US20210027912A1

US20210027912A1 - Polymer composition for w&c application with advantageous electrical properties

Info

Publication number: US20210027912A1
Application number: US17/011,613
Authority: US
Inventors: Villgot Englund; Per-Ola Hagstrand; Ulf Nilsson; Annika Smedberg; Jan-Ove Bostrom; Andreas Farkas; Gustavo Dominguez
Original assignee: Borealis AG
Current assignee: Borealis AG
Priority date: 2010-03-17
Filing date: 2020-09-03
Publication date: 2021-01-28
Also published as: EP2548208A1; BR112012023424B1; US10811164B2; WO2011113685A1; KR102094653B1; RU2012142300A; RU2579146C2; CN102947895A; CA2792989C; CN102947895B; KR20130016285A; KR20190124829A; CA2792989A1; BR112012023424A2; US20130081854A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a use of a polymer composition with improved DC electrical properties in a power cable layer and to a cable surrounded by at least one layer comprising the polymer composition.

Description

FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention relates to a use of a polymer composition for producing a layer of a direct current (DC) power cable, which is optionally crosslinkable and subsequently crosslinked, to a direct current (DC) power cable, which is optionally crosslinkable and subsequently crosslinked, as well as to a preparation process of the cable.

BACKGROUND ART

Polyolefins produced in a high pressure (HP) process are widely used in demanding polymer applications wherein the polymers must meet high mechanical and/or electrical requirements. For instance in power cable applications, particularly in medium voltage (MV) and especially in high voltage (HV) and extra high voltage (EHV) cable applications the electrical properties of the polymer composition has a significant importance. Furthermore, the electrical properties of importance may differ in different cable applications, as is the case between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) cable applications.
A typical power cable comprises a conductor surrounded, at least, by an inner semiconductive layer, an insulation layer and an outer semiconductive layer, in that order. The cables are commonly produced by extruding the layers on a conductor.

Crosslinking of Cables

The polymer material in one or more of said layers is often crosslinked to improve e.g. heat and deformation resistance, creep properties, mechanical strength, chemical resistance and abrasion resistance of the polymer in the layer(s) of the cable. In crosslinking reaction of a polymer interpolymer crosslinks (bridges) are primarily formed. Crosslinking can be effected using e.g. a free radical generating compound. Free radical generating agent is typically incorporated to the layer material prior to the extrusion of the layer(s) on a conductor. After formation of the layered cable, the cable is then subjected to a crosslinking step to initiate the radical formation and thereby crosslinking reaction.
Peroxides are very commonly used as free radical generating compounds. The resulting decomposition products of peroxides may include volatile by-products which are often undesired, since e.g. may have an negative influence on the electrical properties of the cable. Therefore the volatile decomposition products such as methane are conventionally reduced to a minimum or removed after crosslinking and cooling step. Such removal step, generally known as a degassing step, is time and energy consuming causing extra costs.

Electrical Conductivity

The DC electrical conductivity is an important material property e.g. for insulating materials for high voltage direct current (HV DC) cables. First of all, the strong temperature and electric field dependence of this property will influence the electric field. The second issue is the fact that heat will be generated inside the insulation by the electric leakage current flowing between the inner and outer semiconductive layers. This leakage current depends on the electric field and the electrical conductivity of the insulation. High conductivity of the insulating material can even lead to thermal runaway under high stress/high temperature conditions. The conductivity must therefore be sufficiently low to avoid thermal runaway.
Accordingly, in HV DC cables, the insulation is heated by the leakage current. For a specific cable design the heating is proportional to the insulation conductivity x (electrical field)². Thus, if the voltage is increased, far more heat will be generated.
JP2018811A discloses an insulation layer for a DC cable which contains a blend of 2-20wt % of a high density polyethylene with a low density polyethylene. It is stated that blend provides improved DC breakdown and an impulse property. The blend is mixed with 2-3wt % of a crosslinking agent. The type and layer structure of the cable has not been specified.
WO0137289 discloses a specific thermoplastic propylene homo- or copolymer for a cable layer material. The applicability of the material to DC applications is not discussed and the focus is in LV, MV and HV AC cables, as well as in telecommunication cables.
There are high demands to increase the voltage of a power cable, and particularly of a direct current (DC) power cable, and thus a continuous need to find alternative polymer compositions with reduced conductivity. Such polymer compositions should preferably also have good mechanical properties required for demanding power cable embodiments. SE0920PCT

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a use of a further polymer composition with advantageous electrical properties, i.a. low electrical conductivity, for producing a direct current (DC) power cable layer.
Another object of the invention is to provide a direct current (DC) power cable, wherein at least one layer comprises said polymer composition with advantageous electrical properties, i.a. low electrical conductivity. Also a preparation process of the power cable is provided.
The invention and further objects and benefits thereof are described and defined in details below.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a use of a polymer composition for producing a layer, preferably an insulation layer, of a direct current (DC) power cable which comprises

(a) a polyolefin provided that, when the polyolefin is a low density polyethylene (LDPE), then it is non-crosslinked, and optionally
(b) a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a).

Unexpectedly, the polymer composition has advantageous electrical properties. Namely, the polymer composition of the invention has reduced, i.e. low, electrical conductivity. “Reduced” or “low” electrical conductivity as used herein interchangeably means that the value obtained from the DC conductivity measurement as defined below under “Determination methods” is low, i.e. reduced. The low electrical conductivity is beneficial for minimising the undesired heat formation, e.g. in an insulation layer of a power cable. Moreover and unexpectedly, the polymer composition has low electrical conductivity without crosslinking with a crosslinking agent, such as peroxide. Further unexpectedly, the non-crosslinked polymer composition can still meet e.g. the mechanical properties desired for a layer, preferably an insulation layer, of a power cable, preferably a DC power cable. “Low density polyethylene”, LDPE, is a polyethylene produced in a high pressure process.
Typically the polymerization of ethylene and optional further comonomer(s) in the high pressure process is carried out in the presence of an initiator(s). The meaning of LDPE polymer is well known and documented in the literature. Although the term LDPE is an abbreviation for low density polyethylene, the term is understood not to limit the density range, but covers the LDPE-like HP polyethylenes with low, medium and higher densities. The term LDPE describes and distinguishes only the nature of HP polyethylene with typical features, such as different branching architecture, compared to the PE produced in the presence of an olefin polymerisation catalyst. A “non-crosslinked” low density polyethylene (LDPE) means that the LDPE present in a layer of a final DC cable (in use) is not crosslinked and is thus thermoplastic.
Accordingly, the low electrical conductivity makes the polymer composition very desirable for DC power cable applications. The voltage applied to the power cable is direct (DC). A DC power cable is defined to be a DC cable transferring energy operating at any voltage level, typically operating at voltages higher than 1 kV. Moreover, the polymer composition is very advantageous layer material for a DC power cable, which can be e.g. a low voltage (LV), a medium voltage (MV), a high voltage (HV) or an extra high voltage (EHV) DC cable, which terms, as well known, indicate the level of operating voltage. The polymer composition is even more preferable layer material for a DC power cable operating at voltages higher than 36 kV, such as a HV DC cable. For HV DC cables the operating voltage is defined herein as the electric voltage between ground and the conductor of the high voltage cable.
The present invention is further directed to a direct current (DC) power cable, comprising a conductor surrounded by at least an inner semiconductive layer, an insulation layer and an outer semiconductive layer, in that order, wherein at least one layer, preferably at least an insulation layer, comprises a polymer composition comprising

(a) a polyolefin provided that, when the polyolefin is a low density polyethylene (LDPE), then it is non-crosslinked, and
(b) optionally a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a).

In a first preferable embodiment of the DC cable, or for producing a DC cable, the inner semiconductive layer comprises a first semiconductive composition, the insulation layer comprises an insulation composition and an outer semiconductive layer comprises a second semiconductive composition, in that order, and wherein the insulation composition of the insulation layer comprises, preferably consists, of said polymer composition comprising

(a) a polyolefin which is a non-crosslinked LDPE, preferably selected from a LDPE homopolymer or a LDPE copolymer of ethylene with one or more comonomer(s), and
(b) optionally a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a),
and wherein the outer semiconductive layer comprises, preferably consists of, a crosslinked second semiconductive composition. More preferably, the inner semicoductive layer comprises, preferably consists of, a non-crosslinked first semiconductive composition. In this first embodiment of the DC cable it is thus preferred that the first semiconductive composition of the inner semiconductive layer and the polymer composition of the invention of the insulation layer are non-crosslinked, and the second semiconductive composition of the outer semiconductive layer is crosslinked.

Unexpectedly, conductivity properties and, additionally, mechanical properties of the final cable of this first embodiment are very suitable for the DC cable applications and even for HV DC applications including EHV DC applications.
The polymer composition of the invention of this embodiment is referred below also shortly as a polymer composition of the first embodiment.
In a second, more preferable embodiment of the DC cable, or for producing a DC cable, of the invention the inner semiconductive layer comprises a first semiconductive composition, the insulation layer comprises an insulation composition and an outer semiconductive layer comprises a second semiconductive composition, in that order, and wherein the insulation composition of the insulation layer comprises, preferably consists, of said polymer composition comprising

(a) a polyolefin which is other than LDPE, and
(b) optionally a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a).

In this more preferable second embodiment the polyolefin (a) other than LDPE is optionally, and preferably, non-crosslinked. In this embodiment the outer semiconductive layer comprises, preferably consists of, a non-crosslinked or crosslinked second semiconductive composition. Preferably, the outer semiconductive layer comprises, preferably consists of, a crosslinked second semiconductive composition. Optionally, and preferably, the inner semiconductive layer comprises, preferably consists of, a non-crosslinked first semiconductive composition. In this second embodiment of the DC cable it is thus preferred that the first semiconductive composition of the inner semiconductive layer and the polymer composition of the invention of the insulation layer are non-crosslinked, and the second semiconductive composition of the outer semiconductive layer is non-crosslinked or crosslinked, preferably crosslinked. The polymer composition of this embodiment is referred below also shortly as a polymer composition of the second embodiment.
Preferably the polymer composition is used in a layer of a HV DC power cable operating at voltages of 40 kV or higher, even at voltages of 50 kV or higher. More preferably, the polymer composition is used in a layer of a HV DC power cable operating at voltages of 60 kV or higher. The invention is also highly feasible in very demanding cable applications and can be used in a layer of a HV DC power cable operating at voltages higher than 70 kV. The upper limit is not limited. The practical upper limit can be up to 900 kV. The invention is advantageous for use in HV DC power cable applications operating from 75 to 400 kV, preferably 75 to 350 kV. The invention is also found to be advantageous even in demanding extra HV DC power cable applications operating 400 to 850 kV.
HV DC power cable as used below or in claims means herein either HV DC power cable, preferably with operating at voltages as defined above, or extra HV DC power cable, preferably with operating at voltages as defined above. Thus the term covers independently the operating areas for both the HV DC cable also EHV DC cable applications.
The polymer composition of the invention is referred herein below also shortly as “polymer composition”. The polymer components thereof as defined above are also shortly referred herein as “polyolefin (a)” and, respectively, “second polyolefin (b)”
The polymer composition has preferably an electrical conductivity of 160 fS/m or less, preferably of 150 fS/m or less, more preferably of 140 fS/m or less, more preferably of 130 fS/m or less, more preferably of 120 fS/m or less, more preferably of 110 fS/m or less, more preferably of 100 fS/m or less, more preferably of 90 fS/m or less, more preferably of 0.01 to 80 fS/m, more preferably of 0.01 to 70 fS/m, more preferably of 0.05 to 60 fS/m, more preferably of 0.05 to 50 fS/m, more preferably of 0.05 to 40 fS/m, more preferably of 0.05 to 30 fS/m, more preferably of 0.05 to 20.0 fS/m, more preferably of 0.05 to 10.0 fS/m, most preferably of 0.05 to 5.0 fS/m, even most preferably of 0.05 to 4.0 fS/m, when measured according to DC conductivity method as described under “Determination Methods”.
Accordingly, the invention is also directed to a method for reducing, i.e. for providing a low, electrical conductivity of a polymer composition of a DC power cable, by producing at least one layer, preferably an insulation layer using the polymer composition of the invention of the second embodiment comprising (a) a polyolefin which is other than low density polyethylene (LDPE) and

(b) optionally a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a).

