US20200353054A1 - Use of ave0010 for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2

Info

Abstract

Description

Claims

US20200353054A1

Publication number: US20200353054A1
Application number: US16/713,815
Authority: US
Inventors: Gabor BOKA; Patrick Miossec; Louise SILVESTRE
Original assignee: Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH
Current assignee: Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH
Priority date: 2010-08-30
Filing date: 2019-12-13
Publication date: 2020-11-12
Also published as: SG187904A1; US20220054594A1; HUE031181T2; CA2809321A1; SI2611458T1; EP2611458A1; PL2611458T3; KR20130113443A; RU2546520C2; AU2010360116B2; ES2606554T3; BR112013004756B1; CN103179978A; US9981013B2; IL224951A; MX2013002244A; US20140148384A1; EP2611458B1; US20190030132A1; HRP20161620T1

The present invention refers to the use of Lixisenatide or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2, for inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients.

Subject of the present invention is the use of desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂(AVE0010, lixisenatide) or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. Another subject is a pharmaceutical composition comprising desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, or/and auxiliary substances. Yet another aspect is a method for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 comprising administering desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
In a healthy person the release of insulin by the pancreas is strictly coupled to the concentration of blood glucose. An increased level of blood glucose, as appears after meals, is rapidly counterbalanced by a respective increase in insulin secretion. In fasting condition the plasma insulin level drops to a basal value which is sufficient to ensure the continuous supply of glucose to insulin-sensitive organs and tissues and to keep the hepatic glucose production at a low level at night.
In contrast to diabetes type 1, there is not generally a lack of insulin in diabetes type 2 but in many cases, particularly in progressive cases, the treatment with insulin is regarded as the most suitable therapy, if required in combination with orally administered anti-diabetic drugs.
An increased glucose level in the blood over several years without initial symptoms represents a significant health risk. It could clearly be shown by the large-scale DCCT study in the USA (The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 977-986) that chronically increased levels of blood glucose are a main reason for the development of diabetes complications. Examples for diabetes complications are micro and macrovascular damages that possibly manifest themselves in retinopathies, nephropathies or neuropathies and lead to blindness, renal failure and the loss of extremities and are accompanied by an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. It can thus be concluded that an improved therapy of diabetes primarily has to aim keeping blood glucose in the physiological range as closely as possible.
A particular risk exists for overweight patients suffering from diabetes type 2, e.g. patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30. In these patients the risks of diabetes overlap with the risks of overweight, leading e.g. to an increase of cardiovascular diseases compared to diabetes type 2 patients being of a normal weight. Thus, it is particularly necessary to treat diabetes in these patients while reducing the overweight.
The compound desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂(AVE0010, lixisenatide) is a derivative of Exendin-4. AVE0010 is disclosed as SEQ ID NO:93 in WO 01/04156:

SEQ ID NO: 1: AVE0010 (44 AS)

H-G-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-L-S-K-Q-M-E-E-E-A-V-R-L-F-I-E-W-

L-K-N-G-G-P-S-S-G-A-P-P-S-K-K-K-K-K-K-NH₂

SEQ ID NO: 2: Exendin-4 (39 AS)

H-G-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-L-S-K-Q-M-E-E-E-A-V-R-L-F-I-E-W-

