US20210032735A1

US20210032735A1 - Four stage shearing of aa1xxx aluminum for improved strength and conductivity

Info

Publication number: US20210032735A1
Application number: US16/945,007
Authority: US
Inventors: Terry C. Lowe
Original assignee: Colorado School of Mines
Current assignee: Colorado School of Mines
Priority date: 2019-07-31
Filing date: 2020-07-31
Publication date: 2021-02-04

Abstract

Systems, methods, and apparatuses are provided herein to thermomechanically process a workpiece to increase the strength in terms of hardness and the electrical conductivity of the workpiece. In some embodiments, a shear strain is induced in a workpiece at a temperature or within a range of temperatures, and the workpiece is rotated about its longitudinal axis. Then, another shear strain is induced in the workpiece. In various embodiments, four shear strains are induced in a workpiece, and the workpiece is rotated between shear strains. The shear strains, temperatures, and rotations contribute to the increase in density of dislocations, precipitation growth, and refinement of grain size. The result is a workpiece such as AA1xxx aluminum with an increase in hardness and electrical conductivity.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/880,866 filed Jul. 31, 2019, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a method for increasing the strength and electrical conductivity of a workpiece, such as aluminum alloy, by applying a non-isothermal, high shear deformation process to the workpiece.

BACKGROUND

Copper has been long used as electrical wiring for power transmission, telecommunications, and electronic circuitry. As a result, copper can be found in a variety of applications including automobiles. However, copper can be expensive compared to other materials like aluminum, which is cheaper and weighs less than copper. These advantages are particularly apparent in applications like automobiles where weight savings translate to fuel efficiency. Yet aluminum also has some disadvantages including low strength in terms of hardness.
Elements such as magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), and zirconium (Zr) are added to aluminum to form an aluminum alloy with different material characteristics. For instance, the AA1xxx series of aluminum alloys is mostly pure aluminum which has desirable electrical conductivity properties but has less desirable mechanical properties. In addition, the AA1xxx series of aluminum alloys is not heat treatable with traditional heat treating techniques. In another example, the AA6xxx series of aluminum alloys includes magnesium and silicon, and this series has more desirable mechanical properties, but many examples of this alloy have less desirable electrical conductivity properties. Thus, the properties of aluminum alloys are generally a tradeoff where an alloy has desirable electrical conductivity properties or desirable mechanical properties, but not both.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a thermomechanical process for increasing the strength and electrical conductivity of a workpiece. Specifically, the workpiece is subjected to one or more shear strains at a certain temperature or range of temperatures to improve the properties of the workpiece. This process can be applied even to, for example, the AA1xxx series of aluminum alloys, which is not heat treatable with traditional heat treating techniques. The resulting material has both desirable strength and electrical conductivity properties contrary to the traditional tradeoffs between the properties described above.
It is an aspect of embodiments of the present disclosure to provide a multi-stage shearing process to induce a shear strain in a workpiece. Pressing systems such as continuous equal channel angular pressing (C-ECAP) or a high pressure compressive shear (HPCS) can induce a shear strain in a workpiece such that the shear strain in the workpiece is greater than 1.0 at each stage and/or such that the accumulative shear strain in the workpiece is greater than 4.0. Between stages or actions, the workpiece can be rotated about its longitudinal axis to expose parts of the workpiece to a shear strain in a different direction.
The stages or actions occur at specific temperatures or ranges of temperatures to cause specific microstructural changes in the workpiece at different stages to ultimately produce a workpiece with improved strength and electrical conductivity properties. Initially, the temperature of the workpiece can be near or above room temperature between approximately 20° C. and 50° C. to create and store dislocations in the microstructure of the workpiece. The term “approximately” as used herein can imply a variation of +/−10% on a relative basis. Then, in one or more later stages, the temperature of the workpiece can be between approximately 180° C. and 200° C. to initiate some precipitate growth in the microstructure of the workpiece. In a subsequent stage, the temperature of the workpiece can be between approximately 110° C. and 130° C. to refine grain size and cause interactions between the dislocations and precipitate growth in the microstructure of the workpiece. The result is a material that has increased strength in terms of hardness and increased electrical conductivity.