Preferably, the polymer composition comprises the polyolefin (a) in an amount of 0.1 to 100wt %, preferably of 0.5 to 100wt %, more preferably of 1.0 to 100wt %, more preferably of 5.0 to 100wt %, more preferably of 10.0 to 100wt %, more preferably of 20 to 100wt %, more preferably of 30 to 100 wt %, even more preferably of 40 to 100wt %, even more preferably of 50 to 100 wt %, even more preferably of 60 to 100wt %, even more preferably of 70 to 100wt %, most preferably of 80 to 100 wt %, even most preferably of 90 to 100wt %, even most preferably of 95 to 100wt % based on the combined weight of the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b).
The polyolefin (a) is preferably a polyethylene polymerised in the presence of an olefin polymerisation catalyst and selected from an ethylene homopolymer or a copolymer of ethylene with one or more comonomer(s); or a homo- or copolymer of C3-20 alpha-olefin which is preferably selected from a propylene homopolymer, a random copolymer of propylene with one or more comonomer(s) or heterophasic copolymer of propylene with one or more comonomer(s), or from homo- or copolymers of butene. “Polyethylene polymerised in the presence of an olefin polymerisation catalyst” is also often called as “low pressure polyethylene” to distinguish it clearly from LDPE. Both expressions are well known in the polyolefin field.
According to one preferred embodiment, the polyolefin (a) is polyethylene selected from very low density polyethylene (VLDPE) copolymers, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) copolymers, medium density polyethylene (MDPE) copolymers or high density polyethylene (HDPE) homopolymers or copolymers. The low pressure polyethylene can be unimodal or multimodal with respect to molecular weight distribution. Preferably the polyolefin (a) is selected from a LLDPE copolymer, a MDPE copolymer or a HDPE polymer, more preferably the polyolefin (a) is selected from a LLDPE copolymer, a MDPE copolymer or a HDPE polymer which is unimodal or multimodal with respect to molecular weight distribution. Preferably such LLDPE, MDPE or HDPE polymer is multimodal with respect to molecular weight distribution.
According to another equally preferred embodiment, the polyolefin (a) is a propylene homopolymer, a random copolymer of propylene with one or more comonomer(s) or heterophasic copolymer of propylene with one or more comonomer(s).
In case of the low pressure PE or PP, more preferably a low pressure PE, even more preferably a low pressure HDPE, as the preferred polyolefin (a), it is believed, however without binding to any theory, that the lamella thickness of crystals and the weight fraction of such crystals present in the low pressure PE or PP, more preferably in the low pressure PE, even more preferably in the low pressure HDPE, can further contribute to the reduced (=improved) electrical conductivity (determined according to said DC conductivity method) of the polymer composition. Moreover, even when such preferred polyolefin (a) is used in small amounts in a polymer composition, it can contribute to the improved electrical conductivity property of the polymer composition. Accordingly, in one preferable embodiment the polymer composition comprises at least 3 wt %, preferably at least 5 wt %, more preferably from 10 to 100 wt %, even more preferably from 15 to 95 wt %, of crystals having a lamella thickness of at least 10 nm, when measured according to DSC method as described below under “Determination Methods”. More preferably in this embodiment the polymer composition has a weight fraction of crystals with lamella thickness >10 nm of at least 1 wt %, more preferably of at least 3 wt %, even more preferably from 5 to 100 wt %, and most preferably from 10 to 95 wt %“, when measured according to DSC method as described below under “Determination Methods. More preferably in this embodiment, the polymer composition comprises a polyolefin (a) which is a low pressure PE or PP, more preferably a low pressure PE, even more preferably a low pressure HDPE, and which polyolefin (a) comprises at least 3 wt %, preferably at least 5 wt %, more preferably from 10 to 100 wt %, even more preferably from 15 to 95 wt %, of crystals with a lamella thickness of at least 10 nm, when measured according to DSC method as described below under “Determination Methods”. Even more preferably in this embodiment, the polymer composition comprises a polyolefin (a) which is a low pressure PE or PP, more preferably a low pressure PE, even more preferably a low pressure HDPE, and which polyolefin (a) has a weight fraction of crystals with lamella thickness >10 nm of at least 1 wt %, more preferably of at least 3 wt %, even more preferably from 5 to 100 wt %, and most preferably from 10 to 95 wt %“, when measured according to DSC method as described below under “Determination Methods. Such polymers are e.g. commercial and supplied for instance by Borealis, Ineos, Total Petrochemicals, Exxonmobil, Dow etc. In this context the above used definitions have the following meanings:

“Lamella thickness”=Thickness of crystal lamellas in the material (fractions*<0.1 wt % are ignored).
- * Refer to crystal fractions of one degree Celsius intervals.