L-K-N-G-G-P-S-S-G-A-P-P-P-S-NH₂

Exendins are a group of peptides which can lower blood glucose concentration. The Exendin analogue AVE0010 is characterised by C-terminal truncation of the native Exendin-4 sequence. AVE0010 comprises six C-terminal lysine residues not present in Exendin-4.
In the context of the present invention, AVE0010 includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The person skilled in the art knows pharmaceutically acceptable salts of AVE0010. A preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salt of AVE0010 employed in the present invention is acetate.
A first aspect of the present invention is the use of desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.
The subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention suffering from diabetes type 2 may be an obese subject. In the present invention, an obese subject may have a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m².
The subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention may be an adult subject. The subject may have an age of at least 18 years of may have an age in the range of 18 to 80 years, or 40 to 80 years, or 50 to 60 years. The subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention preferably does not receive an antidiabetic treatment, for instance by insulin or/and related compounds.
The subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention may suffer from diabetes mellitus type 2 for at least 1 year or at least 2 years. In particular, in the subject to be treated, diabetes mellitus type 2 has been diagnosed at least 1 year or at least 2 years before onset of therapy by the medicament of the present invention.
The subject to be treated may have a HbA_1cvalue of at least about 8% or at least about 7,5%. The subject may also have a HbA_1cvalue of about 7 to about 10%. The example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the HbA_1cvalue in diabetes type 2 patients (see Tables 9, 10).
The active agent of the present invention is preferably used for improving glucose tolerance in the treatment of a patient suffering from diabetes type 2. Improving glucose tolerance means that the postprandial plasma glucose concentration is reduced by the active agent of the present invention. Reduction means in particular that the plasma glucose concentration reaches normoglycemic values or at least approaches these values.
In the present invention, normoglycemic values are blood glucose concentrations of in particular 60-140 mg/dl (corresponding to 3,3 bis 7.8 mM/L). This range refers in particular to blood glucose concentrations under fasting conditions and postprandial conditions.
The subject to be treated may have a fasting plasma glucose concentration of at least 8 mmol/L, at least 8.5 mmol/L or at least 9 mmol/L. These plasma glucose concentrations exceed normoglycemic concentrations. The example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the blood glucose concentration in diabetes type 2 patients (see Table 15).
The subject to be treated may have a 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose concentration of at least 10 mmol/L, at least 12 mmol/L, or at least 14 mmol/L. These plasma glucose concentrations exceed normoglycemic concentrations. The example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose concentration in diabetes type 2 patients (see Table 11).
The subject to be treated may have a glucose excursion of at least 2 mmol/L, at least 3 mmol/L, at least 4 mmol/L or at least 5 mmol/L. In the present invention, the glucose excursion is in particular the difference of the 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose concentration and the plasma glucose concentration 30 minutes prior to a meal test. In the context of the present invention, a meal test is . . . . The example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the glucose excursion in diabetes type 2 patients (see Table 12).
“Postprandial” is a term that is well known to a person skilled in the art of diabetology. The term “postprandial” describes in particular the phase after a meal or/and exposure to glucose under experimental conditions. In a healthy person this phase is characterised by an increase and subsequent decrease in blood glucose concentration. The term “postprandial” or “postprandial phase” typically ends up to 2 h after a meal or/and exposure to glucose.
A second aspect of the present invention is the use of desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients. The example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a weight reduction in diabetes type 2 patients (see Tables 13 and 14).
The active agent, the medicament or/and the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used in the treatment of one or more of the medical indications described herein, for example in treatment of diabetes type 2 patients, or for conditions associated with diabetes type 2, such as reduction of the fasting plasma glucose concentration, reduction of the postprandial plasma glucose concentration, improvement of glucose tolerance, weight loss or/and prevention of weight gain.
In the present invention, desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂may be administered to a subject in need thereof, in an amount sufficient to induce a therapeutic effect.
The compound desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered parenterally, e.g. by injection (such as by intramuscular or by subcutaneous injection). Suitable injection devices, for instance the so-called “pens” comprising a cartridge comprising the active ingredient, and an injection needle, are known. The compound desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered in a suitable amount, for instance in an amount in the range of 10 to 15 μg per dose or 15 to 20 μg per dose.
In the present invention, desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered in a daily dose in the range of 10 to 20 μg, in the range of 10 to 15 μg, or in the range of 15 to 20 μg. DesPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered by one injection per day.
Yet another aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, or/and auxiliary substances.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be prepared for use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also be prepared for use in inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for use in preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also be prepared for use in the treatment of a subject as described herein.
In the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition or/and the medicament described herein may be a liquid composition comprising desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The skilled person knows liquid compositions of AVE0010 suitable for parenteral administration. A liquid composition of the present invention may have an acidic or a physiologic pH. An acidic pH preferably is in the range of pH 1-6.8, pH 3.5-6.8, or pH 3.5-5. A physiologic pH preferably is in the range of pH 2.5-8.5, pH 4.0-8.5, or pH 6.0-8.5. Preferably the range is of pH 4,5-5,0.
The pH may be adjusted by a pharmaceutically acceptable diluted acid (typically HCl) or pharmaceutically acceptable diluted base (typically NaOH).
The liquid composition of the present invention may comprise a suitable preservative. A suitable preservative may be selected from phenol, m-cresol, benzyl alcohol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester. A preferred preservative is m-cresol.
The liquid composition of the present invention may comprise a tonicity agent. A suitable tonicity agent may be selected from glycerol, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, NaCl, calcium or magnesium containing compounds such as CaCl₂. The concentration of glycerol, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol and glucose may be in the range of 100-250 mM. The concentration of NaCl may be up to 150 mM. A preferred tonicity agent is glycerol.
The liquid composition of the present invention may comprise methionine. Yet another aspect of the present invention is a method for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 comprising administering desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
A further aspect of the present invention is a method for inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients, said method comprising administering desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
In the method of the present invention, the subject may be the subject defined herein.
In the method of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition or/and medicament as described herein may be administered.
The invention is further illustrated by the following example and figures.

FIGURE LEGENDS

FIG. 1: Study design

FIG. 2: The overall step-down testing procedure

FIG. 3: Kaplan-Meier plot of time to treatment discontinuation due to any reason—Randomized population

FIG. 4: Plot of mean change in HbA_1c(%)±SE from baseline by visit and at endpoint—mITT population. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.

FIG. 5: Plot of mean change in body weight (kg)±SE from baseline by visit and at endpoint—mITT population. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.

FIG. 6: Plot of mean change in fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) ±SE from baseline by visit and at endpoint—mITT population. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 1 day.

