, such as plastic, glass or a metal coated with a non-conductive layer, such as a plastic layer.
- the oxygen substrate 15 is formed from polycarbonate.
- a first diffusion layer 35 is disposed on the inner surface 20 of the oxygen substrate 15 and in fluid communication with the plurality of through-holes 30 .
- the first diffusion layer 35 may be sized and shaped to cover the plurality of through-holes 30 and may extend toward outer edges of the oxygen substrate 15 .
- the first diffusion layer 35 may be formed from a non-conductive material, such as a woven or non-woven material provided that the first diffusion layer 35 is configured to capture and hold water droplets (e.g., via surface tension) while also providing tensional force between the oxygen substrate 15 and the next layer of the cell 5 to maximize surface contact area amongst the layers of the cell 5 (see FIG. 6 ).
- the first diffusion layer 35 may be formed from woven polypropylene.
- the anode 40 may be sized and shaped to substantially cover the first diffusion layer 35 and may include an anode extension 42 that extends beyond the outer surface 25 of the oxygen substrate 15 .
- the anode 40 may be formed from a conductive material, such as a metal wire mesh.
- the anode 40 is formed from a stainless-steel wire mesh.
- a membrane 45 Disposed on the anode 40 is a membrane 45 having a first surface 47 and a second surface 49 , where the first surface 47 is provided in contact with the anode.
- the membrane 45 is typically a selectively permeable membrane, such as an ion exchange membrane.
- the membrane 45 may be a fluoropolymer membrane which contains sulfonic acid groups (SO 3 H).
- SO 3 H sulfonic acid groups
- the sulfonic groups easily release their hydrogen as positively-charged atoms or protons by the following equation: SO 3 H ⁇ SO 3 ⁇ +H + .
- These ionic or charged forms allow water to penetrate into the membrane structure but not the product gases, namely molecular hydrogen H 2 and oxygen O 2 .
- the resulting hydrated proton, H 3 O + is free to move whereas the sulphonate ion SO 3 ⁇ remains fixed to the polymer sidechain of the membrane 45 .
- the hydrated protons are attracted to the negatively charged electrode (i.e., cathode 70 , described below). Since a moving charge is identical with electric current, the membrane 45 acts as a conductor of electricity. As such, the membrane 45 serves to separate reactants and transport protons within the cell 5 .
- the first surface 47 of the membrane 45 may be treated or coated with a first catalyst 55 , such that the first catalyst is disposed between the anode 40 and the first surface 47 of the membrane 45 .
- the first catalyst 55 may be applied to the first surface 47 of the membrane 45 by any methods known in the art for surface modification. For example, a slurry may be formed from the first catalyst 55 , and the resulting slurry may be painted, sprayed, or grafted on to the first surface 47 of the membrane.
- the second surface 49 of the membrane 45 may be treated with a second catalyst 65 such that the second catalyst 65 is disposed between the membrane 45 and the next layer of the cell 5 .
- the second catalyst 65 may be applied to the second surface 49 of the membrane 45 by any methods known in the art for surface modification. It should be understood that while the Figures show incorporation of both the first catalyst 55 and the second catalyst 65 , the cell 5 may be formed using only the first catalyst 55 or only the second catalyst 65 . Exemplary materials that may be used for the first catalyst 55 and second catalyst 65 include, but are not limited to, platinum black and iridium ruthenium oxide. While the Figures exemplify use of different materials for each of the first catalyst 55 and the second catalyst 65 , it should be understood that the first catalyst 55 and the second catalyst 65 may be formed from the same material.
- a cathode 70 Disposed on the second surface of the membrane 45 is a cathode 70 .
- the cathode 70 may be sized and shaped to substantially cover the membrane 45 and may include a cathode extension 72 that extends beyond the outer surface 25 of the oxygen substrate 15 .
- the cathode 70 may be formed from a conductive material, such as a metal wire mesh.
- the cathode 70 is formed from a stainless-steel wire mesh.
- a second diffusion layer 75 is disposed on the cathode 70 .
- the second diffusion layer 75 may be sized and shaped to cover or substantially cover the cathode 70 and may extend toward outer edges of the oxygen substrate 15 .
- the second diffusion layer 75 may be formed from a non-conductive material, such as a woven or non-woven material, and optionally, may likewise be configured to capture and hold water droplets (e.g., via surface tension) while also providing tensional force between the cathode 70 and the next layer of the cell 5 to further increase surface contact area amongst the layers of the cell 5 (see FIG. 6 ).
- the second diffusion layer 75 may be formed from woven polypropylene.
- a hydrogen substrate 80 Disposed on the second diffusion layer 75 is a hydrogen substrate 80 having an inner surface 85 , an outer surface 90 , and an output port 95 , where the output port 95 is a through-hole disposed therethrough.
- the output port 95 is configured to flow gaseous hydrogen out of the cell 5 created by the voltage applied to the anode 40 and cathode 70 .
- the inner surface 85 of the hydrogen substrate 80 is disposed in contact with the second diffusion layer 75 .
- the second diffusion layer 75 may be configured to provide additional tensional force between the cathode 70 and the hydrogen substrate 80 of the cell 5 to further increase surface contact area amongst the layers of the cell 5 (see FIG. 6 ).
- the hydrogen substrate 80 may be formed from any rigid non-conductive material, such as plastic, glass or a metal coated with a non-conductive layer, such as a plastic layer.
- the hydrogen substrate 80 is formed from polycarbonate.
- the inner surface 20 of the oxygen substrate 15 and the inner surface 85 of the hydrogen substrate 80 may be sealingly attached to one another with the above-discussed layers being sandwiched therebetween (see FIG. 6 ).
- Any known method for attaching the materials from which the oxygen substrate 15 and the hydrogen substrate 80 to one another may be used herein, provided that the resulting attachment is water-tight to prevent unintended leakage out of the cell 5 .
- the oxygen substrate 15 and the hydrogen substrate 80 may be bonded to one another using an epoxide glue (i.e., epoxy) or other known adhesives, by fusing the materials to one another (for example, using directed heat or lasers), or by using a bonding film or adhesive tape disposed around a periphery of each substrate to form a water-tight seal.
- a bonding film or adhesive tape 92 (such as 3M VHB 4905 and/or VHB 4910) is applied to the periphery of the inner surface 85 of the hydrogen substrate 80 . It should be understood that multiple layers of the bonding film or adhesive tape 92 may be used to account for the thickness created by the above-discussed layers of the cell 5 .
- the resulting individual cells 5 may thereafter, be mated to one another with the plurality of through-holes 30 of the oxygen substrate 15 of one cell 5 facing the plurality of through-holes 30 of the oxygen substrate 15 of another cell 5 , thereby forming a pair of cells 10 .