It will be appreciated that the multi-stage process can include a fewer or greater number of actions in any order, in series, or in parallel. For example, the process can include annealing and storing actions. In some embodiments, the various stages of inducing a shear strain can be fewer or greater than four as long as the accumulative total shear strain is greater than 4.0 and an off-diagonal shear component of the Green Strain tensor is at least five times greater than any diagonal component of the Green Strain tensor.
The method or process described herein can be applied to any material that can benefit from improved strength and/or electrical conductivity. In one example, an AA1xxx series of aluminum alloy is subjected to the process herein. The processed AA1xxx alloy, such as AA1350, HSD1350, or AA1070, has a hardness that can exceed the hardness of AA6101 as-received 9.5 mm conductor rod, 57HV0.2+/−0.67HV0.2. In the format of xxHVyy, the “xx” refers to the hardness number, and the “yy” refers to the load used in kgf.
The improved electrical conductivity can be expressed in terms of the International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS). The electrical conductivity of various alloys, including aluminum alloys, can be expressed as a percentage of the copper standard specified by the IACS. Thus, the electrical conductivity of the processed alloy can be 62.63% IACS, or 62.63% of the electrical conductivity of the copper standard specified by the IACS, which exceeds the 52.25% IACS conductivity of AA6101. The processed alloys also have improved resistance to plastic deformation.
One particular embodiment of the present disclosure is a method of treating a workpiece to increase at least one of the strength and electrical conductivity of the workpiece, comprising (i) inducing a first shear strain in the workpiece while maintaining a temperature of the workpiece between approximately 20° C. and 50° C.; (ii) rotating the workpiece about a longitudinal axis of the workpiece and inducing a second shear strain in the workpiece while maintaining the temperature of the workpiece between approximately 20° C. and 50° C.; (iii) rotating the workpiece further about the longitudinal axis of the workpiece and inducing a third shear strain in the workpiece while maintaining the temperature of the workpiece between approximately 180° C. and 200° C.; and (iv) rotating the workpiece further about the longitudinal axis of the workpiece and inducing a fourth shear strain in the workpiece while maintaining the temperature of the workpiece between approximately 110° C. and 130° C.
In some embodiments, each shear strain is greater than 1.0. In various embodiments, the first shear strain, the second shear strain, the third shear strain, and the fourth shear strain have an accumulative magnitude greater than 4.0. In some embodiments, an off-diagonal shear component of a Green Strain tensor of the first shear strain, the second shear strain, the third shear strain, and the fourth shear strain is at least five times greater than any diagonal component of the Green Strain tensor.
In various embodiments, the method further comprises (v) exposing the workpiece to temperatures between approximately 550° C. and 570° C. for between approximately 60 to 120 minutes and quenching the workpiece in water at between approximately 15° C. to 25° C. to form a solution-annealed workpiece. In some embodiments, the method further comprises (vi) storing, after quenching, the workpiece between approximately 0° C. and −40° C. In various embodiments, the workpiece is an AA1xxx aluminum alloy. In some embodiments, each rotation about the longitudinal axis is by approximately 90 degrees.
Another particular embodiment of the present disclosure is a system for treating a workpiece to increase the strength and electrical conductivity of the workpiece, comprising a die having a first channel portion extending into a top surface of the die and having a second channel portion extending from the first channel portion to a side surface of the die; a drive feature configured to move the workpiece into the first channel portion; a heater configured to control a temperature of the workpiece; and wherein the drive feature moves the workpiece into the first channel portion when the heater controls the temperature to a range between approximately 20° C. and 50° C.; and wherein, in a subsequent action, the drive feature moves the workpiece, which has been rotated approximately 90 degrees about a longitudinal axis of the workpiece, into the first channel portion when the heater controls the temperature to a range between approximately 180° C. and 200° C.