“Crystal fraction with lamella thickness>10 nm”=Fraction of the crystals which have a thickness above 10 nm based on the amount of the crystallised part of the polymer “Crystallinity”=wt % of the polymer that is crystalline
“Weight fraction of crystals with lamella thickness>10 nm [wt %] “=Crystal fraction with lamella thickness>10 nm”×“Crystallinity”.
The defined properties are measured according to DSC method as described below under “Determination Methods”.
Further preferably, the polymer composition comprises the optional polyolefin (b) in an amount of 0 to 99.9wt %, preferably 0 to 99.5wt %, preferably 0 to 99.0wt %, prefereably 0 to 95wt %, preferably 0 to 90wt %, 0 to 80wt %, more preferably 0 to 70wt %, more preferably 0 to 60wt %, more preferably 0 to 50wt % , more preferably 0 to 40wt %, even more preferably 0 to 30wt %, more preferably 0 to 20wt %, more preferably 0 to 10.0wt %, even more preferably of 5.0wt % or less, based on the combined weight of the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b).
Preferably, the optional second polyolefin (b) is a polyolefin as defined above or later below for the polyolefin (a) of the second embodiment and is different from polyolefin (a), or is a low density polyethylene (LDPE) polymer selected from an optionally unsaturated LDPE homopolymer or an optionally unsaturated LDPE copolymer of ethylene with one or more comonomer(s). In the preferred second embodiment of the polyolefin (b), if present, the polyolefin (b) is an LDPE selected from an optionally unsaturated LDPE homopolymer or an optionally unsaturated LDPE copolymer of ethylene with one or more comonomer(s).
The combined amount of polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b) in the polymer composition of the invention is typically of at least 50 wt %, preferably at least 60 wt %, more preferably at least 70 wt %, more preferably at least 75 wt %, more preferably from 80 to 100 wt % and more preferably from 85 to 100 wt %, of the total weight of the polymer component(s) present in the polymer composition. The preferred polymer composition consists of polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b) as the only polymer components. The expression means that the polymer composition does not contain further polymer components, but the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b) as the sole polymer component(s). However, it is to be understood herein that the polymer composition may comprise further components other than the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b) components, such as additives which may optionally be added in a mixture with a carrier polymer, i.e. in so called master batch.
Most preferably the polymer composition comprises no polyolefin (b) (0 wt % of polyolefin (b)), based on the combined weight of the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b).
Accordingly, it is preferred that the polymer composition comprises 100 wt % of the polyolefin (a) as defined above, below or in claims, based on the combined weight of the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b). More preferably the polymer composition consists of the polyolefin (a) as the sole polymer component.
The polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b) and the further properties and preferable embodiments thereof are further described later below.
The Polymer composition of the second embodiment can have a beneficial low electrical conductivity also when it is crosslinked with a crosslinking agent. The polymer composition of the second embodiment of the invention can thus optionally be crosslinkable.
“Crosslinkable” means that the polymer composition can be crosslinked using a crosslinking agent(s) before the use in the end application thereof. Crosslinkable polymer composition further comprises a crosslinking agent. In case of crosslinking, it is preferred that the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b) of the polymer composition are crosslinked. Moreover, the crosslinked polymer composition or, respectively, the crosslinked polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b), is most preferably crosslinked via radical reaction with a free radical generating agent. The crosslinked polymer composition has a typical network, i.a. interpolymer crosslinks (bridges), as well known in the field. As evident for a skilled person, the crosslinked polymer composition can be and is defined herein with features that are present in the polymer composition, polyolefin (a) or the optional second polyolefin (b) before or after the crosslinking, as stated or evident from the context. For instance the amount of the crosslinking agent in the polymer composition or a compositional property, such as MFR, density and/or unsaturation degree, of the polyolefin (a) or the second polyolefin (b) are defined, unless otherwise stated, before crosslinking. “Crosslinked” means that the crosslinking step provides a further technical feature to the crosslinked polymer composition (product by process) which makes a further difference over prior art. For instance the crosslinking may contribute to the mechanical properties and the heat and deformation resistance of the polymer composition.
Accordingly, in embodiments, wherein the polymer composition comprises no crosslinking agent, the electrical conductivity as described under the “Determination method” is measured from a sample of said polymer composition which is non-crosslinked (i.e. does not contain a crosslinking agent and has not been crosslinked with a crosslinking agent). In embodiments, wherein the polymer composition is crosslinkable and comprises a crosslinking agent, then the electrical conductivity is measured from a sample of the crosslinked polymer composition (i.e. a sample of the polymer composition is first crosslinked with the crosslinking agent initially present is the polymer composition and then the electrical conductivity is measured from the obtained crosslinked sample). The conductivity measurement from a non-crosslinked or a crosslinked polymer composition sample is described under “Determination Methods”. The amount of the crosslinking agent, if present, can vary, preferably within the ranges given below.
Accordingly, the polymer composition of the second embodiment optionally comprises a crosslinking agent, which is then preferably a peroxide in an amount of 0 to 110 mmol —O—O-/kg polymer composition, preferably 0 to 90 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition (corresponds 0 to 2.4 wt % of dicumyl peroxide based on the polymer composition), 0 to 75 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of 0 to 50 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of 0 to 40 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of 0 to 37 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of 0 to 35 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of 0 to 34 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of 0 to 33 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, more preferably from 0 to 30 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, more preferably from 0 to 20 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, more preferably from 0 to 10.0 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, more preferably from 0 to 7.0 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, more preferably less than 5.0 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, most preferably the polymer composition comprises no crosslinking agent (=0wt % of added crosslinking agent). The lower limit of the crosslinking agent, if present, is not limited and can be at least 0.1 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably at least 0.5 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, more preferably at least 5.0 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition. The lower peroxide content can shorten the required degassing step of the produced and crosslinked cable, if desired.
The unit “mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition” means herein the content (mmol) of peroxide functional groups per kg polymer composition, when measured from the polymer composition prior to crosslinking. For instance the 35 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition corresponds to 0.95.0 wt % of the well known dicumyl peroxide based on the total amount (100 wt %) of the polymer composition.
Such polymer composition may comprise one type of peroxide or two or more different types of peroxide, in which case the amount (in mmol) of —O—O—/kg polymer composition, as defined above, below or in claims, is the sum of the amount of —O—O—/kg polymer composition of each peroxide type. As non-limiting examples of suitable organic peroxides, di-tert-amylperoxide, 2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne, 2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, tert-butylcumylperoxide, di(tert-butyl)peroxide, dicumylperoxide, butyl-4,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-valerate, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, tert-butylperoxybenzoate, dibenzoylperoxide, bis(tert butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(benzoylperoxy)hexane, 1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-di(tert amylperoxy)cyclohexane, or any mixtures thereof, can be mentioned. Preferably, the peroxideis selected from 2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, di(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, dicumylperoxide, tert-butylcumylperoxide, di(tert-butyl)peroxide, or mixtures thereof. Most preferably, the peroxide is dicumylperoxide.
However, as mentioned above, the electrical conductivity of a non-crosslinked polymer composition is surprisingly low. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment the polymer composition is not crosslinked. Thus it is preferred that the polymer composition comprises no crosslinking agent. In this embodiment the non-crosslinked polymer composition has very advantageous low electrical conductivity and need not to be crosslinked for use in a layer, preferably in an insulation layer, of a DC power cable. In this embodiment the prior art drawbacks relating to the use of a crosslinking agent in cable layer can be avoided. Naturally, the embodiment enables to simplify the cable production process. The preferred non-crosslinked polymer composition is the polymer composition according to the second embodiment.
“Without crosslinking”, “not crosslinked” or “non-crosslinked” as used herein above, below or in claims means that no crosslinking agent is added to the polymer composition for crosslinking the composition. Similarly, “comprises no crosslinking agent” means herein the polymer composition does not comprise any crosslinking agent which would have been added to crosslink the composition.
Additionally, the polymer composition of the invention may contain, in addition to the polyolefin (a), optional second polyolefin (b) and the optional peroxide, further component(s) such as polymer component(s) and/or additive(s), preferably additive(s), such as any of antioxidant(s), scorch retarder(s) (SR), crosslinking booster(s), stabiliser(s), processing aid(s), flame retardant additive(s), water tree retardant additive(s), acid or ion scavenger(s), inorganic filler(s) and voltage stabilizer(s), as known in the polymer field. The polymer composition comprises preferably conventionally used additive(s) for W&C applications, such as one or more antioxidant(s) and optionally one or more scorch retarder(s), preferably at least one or more antioxidant(s). The used amounts of additives are conventional and well known to a skilled person.
As non-limiting examples of antioxidants e.g. sterically hindered or semi-hindered phenols, aromatic amines, aliphatic sterically hindered amines, organic phosphites or phosphonites, thio compounds, and mixtures thereof, can be mentioned.
It is preferred that the polymer composition and the subgroup thereof are used for producing an insulation layer. Preferably, the polymer composition is avoid of, i.e. does not comprise, a carbon black. Also preferably, the polymer composition is avoid of, does not comprise, flame retarding additive(s) in such amounts conventionally used for acting as “flame retardants”, e.g. a metal hydroxide containing additives in flame retarding amounts.
The following preferable embodiments, properties and subgroups of the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b) components suitable for the polymer composition are independently generalisable so that they can be used in any order or combination to further define the preferable embodiments of the polymer composition and the cable produced using the polymer composition. Moreover, it is evident that the given polyolefin (a) and the optional second (b) descriptions apply to the polyolefin prior optional crosslinking.
Polyolefin (a)
In case the polyolefin (a) is a non-crosslinked LDPE, then the suitable LDPE is according to the LDPE as described and defined under the second optional polyolefin (b).
Preferably the polyolefin (a) is a low pressure polyethylene, i.e. polyethylene polymerised in the presence of an olefin polymerisation catalyst; or a homo- or copolymer of C3-20 alpha-olefin which is preferably a polypropylene or a homo- or copolymers of butene. Most preferred polyolefin (a) is a low pressure polyethylene or polypropylene.
“Olefin polymerisation catalyst” means herein a conventional coordination catalyst. It is preferably selected from a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, single site catalyst which term comprises a metallocene and a non-metallocene catalyst, or a chromium catalyst, or any mixture thereof.
Term “Polyethylene” (PE) means homopolymer of ethylene or a copolymer of ethylene with one or more comonomer(s). “Polypropylene” (PP) means propylene homopolymer, a random copolymer of propylene with one or more comonomer(s) or heterophasic copolymer of propylene with one or more comonomer(s).
Low pressure PE or PP can be unimodal or multimodal with respect to molecular weight distribution (MWD=Mw/Mn). Generally, a polymer comprising at least two polymer fractions, which have been produced under different polymerization conditions resulting in different (weight average) molecular weights and molecular weight distributions for the fractions, is referred to as “multimodal”. The prefix “multi” relates to the number of different polymer fractions present in the polymer. Thus, for example, multimodal polymer includes so called “bimodal” polymer consisting of two fractions. The form of the molecular weight distribution curve, i.e. the appearance of the graph of the polymer weight fraction as a function of its molecular weight, of a multimodal polymer will show two or more maxima or is typically distinctly broadened in comparison with the curves for the individual fractions. For example, if a polymer is produced in a sequential multistage process, utilizing reactors coupled in series and using different conditions in each reactor, the polymer fractions produced in the different reactors will each have their own molecular weight distribution and weight average molecular weight. When the molecular weight distribution curve of such a polymer is recorded, the individual curves from these fractions form typically together a broadened molecular weight distribution curve for the total resulting polymer product.
The term “multimodal” means herein, unless otherwise stated, multimodality at least with respect to molecular weight distribution (MWD=Mw/Mn) and includes also bimodal polymer.
A multimodal low pressure PE or PP usable in the present invention comprises a lower weight average molecular weight (LMW) component (A) and a higher weight average molecular weight (HMW) component (B). Said LMW component has a lower molecular weight than the HMW component.
Naturally, the multimodal low pressure PE or PP may in addition or alternatively to multimodality with respect to MWD be multimodal with respect to density and comonomer content. I.e. the LMW and HMW components may have different comonomer content or density, or both.
Preferably the low pressure PE and PP independently have a MWD of at least 2.0, preferably of at least 2.5, preferably of at least 2.9, preferably from 3 to 30, more preferably from 3.3 to 25, even more preferably from 3.5 to 20, preferably 3.5 to 15. A unimodal PE or PP has typically a MWD of 3.0 to 10.0.
The low pressure PE or PP can be a copolymer of ethylene or, respectively, of propylene (random or heterophasic), with one or more comonomer(s). Comonomer as used herein means monomer units other than ethylene or, respectively propylene, which are copolymerisable with ethylene or, respectively with propylene.
The low pressure PE copolymer is preferably a copolymer of ethylene with one or more olefin comonomer(s), preferably with at least C3-20 alpha olefin, more preferably with at least one C4-12 alpha-olefin, more preferably with at least one C4-8 alpha-olefin, e.g. with 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene. The amount of comonomer(s) present in a PE copolymer is from 0.1 to 15 mol%, typically 0.25 to 10 mol-%.
The PP copolymer is preferably a copolymer of propylene with one or more olefin comonomer(s), preferably with at least one of ethylene or C4-20 alpha olefin, more preferably with at least one of ethylene or C4-12 alpha-olefin, more preferably with at least one of ethylene or C4-8 alpha-olefin, e.g. with ethylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene.
Preferably, the low pressure PE or PP copolymer can be a binary copolymer, i.e. e.g. the PE copolymer contains ethylene and one comonomer, or a terpolymer, i.e. e.g. the PE copolymer contains ethylene and two or three comonomers.
In one preferable embodiment the polyolefin (a) is a low pressure PE selected from a very low density ethylene copolymer (VLDPE), a linear low density ethylene copolymer (LLDPE), a medium density ethylene copolymer (MDPE) or a high density ethylene homopolymer or copolymer (HDPE). These well known types are named according to their density area. The term VLDPE includes herein PEs which are also known as plastomers and elastomers and covers the density range of from 850 to 909 kg/m³. The LLDPE has a density of from 909 to 930 kg/m³, preferably of from 910 to 929 kg/m³, more preferably of from 915 to 929 kg/m³. The MDPE has a density of from 930 to 945 kg/m³, preferably 931 to 945 kg/m³The HDPE has a density of more than 945 kg/m³, preferably of more than 946 kg/m³, preferably form 946 to 977 kg/m³, more preferably form 946 to 965 kg/m³.
LLDPE, MDPE or HDPE are preferable types of low pressure PE for use as the polyolefin (a) of the present invention. Such LLDPE, MDPE or HDPE can be unimodal or multimodal. Preferably, the low pressure PE, more preferably the LLDPE, MDPE or HDPE, is multimodal, such as bimodal. The multimodality contributes to the mechanical and processing properties, such as thermal stress cracking (TSCR).
The low pressure PE has preferably an MFR2 of up to 1200 g/10 min, such as of up to 1000 g/10 min, preferably of up to 500 g/10 min, preferably of up to 400 g/10 min, preferably of up to 300 g/10 min, preferably of up to 200 g/10 min, preferably of up to 150 g/10 min, preferably from 0.01 to 100, preferably from 0.01 to 50 g/10 min, preferably from 0.01 to 40.0 g/10 min, preferably of from 0.05 to 30.0 g/10 min, preferably of from 0.1 to 20.0 g/10 min, more preferably of from 0.2 to 15.0 g/10 min.
In another equally preferable embodiment the polyolefin (a) is a propylene homopolymer, a random copolymer of propylene with one or more comonomer(s) or heterophasic copolymer of propylene with one or more comonomer(s). The type of polypropylenes are well known in the field.
In “random copolymer” the comonomer(s) in said copolymer is distributed randomly, i.e. by statistical insertion of the comonomer units, within the copolymer chain. Said “heterophasic copolymer of propylene” comprises a matrix phase which can be a propylene homopolymer or a propylene copolymer, and an elastomeric phase of propylene copolymer, also known as rubber part, which is dispersed in said matrix phase.
A propylene homopolymer as the polyolefin (a) has typically a xylene solubles content (XS, in wt %) e.g. of below 5 wt %, such as 0.1 to 3 wt %, based on the amount of said propylene homopolymer.
A random propylene copolymer as the polyolefin (a) contains preferably conventionally used amounts of comonomer, for example up to 30 wt % of the amount of said random propylene copolymer, e.g. between 0.5 to 20wt %, preferably 1.0 to 10.0 wt %, more preferably between 2.0 to 7.0 wt % based on the amount of said random propylene copolymer. The xylene solubles content (wt %) of said random propylene copolymer is preferably of up to 20 wt %, preferably of up to 15 wt %, e.g. 0.5 to 10.0 wt %, based on the amount of said random propylene copolymer.
A heterophasic propylene copolymer as the polyolefin (a) comprises the matrix phase of propylene homo- or copolymer of up to 95.0 wt %, preferably of from 20 to 90 wt %, the elastomeric propylene copolymer phase of up to 80 wt %, preferably of from 10.0 to 40wt %, based on the amount of said heterophasic propylene copolymer. In case said matrix phase of said heterophasic propylene copolymer is a random propylene copolymer, then the comonomer content and XS (wt %) content of said matrix phase is preferably as defined above for said random copolymer as said polyolefin component (a). In case said matrix phase is a propylene homopolymer, then said XS (wt %) content is preferably as defined above for said propylene homopolymer component as said polyolefin component (a). The heterophasic propylene copolymer has typically a total xylene solubles (wt %) of up to 50 wt %, preferably of up to 30 wt %, based on the amount of the heterophasic propylene copolymer.
PP as the polyolefin (a) has preferably an MFR₂of up to 1200 g/10 min, such as of up to 1000 g/10 min, preferably of up to 500 g/10 min, preferably of up to 400 g/10 min, preferably of up to 300 g/10 min, preferably of up to 200 g/10 min, preferably of up to 150 g/10 min, preferably from 0.01 to 100, preferably from 0.01 to 50 g/10 min, preferably from 0.01 to 40.0 g/10 min, preferably of from 0.05 to 30.0 g/10 min, preferably of from 0.1 to 20.0 g/10 min, more preferably of from 0.2 to 15.0 g/10 min
Suitable low pressure PE and PP as the polyolefin (a) are as such well known and can be e.g. commercially available or, alternatively, can be produced according to or analogously to conventional polymerisation processes which are well documented in the literature.
The catalyst can be selected from well known coordination catalysts, preferably from Ziegler Natta, single site, which term comprises well known metallocene and non-metallocene catalyst, or Chromium catalyst, or any mixtures thereof. It is evident for a skilled person that the catalyst system comprises a co-catalyst. Suitable Ziegler Natta catalysts for low pressure PE are described e.g. in EP0810235 or EP0688794 which are all incorporated by reference herein. Suitable Ziegler Natta catalysts for PP are described e.g. in WO03000754 or EP 1 484 345, which are all incorporated by reference herein. As known PP catalysts typically may contain internal or external donors. As well known the catalytically active catalyst component(s), such as the catalytically active component of the Ziegler Natta catalyst, is normally combined with an activator. Moreover the catalyst system can be non-supported or supported on a carrier, such as external carrier, like silica-based or Mg-based carrier.
The unimodal low pressure PE and PP can be produced by a single stage polymerisation in a single reactor in a well known and documented manner The multimodal (e.g. bimodal) low pressure PE or PP can be produced e.g. by blending mechanically together two or more separate polymer components or, preferably, by in-situ blending during the polymerisation process of the components. Both mechanical and in-situ blending are well known in the field. Accordingly, the preferable in-situ blending means the polymerisation of the polymer components under different polymerisation conditions, e.g. in a multistage, i.e. two or more stage, polymerization or by the use of two or more different polymerization catalysts, including multi- or dual site catalysts, in a one stage polymerization, or by use a combination of multistage polymerisation and two or more different polymerisation catalysts. In the multistage polymerisation process the polymer is polymerised in a process comprising at least two polymerisation stages. Each polymerisation stage may be conducted in at least two distinct polymerisation zones in one reactor or in at least two separate reactors. Preferably, the multistage polymerisation process is conducted in at least two cascaded polymerisation zones. Polymerisation zones may be connected in parallel, or preferably the polymerisation zones operate in cascaded mode. The polymerisation zones may operate in bulk, slurry, solution, or gas phase conditions or in any combinations thereof. In the preferred multistage process a first polymerisation step is carried out in at least one slurry, e.g. loop, reactor and the second polymerisation step in one or more gas phase reactors. One preferable multistage process is described in EP517868. For suitable polypropylenes as said polyolefin (a) the preparation processes thereof, reference is also made to e.g. Nello Pasquini (Ed.) Polypropylene Handbook, Hanser, Munich, 2005, pages 15-141.
In general, the temperature in the low pressure PE and PP polymerisation is typically from 50 to 115° C., preferably from 60 to 110° C. The pressure is from 1 to 150 bar, preferably from 10 to 100 bar. The precise control of polymerisation conditions can be performed by using different types of catalyst and using different comonomer and/or hydrogen feeds.
Prepolymerisation may precede the actual polymerisation step(s), as well known in the field.
In case of heterophasic copolymer of propylene the matrix of propylene homopolymer or random copolymer can be produced e.g. in a single stage or as a multistage process described above and the elastomeric (rubber) part of the propylene copolymer can be produced as an in-situ polymerisation e.g. in a separate reactor, e.g. gas phase reactor in the presence of the matrix polymer produced in the previous stage. Alternatively the elastomeric copolymer of propylene part can be mechanically compounded to the matrix phase material, as well known in the art.
The obtained low pressure PE or PP polymerisation product may be compounded in a known manner and optionally with additive(s) and pelletised for further use.
Optional Second Polyolefin (b)
The optional second polyolefin (b) (referred herein also shortly as “the second polyolefin”) can be any polyolefin as defined for polyolefin (a) or a low density polyethylene (LDPE) polymer. The below description of the suitable LDPE applies also to the non-crosslinked LDPE of the polyolefin (a).
A suitable polyolefin as the second polyolefin (b) can be any polyolefin, such as any conventional polyolefin, which can be used in a cable layer, preferably in an insulating layer, of a cable.
Suitable polyolefins as the second polyolefin (b) are e.g. as such well known and can be e.g. commercially available or can be prepared according to or analogously to known polymerization processes described in the chemical literature.
The low pressure polyolefin as described for polyolefin (a) above and LDPE polymer are equally preferable as the optional second polyolefin (b).
For the description of low pressure polyolefin as the second polyolefin (b), reference is made to above polyolefin (a).
As to LDPE as the optional second polyolefin (b), the LDPE polymer may be a low density homopolymer of ethylene (referred herein as LDPE homopolymer) or a low density copolymer of ethylene with one or more comonomer(s) (referred herein as LDPE copolymer). The one or more comonomers of LDPE copolymer are preferably selected from the polar comonomer(s), non-polar comonomer(s) or from a mixture of the polar comonomer(s) and non-polar comonomer(s), as defined above or below. Moreover, said LDPE homopolymer or LDPE copolymer as said second polyolefin (b) may optionally be unsaturated.
As well known “comonomer” refers to copolymerisable comonomer units. As a polar comonomer for the LDPE copolymer as said second polyolefin (b), comonomer(s) containing hydroxyl group(s), alkoxy group(s), carbonyl group(s), carboxyl group(s), ether group(s) or ester group(s), or a mixture thereof, can be used. More preferably, comonomer(s) containing carboxyl and/or ester group(s) are used as said polar comonomer. Still more preferably, the polar comonomer(s) of LDPE copolymer is selected from the groups of acrylate(s), methacrylate(s) or acetate(s), or any mixtures thereof. If present in said LDPE copolymer, the polar comonomer(s) is preferably selected from the group of alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates or vinyl acetate, or a mixture thereof. Further preferably, said polar comonomers are selected from C₁- to C6-alkyl acrylates, C₁- to C6-alkyl methacrylates or vinyl acetate. Still more preferably, said polar LDPE copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene with C₁- to C₄-alkyl acrylate, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl acrylate, or vinyl acetate, or any mixture thereof.
As the non-polar comonomer(s) for the LDPE copolymer as said second polyolefin (b), comonomer(s) other than the above defined polar comonomers can be used. Preferably, the non-polar comonomers are other than comonomer(s) containing hydroxyl group(s), alkoxy group(s), carbonyl group(s), carboxyl group(s), ether group(s) or ester group(s). One group of preferable non-polar comonomer(s) comprise, preferably consist of, monounsaturated (=one double bond) comonomer(s), preferably olefins, preferably alpha-olefins, more preferably C₃to C₁₀alpha-olefins, such as propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, styrene, 1-octene, 1-nonene; polyunsaturated (=more than one double bond) comonomer(s); a silane group containing comonomer(s); or any mixtures thereof. The polyunsaturated comonomer(s) are further described below in relation to unsaturated LDPE copolymers.
If the LDPE polymer is a copolymer, it preferably comprises 0.001 to 50 wt.-%, more preferably 0.05 to 40 wt.-%, still more preferably less than 35 wt.-%, still more preferably less than 30 wt.-%, more preferably less than 25 wt.-%, of one or more comonomer(s).
The polymer composition, preferably at least the optional second polyolefin (b) component thereof, more preferably the LDPE polymer, may optionally be unsaturated, i.e. the polymer composition, preferably at least the second polyolefin (b), preferably the LDPE polymer, may comprise carbon-carbon double bonds (—C═C—). The “unsaturated” means herein that the polymer composition, preferably the second polyolefin (b), contains carbon-carbon double bonds/1000 carbon atoms in a total amount of at least 0.4/1000 carbon atoms. If the non-crosslinked LDPE is used in the final cable, then the LDPE is typically not unsaturated as defined above.
As well known, the unsaturation can be provided to the polymer composition i.a. by means of the polyolefin component(s), a low molecular weight (Mw) compound(s), such as crosslinking booster(s) or scorch retarder additive(s), or any combinations thereof. The total amount of double bonds means herein double bonds determined from the source(s) that are known and deliberately added to contribute to the unsaturation. If two or more above sources of double bonds are chosen to be used for providing the unsaturation, then the total amount of double bonds in the polymer composition means the sum of the double bonds present in the double-bond sources. It is evident that a characteristic model compound for calibration is used for each chosen source to enable the quantitative infrared (FTIR) determination.
Any double bond measurements are carried out prior to optional crosslinking.
If the polymer composition is unsaturated (prior to optional crosslinking), then it is preferred that the unsaturation originates at least from an unsaturated optional second polyolefin (b) component, if present. More preferably, if present, then the unsaturated second polyolefin (b) is an unsaturated polyethylene, more preferably an unsaturated LDPE polymer, even more preferably an unsaturated LDPE homopolymer or an unsaturated LDPE copolymer. When polyunsaturated comonomer(s) are present in the LDPE polymer as said unsaturated polyolefin, then the LDPE polymer is an unsaturated
LDPE copolymer.
In an unsaturated embodiment the term “total amount of carbon-carbon double bonds” is defined from the polymer composition, preferably from the unsaturated second polyolefin (b), if present, and refers, if not otherwise specified, to the combined amount of double bonds which originate from vinyl groups, vinylidene groups and trans-vinylene groups, if present. Naturally the second polyolefin (b) does not necessarily contain all the above three types of double bonds. However, any of the three types, when present, is calculated to the “total amount of carbon-carbon double bonds”. The amount of each type of double bond is measured as indicated under “Determination methods”.
If an LDPE homopolymer as the second polyolefin (b) is unsaturated, then the unsaturation can be provided e.g. by a chain transfer agent (CTA), such as propylene, and/or by polymerization conditions. If an LDPE copolymer as the second polyolefin (b) is unsaturated, then the unsaturation can be provided by one or more of the following means: by a chain transfer agent (CTA), by one or more polyunsaturated comonomer(s) or by polymerisation conditions. It is well known that selected polymerisation conditions such as peak temperatures and pressure, can have an influence on the unsaturation level. In case of an unsaturated LDPE copolymer, it is preferably an unsaturated LDPE copolymer of ethylene with at least one polyunsaturated comonomer, and optionally with other comonomer(s), such as polar comonomer(s) which is preferably selected from acrylate or acetate comonomer(s). More preferably an unsaturated LDPE copolymer is an unsaturated LDPE copolymer of ethylene with at least polyunsaturated comonomer(s).
The polyunsaturated comonomers suitable for the unsaturated second polyolefin (b) preferably consist of a straight carbon chain with at least 8 carbon atoms and at least 4 carbons between the non-conjugated double bonds, of which at least one is terminal, more preferably, said polyunsaturated comonomer is a diene, preferably a diene which comprises at least eight carbon atoms, the first carbon-carbon double bond being terminal and the second carbon-carbon double bond being non-conjugated to the first one. Preferred dienes are selected from C₈to C₁₄non-conjugated dienes or mixtures thereof, more preferably selected from 1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, 1,11-dodecadiene, 1,13-tetradecadiene, 7-methyl-1,6-octadiene, 9-methyl-1,8-decadiene, or mixtures thereof. Even more preferably, the diene is selected from 1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, 1,11-dodecadiene, 1,13-tetradecadiene, or any mixture thereof, however, without limiting to above dienes.
It is well known that e.g. propylene can be used as a comonomer or as a chain transfer agent (CTA), or both, whereby it can contribute to the total amount of the carbon-carbon double bonds, preferably to the total amount of the vinyl groups. Herein, when a compound which can also act as comonomer, such as propylene, is used as CTA for providing double bonds, then said copolymerisable comonomer is not calculated to the comonomer content.
If LDPE polymer as the second polyolefin (b) is unsaturated, then it has preferably a total amount of carbon-carbon double bonds, which originate from vinyl groups, vinylidene groups and trans-vinylene groups, if present, of more than 0.4/1000 carbon atoms, preferably of more than 0.5/1000 carbon atoms. The upper limit of the amount of carbon-carbon double bonds present in the polyolefin is not limited and may preferably be less than 5.0/1000 carbon atoms, preferably less than 3.0/1000 carbon atoms.
In some embodiments, e.g. wherein higher crosslinking level with the low peroxide content is desired, the total amount of carbon-carbon double bonds, which originate from vinyl groups, vinylidene groups and trans-vinylene groups, if present, in the unsaturated LDPE, is preferably higher than 0.40/1000 carbon atoms, preferably higher than 0.50/1000 carbon atoms, preferably higher than 0.60/1000 carbon atoms.
If the LDPE as the second polyolefin (b) is unsaturated LDPE as defined above, it contains preferably at least vinyl groups and the total amount of vinyl groups is preferably higher than 0.05/1000 carbon atoms, still more preferably higher than 0.08/1000 carbon atoms, and most preferably of higher than 0.11/1000 carbon atoms. Preferably, the total amount of vinyl groups is of lower than 4.0/1000 carbon atoms. More preferably, the second polyolefin (b), prior to crosslinking, contains vinyl groups in total amount of more than 0.20/1000 carbon atoms, still more preferably of more than 0.30/1000 carbon atoms.
Typically, and preferably in wire and cable (W&C) applications, the density of LDPE polymer as the optional second polyolefin (b), is higher than 860 kg/m³. Preferably the density of the LDPE homopolymer or copolymer as the optional second polyolefin (b), is not higher than 960 kg/m³, and preferably is from 900 to 945 kg/m³. The MFR₂(2.16 kg, 190° C.) of the second polyolefin (b), preferably of the LDPE polymer, is preferably from 0.01 to 50 g/10min, preferably of from 0.05 to 30.0 g/10 min, more preferably is from 0.1 to 20 g/10min, and most preferably is from 0.2 to 10 g/10min.
Accordingly, a LDPE polymer as the optional second polyolefin (b) is preferably produced at high pressure by free radical initiated polymerisation (referred to as high pressure (HP) radical polymerization). The HP reactor can be e.g. a well known tubular or autoclave reactor or a mixture thereof, preferably a tubular reactor. The high pressure (HP) polymerisation and the adjustment of process conditions for further tailoring the other properties of the polyolefin depending on the desired end application are well known and described in the literature, and can readily be used by a skilled person. Suitable polymerisation temperatures range up to 400° C., preferably from 80 to 350° C. and pressure from 70 MPa, preferably 100 to 400 MPa, more preferably from 100 to 350 MPa. Pressure can be measured at least after compression stage and/or after the tubular reactor. Temperature can be measured at several points during all steps.
After the separation the obtained LDPE is typically in a form of a polymer melt which is normally mixed and pelletized in a pelletising section, such as pelletising extruder, arranged in connection to the HP reactor system. Optionally, additive(s), such as antioxidant(s), can be added in this mixer in a known manner
Further details of the production of ethylene (co)polymers by high pressure radical polymerization can be found i.a. in the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 6 (1986), pp 383-410 and Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.: “Polyethylene: High-pressure, R.Klimesch, D.Littmann and F.-O. Mailing pp. 7181-7184.
When an unsaturated LDPE copolymer of ethylene is prepared, then, as well known, the carbon-carbon double bond content can be adjusted by polymerising the ethylene e.g. in the presence of one or more polyunsaturated comonomer(s), chain transfer agent(s), or both, using the desired feed ratio between monomer, preferably ethylene, and polyunsaturated comonomer and/or chain transfer agent, depending on the nature and amount of C-C double bonds desired for the unsaturated LDPE copolymer. I.a. WO 9308222 describes a high pressure radical polymerisation of ethylene with polyunsaturated monomers. As a result the unsaturation can be uniformly distributed along the polymer chain in random copolymerisation manner
End Uses and End Applications of the Polymer Composition of Invention
The polymer composition of the invention can be used for producing a layer of a direct current (DC) power cable, as defined above, below or in claims.
The invention further provides a direct current (DC) power cable, comprising a conductor which is surrounded at least by an inner semiconductive layer, an insulation layer and an outer semiconductive layer, in that order, wherein at least one layer, preferably at least the insulation layer, comprises, preferably consists of, a polymer composition as defined above, below or in claims, comprising