- the pair of cells 10 may further include one or more spacers 100 disposed on the outer surface 25 of one or both oxygen substrates 15 of the pair of cells 10 .
- the spacer 100 may be formed from any rigid non-conductive material, such as glass, plastic or a metal coated with a plastic layer.
- the spacer 100 is formed from the same material as that of the oxygen substrate 15 , and may further be integrated into the outer surface 25 of the oxygen substrate 15 such that the spacer 100 and the oxygen substrate 15 are formed as a single unit.
- the number of spacers 100 formed on one cell 5 may be different from the number of spacers 100 formed on the outer surface 25 of the oxygen substrate 15 of another cell 5 of the pair of cells 10 .
- the outer surface 25 of the oxygen substrate 15 of one cell 5 may be formed with two spacers 100 and the outer surface 25 of the oxygen substrate 15 of another cell 5 may be formed with one spacer.
- the outer surface 25 of the oxygen substrate 15 of one cell may be formed with a single spacer 100
- the outer surface 25 of the oxygen substrate 15 of another cell may be formed without a spacer 100 .
- the spacer 100 displaces (i.e., bows) at least a portion of the both oxygen substrates 15 to form a reservoir 105 therebetween and also serves to enhance the surface contact area of the anode 40 and cathode 70 to the membrane 45 .
- the number of spacers 100 required to create the reservoir and enhance surface contact may range from one to three or more.
- the oxygen substrates 15 of each cell may be sealingly attached to one another using any known method for attaching the materials from which the oxygen substrates 15 are formed, provided that the resulting attachment is water-tight to prevent unintended leakage out of the pair of cells 10 .
- the spacer 100 may be inserted between the respective oxygen substrates 15 of each cell 5 prior to, during, or after the sealing attachment of one cell 5 to the other.
- the pair of cells 10 may further include a frame 110 disposed around a periphery of the outer surface 90 of the hydrogen substrates 80 of each cell 5 .
- the frame 110 may be configured to apply additional compressive force toward each oxygen substrate 15 to ensure water-tight attachment of one cell 5 to the other.
- the frame 110 may be formed as a pair of single units that are each disposed around the periphery of the outer surface 90 of the hydrogen substrates 80 or each frame 110 may be formed from multiple units (as shown) disposed around the periphery of the outer surface 90 of the hydrogen substrates 80 .
- the frame may further include a plurality of fasteners 112 configured to sealingly traverse through the hydrogen substrate 80 and oxygen substrate 15 of each cell 5 .
- the anode extension 42 of each cell 5 may be electrically bonded to one another, thereby forming a single anode/electrode 12 for the pair of cells 10 .
- the anode extension 42 of a first cell 5 may be folded in the direction of the hydrogen substrate 80 of the second cell 5 of the pair, while the anode extension 42 of the second cell 5 is folded toward the hydrogen substrate 80 of the first cell 5 , and both anode extensions 42 may be bonded to one another.
- the resulting single anode 12 of the pair of cells 10 will therefore be located on a side surface 18 of the pair of cells 10 .
- the cathode extension 72 of each cell 5 may be electrically bonded to one another, thereby forming a single cathode/electrode 14 for the pair of cells 10 .
- the cathode extension 72 of a first cell 5 may be folded in the direction of the hydrogen substrate 80 of the second cell 5 of the pair, while the cathode extension 72 of the second cell 5 is folded toward the hydrogen substrate 80 of the first cell 5 , and both cathode extensions 72 may be bonded to one another.
- the resulting single cathode 14 of the pair of cells 10 will therefore be located on a side surface 24 of the pair of cells 10 .
- each of the side surfaces ( 18 and 24 ) of the pair of cells 10 are opposite one another. Any method for electrically bonding two metallic materials may be used to bond the anode and cathode extensions ( 42 , 72 ), respectively.
- the respective extensions ( 42 , 72 ) may be bonded using welding, soldering, or by means of conductive adhesives, provided that there is electrical communication between each pair of the respective extensions ( 42 , 72 ).
- the system 1 may further include a collector 120 disposed in fluid communication with the hydrogen supply pipe 115 of the system 1 , and configured to separate water from collected hydrogen gas before the hydrogen gas is supplied to the intake manifold 230 of the engine 220 , as shown in FIG. 2 .
- the collector 120 may be further configured to store hydrogen gas within its housing 122 prior to flowing the hydrogen gas to the engine of the vehicle.
- the collector 120 includes a housing 122 , an input port 130 , an output port 135 and a liquid port 145 .
- the input port 130 is provided in fluid communication with the output port 95 of each of cell 5 , for example, via the hydrogen supply pipe 115 .
- the output port 135 is provided in fluid communication with the intake manifold of the engine and is configured to flow dry or substantially dry hydrogen gas to the intake manifold of the engine.
- the liquid port 145 is disposed within the housing 122 and is configured to flow separated water 147 out of the collector 120 .
- the liquid port 145 is provided in fluid communication with the reservoir 105 of the system to recycle separated water back into the system to generate additional hydrogen gas.
- the collector 120 may further include a boot 140 disposed within a housing 122 , where the boot 140 is provided in fluid communication with the input port 130 and the output port 135 thereof. As such, separated water 147 flows to the bottom of the boot 140 by gravity and is collected therein until a predetermined amount of separated water 147 is collected.
- Disposed within the boot 140 may be a valve 150 configured to flow water into a chamber 152 that is separated from the boot and configured to flow separated water 147 through the liquid port 145 .
- valve 150 Fixedly attached to the valve 150 may be a float 155 , the float being configured to open the valve when the level of separated water 147 reaches a predetermined height relative to the bottom of the boot 140 . When the valve 150 opens, the separated water 147 may flow through the liquid port 145 .
- the system 1 may further include a filter 165 provided in fluid communication with the liquid port 145 of the collector 120 .
- the filter 165 may be incorporated into the system 1 to filter any impurities in the separated water 147 prior to recycling the water back into the reservoir 105 of the system 1 .
- the collector 120 and filter 165 may be provided in a tank 170 that is fixedly mounted in the vehicle.
- the tank 170 may have an input port 172 and an output port 180 , where the tank 170 configured to receive and store water to be supplied to the reservoir 105 of the system 1 .
- the filter 165 may supply the separated water received from the collector 120 directly to the supply of water to be provided to the reservoir 105 .
- the system may also include a pump 185 disposed between the output port 180 of the tank 170 and the reservoir 105 of the system 1 .
- the pump 185 is disposed in fluid communication between the tank 170 and the reservoir 105 via tubing 182 .