In various embodiments, the first channel portion and the second channel portion form a channel angle between approximately 90 degrees and 120 degrees. In some embodiments, the system further comprises a quench bath, wherein the workpiece is quenched in the quench bath at between approximately 15° C. and 25° C. In various embodiments, the drive feature and the die induce a shear strain in the workpiece that is greater than 1.0. In some embodiments, in a further subsequent action, the drive feature moves the workpiece, which has been rotated a further approximately 90 degrees about the longitudinal axis of the workpiece, into the first channel portion when the heater controls the temperature to a range between approximately 110° C. and 130° C. In various embodiments, the workpiece has a hardness between approximately 88HV0.2 to 94HV0.2 and an electrical conductivity of between approximately 62 and 63% IACS.
Yet another particular embodiment of the present disclosure is a method of treating a workpiece to increase the strength and electrical conductivity of the workpiece, comprising (i) driving a workpiece into a channel of a die, wherein a temperature of the workpiece is in an initial temperature range; (ii) rotating the workpiece by approximately 90 degrees about a longitudinal axis of the workpiece, and driving, within 60 minutes of the previous driving, the workpiece into the channel of the die, wherein the temperature of the workpiece is in the initial temperature range; (iii) rotating the workpiece by a further approximately 90 degrees about the longitudinal axis of the workpiece, and driving, within 60 minutes of the previous driving, the workpiece into the channel of the die, wherein the temperature of the workpiece is in an intermediate temperature range, which is greater than the initial temperature range; and (iv) rotating the workpiece by a further 90 approximately degrees about the longitudinal axis of the workpiece, and driving, within 60 minutes of the previous driving, the workpiece into the channel of the die, wherein the temperature of the workpiece is in a final temperature range, which is between the initial temperature range and the intermediate temperature range.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises (v) annealing the workpiece between approximately 60 to 120 minutes at between approximately 550° C. and 570° C.; and (vi) quenching, after the annealing, the workpiece in a bath between approximately 15° C. and 25° C. In various embodiments, the initial temperature range is approximately 20° C. and 50° C., the intermediate temperature range is approximately 180° C. and 200° C., and the final temperature range is approximately 110° C. and 130° C. In some embodiments, the workpiece is one of a bar, a rod, a plate, a sheet, a strip, or a wire. In various embodiments, the channel comprises a first channel portion and a second channel portion, and the channel portions for a channel angle between approximately 90 degrees and 120 degrees. In some embodiments, the workpiece has a hardness between approximately 88HV0.2 to 94HV0.2 and an electrical conductivity of between approximately 62 and 63% IACS.
The Summary is neither intended nor should it be construed as being representative of the full extent and scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is set forth in various levels of detail in the Summary as well as in the attached drawings and the Detailed Description and no limitation as to the scope of the present disclosure is intended by either the inclusion or non-inclusion of elements or components. Additional aspects of the present disclosure will become more readily apparent from the Detailed Description, particularly when taken together with the drawings.
The above-described embodiments, objectives, and configurations are neither complete nor exhaustive. As will be appreciated, other embodiments of the disclosure are possible using, alone or in combination, one or more of the features set forth above or described in detail below.
The phrases “at least one,” “one or more,” and “and/or,” as used herein, are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B, and C,” “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B, and C together.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, dimensions, conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.”
The term “a” or “an” entity, as used herein, refers to one or more of that entity. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Accordingly, the terms “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof can be used interchangeably herein.
It shall be understood that the term “means” as used herein shall be given its broadest possible interpretation in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112(f). Accordingly, a claim incorporating the term “means” shall cover all structures, materials, or acts set forth herein, and all of the equivalents thereof. Further, the structures, materials, or acts and the equivalents thereof shall include all those described in the Summary, Brief Description of the Drawings, Detailed Description, Abstract, and claims themselves.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and together with the Summary given above and the Detailed Description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of these embodiments. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the disclosure or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the disclosure is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein. Additionally, it should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale.