EXAMPLE

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter 12-week study assessing the efficacy and safety of Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with antidiabetic agents

Summary

Subject of the example is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter 12-week study assessing the efficacy and safety of lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with antidiabetic agents, conducted in 61 centers of 12 countries. The primary objective of the study was to assess the effects of lixisenatide on glycemic control used in a two-step dose titration regimen in comparison to placebo in terms of HbA_1creduction (absolute change) over a period of 12 weeks.
A total of 361 patients were randomized to one of the four treatment groups (61 in the placebo two-step titration group, 61 in the placebo one-step titration group, 120 in the lixisenatide two-step titration group, and 119 in the lixisenatide one-step titration group). The placebo one-step and two-step titration groups were combined in analyses. Two patients were excluded from mITT population for efficacy analyses due to a lack of post-baseline efficacy data. Of 361 randomized patients, 331 (91.7%) completed the 12-week double-blind treatment. Thirty patients discontinued the treatment prematurely and 9 of these patients discontinued due to an adverse event. Demographics and baseline characteristics were generally similar across treatment groups.
The least square (LS) mean changes from baseline to endpoint in HbA_1cwere −0.19% for the placebo group, −0.73% for the lixisenatide 2-step titration group (LS mean difference vs. placebo=−0.54%; p-value=<0.0001), and −0.85% for the lixisenatide 1-step titration group (LS mean difference vs. placebo=−0.66%; p-value=<0.0001). The HbA_1cresponder analysis (HbA_1c≤6.5 or <7% at endpoint) using CMH method also showed a significant treatment difference versus placebo for both lixisenatide-treated groups.
For 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose levels, each of the lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated a significant improvement over the placebo group. The between-group difference in body weight compared to placebo was not statistically significant for either of the lixisenatide-treated groups due to a similar decrease in placebo group. Both lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated meaningful improvements over the placebo group in fasting plasma glucose using ANCOVA analysis without multiplicity adjustment. A total of 3 lixisenatide-treated patients (2 [1.7%] in 2-step titration and 1 [0.8%] in 1-step titration) received a rescue therapy, and 3 patients [2.5%] in the placebo group.
Lixisenatide (AVE0010) was well tolerated during the 12 weeks of treatment. Incidences of TEAEs (treatment-emergent adverse events) were generally comparable across treatment groups. Only one serious TEAE was reported in a lixisenatide-treated patient (2-step titration), whereas 5 placebo-treated patients reported serious TEAEs. No death was reported in this study. A total of 8 lixisenatide-treated patients (5 [4.2%] in 2-step titration and 3 [2.5%] in 1-step titration) discontinued the treatment, mainly due to gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, while one placebo-treated patient (0.8%) discontinued. There was no obvious difference for GI tolerance in 1-step and 2-step titration lixisenatide-treated patients. The most commonly reported TEAE was nausea (24.2% for lixisenatide 2-step titration, 20.2% for lixisenatide 1-step titration and 4.1% for placebo).
A total of 6 cases (3 [2.5%] in lixisenatide 2-step titration; 1 [0.8%] in lixisenatide 1-step titration; 2 [1.6%] in placebo) of symptomatic hypoglycemia per protocol definition were observed and none of them was severe. No case of elevated lipase or amylase (≥3 ULN) was observed in any of the treatment groups.

1 Objectives

1.1 Primary Objective
The primary objective of this example was to assess the effects of lixisenatide on glycemic control used in a two-step dose titration regimen in comparison to placebo in terms of HbA_1creduction (absolute change) over a period of 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with antidiabetic agents.
1.2 Secondary Objective(S)
The secondary objectives of this study were:

- To assess the effects of lixisenatide on:
  - Glycemic control in comparison to placebo in terms of HbA_1creduction when used in a one-step dose titration regimen over a period of 12 weeks,
  - Body weight at week 12,
  - Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at week 12,
  - 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose after standardized meal challenge test at week 12 in a subgroup of all the patients in selected sites (approximately 50% of the randomized patients),
- To assess lixisenatide safety and tolerability over a period of 12 weeks,
- To assess lixisenatide PK using population PK approach,
- To assess anti-lixisenatide antibody development.

2 Trial Design

This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 4-arm, unbalanced design, parallel-group multinational study: two-step titration (120 lixisenatide-treated and 60 placebo-treated patients) and one-step titration (120 lixisenatide-treated and 60 placebo-treated patients). The study was double-blind with regard to active and placebo treatments. The study drug volume (i.e., dose of active drug or matching placebo) and the titration regimens (i.e., one-step and two-step) were not blinded.
The patients were stratified by screening values of glycosylated hemoglobin A_1c(HbA_1c) (<8%, ≥8%) and body mass index (BMI <30 kg/m², ≥30 kg/m²). After a screening period, patients were centrally randomized via interactive voice response system (IVRS) in a 2:1:2:1 ratio to one of the four arms (two-step titration of lixisenatide, two-step titration of placebo, one-step titration of lixisenatide, and one-step titration of placebo).
The study consisted of 3 periods: 1) an up to 3-week screening period, which included an up to 2-week screening phase and a 1-week single-blind placebo run-in phase; 2) a main 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment period; 3) a 3-day, drug-free post-treatment follow-up period.
The study design is described in FIG. 1.
The administration is performed as follows . . .