- the pump may be provided in electrical communication with the power supply 100 of the system 1 , and may be configured to pump water from the tank to the reservoir 105 when: (i) the tank receives a predetermined amount of water; (ii) when the amount of water in the reservoir reaches a predetermined level (and therefore, the system requires additional water); or (iii) the demand for hydrogen by the engine of vehicle is such that the water within the reservoir 105 is continuously diminishing as a result of use of the system.
- the system 1 may further include a sensor 300 disposed in the tank and in electrical communication with the pump, the sensor 300 being configured to supply power to the pump 185 when the tank 170 receives a predetermined amount of water.
- the system 1 may further include a sensor 310 disposed in the reservoir 105 and in electrical communication with the pump 185 , the sensor 310 being configured to supply power to the pump 185 when water in the reservoir 105 reaches a predetermined level.
- the system 1 may include one or more of the above-discussed sensors, which may be configured to supply power to the pump 185 in tandem or independently.
- the system 1 may be fixedly mounted in close proximity to an engine 220 of a vehicle 200 .
- the system 1 may include a rack or bracket 205 that is configured to securely hold the system in-place while being free from potential damage by moving parts of the engine 220 or vehicle 200 .
- the pair of cells 10 of the system 1 may be mounted so as to allow easy servicing of the various components of the system 1 .
- the pair of cells 10 can be mounted to provide easy access to the reservoirs 105 of the pair of cells 10 to facilitate addition of water in configurations where a separate tank 170 is not utilized.
- the system may further include a controller 210 incorporated into, or disposed within the vehicle 200 , where the controller 210 is in electrical communication with the power supply 100 .
- the pump 185 if utilized
- all sensors 300 , 310 , vacuum switch 215 and/or other engine sensors
- the controller 210 is configured to supply power to the anode 12 and cathode 14 of the system 1 and/or to the pump 185 in response to signals received from the one or more sensors.
- the portable hydrogen supplemental system 1 operates optimally in a gasoline or diesel powered engine when the load on the engine 220 does not exceed a predetermined level and the amount of hydrogen produced by the system 1 and supplied to the engine 220 falls within a preset range. In operation, and depending upon the operation characteristics of the engine, as the load on the engine 220 increases, the demand for hydrogen can either increase or decrease. Power is thereafter supplied to the system 1 to produce an electrical field within the eletrolyzer 3 of each cell 5 , thereby producing hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from the supplied water. As discussed above, the produced hydrogen gas is directed to the intake manifold 230 of the engine 220 , while the produced oxygen is vented to atmosphere.
Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of US Ser. No. 62/782,202, filed Dec. 19, 2018, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- The present invention relates generally to hydrogen generation devices and more particularly, to a portable hydrogen supplemental system that can be used with internal combustion and/or diesel engines of all sizes to reduce emissions and increase fuel efficiency.
- Exhaust emissions are becoming an issue due to environmental concerns. Internal combustion engines are inherently inefficient. In an internal combustion engine, 100% of the fuel that goes into the combustion chamber is not burned during the combustion process for neither gasoline nor diesel engines. The exhaust for all internal combustion engines includes carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. For gasoline engines, a catalytic converter is used to convert some of the toxic by-products of the combustion to less toxic substances by way of catalyzed chemical reactions. The combustion process in diesel engines is different from that of gasoline engines. While gasoline engines use a spark plug to initiate combustion of gasoline, diesel engines rely upon compression to initiate combustion of the diesel fuel. Because of the difference in the combustion process of diesel engines, the exhaust from diesel engines also contains a mixture of gases and very small particles that can create a health hazard when not properly controlled. Diesel particulate matter is a part of a complex mixture that makes up diesel exhaust. It should be noted, however, that even though gasoline combustion differs from diesel combustion, particulate matter is also created and is a complex mixture that makes up gasoline exhaust.
- Diesel exhaust is composed of two phases either gas or particle and both phases contribute to the risk. The gas phase is composed of many of the urban hazardous air pollutants, such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The particle phase also has many different types of particles that can be classified by size or composition. The size of diesel particulates that are of greatest health concern are those that are in the categories of fine, and ultrafine particles. The composition of these fine and ultrafine particles may be composed of elemental carbon with adsorbed compounds such as organic compounds, sulfate, nitrate, metals and other trace elements. Diesel exhaust is emitted from a broad range of diesel engines; the on-road diesel engines of trucks, buses and cars and the off-road diesel engines that include locomotives, marine vessels and heavy-duty equipment.
- The current technology to reduce particulate matter is based on either incorporation of particulate exhaust filters or use of exhaust systems that attempt to burn the particulate matter once it reaches the exhaust. The use of exhaust filters may require active monitoring to determine whether the exhaust filters have reached their maximum capacity. Further, the exhaust systems that burn the particulate matter are typically complex and expensive systems.
- Hydrogen co-combustion has been proven to be effective to reduce emissions in internal combustion and/or diesel engines. There are a number of devices on the market that create HHO gas, otherwise known as Brown's gas, which is used as a supplement to gasoline and diesel engines to reduce exhaust emissions. HHO gas consists of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen. These devices typically include an electrolyzer that decomposes electrolytic water into oxy-hydrogen gas using an electrolyte, such as potassium hydroxide, or baking soda.
- However, there has never been a system that can be used for all internal combustion and/or diesel engines no matter what the engine size. The amount of hydrogen required to reduce emissions and improve efficiency varies with the size of the engine. For example, the hydrogen required to reduce the emissions in a 1.6 liter engine of a small diesel vehicle would differ significantly from the hydrogen required for a 6.5 liter diesel engine of a school bus or Military Humvee, or a 50-100 liter engine that may be used for generators, ships, helicopters, etc. Therefore, a need exists for a portable hydrogen supplemental system that can be used with internal combustion and/or diesel engines of all sizes for reduced emissions and increased fuel efficiency.
- The present invention is based on a finding that an electrolyzer system can be formed using a modular approach, where the electrolyzer system includes one or more cartridges, depending on the hydrogen supplementation needs of the internal combustion and/or diesel engine to which it is connected.
- Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention provides a portable hydrogen supplemental system for supplying hydrogen gas to an internal combustion or diesel engine. The system includes a pair of cells, where each cell includes an oxygen substrate comprising an inner surface, an outer surface, and a plurality of through-holes; a first diffusion layer disposed on the inner surface of the oxygen substrate and in fluid communication with the plurality of through-holes; an anode disposed on the first diffusion layer; a membrane comprising a first surface coated with a first catalyst and a second surface, wherein the first surface of the membrane is disposed on the anode; a cathode disposed on the second surface of the membrane; a second diffusion layer disposed on the cathode; a hydrogen substrate comprising an inner surface, an outer surface, and an output port configured to flow gas therethrough, the inner surface being disposed on the second diffusion layer; and a spacer disposed on the outer surface of the oxygen substrate. In various embodiments, the outer surfaces of the oxygen substrates are sealingly attached to one another, thereby forming a reservoir with the spacer, the reservoir being configured to hold water, supply the water into each cell and vent oxygen out of each cell, wherein the anode of each cell are electrically bonded to one another, and wherein the cathode of each cell are electrically bonded to one another. In various embodiments, the pair of cells of the system may be mounted in rack configured for mounting the system in a vehicle having an internal combustion engine or a diesel engine.