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional front elevation view of a pressing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional front elevation view of another pressing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a workpiece according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 3 is a flow chart for a multi-stage shearing process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Similar components and/or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a letter that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference label is used, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label.
A list of the various components shown in the drawings and associated numbering is provided herein:


	Number	Component

	10	Pressing System
	12	Die
	14	First Channel Portion
	16	Second Channel Portion
	18	Channel Angle
	20	Workpiece
	22	Plunger
	24	Force
	26	Heater
	28	Quench Bath
	30	Longitudinal Axis
	32	Rotation Angle
	34	Annealing Workpiece
	36	Quenching Workpiece
	38	Inducing Shear Strain in Workpiece
	40	Rotating Workpiece
	42	Inducing Shear Strain in Workpiece
	44	Rotating Workpiece
	46	Inducing Shear Strain in Workpiece
	48	Rotating Workpiece
	50	Inducing Shear Strain in Workpiece

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure has significant benefits across a broad spectrum of endeavors. It is the Applicant's intent that this specification and the claims appended hereto be accorded a breadth in keeping with the scope and spirit of the disclosure being disclosed despite what might appear to be limiting language imposed by the requirements of referring to the specific examples disclosed. To acquaint persons skilled in the pertinent arts most closely related to the present disclosure, a preferred embodiment that illustrates the best mode now contemplated for putting the disclosure into practice is described herein by, and with reference to, the annexed drawings that form a part of the specification. The exemplary embodiment is described in detail without attempting to describe all of the various forms and modifications in which the disclosure might be embodied. As such, the embodiments described herein are illustrative, and as will become apparent to those skilled in the arts, may be modified in numerous ways within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.
Although the following text sets forth a detailed description of numerous different embodiments, it should be understood that the detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment since describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. Numerous alternative embodiments could be implemented, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims. To the extent that any term recited in the claims at the end of this patent is referred to in this patent in a manner consistent with a single meaning, that is done for sake of clarity only so as to not confuse the reader, and it is not intended that such claim term by limited, by implication or otherwise, to that single meaning.
Various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein and as depicted in the drawings. It is expressly understood that although the figures depict inducing shear strain and controlling the temperature of a workpiece and related systems, the present disclosure is not limited to these embodiments.
Now referring to FIG. 1A, a cross-sectional, front elevation view of a pressing system 10 is provided. In this embodiment, the pressing system 10 includes a die 12, which can be part of continuous equal channel angular pressing (C-ECAP). The die 12 and a plunger 22 work together to induce a shear strain in a workpiece 20. Specifically, the die 12 comprises a first channel portion 14 that extends into a top surface of the die 12 and comprises a second channel portion 16 that extends from the first channel portion 14 to a side surface of the die 12. The channel portions 14, 16 are joined at an intersection and thus provide a channel through which to process the workpiece 20. As the plunger 22 drives the workpiece 20 through the first channel portion 14 with a force 24, the workpiece 20 moves into the intersection where the workpiece 20 is redirected and forced through the second channel portion 16, which induces a shear strain in the workpiece 20. As described in further detail below, the shear strain alters the microstructure of the workpiece 20 to increase the strength in terms of hardness and electrical conductivity of the workpiece 20. It will be appreciated that while a plunger 22 is depicted in the figures, a generic drive feature can move the workpiece 20. The drive feature can include a plunger, a rotating wheel, a translating block, or any other feature that moves the workpiece 20 with a force.
FIGS. 1A and 1B show a channel angle 18 between the first channel portion 14 and the second channel portion 16. In FIG. 1A, the channel angle 18 is approximately 120 degrees. In some embodiments, this channel angle 18 is between approximately 100 and 140 degrees. In FIG. 1B, the channel angle 18 is approximately 90 degrees. In some embodiments, this channel angle 18 is between approximately 70 and 110 degrees. The different channel angles 18 induce different forces and strains in the workpiece 20 during processing.
Also shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B are a heater 26 and a quench bath 28. In various embodiments, the workpiece 20 and/or die 12 are a particular temperature or within a range of temperatures during different actions of the manufacturing process to contribute to key changes in the microstructure of the workpiece 20. The heater 26 controls the temperature of the workpiece 20 and/or die 12, and the heater 26 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B is embedded in the die 12. However, it will be appreciated that the heater 26 can be positioned on or outside of the die 12 to control the temperature of the workpiece 20 and/or die 12. It will be further appreciated that the heater 26 can be any type of heater including, for example, a resistance heater, a fuel-burning heater, a heat pump, etc. The quench bath 28 can be filled with water or any other fluid, and as described below the quench bath 28 can be used during processing to reduce the temperature of the workpiece 20.
Now referring to FIG. 2, a perspective view of the workpiece 20 is provided. The workpiece 20 in this embodiment is a rod with a longitudinal axis 30. In various embodiments, the workpiece 20 is rotated about this longitudinal axis 30 between passes through the pressing system 10 to induce different shear strains, or shear strains in a different direction, on the workpiece 20. In some embodiments, the workpiece 20 is rotated approximately 90 degrees about the longitudinal axis 30 as shown by the rotation angle 32 in FIG. 2. The workpiece can be any material in any form including, but not limited to, a bar, a rod, a plate, a sheet, a strip, or a wire.