3 Primary and Secondary Endpoints

3.1 Primary Endpoint
The primary efficacy variable was the absolute change in HbA_1cfrom baseline to Week 12, which was defined as: HbA_1cvalue at Week 12—HbA_1cvalue at baseline.
If a patient permanently discontinued the treatment prematurely or received rescue therapy during the 12-week double-blind treatment period or did not have HbA_1cvalue at Week 12, the last post-baseline on-treatment HbA₁, measurement during the 12-week double-blind treatment period was to be used as HbA₁, value at Week 12 (Last Observation Carry Forward [LOCF] procedure).
3.2 Secondary Endpoints
For secondary efficacy variables, the same procedure for handling missing assessments/early discontinuation during the 12-week double-blind treatment period was applied as for the primary efficacy variable.

Continuous Variables:

- Change in 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose (mmol/L) after a standardized meal test from baseline to Week 12,
- Change in body weight (kg) from baseline to Week 12,
- Change in fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) from baseline to Week 12,
- Change in glucose excursion (mmol/L) (2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose
  - plasma glucose 30 minutes prior to the meal test, before study drug administration) after a standardized meal test from baseline to Week 12.

Categorical variables:

- Percentage of patients with HbA_1c<7% at Week 12,
- Percentage of patients with HbA_1c≤6.5% at Week 12,
- Percentage of patients requiring rescue therapy during the double-blind treatment period,
- Percentage of patients with ≥5% weight loss (kg) from baseline at Week 12.

4 Sample Size Calculation Assumptions

The sample size/power calculation was performed based on the primary efficacy variable, change from baseline to Week 12 in HbA_1c.
To detect a difference of 0.5% in the change from baseline in HbA₁, between one lixisenatide arm and the combined placebo group at Week 12, 120 patients per group (i.e., 120 patients per lixisenatide arm and 2×60 patients for combined placebo group) provided a power of 90%. This calculation assumed a common standard deviation of 1.2% with a 2-sided test at the 5% significance level. The sample size calculations were based upon the two-sample t test and made using nQuery Advisor 5.0.

5 Statistical Methods

5.1 Analysis Populations
The modified-ITT population consisted of all patients who were randomized (analyzed “as randomized”), received at least one dose of double-blind investigational product, and had both a baseline assessment and at least one post-baseline assessment of any primary or secondary efficacy variable, irrespective of compliance with the study protocol and procedures.
The safety population was the Total Treated population defined as all patients randomized (via the central randomization system according to the protocol) and exposed to at least one dose of the investigational product, regardless of the amount of treatment administered.
5.2 Primary Efficacy Analysis
The primary efficacy variable (change in HbA_1cfrom baseline to Week 12) was analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA_1c(<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening BMI (<30, ≥30 kg/m²) values, and country as fixed effects and using the baseline HbA_1cvalues as a covariate. In the ANCOVA model, the two titration placebo arms were included as separate treatment levels, but they were combined as one group when making comparisons using appropriate contrast (eg, to compare two-step titration lixisenatide group with combined placebo [−0.5, −0.5, 0, +1] in the order of one-step titration placebo, two-step titration placebo, one-step titration lixisenatide and two-step titration lixisenatide group).
A stepwise testing procedure was applied in order to ensure type I error control. First, two-step titration lixisenatide arm was compared with the combined placebo group (primary objective). If the test was statistically significant, then one-step titration lixisenatide arm was compared with the combined placebo group (secondary objective).
As mentioned in Section 3.1, the primary endpoint is the absolute change in HbA_1cfrom baseline to Week 12 using LOCF during the on-treatment period. The on-treatment period for efficacy variables except those from meal challenge test is the time from the first dose of investigational product up to 3 days (except for Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) by central laboratory, which is up to 1 day) after the last dose of investigational product or up to the introduction of rescue therapy, whichever is the earliest. The on-treatment period for efficacy variables from meal challenge test including Post-prandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) and glucose excursion is the time from the first dose to the date of the last dose of investigational product or up to the introduction of rescue therapy, whichever is the earliest.
5.3 Secondary Efficacy Analysis
Once the primary variable was statistically significant at α=0.05 for both comparisons, the testing procedure was performed to test secondary efficacy variables, see FIG. 2.
All continuous secondary efficacy variables at Week 12 were analyzed using a similar ANCOVA model as described in Section 5.2 to compare two-step titration lixisenatide arm with combined placebo group and one-step titration lixisenatide arm with combined placebo group.
The following categorical secondary efficacy variables at Week 12 were analyzed using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method stratified on randomization strata (screening HbA_1c(<8.0, ≥8.0%) and screening BMI (<30 kg/m², ≥30 kg/m²) values):

- Percentage of patients with HbA_1c<7.0% at Week 12,
- Percentage of patients with HbA_1c≤6.5% at Week 12,
- Percentage of patients requiring rescue therapy during 12-week treatment period,

Number and percentage of patients with ≥5% weight loss from baseline at Week 12 were presented by treatment groups.
5.4 Safety Analysis
Treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) were defined as AEs that developed or worsened (according to the Investigator opinion) or became serious during the on-treatment period. The on-treatment period was defined as the time from the first dose of double-blind investigational product (IP) up to 3 days after the last injection of IP administration. The 3-day interval was chosen based on the half-life of the IP (approximately 5 times the half-life).