- In various embodiments, the system includes a power supply in electrical communication with the anode and cathode, wherein each cell, when supplied with power from the power supply, produces hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from the water, and wherein the hydrogen gas exits the output port. In various embodiments, the membrane may be a selectively permeable membrane, such as an ion exchange membrane. In various embodiments, the second surface of the membrane is coated with a second catalyst, which may be the same or different from the first catalyst. In various embodiments, the first and second catalysts are independently selected from the group consisting of platinum black and iridium ruthenium oxide.
- In various embodiments, each of the first and second diffusion layers may be formed from a non-conductive material, such as a woven polypropylene mesh. In various embodiments, the first diffusion layer may be configured to apply tensional force to the oxygen substrate and the anode, and the second diffusion layer may be configured to apply tensional force to hydrogen substrate and the cathode. In various embodiments, each of the anode and cathode may be formed from a woven conductive mesh, such as a stainless-steel mesh. In various embodiments, the spacer may be formed on the outer surface of the oxygen substrate as a single unit.
- In various embodiments, the output port of each of cell is configured to flow hydrogen gas to an intake manifold of an internal combustion or diesel engine. In various embodiments, each cell further includes a frame disposed on the outer surface of each hydrogen substrate, each frame being configured to sealingly attach the pair of cells to one another.
- The system may further include a collector configured to separate water from collected hydrogen gas. In various embodiments, the collector includes an input port in fluid communication with the output port of each of cell, an output port configured to flow hydrogen gas to an intake manifold of an internal combustion or diesel engine, and a liquid port configured to flow separated water therefrom. In various embodiments, the collector also includes a boot disposed within a housing, the boot being in fluid communication with the input port and the output port, a chamber separated from the boot and configured to flow water through the liquid port, a valve disposed within the boot, the valve being configured to flow water into the chamber, and a float disposed within the boot and fixedly attached to the valve, wherein the float is configured to open the valve to flow separated water therethrough. In various embodiments, the system also includes a filter in fluid communication with the liquid port and configured to filter impurities from the separated water. In various embodiments, one or both of the collector and filter are disposed in a tank, the tank comprising an input port and an output port and being configured to supply fluid to the reservoir.
- The system may further include a pump disposed between the output port of the tank and the reservoir, the pump being configured to pump fluid from the tank to the reservoir. In various embodiments, the system may also include a sensor disposed in the tank and in electrical communication with the pump, the sensor being configured to supply power to the pump when the tank receives a predetermined amount of water. In various embodiments, the system may also include a sensor disposed in the reservoir and in electrical communication with the pump, the sensor being configured to supply power to the pump when water in the reservoir reaches a predetermined level.
- The system may also include one or more additional pairs of cells, wherein the reservoir of each pair are in fluid communication with one another, the output ports of each hydrogen substrate are in fluid communication with one another, the cathodes of each pair of cells are in electrical communication with one another, and the anodes of each pair of cells are in electrical communication with one another. In various embodiments, fluid communication between each reservoir is provided via a tube connecting an outer surface of one oxygen substrate of a first pair with the outer surface of another oxygen substrate of another pair.
- The system may further include a controller disposed in the vehicle and in electrical communication with the system. In various embodiments, the controller controls power directed to the anode and cathode of the system in response to a signal generated from a sensor mounted in the vehicle and may further control power directed to the pump when so provided. In various embodiments, the sensor may be mounted in the engine of the vehicle and configured to detect vacuum pressure as the engine runs.
- In another aspect, the invention provides a method for supplying hydrogen gas to an internal combustion and/or diesel engine. The method includes supplying electrical power to the portable hydrogen supplemental system provided herein, where the output port of the collector is in fluid communication with an intake manifold of the vehicle. In various embodiments, the method also includes supplying water to the reservoir of the system, supplying electrical power to the cathode and anode of the cells of the system to produce hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, supplying the produced hydrogen gas to the intake manifold of the vehicle and venting the produced oxygen gas to atmosphere, and pumping the collected water back into the reservoir of the system.
-
FIG. 1 is a pictorial diagram showing an exemplary embodiment of the system. -
FIG. 2 is a pictorial diagram showing an exemplary embodiment of the system with additional components. -
FIG. 3A is a pictorial diagram showing a perspective view of an exemplary pair of cells used in the system. -
FIG. 3B is a pictorial diagram showing a perspective view of an exemplary pair of cells with spacers. -
FIG. 4A is a pictorial diagram showing a perspective view of an exemplary pair of cells attached to one another and forming a reservoir. -
FIG. 4B is a pictorial diagram showing a perspective view of an exemplary pair of cells attached to one another and forming a reservoir. -
FIG. 5 is a pictorial diagram showing a cross-sectional view of an exemplary cell for use in the system. -
FIG. 6 is a pictorial diagram showing an exploded view showing the components of an exemplary cell of the system. -
FIG. 7 is a pictorial diagram showing a cross-sectional view of an exemplary collector of the system. -
FIG. 8 is a pictorial diagram showing a partial cross-sectional view of a vehicle having an engine and the system mounted thereto. - The present invention is based on a finding that an electrolyzer can be formed using a modular approach, where the electrolyzer includes one or more pairs of cells, depending on the hydrogen supplementation needs of the internal combustion and/or diesel engine to which it is connected, to produce hydrogen gas from water.
- Before the present compositions and methods are described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular configurations, methods, and experimental conditions described, as such configurations, methods, and conditions may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for purposes of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only in the appended claims.
- Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described.
- As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, references to “a cell” or “the cell” includes one or more cells of the type described herein which will become apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and so forth.
- The term “comprising,” which is used interchangeably with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” is inclusive or open-ended language and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. The phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim. The phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The present disclosure contemplates embodiments of the invention compositions and methods corresponding to the scope of each of these phrases. Thus, a composition or method comprising recited elements or steps contemplates particular embodiments in which the composition or method consists essentially of or consists of those elements or steps.
- As used herein, “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as “includes,” and “included,” is not limiting.