Now referring to FIG. 3, a flowchart of an exemplary manufacturing process is provided. It will be appreciated that the actions shown in FIG. 3 can be performed in any order, in series, and/or in parallel with a fewer or greater number of actions than those shown in FIG. 3. To begin, the workpiece can be supplied in an “as is” state or in a solution-annealed state. To generate the annealed solution state 34, the workpiece is placed in an environment with a temperature between approximately 550° C. to 570° C. for a time period between approximately 60 and 120 minutes. After annealing, the workpiece is quenched 36 in a bath down to room temperature between approximately 15° C. and 25° C. Once quenched, the workpiece can immediately proceed to the multi-stage shearing. However, if the workpiece will not immediately proceed to the multi-stage shearing, then the workpiece is stored between approximately 0° C. and −40° C. to preserve the microstructure of the workpiece.
Whether “as is,” annealed, or annealed-then stored, the workpiece is then subjected to multiple stages of shear strain. The embodiment in FIG. 3 has four stages or actions of shear strain.
However, it will be appreciated that various embodiments of the manufacturing process can include more or fewer stages. Moreover, the pressing system described above or other systems such as a high pressure compressive shear can induce the strain in the workpiece.
First, a shear strain is induced 38 in the workpiece at a temperature between approximately 20° C. and 50° C. This shear strain is greater than 1.0 and increases the density of dislocations in the workpiece and stores these dislocations. If delayed from further processing for at least 60 minutes, then the workpiece is stored between approximately 0° C. and −40° C.
Next, the workpiece is rotated 40 by approximately 90 degrees about a longitudinal axis of the workpiece, and another shear strain is induced 42 in the workpiece at a temperature between approximately 20° C. and 50° C. This shear strain is greater than 1.0 and further increases and further stores dislocations in the workpiece. If delayed from further processing for at least 60 minutes, then the workpiece is stored between approximately 0° C. and −40° C.
Then, the workpiece is rotated 44 by approximately 90 degrees about a longitudinal axis of the workpiece, and another shear strain is induced 46 in the workpiece at a temperature between approximately 180° C. and 200° C. This shear strain is greater than 1.0 and enables some precipitate growth in the workpiece. If delayed from further processing for at least 60 minutes, then the workpiece is stored between approximately 0° C. and −40° C.
Finally, the workpiece is rotated 48 by approximately 90 degrees about a longitudinal axis of the workpiece, and another shear strain is induced 50 in the workpiece at a temperature between approximately 110° C. and 130° C. This shear strain is greater than 1.0 and refines the grain size in the workpiece and allows the dislocations to interact with the formed precipitates. In total, the accumulative magnitude of the total shear strain exceeds 4.0, and that off-diagonal shear component of the Green Strain tensor is at least five times greater than any diagonal component of the Green Strain tensor.
The temperatures ranges of the various stages can be expressed in relative terms. For instance, the first two stages have an initial temperature range. The third stage has an intermediate temperature range where the lower bounds of the intermediate temperature range is greater than the upper bounds of the initial temperature range. Lastly, the fourth stage has a final temperature range that is between the initial and intermediate temperature ranges. The upper bounds of the final temperature range is less than the lower bounds of the intermediate temperature range, and the lower bounds of the final temperature range is greater than the upper bounds of the initial temperature range. In some embodiments, there are four stages, but generally, the temperature ranges begin at the lowest, move to the highest, and then settle therebetween. The effect of the relative temperatures, and the progression of temperatures, on the microstructure of the workpiece is to create and store dislocations, initiate precipitate growth, and then cause the interaction between the dislocations and the precipitate growth.
The resulting workpiece or material has improved electrical conductivity and strength. In some embodiments, after having been processed according to the flowchart in FIG. 3, the resulting workpiece has an increased Vickers hardness, which corresponds to the strength of the workpiece. In some embodiments, for example for an AA1xxx aluminum alloy, the hardness increases from 32HV0.2+/−0.44HV0.2 to 91HV0.2+/−2.6HV0.2. Thus, in some embodiments, the hardness of the resulting workpiece can be described as being between approximately 88HV0.2 to 94HV0.2.
An aluminum workpiece prior to being processed as described with respect to FIG. 3 may have an electrical conductivity of 61.33% IACS. In various embodiments, an aluminum workpiece processed as described with respect to FIG. 3 may have an electrical conductivity of 62.63% IACS. Typically, any processing that substantially increases the strength of a workpiece, like that in FIG. 3, diminishes other characteristics of the workpiece such as electrical conductivity. Thus, any increase in electrical conductivity is desirable and an achievement. In some embodiments, the hardness increases but the electrical conductivity remains the same or even reduces. In this sense, the traditional tradeoff between strength in terms of hardness and electrical conductivity is defied.
The description of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting of the disclosure to the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiments described and shown in the figures were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure, the practical application, and to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure.
While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and alterations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Moreover, references made herein to “the present disclosure” or aspects thereof should be understood to mean certain embodiments of the present disclosure and should not necessarily be construed as limiting all embodiments to a particular description. It is to be expressly understood that such modifications and alterations are within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure, as set forth in the following claims.