Accordingly, the inner semiconductive layer of the power cable comprises, preferably consists of, a first semiconductive composition, the insulation layer comprises, preferably consists of, an insulation composition, and the outer semiconductive layer comprises, preferably consists of, a second semiconductive composition. Thus one of the compositions, preferably at least the insulation composition comprises, more preferably, consists of the polymer composition of the invention.
The first and the second semiconductive compositions can be different or identical and comprise a polymer(s) which is preferably a polyolefin or a mixture of polyolefins and a conductive filler, preferably carbon black. Suitable polyolefin(s) are e.g. polyethylene produced in a low pressure process or a polyethylene produced in a HP process (LDPE). The general polymer description as given above in relation to the polyolefin (a) and, respectively, in relation to the second optional polyolefin (b) apply also for the suitable polymers for semiconductive layers. The carbon black can be any conventional carbon black used in the semiconductive layers of a DC power cable, preferably in the semiconductive layer of a DC power cable. Preferably the carbon black has one or more of the following properties: a) a primary particle size of at least 5 nm which is defined as the number average particle diameter according ASTM D3849-95a, dispersion procedure D b) iodine number of at least 30 mg/g according to ASTM D1510, c) oil absorption number of at least 30 ml/100g which is measured according to ASTM D2414. Non-limiting examples of carbon blacks are e.g. acetylene carbon black, furnace carbon black and Ketjen carbon black, preferably furnace carbon black and acetylene carbon black. Preferably, the polymer composition comprises 10 to 50 wt % carbon black, based on the weight of the Semiconductive composition.
In a first preferable embodiment of the DC cable the inner semiconductive layer comprises a first semiconductive composition, the insulation layer comprises an insulation composition and an outer semiconductive layer comprises a second semiconductive composition, in that order, and wherein the insulation composition of the insulation layer comprises, preferably consists, of said polymer composition comprising