- Referring now to
FIGS. 1, 2 and 8 , the present invention provides a portablehydrogen supplementation system 1 for supplying hydrogen gas to an internal combustion or diesel engine, which may be securely mounted in avehicle 200 or in close proximity to an internal combustion or diesel engine of a power generation device, such as a standalone diesel power generator. The hydrogen gas can be directed to the air intake of theengine 220 to improve the combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber of theengine 220. In various embodiments, the hydrogen can be directed to the air intake (i.e., intake manifold) 230 at specific rates and under a specific gaseous pressure value, depending on the demands of theengine 220 of thevehicle 200. As such, thesystem 1 can utilize avacuum switch 215 or other engine sensor to regulates the power supplied to thesystem 1 and, therefore, control hydrogen gas production only when theengine 220 is running and/or is running at a speed when pollutants are increased (i.e., at idle). - The
system 1 includes at least one pair ofcells 10 that, together, form areservoir 105 adjacent to and in fluid communication with a pair ofelectrolyzers 3 such that thereservoir 105 supplieswater 7 to the pair ofcells 10 by gravity (see,FIGS. 4A and 4B ). In various embodiments, thesystem 1 may include more than one pair ofcells 10, depending on the size of the engine to which the system is attached. For example, a small internal combustion engine may only require asystem 1 having a single pair ofcells 10, whereas a large diesel engine may require two pairs of cells 10 (as shown inFIGS. 1 and 2 ) or more to supply a sufficient amount of hydrogen gas thereto. In embodiments where more than one pair ofcells 10 is utilized, eachreservoir 105 of each pair ofcells 10 may be interconnected so as to provide fluid communication therebetween. In various embodiments the system may further include a tube orpipe 195 disposed on the outer surface of a portion of each pair ofcells 10 and configured to flow water between eachreservoir 105 of each pair ofcells 10. In various embodiments, the water supplied to thesystem 1 is nonelectrolyte water. - The
system 1 further includes ananode 12 andcathode 14 at theelectrolyzer 3 that are provided in electrical communication with apower supply 100. Thispower supply 110 can be the vehicle's electrical system (i.e., the vehicle's alternator and/or the vehicle's battery), a stand-alone battery, a solar cell, or any combination thereof. As such, when power is supplied in the form of voltage to theanode 12 andcathode 14 of thesystem 1, and water is provided in thereservoir 105, theelectrolyzer 3 forms protons, electrons and gaseous oxygen under the influence of the generated electrical field. The gaseous oxygen leaves theelectrolyzer 3 in the form of bubbles through thereservoir 105 while the protons move through theelectrolyzer 3 under the influence of the applied electric field and electrons move through a circuit created therein. The protons and electrons combine at the negatively charged electrode (i.e., cathode 70), to form pure gaseous hydrogen, which exits viaoutput port 95. Theoutput ports 95 of eachcell 5 of the pair ofcells 10 may then be combined into a singlehydrogen supply pipe 115, which may be configured to deliver the gaseous hydrogen to the engine of the vehicle. - With reference now to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A, and 4B , the pair ofcells 10 is formed by sealingly attaching anoxygen substrate 15 of onecell 5 from the pair ofcells 10 to theoxygen substrate 15 of theother cell 5. Thus, each pair ofcells 10 may be understood to include asingle reservoir 105 that feeds water into a pair ofelectrolyzers 3, where each electrolyzer is formed within each cell. - Referring now to
FIGS. 5 and 6 , eachcell 5 includes anoxygen substrate 15 having aninner surface 20, anouter surface 25 and a plurality of through-holes 30 disposed therethrough. The through-holes 30 are configured to permit water to flow from thereservoir 105 into theelectrolyzer 3 of each cell. Theoxygen substrate 15 may be formed from any rigid non-conductive material, such as plastic, glass or a metal coated with a non-conductive layer, such as a plastic layer. In various embodiments, theoxygen substrate 15 is formed from polycarbonate. - A
first diffusion layer 35 is disposed on theinner surface 20 of theoxygen substrate 15 and in fluid communication with the plurality of through-holes 30. Thefirst diffusion layer 35 may be sized and shaped to cover the plurality of through-holes 30 and may extend toward outer edges of theoxygen substrate 15. In various embodiments, thefirst diffusion layer 35 may be formed from a non-conductive material, such as a woven or non-woven material provided that thefirst diffusion layer 35 is configured to capture and hold water droplets (e.g., via surface tension) while also providing tensional force between theoxygen substrate 15 and the next layer of thecell 5 to maximize surface contact area amongst the layers of the cell 5 (seeFIG. 6 ). In various embodiments, thefirst diffusion layer 35 may be formed from woven polypropylene. - Disposed on the
first diffusion layer 35 is ananode 40. Theanode 40 may be sized and shaped to substantially cover thefirst diffusion layer 35 and may include ananode extension 42 that extends beyond theouter surface 25 of theoxygen substrate 15. In various embodiments, theanode 40 may be formed from a conductive material, such as a metal wire mesh. In various embodiments theanode 40 is formed from a stainless-steel wire mesh. Thus, when thecell 5 is completely assembled, thefirst diffusion layer 35 is configured to apply tensional force to theoxygen substrate 15 and theanode 40 to maximize surface contact area between theanode 40 and the next layer of thecell 5. - Disposed on the
anode 40 is amembrane 45 having afirst surface 47 and asecond surface 49, where thefirst surface 47 is provided in contact with the anode. Themembrane 45 is typically a selectively permeable membrane, such as an ion exchange membrane. In various embodiments, themembrane 45 may be a fluoropolymer membrane which contains sulfonic acid groups (SO3H). Such membranes are commercially available under the tradename of NAFION® by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del. Such membranes allow for the rapid transfer of ions while being substantially impermeable to gases such as oxygen and hydrogen. Without being bound by theory, the sulfonic groups easily release their hydrogen as positively-charged atoms or protons by the following equation: SO3H→SO3 −+H+. These ionic or charged forms allow water to penetrate into the membrane structure but not the product gases, namely molecular hydrogen H2 and oxygen O2. The resulting hydrated proton, H3O+, is free to move whereas the sulphonate ion SO3 − remains fixed to the polymer sidechain of themembrane 45. Thus, when an electric field is applied across themembrane 45, the hydrated protons are attracted to the negatively charged electrode (i.e.,cathode 70, described below). Since a moving charge is identical with electric current, themembrane 45 acts as a conductor of electricity. As such, themembrane 45 serves to separate reactants and transport protons within thecell 5. - In various embodiments, the
first surface 47 of themembrane 45 may be treated or coated with afirst catalyst 55, such that the first catalyst is disposed between theanode 40 and thefirst surface 47 of themembrane 45. Thefirst catalyst 55 may be applied to thefirst surface 47 of themembrane 45 by any methods known in the art for surface modification. For example, a slurry may be formed from thefirst catalyst 55, and the resulting slurry may be painted, sprayed, or grafted on to thefirst surface 47 of the membrane. Likewise, thesecond surface 49 of themembrane 45 may be treated with asecond catalyst 65 such that thesecond catalyst 65 is disposed between themembrane 45 and the next layer of thecell 5. As with thefirst catalyst 55, thesecond catalyst 65 may be applied to thesecond surface 49 of themembrane 45 by any methods known in the art for surface modification. It should be understood that while the Figures show incorporation of both thefirst catalyst 55 and thesecond catalyst 65, thecell 5 may be formed using only thefirst catalyst 55 or only thesecond catalyst 65. Exemplary materials that may be used for thefirst catalyst 55 andsecond catalyst 65 include, but are not limited to, platinum black and iridium ruthenium oxide. While the Figures exemplify use of different materials for each of thefirst catalyst 55 and thesecond catalyst 65, it should be understood that thefirst catalyst 55 and thesecond catalyst 65 may be formed from the same material. - Disposed on the second surface of the