6 Results

6.1 Study Patients
6.1.1 Patient Accountability
Of the 795 patients screened, 434 (54.6%) patients were not randomized into the double-blind treatment. The main reason was HbA_1cvalue at screening visit out of the defined protocol ranges (318 (40.0%) patients).
A total of 361 patients were randomized to one of the four treatment groups (61 in the placebo two-step titration group, 61 in the placebo one-step titration group, 120 in the lixisenatide two-step titration group, 119 in the lixisenatide one-step titration group) in 61 centers of 12 countries (Belgium, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Poland, Romania, Russia, Tunisia, Ukraine, and United States). All 361 randomized patients were exposed to double-blind treatment. Two patients were excluded from mITT population for efficacy analyses due to lack of post-baseline efficacy data. Table 1 below provides the number of patients included in each analysis population.

TABLE 1

Analysis populations - Randomized population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

Two-step

One-step

Two-step

One-step

	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined	All

Randomized	61 (100%)	61	(100%)	122	(100%)	120 (100%)	119	(100%)	239	(100%)	361	(100%)
population
Efficacy
populations
Modified	61 (100%)	60	(98.4%)	121	(99.2%)	120 (100%)	118	(99.2%)	238	(99.6%)	359	(99.4%)
Intent-to-Treat
(mITT)

PK Population	6	1	7	114	117	231	238
Safety	61	61	122	120	119	239	361
population

PK = pharmacokinetics.
Note:
The Safety and PK population patients are tabulated according to treatment actually received (as treated).
For the efficacy population, patients are tabulated according to their randomized treatment (as randomized).

6.1.2 Study Disposition
Table 2 below provides the summary of patient disposition for each treatment group. Of the 361 randomized patients, 30 (8.3%) patients prematurely discontinued from study treatment, mainly due to reasons classified as “other” (i.e. subject's decision, 18 patients) followed by adverse events (9 patients). The time-to-onset of treatment discontinuation is depicted in FIG. 3 and no particular pattern was observed.

TABLE 2

Patient disposition - Randomized population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step
Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined
(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)

Randomized and	61	(100%)	61	(100%)	122	(100%)	120	(100%)	119	(100%)	239	(100%)
treated
Did not complete	4	(6.6%)	5	(8.2%)	9	(7.4%)	10	(8.3%)	11	(9.2%)	21	(8.8%)
the study
treatment period
Subject's	4	(6.6%)	5	(8.2%)	9	(7.4%)	10	(8.3%)	10	(8.4%)	20	(8.4%)
request for
treatment
discontinuation

Reason for study
treatment
discontinuation
Adverse event	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	5	(4.2%)	3	(2.5%)	8	(3.3%)

Lack of efficacy

0

1

(1.6%)

1

(0.8%)

0

Poor compliance to	0	1	(1.6%)	1	(0.8%)	1	(0.8%)	0	1	(0.4%)
protocol

Lost to follow-up

0

Other reasons	3	(4.9%)	3	(4.9%)	6	(4.9%)	4	(3.3%)	8	(6.7%)	12	(5.0%)
Status at last
study contact
Alive	61	(100%)	61	(100%)	122	(100%)	120	(100%)	119	(100%)	239	(100%)

6.1.3 Demographics and Baseline Characteristics
Table 3 below provides the summary of baseline and demographic characteristics for each treatment group and overall. The demographic and baseline information were generally similar across treatment groups for the safety population. The study population was balanced between genders, and the median age was 54 years. The majority of the patients were Caucasian (72.9%).

TABLE 3

Demographics and patient characteristics at screening - Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step
Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined	All
(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)	(N = 361)

Age (years)
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

Mean (SD)

54.5

(11.2)

53.6

(10.9)

54.1

(11.0)

53.3

(9.7)

53.8

(10.9)

53.5

(10.3)

53.7

(10.5)

Median	55.0	53.0	54.5	54.0	53.0	54.0	54.0
Min:Max	31:75	33:85	31:85	21:78	20:82	20:82	20:85
Age Group (years)
[n (%)]
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

<50	20	(32.8%)	20	(32.8%)	40	(32.8%)	44	(36.7%)	34	(28.6%)	78	(32.6%)	118	(32.7%)
≥50 to <65	30	(49.2%)	34	(55.7%)	64	(52.5%)	64	(53.3%)	69	(58.0%)	133	(55.6%)	197	(54.6%)
≥65 to <75	8	(13.1%)	5	(8.2%)	13	(10.7%)	11	(9.2%)	11	(9.2%)	22	(9.2%)	35	(9.7%)
≥75	3	(4.9%)	2	(3.3%)	5	(4.1%)	1	(0.8%)	5	(4.2%)	6	(2.5%)	11	(3.0%)