(a) a polyolefin which is a non-crosslinked LDPE which is preferably selected from a LDPE homopolymer or a LDPE copolymer of ethylene with one or more comonomer(s), and
(b) optionally a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a), as defined above, below or in claims,
and wherein the outer semiconductive layer comprises, preferably consists of, a crosslinked second semiconductive composition. Furthermore, optionally, and preferably, the inner semicoductive layer comprises, preferably consists of, a non-crosslinked first semiconductive composition. It is thus preferred that the first semiconductive composition of the inner semiconductive layer is non-crosslinked, the insulation layer comprises the polymer composition with a non-crosslinked LDPE polyolefin (a) and the second semiconductive composition of the outer semiconductive layer is crosslinked.

In a more preferable second embodiment of the DC cable the inner semiconductive layer comprises a first semiconductive composition, the insulation layer comprises an insulation composition and an outer semiconductive layer comprises a second semiconductive composition, in that order, and wherein the insulation composition of the insulation layer comprises, preferably consists, of said polymer composition comprising

(a) a polyolefin which is other than LDPE, and which is optionally, and preferably, non-crosslinked, and
(b) optionally a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a), as defined above, below or in claims.

In this embodiment the polyolefin (a) which is other than LDPE can be non-crosslinked and crosslinked.
The DC power cable of the more preferable second embodiment of the invention may thus optionally be crosslinkable. Accordingly, if the DC power cable is crosslinkable, then at least one layer, preferably at least the insulation layer, comprises, preferably consists of, the polymer composition as defined above, below or in claims comprising

(a) a polyolefin which is other than low density polyethylene (LDPE),
(b) optionally a second polyolefin, which is different from the polyolefin (a), and
a crosslinking agent, which is preferably a peroxide in an amount of up to 110 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of up to 90 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, more preferably of 1.0 to 75 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of less than 50 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of less than 40 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of less than 37 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of less than 35 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, preferably of 0.1 to 34 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition or less, preferably of 0.5 to 33 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition or less, more preferably from 5.0 to 30 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, more preferably from 7.0 to 30 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition, more preferably from 10.0 to 30 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition.

However, it is preferred that the polymer composition of the second embodiment of the invention comprises no crosslinking agent. Accordingly, in the more preferable DC cable of this embodiment, the inner semiconductive layer comprises a first semiconductive composition, the insulation layer comprises an insulation composition and an outer semiconductive layer comprises a second semiconductive composition, in that order, and wherein the insulation composition of the insulation layer comprises, preferably consists, of said polymer composition comprising

(a) a polyolefin which is other than LDPE, and which is non-crosslinked, and
(b) optionally a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a), as defined above, below or in claims.

In this second embodiment, optionally, and preferably, the outer semiconductive layer comprises, preferably consists of, non-crosslinked or crosslinked, preferably a crosslinked second semiconductive composition. Furthermore, optionally, and preferably, the inner semiconductive layer comprises, preferably consists of, a non-crosslinked first semiconductive composition. It is thus preferred that the first semiconductive composition of the inner semiconductive layer is non-crosslinked, the insulation layer comprises the polymer composition with a non-crosslinked polyolefin (a) other than LDPE and the second semiconductive composition of the outer semiconductive layer is non-crosslinked or crosslinked, preferably crosslinked.
The expressions “without crosslinking”, “not crosslinked” or “non-crosslinked”, as used herein above and below, mean that no crosslinking agent is added to the polymer composition for the purpose of crosslinking the composition. Similarly, the expression “no crosslinking agent” means herein that the polymer composition does not comprise any crosslinking agent which had been added to the polymer composition for the purpose of crosslinking the polymer composition. E.g. a non-crosslinked LDPE or a non-crosslinked polyolefin (a) other than LDPE comprises no crosslinking agent.
Naturally, the further preferable subgroups of the above properties, further properties, variants and embodiments as defined above or below for the polymer composition or for the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b) components thereof apply similarly to the DC power cable, of the invention.
The term “conductor” means herein above and below that the conductor comprises one or more wires. Moreover, the cable may comprise one or more such conductors. Preferably the conductor is an electrical conductor and comprises one or more metal wires.
It is preferred that the polymer composition of the layer, preferably of the insulation layer, consists of the polyolefin (a), which is preferably other than LDPE, based on the combined weight of the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b). Accordingly, the polymer composition of the invention comprises no polyolefin (b) or other polymer component(s).
As well known the cable can optionally comprise further layers, e.g. layers surrounding the insulation layer or, if present, the outer semiconductive layers, such as screen(s), a jacketing layer(s), other protective layer(s) or any combinations thereof.
The invention also provides a process for producing a DC power cable, wherein the process comprises the steps of

applying on a conductor, preferably by (co)extrusion, an inner semiconductive layer comprising a first semiconductive composition, an insulation layer comprising an insulation composition and an outer semiconductive layer comprising a second semiconductive composition, in that order, wherein at least the composition of the one layer, preferably the insulation composition of the insulation layer, comprises, preferably consists of, a polymer composition of the invention comprising
(a) a polyolefin provided that, when the polyolefin is a low density polyethylene (LDPE), then it is non-crosslinked, more preferably, (a) a polyolefin which is other than a low density polyethylene (LDPE), and
(b) optionally a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a), as defined above, below or in claims, and
optionally crosslinking one or more layers of the obtained cable in the presence of a crosslinking agent and at crosslinking conditions.

Preferably in this embodiment, at least the layer of the polymer composition the invention is not crosslinked. In this embodiment the process comprises the step of optionally crosslinking one or both of the first semiconductive composition of the inner semiconductive layer and the second semiconductive composition of the outer semiconductive layer of the obtained cable, without crosslinking the polymer composition of the insulation layer. Preferably, the second semiconductive composition of the outer semiconductive layer is non-crosslinked or crosslinked, more preferably crosslinked, without crosslinking the polymer composition of the insulation layer. Also preferably, the first semiconductive composition of the inner semiconductive layer is not crosslinked. More preferably, the insulation composition of the invention of the insulation layer is the polymer composition of the invention, where a polyolefin (a) is according to the second embodiment, i.e. the polyolefin (a) is other than low density polyethylene (LDPE), and preferably, comprises no crosslinking agent.
More preferably, an optionally crosslinkable DC power cable is produced, wherein the process comprises the steps of
(a)

providing and mixing, preferably meltmixing in an extruder, an optionally crosslinkable first semiconductive composition comprising a polymer, a carbon black and optionally further component(s) for the inner semiconductive layer,
providing and mixing, preferably meltmixing in an extruder, optionally crosslinkable polymer composition of the invention, comprising
(a) a polyolefin provided that, when the polyolefin is a low density polyethylene (LDPE), then it comprises no crosslinking agent, preferably a polyolefin which is other than a low density polyethylene (LDPE) and
(b) optionally a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a), for the insulation layer,
providing and mixing, preferably meltmixing in an extruder, a second semiconductive composition which is optionally crosslinkable and comprises a polymer, a carbon black and optionally further component(s) for the outer semiconductive layer,
(b) applying on a conductor, preferably by coextrusion,
a meltmix of the first semiconductive composition obtained from step (a) to form the inner semiconductive layer,
a meltmix of polymer composition of the invention obtained from step (a) to form the insulation layer, and
a meltmix of the second semiconductive composition obtained from step (a) to form the outer semiconductive layer, and
(c) optionally crosslinking at crosslinking conditions one or both of the first semiconductive composition of the inner semiconductive layer and the second semiconductive composition of the outer semiconductive layer, of the obtained cable, and optionally crosslinking the polymer composition of the insulation layer, more preferably at least without crosslinking the polymer composition of the insulation layer. Preferably in step (c) the second semiconductive polymer composition of the outer semiconductive layer is non-crosslinked or crosslinked, more preferably crosslinked without crosslinking the polymer composition of the insulation layer. Also preferably, in step (c) the second semiconductive polymer composition of the outer semiconductive layer is non-crosslinked or crosslinked, more preferably crosslinked without crosslinking the polymer composition of the insulation layer and the first semiconductive composition of the inner semiconductive layer.