membrane 45 is acathode 70. However, in embodiments that incorporate asecond catalyst 65 disposed on thesecond surface 49 of themembrane 45, it may be understood that thesecond catalyst 65 is provided between thesecond surface 49 of themembrane 45 and thecathode 70. As with theanode 40, thecathode 70 may be sized and shaped to substantially cover themembrane 45 and may include acathode extension 72 that extends beyond theouter surface 25 of theoxygen substrate 15. In various embodiments, thecathode 70 may be formed from a conductive material, such as a metal wire mesh. In various embodiments thecathode 70 is formed from a stainless-steel wire mesh. - A
second diffusion layer 75 is disposed on thecathode 70. As with thefirst diffusion layer 35, thesecond diffusion layer 75 may be sized and shaped to cover or substantially cover thecathode 70 and may extend toward outer edges of theoxygen substrate 15. In various embodiments, thesecond diffusion layer 75 may be formed from a non-conductive material, such as a woven or non-woven material, and optionally, may likewise be configured to capture and hold water droplets (e.g., via surface tension) while also providing tensional force between thecathode 70 and the next layer of thecell 5 to further increase surface contact area amongst the layers of the cell 5 (seeFIG. 6 ). In various embodiments, thesecond diffusion layer 75 may be formed from woven polypropylene. - Disposed on the
second diffusion layer 75 is ahydrogen substrate 80 having aninner surface 85, anouter surface 90, and anoutput port 95, where theoutput port 95 is a through-hole disposed therethrough. Theoutput port 95 is configured to flow gaseous hydrogen out of thecell 5 created by the voltage applied to theanode 40 andcathode 70. Accordingly, theinner surface 85 of thehydrogen substrate 80 is disposed in contact with thesecond diffusion layer 75. Thus, thesecond diffusion layer 75 may be configured to provide additional tensional force between thecathode 70 and thehydrogen substrate 80 of thecell 5 to further increase surface contact area amongst the layers of the cell 5 (seeFIG. 6 ). As with theoxygen substrate 15, thehydrogen substrate 80 may be formed from any rigid non-conductive material, such as plastic, glass or a metal coated with a non-conductive layer, such as a plastic layer. In various embodiments, thehydrogen substrate 80 is formed from polycarbonate. - As shown in
FIGS. 3A and 3B , theinner surface 20 of theoxygen substrate 15 and theinner surface 85 of thehydrogen substrate 80 may be sealingly attached to one another with the above-discussed layers being sandwiched therebetween (seeFIG. 6 ). Any known method for attaching the materials from which theoxygen substrate 15 and thehydrogen substrate 80 to one another may be used herein, provided that the resulting attachment is water-tight to prevent unintended leakage out of thecell 5. For example, theoxygen substrate 15 and thehydrogen substrate 80 may be bonded to one another using an epoxide glue (i.e., epoxy) or other known adhesives, by fusing the materials to one another (for example, using directed heat or lasers), or by using a bonding film or adhesive tape disposed around a periphery of each substrate to form a water-tight seal. In various embodiments, a bonding film or adhesive tape 92 (such as 3M VHB 4905 and/or VHB 4910) is applied to the periphery of theinner surface 85 of thehydrogen substrate 80. It should be understood that multiple layers of the bonding film oradhesive tape 92 may be used to account for the thickness created by the above-discussed layers of thecell 5. The resultingindividual cells 5, may thereafter, be mated to one another with the plurality of through-holes 30 of theoxygen substrate 15 of onecell 5 facing the plurality of through-holes 30 of theoxygen substrate 15 of anothercell 5, thereby forming a pair ofcells 10. - As shown in
FIG. 3B , the pair ofcells 10 may further include one ormore spacers 100 disposed on theouter surface 25 of one or bothoxygen substrates 15 of the pair ofcells 10. It should be understood that whileFIG. 3B shows threespacers 100 disposed on theouter surface 25 of onecell 5, any reasonable number ofspacers 100 may be utilized. Thespacer 100 may be formed from any rigid non-conductive material, such as glass, plastic or a metal coated with a plastic layer. In various embodiments, thespacer 100 is formed from the same material as that of theoxygen substrate 15, and may further be integrated into theouter surface 25 of theoxygen substrate 15 such that thespacer 100 and theoxygen substrate 15 are formed as a single unit. It should be understood that the number ofspacers 100 formed on onecell 5 may be different from the number ofspacers 100 formed on theouter surface 25 of theoxygen substrate 15 of anothercell 5 of the pair ofcells 10. For example, theouter surface 25 of theoxygen substrate 15 of onecell 5 may be formed with twospacers 100 and theouter surface 25 of theoxygen substrate 15 of anothercell 5 may be formed with one spacer. Similarly, theouter surface 25 of theoxygen substrate 15 of one cell may be formed with asingle spacer 100, while theouter surface 25 of theoxygen substrate 15 of another cell may be formed without aspacer 100. - Accordingly, as shown in
FIGS. 4A and 4B , when theouter surface 25 of theoxygen substrate 15 of onecell 5 is mated to theouter surface 25 of theoxygen substrate 15 of anothercell 5, thespacer 100 displaces (i.e., bows) at least a portion of the bothoxygen substrates 15 to form areservoir 105 therebetween and also serves to enhance the surface contact area of theanode 40 andcathode 70 to themembrane 45. As such, the number ofspacers 100 required to create the reservoir and enhance surface contact may range from one to three or more. Theoxygen substrates 15 of each cell may be sealingly attached to one another using any known method for attaching the materials from which theoxygen substrates 15 are formed, provided that the resulting attachment is water-tight to prevent unintended leakage out of the pair ofcells 10. In embodiments where thespacer 100 is not formed integral to theouter surface 15 of theoxygen substrate 15, thespacer 100 may be inserted between therespective oxygen substrates 15 of eachcell 5 prior to, during, or after the sealing attachment of onecell 5 to the other. In various embodiments, the pair ofcells 10 may further include aframe 110 disposed around a periphery of theouter surface 90 of thehydrogen substrates 80 of eachcell 5. When so utilized, theframe 110 may be configured to apply additional compressive force toward eachoxygen substrate 15 to ensure water-tight attachment of onecell 5 to the other. In various embodiments, theframe 110 may be formed as a pair of single units that are each disposed around the periphery of theouter surface 90 of thehydrogen substrates 80 or eachframe 110 may be formed from multiple units (as shown) disposed around the periphery of theouter surface 90 of thehydrogen substrates 80. The frame may further include a plurality offasteners 112 configured to sealingly traverse through thehydrogen substrate 80 andoxygen substrate 15 of eachcell 5. - Once a pair of