Sex [n (%)]
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

Male	36	(59.0%)	24	(39.3%)	60	(49.2%)	63	(52.5%)	63	(52.9%)	126	(52.7%)	186	(51.5%)
Female	25	(41.0%)	37	(60.7%)	62	(50.8%)	57	(47.5%)	56	(47.1%)	113	(47.3%)	175	(48.5%)

Race [n (%)]
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

Caucasian/White

43

(70.5%)

47

(77.0%)

90

(73.8%)

88

(73.3%)

85

(71.4%)

173

(72.4%)

263

(72.9%)

Black

2

(3.3%)

1

(1.6%)

3

(2.5%)

0

3

(2.5%)

3

(1.3%)

6

(1.7%)

Asian/Oriental	14	(23.0%)	10	(16.4%)	24	(19.7%)	27	(22.5%)	29	(24.4%)	56	(23.4%)	80	(22.2%)
Other	2	(3.3%)	3	(4.9%)	5	(4.1%)	5	(4.2%)	2	(1.7%)	7	(2.9%)	12	(3.3%)

Ethnicity [n (%)]
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

Hispanic	15	(24.6%)	16	(26.2%)	31	(25.4%)	25	(20.8%)	22	(18.5%)	47	(19.7%)	78	(21.6%)
Non Hispanic	46	(75.4%)	45	(73.8%)	91	(74.6%)	95	(79.2%)	97	(81.5%)	192	(80.3%)	283	(78.4%)

Screening HbA_1c
(%)
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

Mean (SD)

8.15

(0.87)

8.20

(0.91)

8.18

(0.89)

8.11

(0.91)

8.20

(0.84)

8.16

(0.87)

8.16

(0.88)

Median	8.00	8.00	8.00	7.95	8.00	8.00	8.00
Min:Max	7.0:10.0	7.0:10.0	7.0:10.0	7.0:10.0	7.0:9.9	7.0:10.0	7.0:10.0
Randomized strata
of screening
HbA_1c(%) [n (%)]
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

<8	30	(49.2%)	30	(49.2%)	60	(49.2%)	60	(50.0%)	58	(48.7%)	118	(49.4%)	178	(49.3%)
≥8	31	(50.8%)	31	(50.8%)	62	(50.8%)	60	(50.0%)	61	(51.3%)	121	(50.6%)	183	(50.7%)

Screening BMI
(kg/m²)
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

Mean (SD)

31.70

(6.64)

31.81

(6.79)

31.76

(6.69)

32.34

(6.72)

31.65

(6.62)

31.99

(6.66)

31.91

(6.66)

Median	30.80	31.18	30.96	31.13	30.89	31.05	31.05
Min:Max	20.1:56.0	20.6:58.7	20.1:58.7	20.6:50.3	20.8:53.7	20.6:53.7	20.1:58.7
Randomized strata
of screening BMI
(kg/m²) [n (%)]
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

<30	25	(41.0%)	26	(42.6%)	51	(41.8%)	50	(41.7%)	49	(41.2%)	99	(41.4%)	150	(41.6%)
≥30	36	(59.0%)	35	(57.4%)	71	(58.2%)	70	(58.3%)	70	(58.8%)	140	(58.6%)	211	(58.4%)

BMI = Body Mass Index.

Table 4 below describes the diabetic history for each treatment group and overall for the safety population. Diabetic histories were generally comparable across treatment groups.

TABLE 4

Disease characteristics at screening- Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

	Two-step	One-step		Two-step
	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration
	(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)

Duration of
diabetes (years)
Number	61	61	122	120

Mean (SD)

2.49

(2.44)

2.47

(2.87)

2.48

(2.66)

2.59

(3.51)

Median	1.46	1.03	1.37	1.42
Min:Max	0.2:9.6	0.2:12.5	0.2:12.5	0.2:21.5
Age at onset of
T2D (years)
Number	61	61	122	120

Mean (SD)

51.97

(11.27)

51.00

(11.17)

52.00

(11.18)

50.69

(9.53)

Median	53.00			51.00
Min:Max	30.0:75.0	28.0:83.0	28.0:83.0	21.0:76.0
Prior use of	61	61	122	120
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
[n (%)]
Number

Yes

1

(1.6%)

1

(1.6%)

2

(1.6%)

0

No

60

(98.4%)

60

(98.4%)

120

(98.4%)

120

(100%)

Diabetic
retinopathy
[n (%)]
Number	59	59	118	118

Yes	1	(1.7%)	1	(1.7%)	2	(1.7%)	3	(2.5%)
No	53	(89.8%)	53	(89.8%)	106	(89.8%)	110	(93.2%)

Diabetic sensory
or motor
neuropathy
[n (%)]
Number	59	59	118	117

Yes	2	(3.4%)	4	(6.8%)	6	(5.1%)	6	(5.1%)
No	55	(93.2%)	52	(88.1%)	107	(90.7%)	107	(91.5%)

Diabetic
autonomic
neuropathy
[n (%)]
Number	59	59	118	118
Yes	0	0	0	0

No

57

(96.6%)