Melt mixing means mixing above the melting point of at least the major polymer component(s) of the obtained mixture and is carried out for example, without limiting to, in a temperature of at least 15° C. above the melting or softening point of polymer component(s).
The term “(co)extrusion” means herein that in case of two or more layers, said layers can be extruded in separate steps, or at least two or all of said layers can be coextruded in a same extrusion step, as well known in the art. The term “(co)extrusion” means herein also that all or part of the layer(s) are formed simultaneously using one or more extrusion heads. For instance a triple extrusion can be used for forming three layers. In case a layer is formed using more than one extrusion heads, then for instance, the layers can be extruded using two extrusion heads, the first one for forming the inner semiconductive layer and the inner part of the insulation layer, and the second head for forming the outer insulation layer and the outer semiconductive layer.
As well known, the polymer composition of the invention and the optional and preferred first and second semiconductive compositions can be produced before or during the cable production process. Moreover the polymer composition of the invention and the optional and preferred first and second semiconductive composition can each independently comprise part or all of the component(s) of the final composition, before introducing to the (melt)mixing step a) of the cable production process.
Preferably, the polymer composition of the invention and, optionally, the optional first and second semiconductive composition are provided to the cable production process in form of powder, grain or pellets. Pellets mean herein generally any polymer product which is formed from reactor-made polymer (obtained directly from the reactor) by post-reactor modification to a solid polymer particles. A well-known post-reactor modification is pelletising a meltmix of a polymer product and optional additive(s) in a pelletising equipment to solid pellets. Pellets can be of any size and shape. Moreover, the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b), if present, can be combined in a same powder, grain or pellet product, which thus contains a solid polymer mixture of the polyolefin (a) and the second polyolefin (b). Alternatively and preferably, the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b), if present, are provided separately, e.g. as two separate pellet products, to the cable production process.
Accordingly, the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b), if present, of the polymer composition can be premixed, e.g. meltmixed together and pelletised, before providing to the mixing step (a). Alternatively, and preferably, these components can be provided e.g. in separate pellets to the (melt)mixing step (a), where the pellets are blended together.
The (melt)mixing step (a) of the provided polymer composition of the invention and of the preferable first and second semiconductive compositions is preferably carried out in a cable extruder. The step a) of the cable production process may optionally comprise a separate mixing step, e.g. in a mixer arranged in connection and preceding the cable extruder of the cable production line. Mixing in the preceding separate mixer can be carried out by mixing with or without external heating (heating with an external source) of the component(s). In case one of the polyolefin (a) or the optional second polyolefin (b), or the optional further component(s), such as peroxide or further additive(s), of the polymer composition of the invention and, respectively, part or all of the component(s) of the first or second semiconductive compositions, are added to the polyolefin during the cable production process, then the addition(s) can take place at any stage during the mixing step (a), e.g at the optional separate mixer preceding the cable extruder or at any point(s) of the cable extruder. The addition of the optional peroxide and optional additive(s) can be made simultaneously or separately as such, preferably in liquid form, or in a well known master batch, and at any stage during the mixing step (a).
As already mentioned, the polymer composition of the second embodiment of the invention, comprises optionally a crosslinking agent, which, if present, is preferably peroxide. The crosslinking agent can be added before the cable production process or during the (melt)mixing step(a). For instance, and preferably, the crosslinking agent and also the optional further component(s), such as additive(s), can already be present in at least one of the polyolefin (a) or the optional second polyolefin (b) before the use in the production line of the cable production process. The crosslinking agent can be e.g.
meltmixed together with the polyolefin (a) or the optional second polyolefin (b), or both, or a mixture thereof, and optional further component(s), and then the meltmix is pelletised. Alternatively and preferably, the crosslinking agent is added, preferably impregnated, onto the solid polymer particles, preferably pellets, of the polyolefin component or of the polymer composition.
It is preferred that the meltmix of the polymer composition obtained from (melt)mixing step (a) consists of the polyolefin (a) and optionally the second polyolefin (b), if present, of the invention as the sole polymer component(s). The optional and preferable additive(s) can be added to polymer composition as such or as a mixture with a carrier polymer, i.e. in a form of so-called master batch.
In one preferred embodiment of the cable production process, an optionally crosslinkable DC power cable is produced, wherein the insulation layer comprises, preferably consists of, a polymer composition of the invention. Preferably the insulation layer comprises no crosslinking agent.
The optional crosslinking agent(s) can already be present in the optional first and second semiconductive composition before introducing to the crosslinking step c) or introduced during the cros slinking step.
The optional crosslinking can be carried out at increased temperature which is chosen, as well known, depending on the type of crosslinking agent. For instance temperatures above 150° C., such as from 160 to 350° C., are typical, however without limiting thereto.
The processing temperatures and devices are well known in the art, e.g. conventional mixers and extruders, such as single or twin screw extruders, are suitable for the process of the invention.
The invention further provides an optionally crosslinked DC power cable, preferably a crosslinked HV DC power cable, comprising a conductor surrounded by one or more layers, preferably at least by an insulation layer, more preferably at least by an inner semiconductive layer, insulation layer and an outer semiconductive layer, in that order, wherein at least the insulation layer comprises a non-crosslinked polymer composition of the invention as defined above or in claims, and wherein one or both of the inner semiconductive composition and the optional and preferred outer semiconductive composition are optionally crosslinked. Preferably, the second semiconductive polymer composition of the outer semiconductive layer is non-crosslinked or crosslinked, preferably crosslinked and the polymer composition of the invention, preferably the polymer composition of the second embodiment, is non-crosslinked. More preferably the first semiconductive composition of the inner semiconductive layer is non-crosslinked.
The advantages of the most preferred embodiment of having the inner semiconductive layer and the insulation layer comprising, preferably consisting of a non-crosslinked polymeric composition in combination with an outer semiconductive layer comprising, preferably consisting of a crosslinked polymeric composition, as defined above, below or in claims are as follows:

- Optimal electrical performance of the insulation system of the HV DC cable,
- The connection of cables is very feasible due to non-crosslinked thermoplastic insulation composition,
- No need to wait and allow the heat to transfer through the insulation and inner semiconductive layers, since not crosslinked. The overall production efficiency is improved, especially in HV applications with thick insulation layer, since the inner semiconductive layer and the insulation layer need not to be crosslinked. Crosslinking of inner and outer semiconductive and insulation layers require typically at least 1 hour, while crosslinking of only the outer semiconductive layer takes less than 8 minutes,
- Robust high speed extrusion possible leading to longer stable production periods at higher extrusion speed and quality due to no risk to scorching (undesired premature crosslinking) in the inner semiconductive and insulation layers,
- Degassing step can be reduced, and thus accelerate the overall cable production process, since any undesired by-products, i.e. decomposition products, formed from the crosslinking agent, are easier to remove, i.e. degas, only from the outer layer,
- The crosslinked outer semiconductive layer is mechanically unexpectedly sufficient to protect the insulation layer from mechanical and thermal crack initiation, expressed as TSCR (Thermal stress cracking).

The preferred DC power cable of the invention is a HV DC power cable. Preferably the HV DC power cable operates at voltages as defined above for HV DC cable or extra HV DC cable, depending on the desired end cable application.
The thickness of the insulation layer of the DC power cable, more preferably of the HV DC power cable, is typically 2 mm or more, preferably at least 3 mm, preferably of at least 5 to 100 mm, more preferably from 5 to 50 mm, and conventionally 5 to 40 mm, e.g. 5 to 35 mm, when measured from a cross section of the insulation layer of the cable. The thickness of the inner and outer semiconductive layers is typically less than that of the insulation layer, and in HV DC power cables can be e.g. more than 0.1 mm, such as from 0.3 up to 20 mm, 0.3 to 10 of inner semiconductive and outer semiconductive layer. The thickness of the inner semiconductive layer is preferably 0.3-5.0 mm, preferably 0.5-3.0 mm, preferably 0.8-2.0 mm The thickness of the outer semiconductive layer is preferably from 0.3 to 10 mm, such as 0.3 to 5 mm, preferably 0.5 to 3.0 mm, preferably 0.8-3.0 mm It is evident for and within the skills of a skilled person that the thickness of the layers of the DC cable depends on the intended voltage level of the end application cable and can be chosen accordingly.
Determination Methods
Unless otherwise stated in the description or experimental part the following methods were used for the property determinations.
Wt%: % by Weight
Melt Flow Rate
The melt flow rate (MFR) is determined according to ISO 1133 and is indicated in g/10 min. The MFR is an indication of the flowability, and hence the processability, of the polymer. The higher the melt flow rate, the lower the viscosity of the polymer. The MFR is determined at 190° C. for polyethylene and at 230° C. for polypropylene. MFR may be determined at different loadings such as 2.16 kg (MFR₂) or 21.6 kg (MFR₂₁).
Molecular Weight
Mz, Mw, Mn, and MWD are measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) according to the following method:
The weight average molecular weight Mw and the molecular weight distribution (MWD =
Mw/Mn wherein Mn is the number average molecular weight and Mw is the weight average molecular weight; Mz is the z-average molecular weight) is measured according to ISO 16014-4:2003 and ASTM D 6474-99. A Waters GPCV2000 instrument, equipped with refractive index detector and online viscosimeter was used with 2×GMHXL-HT and 1× G7000HXL-HT TSK-gel columns from Tosoh Bioscience and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB, stabilized with 250 mg/L 2,6-Di tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol) as solvent at 140° C. and at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. 209.5 μL of sample solution were injected per analysis. The column set was calibrated using universal calibration (according to ISO 16014-2:2003) with at least 15 narrow MWD polystyrene (PS) standards in the range of 1 kg/mol to 12 000 kg/mol. Mark Houwink constants were used as given in ASTM D 6474-99. All samples were prepared by dissolving 0.5-4.0 mg of polymer in 4 mL (at 140° C.) of stabilized TCB (same as mobile phase) and keeping for max. 3 hours at a maximum temperature of 160° C. with continuous gentle shaking prior sampling in into the GPC instrument.
Comonomer Contents
a) Comonomer Content in Random Copolymer of Polypropylene:
Quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to quantify the amount of comonomer. Calibration was achieved by correlation to comonomer contents determined by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
The calibration procedure based on results obtained from quantitative ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy was undertaken in the conventional manner well documented in the literature. The amount of comonomer (N) was determined as weight percent (wt %) via:
N=k1(A/R)+k2
wherein A is the maximum absorbance defined of the comonomer band, R the maximum absorbance defined as peak height of the reference peak and with k1 and k2 the linear constants obtained by calibration. The band used for ethylene content quantification is selected depending if the ethylene content is random (730 cm⁻¹) or block-like (as in heterophasic PP copolymer) (720 cm⁻¹). The absorbance at 4324 cm⁻¹was used as a reference band.
b) Quantification of Alpha-Olefin Content in Linear Low Density Polyethylenes and Low Density Polyethylenes by NMR Spectroscopy:
The comonomer content was determined by quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy after basic assignment (J. Randall JMS—Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., C29(2&3), 201-317 (1989). Experimental parameters were adjusted to ensure measurement of quantitative spectra for this specific task.
Specifically solution-state NMR spectroscopy was employed using a Bruker Avancelll 400 spectrometer. Homogeneous samples were prepared by dissolving approximately 0.200 g of polymer in 2.5 ml of deuterated-tetrachloroethene in 10 mm sample tubes utilising a heat block and rotating tube oven at 140 C. Proton decoupled 13C single pulse NMR spectra with NOE (powergated) were recorded using the following acquisition parameters: a flip-angle of 90 degrees, 4 dummy scans, 4096 transients an acquisition time of 1.6 s, a spectral width of 20 kHz, a temperature of 125 C, a bilevel WALTZ proton decoupling scheme and a relaxation delay of 3.0 s. The resulting FID was processed using the following processing parameters: zero-filling to 32k data points and apodisation using a gaussian window function; automatic zeroth and first order phase correction and automatic baseline correction using a fifth order polynomial restricted to the region of interest.
Quantities were calculated using simple corrected ratios of the signal integrals of representative sites based upon methods well known in the art.
c) Comonomer Content of Polar Comonomers in Low Density Polyethylene