cells 10 with correspondingreservoir 105 is formed, theanode extension 42 of eachcell 5 may be electrically bonded to one another, thereby forming a single anode/electrode 12 for the pair ofcells 10. For example, theanode extension 42 of afirst cell 5 may be folded in the direction of thehydrogen substrate 80 of thesecond cell 5 of the pair, while theanode extension 42 of thesecond cell 5 is folded toward thehydrogen substrate 80 of thefirst cell 5, and bothanode extensions 42 may be bonded to one another. The resultingsingle anode 12 of the pair ofcells 10 will therefore be located on aside surface 18 of the pair ofcells 10. Likewise, thecathode extension 72 of eachcell 5 may be electrically bonded to one another, thereby forming a single cathode/electrode 14 for the pair ofcells 10. As with theanode extensions 42, thecathode extension 72 of afirst cell 5 may be folded in the direction of thehydrogen substrate 80 of thesecond cell 5 of the pair, while thecathode extension 72 of thesecond cell 5 is folded toward thehydrogen substrate 80 of thefirst cell 5, and bothcathode extensions 72 may be bonded to one another. The resultingsingle cathode 14 of the pair ofcells 10 will therefore be located on a side surface 24 of the pair ofcells 10. In various embodiments, each of the side surfaces (18 and 24) of the pair ofcells 10 are opposite one another. Any method for electrically bonding two metallic materials may be used to bond the anode and cathode extensions (42, 72), respectively. For example, the respective extensions (42, 72) may be bonded using welding, soldering, or by means of conductive adhesives, provided that there is electrical communication between each pair of the respective extensions (42, 72). - During operation of the
system 1, a small amount ofwater 7 may be contained in hydrogen gas and oxygen gas as they emerge from theoutput port 95 andreservoir 105, respectively, of the pair ofcells 10. As can be expected, the moisture contained in the oxygen gas is captured by theresidual water 7 contained in thereservoir 105, as the oxygen vents to atmosphere. To address water contained in the hydrogen gas, thesystem 1 may further include acollector 120 disposed in fluid communication with thehydrogen supply pipe 115 of thesystem 1, and configured to separate water from collected hydrogen gas before the hydrogen gas is supplied to theintake manifold 230 of theengine 220, as shown inFIG. 2 . In various embodiments, thecollector 120 may be further configured to store hydrogen gas within itshousing 122 prior to flowing the hydrogen gas to the engine of the vehicle. As shown inFIG. 7 , thecollector 120 includes ahousing 122, aninput port 130, anoutput port 135 and aliquid port 145. Theinput port 130 is provided in fluid communication with theoutput port 95 of each ofcell 5, for example, via thehydrogen supply pipe 115. Theoutput port 135 is provided in fluid communication with the intake manifold of the engine and is configured to flow dry or substantially dry hydrogen gas to the intake manifold of the engine. Theliquid port 145 is disposed within thehousing 122 and is configured to flow separatedwater 147 out of thecollector 120. In various embodiments, theliquid port 145 is provided in fluid communication with thereservoir 105 of the system to recycle separated water back into the system to generate additional hydrogen gas. Thecollector 120 may further include aboot 140 disposed within ahousing 122, where theboot 140 is provided in fluid communication with theinput port 130 and theoutput port 135 thereof. As such, separatedwater 147 flows to the bottom of theboot 140 by gravity and is collected therein until a predetermined amount of separatedwater 147 is collected. Disposed within theboot 140 may be avalve 150 configured to flow water into achamber 152 that is separated from the boot and configured to flow separatedwater 147 through theliquid port 145. Fixedly attached to thevalve 150 may be afloat 155, the float being configured to open the valve when the level of separatedwater 147 reaches a predetermined height relative to the bottom of theboot 140. When thevalve 150 opens, the separatedwater 147 may flow through theliquid port 145. - Turning back to
FIG. 2 , thesystem 1 may further include afilter 165 provided in fluid communication with theliquid port 145 of thecollector 120. Thefilter 165 may be incorporated into thesystem 1 to filter any impurities in the separatedwater 147 prior to recycling the water back into thereservoir 105 of thesystem 1. Thus, as show, thecollector 120 and filter 165 may be provided in atank 170 that is fixedly mounted in the vehicle. Thetank 170 may have aninput port 172 and anoutput port 180, where thetank 170 configured to receive and store water to be supplied to thereservoir 105 of thesystem 1. As such, in embodiments where thecollector 120 and filter 165 are provided within thetank 170, thefilter 165 may supply the separated water received from thecollector 120 directly to the supply of water to be provided to thereservoir 105. The system may also include apump 185 disposed between theoutput port 180 of thetank 170 and thereservoir 105 of thesystem 1. In various embodiments, thepump 185 is disposed in fluid communication between thetank 170 and thereservoir 105 viatubing 182. The pump may be provided in electrical communication with thepower supply 100 of thesystem 1, and may be configured to pump water from the tank to thereservoir 105 when: (i) the tank receives a predetermined amount of water; (ii) when the amount of water in the reservoir reaches a predetermined level (and therefore, the system requires additional water); or (iii) the demand for hydrogen by the engine of vehicle is such that the water within thereservoir 105 is continuously diminishing as a result of use of the system. Accordingly, thesystem 1 may further include asensor 300 disposed in the tank and in electrical communication with the pump, thesensor 300 being configured to supply power to thepump 185 when thetank 170 receives a predetermined amount of water. Likewise, thesystem 1 may further include asensor 310 disposed in thereservoir 105 and in electrical communication with thepump 185, thesensor 310 being configured to supply power to thepump 185 when water in thereservoir 105 reaches a predetermined level. As may be understood, thesystem 1 may include one or more of the above-discussed sensors, which may be configured to supply power to thepump 185 in tandem or independently. - As shown in
FIG. 8 , thesystem 1 may be fixedly mounted in close proximity to anengine 220 of avehicle 200. Thesystem 1 may include a rack orbracket 205 that is configured to securely hold the system in-place while being free from potential damage by moving parts of theengine 220 orvehicle 200. Thus, the pair ofcells 10 of thesystem 1 may be mounted so as to allow easy servicing of the various components of thesystem 1. For example, the pair ofcells 10 can be mounted to provide easy access to thereservoirs 105 of the pair ofcells 10 to facilitate addition of water in configurations where aseparate tank 170 is not utilized. In various embodiments, the system may further include acontroller 210 incorporated into, or disposed within thevehicle 200, where thecontroller 210 is in electrical communication with thepower supply 100. When acontroller 210 is incorporated into thesystem 1, the pump 185 (if utilized) and all sensors (300, 310,vacuum switch 215 and/or other engine sensors) will all be in electrical communication with thecontroller 210, such that thecontroller 210 is configured to supply power to theanode 12 andcathode 14 of thesystem 1 and/or to thepump 185 in response to signals received from the one or more sensors. - The portable hydrogen
supplemental system 1 operates optimally in a gasoline or diesel powered engine when the load on theengine 220 does not exceed a predetermined level and the amount of hydrogen produced by thesystem 1 and supplied to theengine 220 falls within a preset range. In operation, and depending upon the operation characteristics of the engine, as the load on theengine 220 increases, the demand for hydrogen can either increase or decrease. Power is thereafter supplied to thesystem 1 to produce an electrical field within theeletrolyzer 3 of eachcell 5, thereby producing hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from the supplied water. As discussed above, the produced hydrogen gas is directed to theintake manifold 230 of theengine 220, while the produced oxygen is vented to atmosphere. - Although the invention has been described with reference to the above disclosure, it will be understood that modifications and variations are encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims.