55

(93.2%)

112

(94.9%)

114

(96.6%)

Diabetic
nephropathy
[n (%)]
Number	59	59	118	118
Yes	0	0	0	1

No

57

(96.6%)

55

(93.2%)

112

(94.9%)

111

(94.1%)

Albuminuria
[n (%)]
Number	5	7	12	9

<3 mg/L (Not	0	1	(14.3%)	1	(8.3%)	2	(22.2%)
reportable)

≥3 mg/L	5	(100%)	6	(85.7%)	11	(91.7%)	7	(77.8%)
(Reportable)
<20 mg/L	3	(60.0%)	3	(50.0%)	6	(54.5%)	5	(71.4%)
≥20−<200	2	(40.0%)	2	(33.3%)	4	(36.4%)	2	(28.6%)
mg/L

≥200 mg/L

0

1

(16.7%)

1

(9.1%)

0

Creatinine
clearance
(ml/min)
Number	61	61	122	120

Mean (SD)

129.65

(48.86)

124.41

(46.24)

127.03

(47.44)

129.22

(47.70)

Median	129.82	120.41	122.84	122.79
Min:Max	56.9:265.9	27.6:324.1	27.6:324.1	49.9:304.7
Creatinine
clearance
[n (%)]
Number	61	61	122	120

<30 ml/min

0

1

(1.6%)

1

(0.8%)

0

(severe renal
impairment)

≥30−<50	0	0	0	1	(0.8%)
ml/min
(moderate

renal
impairment)

≥50−≤80	9	(14.8%)	6	(9.8%)	15	(12.3%)	13	(10.8%)
ml/min (mild

renal
impairment)

>80 ml/min

52

(85.2%)

54

(88.5%)

106

(86.9%)

106

(88.3%)

(no renal
impairment)

Lixisenatide

One-step

	Titration	Combined	All
	(N = 119)	(N = 239)	(N = 361)

Duration of
diabetes (years)
Number	119	239	361

Mean (SD)

2.48

(3.82)

2.53

(3.66)

2.52

(3.35)

Median	1.11	1.30	1.33
Min:Max	0.2:23.9	0.2:23.9	23.9
Age at onset of
T2D (years)
Number	119	239	361

Mean (SD)

51.30

(11.27)

51.00

(10.41)

51.19

(10.67)

Median	51.00	51.00	51.00
Min:Max	17.0:82.0	17.0:82.0	17.0:83.0
Prior use of
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
[n (%)]
Number	119	239	361

	Yes	1	(0.8%)	1	(0.4%)	3	(0.8%)
	No	118	(99.2%)	238	(99.6%)	358	(99.2%)

Diabetic
retinopathy
[n (%)]
Number	119	237	355

	Yes	3	(2.5%)	6	(2.5%)	8	(2.3%)
	No	106	(89.1%)	216	(91.1%)	322	(90.7%)

Diabetic sensory
or motor
neuropathy
[n (%)]
Number	119	236	354

	Yes	2	(1.7%)	8	(3.4%)	14	(4.0%)
	No	112	(94.1%)	219	(92.8%)	326	(92.1%)

Diabetic
autonomic
neuropathy
[n (%)]
Number	119	237	355
Yes	0	0	0

No

114

(95.8%)

228

(96.2%)

340

(95.8%)

Diabetic
nephropathy
[n (%)]
Number	119	237	355

Yes

0

1

(0.4%)

1

(0.3%)

No

113

(95.0%)

224

(94.5%)

336

(94.6%)

Albuminuria
[n (%)]
Number	11	20	32

<3 mg/L (Not	3	(27.3%)	5	(25.0%)	6	(18.8%)
reportable)
≥3 mg/L	8	(72.7%)	15	(75.0%)	26	(81.3%)
(Reportable)
<20 mg/L	6	(75.0%)	11	(73.3%)	17	(65.4%)
≥20−<200	2	(25.0%)	4	(26.7%)	8	(30.8%)
mg/L

≥200 mg/L

0

1

(3.8%)

Creatinine
clearance
(ml/min)
Number	119	239	361

Mean (SD)

123.67

(44.63)

126.46

(46.18)

126.65

(46.55)

Median	118.51	120.94	121.73
Min:Max	46.2:283.6	46.2:304.7	27.6:324.1
Creatinine
clearance
[n (%)]
Number	119	239	361

<30 ml/min

0

1

(0.3%)

	(severe renal
	impairment)

≥30−<50	2	(1.7%)	3	(1.3%)	3	(0.8%)
ml/min
(moderate

	renal
	impairment)

	≥50−≤80	17	(14.3%)	30	(12.6%)	45	(12.5%)
	ml/min (mild

	renal
	impairment)

>80 ml/min

100

(84.0%)

206

(86.2%)

312

(86.4%)

	(no renal
	impairment)

	GLP-1 = Glucagon like peptide-1.

Table 5 below presents the descriptive summaries of efficacy variables at baseline for each treatment group and overall for the safety population. Efficacy variables at baseline were generally comparable across treatment groups.