Claims

1. A method of treating a workpiece to increase at least one of the strength and electrical conductivity of said workpiece, comprising:

inducing a first shear strain in said workpiece while maintaining a temperature of said workpiece between approximately 20° C. and 50° C.;

rotating said workpiece about a longitudinal axis of said workpiece and inducing a second shear strain in said workpiece while maintaining said temperature of said workpiece between approximately 20° C. and 50° C.;

rotating said workpiece further about said longitudinal axis of said workpiece and inducing a third shear strain in said workpiece while maintaining said temperature of said workpiece between approximately 180° C. and 200° C.; and

rotating said workpiece further about said longitudinal axis of said workpiece and inducing a fourth shear strain in said workpiece while maintaining said temperature of said workpiece between approximately 110° C. and 130° C.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein each shear strain is greater than 1.0.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said first shear strain, said second shear strain, said third shear strain, and said fourth shear strain have an accumulative magnitude greater than 4.0.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein an off-diagonal shear component of a Green Strain tensor of said first shear strain, said second shear strain, said third shear strain, and said fourth shear strain is at least five times greater than any diagonal component of said Green Strain tensor.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing said workpiece to temperatures between approximately 550° C. and 570° C. for between approximately 60 to 120 minutes and quenching said workpiece in water at between approximately 15° C. to 25° C. to form a solution-annealed workpiece.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising storing, after quenching, said workpiece between approximately 0° C. and −40° C.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein said workpiece is an AA1xxx aluminum alloy.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein each rotation about said longitudinal axis is by approximately 90 degrees.

9. A system for treating a workpiece to increase the strength and electrical conductivity of said workpiece, comprising:

a die having a first channel portion extending into a top surface of said die and having a second channel portion extending from said first channel portion to a side surface of said die;

a drive feature configured to move said workpiece into said first channel portion;

a heater configured to control a temperature of said workpiece; and

wherein said drive feature moves said workpiece into said first channel portion when said heater controls said temperature to a range between approximately 20° C. and 50° C.; and

wherein, in a subsequent action, said drive feature moves said workpiece, which has been rotated approximately 90 degrees about a longitudinal axis of said workpiece, into said first channel portion when said heater controls said temperature to a range between approximately 180° C. and 200° C.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein said first channel portion and said second channel portion form a channel angle between approximately 90 degrees and 120 degrees.

11. The system of claim 9, further comprising a quench bath, wherein said workpiece is quenched in said quench bath at between approximately 15° C. and 25° C.

12. The system of claim 9, wherein said drive feature and said die induce a shear strain in said workpiece that is greater than 1.0.

13. The system of claim 9, wherein, in a further subsequent action, said drive feature moves said workpiece, which has been rotated a further approximately 90 degrees about said longitudinal axis of said workpiece, into said first channel portion when said heater controls said temperature to a range between approximately 110° C. and 130° C.

14. The system of claim 9, wherein said workpiece has a hardness between approximately 88HV0.2 to 94HV0.2 and an electrical conductivity of between approximately 62 and 63% IACS.

15. A method of treating a workpiece to increase the strength and electrical conductivity of said workpiece, comprising:

driving a workpiece into a channel of a die, wherein a temperature of said workpiece is in an initial temperature range;

rotating said workpiece by approximately 90 degrees about a longitudinal axis of said workpiece, and driving, within 60 minutes of said previous driving, said workpiece into said channel of said die, wherein said temperature of said workpiece is in said initial temperature range;

rotating said workpiece by a further approximately 90 degrees about said longitudinal axis of said workpiece, and driving, within 60 minutes of said previous driving, said workpiece into said channel of said die, wherein said temperature of said workpiece is in an intermediate temperature range, which is greater than said initial temperature range; and

rotating said workpiece by a further 90 approximately degrees about said longitudinal axis of said workpiece, and driving, within 60 minutes of said previous driving, said workpiece into said channel of said die, wherein said temperature of said workpiece is in a final temperature range, which is between said initial temperature range and said intermediate temperature range.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising:

annealing said workpiece between approximately 60 to 120 minutes at between approximately 550° C. and 570° C.; and

quenching, after said annealing, said workpiece in a bath between approximately 15° C. and 25° C.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein said initial temperature range is approximately 20° C. and 50° C., said intermediate temperature range is approximately 180° C. and 200° C., and said final temperature range is approximately 110° C. and 130° C.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein said workpiece is one of a bar, a rod, a plate, a sheet, a strip, or a wire.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein said channel comprises a first channel portion and a second channel portion, and said channel portions for a channel angle between approximately 90 degrees and 120 degrees.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein said workpiece has a hardness between approximately 88HV0.2 to 94HV0.2 and an electrical conductivity of between approximately 62 and 63% IACS.