(1) Polymers containing >6 wt % polar comonomer units

Comonomer content (wt %) was determined in a known manner based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) determination calibrated with quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Below is exemplified the determination of the polar comonomer content of ethylene ethyl acrylate, ethylene butyl acrylate and ethylene methyl acrylate. Film samples of the polymers were prepared for the FTIR measurement: 0.5-0.7 mm thickness was used for ethylene butyl acrylate and ethylene ethyl acrylate and 0.10 mm film thickness for ethylene methyl acrylate in amount of >6wt %. Films were pressed using a Specac film press at 150° C., approximately at 5 tons, 1-2 minutes, and then cooled with cold water in a not controlled manner The accurate thickness of the obtained film samples was measured.
After the analysis with FTIR, base lines in absorbance mode were drawn for the peaks to be analysed. The absorbance peak for the comonomer was normalised with the absorbance peak of polyethylene (e.g. the peak height for butyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate at 3450 cm⁻¹was divided with the peak height of polyethylene at 2020 cm⁻¹). The NMR spectroscopy calibration procedure was undertaken in the conventional manner which is well documented in the literature, explained below.
For the determination of the content of methyl acrylate a 0.10 mm thick film sample was prepared. After the analysis the maximum absorbance for the peak for the methylacrylate at 3455 cm⁻¹was subtracted with the absorbance value for the base line at 2475 cm⁻¹(A_{methylacrylate}-A₂₄₇₅). Then the maximum absorbance peak for the polyethylene peak at 2660 cm⁻¹was subtracted with the absorbance value for the base line at 2475 cm⁻¹(A₂₆₆₀-A₂₄₇₅). The ratio between (A_{methylacrylate}-A₂₄₇₅) and (A₂₆₆-A₂₄₇) was then calculated in the conventional manner which is well documented in the literature.
The weight-% can be converted to mol-% by calculation. It is well documented in the literature.
Quantification of Copolymer Content in Polymers by NMR Spectroscopy
The comonomer content was determined by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy after basic assignment (e.g. “NMR Spectra of Polymers and Polymer Additives”, A. J. Brandolini and D. D. Hills, 2000, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York). Experimental parameters were adjusted to ensure measurement of quantitative spectra for this specific task (e.g “200 and More NMR Experiments: A Practical Course”, S. Berger and S. Braun, 2004, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim). Quantities were calculated using simple corrected ratios of the signal integrals of representative sites in a manner known in the art.
(2) Polymers Containing 6 wt. % or less polar comonomer units Comonomer content (wt. %) was determined in a known manner based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) determination calibrated with quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Below is exemplified the determination of the polar comonomer content of ethylene butyl acrylate and ethylene methyl acrylate. For the FT-IR measurement a film samples of 0.05 to 0.12 mm thickness were prepared as described above under method 1). The accurate thickness of the obtained film samples was measured.
After the analysis with FT-IR base lines in absorbance mode were drawn for the peaks to be analysed. The maximum absorbance for the peak for the comonomer (e.g. for methylacrylate at 1164 cm⁻¹and butylacrylate at 1165 cm⁻¹) was subtracted with the absorbance value for the base line at 1850 cm⁻¹(A_{polar comonomer}-A₁₈₅₀). Then the maximum absorbance peak for polyethylene peak at 2660 cm⁻¹was subtracted with the absorbance value for the base line at 1850 cm⁻¹(A₂₆₆₀-A₁₈₅₀). The ratio between (A_comonomer-A₁₈₅₀) and (A₂₆₆₀-A₁₈₅₀) was then calculated. The NMR spectroscopy calibration procedure was undertaken in the conventional manner which is well documented in the literature, as described above under method 1).
The weight-% can be converted to mol-% by calculation. It is well documented in the literature.
Below is exemplified how polar comonomer content obtained from the above method (1) or (2), depending on the amount thereof, can be converted to micromol or mmol per g polar comonomer as used in the definitions in the text and claims:
The millimoles (mmol) and the micro mole calculations have been done as described below.
For example, if 1 g of the poly(ethylene-co-butylacrylate) polymer, which contains 20 wt % butylacrylate, then this material contains 0.20/M_{butylacrylate}(128 g/mol)=1.56×10⁻³mol. (=1563 micromoles).
The content of polar comonomer units in the polar copolymer C_{polar comonomer}is expressed in mmol/g (copolymer). For example, a polar poly(ethylene-co-butylacrylate) polymer which contains 20 wt. % butyl acrylate comonomer units has a C_{polar comonomer}of 1.56 mmol/g. The used molecular weights are: M_{butylacrylate}=128 g/mole, M_{ethylacrylate}=100 g/mole, M_{methylacrylate}=86 g/mole).
Density
Low density polyethylene (LDPE): The density was measured according to ISO 1183-2. The sample preparation was executed according to ISO 1872-2 Table 3 Q (compression moulding).
Low pressure process polyethylene: Density of the polymer was measured according to ISO 1183/1872-2B.
Xylene Solubles (XS)
Xylene solubles were determined at 23° C. according ISO 6427.
Method for Determination of the Amount of Double Bonds in the Polymer Composition or in the Polymer
A) Quantification of the Amount of Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds by IR Spectroscopy
Quantitative infrared (IR) spectroscopy was used to quantify the amount of carbon-carbon doubles (C═C). Calibration was achieved by prior determination of the molar extinction coefficient of the C═C functional groups in representative low molecular weight model compounds of known structure.
The amount of each of these groups (N) was determined as number of carbon-carbon double bonds per thousand total carbon atoms (C═C/1000C) via:
N=(A×14)/(E×L×D)
were A is the maximum absorbance defined as peak height, E the molar extinction coefficient of the group in question (1·mol⁻¹·mm⁻¹), L the film thickness (mm) and D the density of the material (g·cm⁻¹).
The total amount of C═C bonds per thousand total carbon atoms can be calculated through summation of N for the individual C═C containing components.
For polyethylene samples solid-state infrared spectra were recorded using a FTIR spectrometer (Perkin Elmer 2000) on compression moulded thin (0.5-1.0 mm) films at a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹and analysed in absorption mode.
1) Polymer Compositions Comprising Polyethylene Homopolymers and Copolymers, Except Polyethylene Copolymers with >0.4 Wt % Polar Comonomer
For polyethylenes three types of C═C containing functional groups were quantified, each with a characteristic absorption and each calibrated to a different model compound resulting in individual extinction coefficients:

vinyl (R—CH═CH2) via 910 cm⁻¹based on 1-decene [dec-1-ene] giving E=13.131·mol⁻¹·mm⁻¹
vinylidene (RR′C═CH2) via 888 cm⁻¹based on 2-methyl-1-heptene [2-methyhept-1-ene] giving E=18.24 l·mol⁻¹·mm⁻¹
trans-vinylene (R—CH═CH—R′) via 965 cm⁻¹based on trans-4-decene [(E)-dec-4-ene] giving E=15.14 l·mol⁻¹·mm⁻¹

For polyethylene homopolymers or copolymers with <0.4 wt % of polar comonomer linear baseline correction was applied between approximately 980 and 840 cm⁻¹.
2) Polymer Compositions Comprising Polyethylene Copolymers with >0.4 wt % Polar Comonomer
For polyethylene copolymers with >0.4 wt % of polar comonomer two types of C═C containing functional groups were quantified, each with a characteristic absorption and each calibrated to a different model compound resulting in individual extinction coefficients:

vinyl (R—CH═CH2) via 910 cm⁻¹based on 1-decene [dec-1-ene] giving E=13.131l·mol⁻¹·mm⁻¹
vinylidene (RR′C═CH2) via 888 cm⁻¹based on 2-methyl-1-heptene [2-methyl-hept-1-end] giving E=18.24 l·mol⁻¹·mm ⁻¹

EBA:
For poly(ethylene-co-butylacrylate) (EBA) systems linear baseline correction was applied between approximately 920 and 870 cm⁻¹.
EMA:
For poly(ethylene-co-methylacrylate) (EMA) systems linear baseline correction was applied between approximately 930 and 870 cm⁻¹.
3) Polymer Compositions Comprising Unsaturated Low Molecular Weight Molecules
For systems containing low molecular weight C═C containing species direct calibration using the molar extinction coefficient of the C═C absorption in the low molecular weight species itself was undertaken.
B) Quantification of Molar Extinction Coefficients by IR Spectroscopy
The molar extinction coefficients were determined according to the procedure given in ASTM D3124-98 and ASTM D6248-98. Solution-state infrared spectra were recorded using a FTIR spectrometer (Perkin Elmer 2000) equipped with a 0.1 mm path length liquid cell at a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹.
The molar extinction coefficient (E) was determined as l·mol⁻¹·mm⁻¹via:
E=A/(C×L)
where A is the maximum absorbance defined as peak height, C the concentration (mol·l⁻¹) and L the cell thickness (mm).
At least three 0.18 mol·l⁻¹solutions in carbondisulphide (CS₂) were used and the mean value of the molar extinction coefficient determined.
DSC Method: The Lamella Thickness and the Crystallinity Determinations.
The lamella thickness distribution is analysed according to the description below. The melting curves and temperatures from a DSC (Differential Scanning Caliometry) analysis of 5 mg of sample obtained are used for calculating the lamella thickness distribution. For thermoplastic materials the DSC analysis cycle is as follows: a first heating from 30° C. to 180° C. at a rate of 10° C./min, then the sample is kept for 2 minutes at 180° C., before cooling from 180° C. to −30° C. at a rate of 10° C./min and then the sample is kept at −30° C. for 2 min before the second heating from −30° C. to 220° C. at a rate of 10° C./min is done. For peroxide containing materials the DSC analysis cycle is as follows: a first heating from 30° C. to 130° C. at a rate of 10° C./min, then the sample is kept for 2 minutes at 130° C., before cooling from 130° C. to −30° C. at a rate of 10° C./min and then the sample is kept at −30° C. for 2 min before the second heating from −30° C. to 220° C. at a rate of 10° C./min is done.
The lamella thickness for each melting temperature is calculated according to the Thompson-Gibbs equation:
T _m =T° _m(1−2σ_e /ΔH° _m L _c)
Where T°_mis equilibirum melting point for an infinite crystal, σ_eis the specific surface free energy of the basal plane, and ΔH°_mis the enthalpy of melting per mass unit and they are all constants, L_cis the lamella thickness and T_mis the melting temperature of the lamella.
Parameters for lamella thickness calculations of Polyethylene
T°_m[m/K] 415
σ_e[J/m²] 93×10⁻³
ΔH°_m[J/m³] 300×10⁶
Reference J. A. Parker, D. C. Bassett, R. H. Olley, P. Jaaskelainen; On high pressure crystallization and the characterization of linear low-density polyethylenes; Polymer 1994, 35 (19), 4140-4145.
Using the values above, the equation for determining lamella thickness for PE using the Thompson-Gibbs equation will be:
L _c=0.62×10⁻⁹×415/(415−T _m)
The melting temperature is given in Kelvin and the unit for lamella thickness is nm.
The lamella thickness distribution is calculated using the second heating cycle in the DSC analysis to ensure that the thermal history of the sample is taken away. The lamella thickness distribution is calculated in intervalls of 1° C. from −20° C. to 220° C. For each temperature intervall, which relates to certain lamella thickness intervall according to the Thompson-Gibbs equation, the corresponding specific heat input ΔH_iis calculated from the DSC analysis. The weight fraction of crystals melting in a certain lamella thickness intervall is calculated by dividing the ΔH_iwith the total specific heat input for the melting of all crystals ΔH_total.
From ΔH_total, the crystallinity of the material can be determined: crystallinity [%]=100×ΔH_total/ΔH_100%where ΔH_100%(J/g) is 290.0 for PE (L. Mandelkem, Macromolecular Physics, Vol. 1-3,Academic Press, New York 1973, 1976 &1980).
The result from this type of analysis is usually presented as a plot displaying the crystal fraction as a function of lamella thickness. This data can easily be used to determine the “crystal fraction with lamella thickness >10 nm”. Multiplying this fraction with the overall crystallinity of the material results in the overall “weight fraction crystals with lamella thickness >10 nm”.
The used properties determined with the DSC method:
In this context the above used definitions have the following meanings: “Lamella thickness”=Thickness of crystal lamellas in the material (fractions*<0.1 wt % are ignored).