Claims (27)
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US17/047,041 US10920717B1 (en) | 2018-12-19 | 2019-12-18 | Hydrogen producing system and device for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions of internal combustion and/or diesel engines |
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US201862782202P | 2018-12-19 | 2018-12-19 | |
PCT/US2019/067182 WO2020132073A1 (en) | 2018-12-19 | 2019-12-18 | Hydrogen producing system and device for improving fuel efficiency |
US17/047,041 US10920717B1 (en) | 2018-12-19 | 2019-12-18 | Hydrogen producing system and device for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions of internal combustion and/or diesel engines |
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US10920717B1 US10920717B1 (en) | 2021-02-16 |
US20210047987A1 true US20210047987A1 (en) | 2021-02-18 |
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US17/047,041 Active US10920717B1 (en) | 2018-12-19 | 2019-12-18 | Hydrogen producing system and device for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions of internal combustion and/or diesel engines |
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US (1) | US10920717B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3899097A4 (en) |
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US11885030B2 (en) * | 2020-09-15 | 2024-01-30 | Mattur Holdings, Inc. | Hydroxy gas generator |
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US5427658A (en) * | 1993-10-21 | 1995-06-27 | Electrosci Incorporated | Electrolytic cell and method for producing a mixed oxidant gas |
DE102004023161A1 (en) * | 2004-05-07 | 2005-11-24 | Eilenburger Elektrolyse- Und Umwelttechnik Gmbh | Electrolysis cell with multilayer expanded metal cathodes |
JP2007296434A (en) * | 2006-04-28 | 2007-11-15 | Mikuni Corp | Electrolytic water and its production method |
FR2950740A1 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-04-01 | Michelin Soc Tech | ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTOR, SUCH AS A FUEL CELL OR ELECTROLYSER, EQUIPPED WITH A DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE CONCENTRATION IN A GAS OF ONE OF THE SPECIFIC GASES OF THE OPERATION OF SAID REACTOR |
US9453457B2 (en) * | 2010-03-15 | 2016-09-27 | HNO Green Fuels, Inc. | Hydrogen supplemental system for on-demand hydrogen generation for internal combustion engines |
US9574492B2 (en) | 2010-03-15 | 2017-02-21 | HNO Green Fuels, Inc. | Portable hydrogen supplemental system and method for lowering particulate matter and other emissions in diesel engines at idle |
US8499722B2 (en) * | 2010-05-28 | 2013-08-06 | Hno Greenfuels, Inc. | Hydrogen supplemental system for on-demand hydrogen generation for internal combustion engines |
GB201015265D0 (en) * | 2010-09-13 | 2010-10-27 | Inotec Amd Ltd | Oxygen concentrator and method |
RU2602079C2 (en) * | 2010-12-10 | 2016-11-10 | Юниверсити Оф Вуллонгонг | Multilayered devices for decomposition of water |
WO2012109114A1 (en) * | 2011-02-09 | 2012-08-16 | Marine Power Products Incorporated | Stability control of a hydrogen generating system and method |
CN102191511B (en) * | 2011-04-27 | 2012-08-22 | 科迈(常州)电子有限公司 | Portable water electrolysis oxygenerator |
TWM466111U (en) * | 2013-06-27 | 2013-11-21 | Rui-Yong Zhou | Electrolytic water generating device |
US10087532B2 (en) * | 2014-05-14 | 2018-10-02 | Xergy Ltd | Electrochemical compressor utilizing an electrolysis |
CN204162801U (en) * | 2014-08-13 | 2015-02-18 | 创研生技有限公司 | Electrolytic water device |
CN107002262B (en) * | 2014-11-10 | 2019-10-29 | 国立大学法人横浜国立大学 | Oxygen anode |
AU2016277127B2 (en) * | 2015-06-12 | 2021-04-01 | Spraying Systems Co. | High volume water electrolyzing system and method of using |
CN204939626U (en) * | 2015-09-14 | 2016-01-06 | 北京谱莱析科技有限公司 | Oxygen generator |
WO2017141284A1 (en) * | 2016-02-15 | 2017-08-24 | 株式会社 ゴーダ水処理技研 | Electrolyzed water generation device |
WO2018118877A1 (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2018-06-28 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Electrolyzer including a porous hydrophobic gas diffusion layer |
CN206368199U (en) * | 2017-01-05 | 2017-08-01 | 黄林祥 | Pure water hydrogen and oxygen electrolyzing manufacturing machine |
JP7152032B2 (en) | 2017-04-19 | 2022-10-12 | ピーエイチ マター、エルエルシー | Electrochemical cell and method of use |
CN107473336A (en) * | 2017-09-20 | 2017-12-15 | 合肥齐兴电器有限责任公司 | A kind of portable water electrolyzer |
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JP2022514332A (en) | 2022-02-10 |
US10920717B1 (en) | 2021-02-16 |
AU2019405749A1 (en) | 2021-07-15 |
CN113874556A (en) | 2021-12-31 |
WO2020132073A1 (en) | 2020-06-25 |
EP3899097A4 (en) | 2022-10-26 |
AU2019405749B2 (en) | 2022-06-16 |
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