- *Refer to crystal fractions of one degree Celsius intervals .

“Crystal fraction with lamella thickness>10 nm”=Fraction of the crystals which have a thickness above 10 nm based on the amount of the crystallised part of the polymer
“Crystallinity”=wt % of the polymer that is crystalline
“Weight fraction of crystals with lamella thickness >10 nm [wt %]”=Crystal fraction with lamella thickness>10 nm”×“Crystallinity”.
DC Conductivity Method
The plaques are compression moulded from pellets of the test polymer composition. The final plaques consist of the test polymer composition and have a thickness of 1 mm and a diameter of 330 mm
The conductivity measurement can be performed using a test polymer composition which does not comprise or comprises the optional crosslinking agent. In case of no crosslinking agent, the conductivity is measured from a non-crosslinked plaque sample using the below procedure. If the test polymer composition comprises the crosslinking agent, then the crosslinking occurs during the preparation of the plaque samples, whereby the conductivity is then measured according to the below procedure from the resulting crosslinked plaque sample. Crosslinking agent, if present in the polymer composition prior to crosslinking, is preferably a peroxide, as herein.
The plaques are press-moulded at 130° C. for 12 min while the pressure is gradually increased from 2 to 20 MPa. Thereafter the temperature is increased and reaches 180° C. after 5 min. The temperature is then kept constant at 180° C. for 15 min during which the plaque becomes fully crosslinked by means of the peroxide, if present in the test polymer composition. Finally the temperature is decreased using the cooling rate 15° C./min until room temperature is reached when the pressure is released. The plaques are immediately after the pressure release wrapped in metallic foil in order to prevent loss of volatile substances.
A high voltage source is connected to the upper electrode, to apply voltage over the test sample. The resulting current through the sample is measured with an electrometer. The measurement cell is a three electrodes system with brass electrodes. The brass electrodes are equipped with heating pipes connected to a heating circulator, to facilitate measurements at elevated temperature and provide uniform temperature of the test sample. The diameter of the measurement electrode is 100 mm Silicone rubber skirts are placed between the brass electrode edges and the test sample, to avoid flashovers from the round edges of the electrodes.
The applied voltage was 30 kV DC meaning a mean electric field of 30 kV/mm The temperature was 70° C. The current through the plaque was logged throughout the whole experiments lasting for 24 hours. The current after 24 hours was used to calculate the conductivity of the insulation.
This method and a schematic picture of the measurement setup for the conductivity measurements has been thoroughly described in a publication presented at the Nordic Insulation Symposium 2009 (Nord-IS 09), Gothenburg, Sweden, June 15-17, 2009, page 55-58: Olsson et al, “Experimental determination of DC conductivity for XLPE insulation”.
Experimental Part
Components of the Polymer Compositions of the Invention:
HDPE: A commercially available Bormed HE9621-PH (supplier Borealis) which is a high density polyethylene (1-butene as the comonomer), has an MFR₂of 12 g/10 min (190° C./2,16 kg) and a density of 962 kg/m³.
Bimodal HDPE: A commercially available Borstar HE6068 (supplier Borealis) which is a high density polyethylene (1-butene as the comonomer), has an MFR₂of 10 g/10 min (190° C./2,16 kg) and a density of 944 kg/m³.
LLDPE: A commercially available product FG5190 (supplier Borealis) which is a linear low density polyethylene with an MFR₂(190° C./2,16 kg) of 1.2 g/10min, a density of 919 kg/m³, a molecular weight (Mw) of 133000 GPC, and an MWD (Mw/Mn) of 4.5.
PP1: A commercially available product Borclean HB311BF (supplier Borealis) which is homopolymer of propylene with MFR₂(230° C./2,16 kg) of 2.2 g/10min, MFR₅(230° C./5 kg) of 9.5 g/10 min, melting temperature (DSC) 161-165° C. (according to ISO 3146). PP2: A commercially available product Borsoft SA233CF (Borealis) which is a random-heterophasic copolymer with an MFR₂of 0.8 g/10min, Melting temperature (DSC) 138-142° C. (according to ISO 3146) and a density of 900 kg/m³.
Inventive and Reference Example LDPE: Low Density Polyethylene
The low density polyethylenes produced in a high pressure reactor.
Purified ethylene was liquefied by compression and cooling to a pressure of 90 bars and a temperature of −30° C. and split up into to two equal streams of roughly 14 tons/hour each. The CTA (methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)), air and a commercial peroxide radical initiator dissolved in a solvent were added to the two liquid ethylene streams in individual amounts. Here also 1,7-octadiene was added to the reactor in amount of 40 kg/h. The two mixtures were separately pumped through an array of 4 intensifiers to reach pressures of 2200-2300 bars and exit temperatures of around 40° C. These two streams were respectively fed to the front (zone 1) (50%) and side (zone 2) (50%) of a split-feed two-zone tubular reactor. The inner diameters and lengths of the two reactor zones were 32 mm and 200 m for zone 1 and 38 mm and 400 m for zone 2. MEK was added in amounts of 190 kg/h to the front stream to maintain a MFR₂of around 2 g/10 min. The front feed stream was passed through a heating section to reach a temperature sufficient for the exothermal polymerization reaction to start. The reaction reached peak temperatures were 251° C. and 290° C. in the first and second zones, respectively. The side feed stream cooled the reaction to an initiation temperature of the second zone of 162° C. Air and peroxide solution was added to the two streams in enough amounts to reach the target peak temperatures. The reaction mixture was depressurized by product valve, cooled and polymer was separated from unreacted gas.

TABLE 1

Polymer properties of LDPE

	Base Resin Properties	LDPE

	MFR₂, 190° C. [g/10 min]	1.90
	Density [kg/m³]	922
	Vinyl [C = C/1000 C]	0.33

TABLE 2

Polymer compositions of the invention and reference
compositions and the electrical conductivity results:

	Inv.	Inv.	Inv.	Inv.	Inv.	Inv.
Components	comp 1	comp 2	comp 3	comp 4	comp 5	comp 6	Ref

LDPE, wt %*						100	100
LLDPE, wt %*	100
HDPE, wt %*		100
Bimodal HDPE			100
wt %*
PP1, wt %*				100
PP2, wt %*					100
Crosslinking	—	—	—	—	—	—	50 (1.35)
agent, mmol -
O—O—/kg
polymer
composition
(wt %**)
AO, wt %**						0.08	0.08
SR, wt %**							0.35
Lamella thickness	2.1-16.2	4.8-66.8	2.7-27	—	—	1.7-9.7	1.8-8.6
[nm]
Crystal fraction	34	90	69	—	—	0	0
with lamella
thickness >10 nm
[wt %]
Crystallinity	46.7	79.8	63	—	—	43	40
[wt %]
Weight fraction	15.9	71.8	43.5	—	—	0	0
of crystals
with lamella
thickness >10 nm
[wt %]
DC	2.2	1.5	3.2	2.8	0.6	152	122
conductivity,
fS/m

Crosslinking agent: Dicumylperoxide (CAS no. 80-43-3)
AO: Antioxidant: 4,4′-thiobis (2-tertbutyl-5-methylphenol) (CAS no. 96-69-5)
SR: Scorch retardant: 2,4-Diphenyl-4-methyl-1-pentene (CAS 6362-80-7)
Ref is crosslinked LDPE
Ref contained crosslinking agent and was crosslinked as disclosed in DC conductivity method under “Determination methods” and the conductivity was measured from the crosslinked plaques.
*The amounts of polymer components in table are based on the combined amount of the used polymer components. The amount 100 wt % of polymer component in table 1 means that the polymer is the sole polymer component.
**The amounts of peroxide (wt %), AO and SR are based on the final composition.

In this context the above used definitions have the following meanings:
“Lamella thickness”=Thickness of crystal lamellas in the material (fractions*<0.1 wt % are ignored).

- * Refer to crystal fractions of one degree Celsius intervals .

“Crystal fraction with lamella thickness >10 nm”=Fraction of the crystals which have a thickness above 10 nm based on the amount of the crystallised part of the polymer
“Crystallinity”=wt % of the polymer that is crystalline
“Weight fraction of crystals with lamella thickness >10 nm [wt %]“=Crystal fraction with lamella thickness>10 nm”×“Crystallinity”.
As can be seen form table 2 non-crosslinked low pressure polymers of inventive examples 1-5 show excellent low DC conductivity. Furthermore, a crosslinked LDPE produced in high pressure has conventionally been used in the power cable insulations. also the non-crosslinked LDPE of inventive example 6 has unexpectedly an industrially feasible DC conductivity. The non-crosslinked polymers of the invention are particularly preferable in DC power cables, preferably in HV DC power cables.

Claims

1. A direct current (DC) power cable comprising a conductor surrounded by at least an inner semiconductive layer, an insulation layer, and an outer semiconductive layer, in that order, wherein at least one layer comprises a polymer composition comprising:

(a) a polyolefin selected from the group consisting of a propylene homopolymer, a random copolymer of propylene with one or more comonomer(s), and a heterophasic copolymer of propylene with one or more comonomer(s), and

(b) optionally a second polyolefin which is different from the polyolefin (a).

2. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 1, wherein the inner semiconductive layer comprises a first semiconductive composition, the insulation layer comprises the polymer composition, and the outer semiconductive layer comprises a second semiconductive composition.

3. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 1 wherein the outer semiconductive layer comprises the outer semiconductive layer comprises a non-crosslinked or crosslinked second semiconductive composition, and the inner semiconductive layer comprises a non-crosslinked first semiconductive composition.

4. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 1, wherein the polymer composition has an electrical conductivity of 0.05 to 40 fS/m, when measured according to DC conductivity method as described under “Determination Methods”.

5. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the polyolefin (a) is 95 to 100 wt % based on the combined weight of the polyolefin (a) and the optional second polyolefin (b).

6. (canceled)

7. (canceled)

8. (canceled)

9. (canceled)

10. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 1, wherein the optional second polyolefin (b) is present and is an optionally unsaturated LDPE homopolymer or an optionally unsaturated LDPE copolymer of ethylene with one or more comonomer(s).

11. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 10, wherein the polymer composition comprises no polyolefin (b).

12. (canceled)

13. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 1, wherein the polymer composition comprises a peroxide.

14. (canceled)

15. (canceled)

16. (canceled)

17. A process for producing the direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 1, wherein the process comprises the steps of

applying on the conductor, the inner semiconductive layer comprising a first semiconductive composition, the insulation layer comprising an insulation composition, and the outer semiconductive layer comprising a second semiconductive composition, in that order, wherein at least one layer comprises the polymer composition,

and

optionally crosslinking one or more layers of the obtained cable in the presence of a crosslinking agent.

18. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 13, wherein the polymer composition comprises up to 30 mmol —O—O—/kg polymer composition.

19. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 1, wherein the layer comprising the polymer composition is not crosslinked.

20. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin (a) is a propylene homopolymer.

21. The direct current (DC) power cable according to claim 1, wherein the polyolefin (a) is a random-heterophasic copolymer comprising a matrix phase and an elastomeric phase, the matrix phase comprising a propylene homopolymer or a propylene copolymer, and the elastomeric phase comprising a propylene copolymer.