TABLE 5

Baseline efficacy variables - Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

HbA_1c(%)
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

Mean (SD)

8.10

(0.95)

8.05

(0.87)

8.07

(0.91)

7.98

(0.92)

8.07

(0.87)

8.03

(0.89)

8.04

(0.90)

Median	7.90	7.80	7.80	7.70	7.90	7.80	7.80
Min:Max	6.5:10.7	6.5:10.1	6.5:10.7	6.6:10.1	6.7:10.5	6.6:10.5	6.5:10.7
Weight (kg)
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239	361

Mean (SD)

86.53

(19.91)

85.64

(24.45)

86.08

(22.21)

89.04

(22.16)

86.50

(21.00)

87.77

(21.58)

87.20

(21.78)

Median	82.00	82.00	82.00	87.00	84.50	85.20	84.20
Min:Max	48.0:133.0	46.2:186.0	46.2:186.0	47.0:160.0	44.5:159.2	44.5:160.0	44.5:186.0
FPG (mmol/L)

Number

61

122

120

119

239

361

Mean (SD)

8.88

(2.26)

8.93

(2.07)

8.90

(2.16)

9.15

(1.99)

9.04

(1.97)

9.09

(1.97)

9.03

(2.04)

Median	8.50	8.50	8.50	8.80	8.70	8.80	8.60
Min:Max	4.7:15.4	5.8:17.5	4.7:17.5	4.8:16.7	5.6:16.3	4.8:16.7	4.7:17.5
2-hour post-
prandial, plasma
glucose* (mmol/L)
Number	26	34	60	59	65	124	184

Mean (SD)

14.02

(5.06)

14.45

(4.74)

14.27

(4.84)

14.81

(3.87)

14.62

(3.41)

14.71

(3.62)

14.57

(4.05)

Median	14.05	14.15	14.15	14.80	4.50	14.65	14.45
Min:Max	5.5:23.7	6.5:30.2	5.5:30.2	6.1:23.5	6.5:22.6	6.1:23.5	5.5:30.2
Glucose excursion*
(mmol/L)
Number	26	34	60	59	65	124	184

Mean (SD)

4.77

(4.23)

4.86

(3.30)

4.82

(3.69)

5.67

(3.05)

5.34

(2.96)

5.49

(3.00)

5.27

(3.25)

Median	5.85	4.80	5.10	5.60	5.50	5.50	5.50
Min:Max	−5.9:13.1	−1.1:11.8	−5.9:13.1	−2.9:11.5	−1.9:11.9	−2.9:11.9	−5.9:13.1

*For patients in selected sites where the meal challenge test was performed.
FPG = Fasting Plasma Glucose.
Glucose excursion = 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose − plasma glucose 30 minutes prior to the meal test, before study drug administration.

6.1.4 Dosage and Duration
Treatment exposure and dosage are summarized in Table 6, Table 7 and Table 8 below. The average treatment exposure was similar across treatment groups. Of the 361 safety patients, 335 (92.8%) were exposed to 57 days or more, 349 (96.7%) reached the target dose 20 μg at the end of titration, and 335 (92.8%) had the final dose with the target dose 20 μg at the end of double-blind treatment.

TABLE 6

Exposure to investigational product - Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

Cumulative exposure	13.8	13.4	27.2	26.7	26.6	53.3
to treatment
(patient years)
Duration of study
treatment (days)
Number	61	61	122	120	119	239

Mean (SD)

82.6

(12.8)

80.0

(18.5)

81.3

(15.9)

81.2

(16.5)

81.8

(15.3)

81.5

(15.9)

Median	85.0	85.0	85.0	85.0	85.0	85.0
Min:Max	19:95	7:92	1:95	1:103	12:98	1:103
Duration of study
treatment by
category [n (%)]

1-14 days

0

2

(3.3%)

2

(1.6%)

2

(1.7%)

1

(0.8%)

3

(1.3%)

15-28 days	1	(1.6%)	2	(3.3%)	3	(2.5%)	4	(3.3%)	5	(4.2%)	9	(3.8%)
29-56 days	2	(3.3%)	1	(1.6%)	3	(2.5%)	3	(2.5%)	3	(2.5%)	6	(2.5%)
57-84 days	15	(24.6%)	10	(16.4%)	25	(20.5%)	14	(11.7%)	18	(15.1%)	32	(13.4%)
>84 days	43	(70.5%)	46	(75.4%)	89	(73.0%)	97	(80.8%)	92	(77.3%)	189	(79.1%)

≥1 day	61	(100%)	61	(100%)	122	(100%)	120	(100%)	119	(100%)	239	(100%)
≥15 days	61	(100%)	59	(96.7%)	120	(98.4%)	118	(98.3%)	118	(99.2%)	236	(98.7%)
≥29 days	60	(98.4%)	57	(93.4%)	117	(95.9%)	114	(95.0%)	113	(95.0%)	227	(95.0%)
≥57 days	58	(95.1%)	56	(91.8%)	114	(93.4%)	111	(92.5%)	110	(92.4%)	221	(92.5%)
≥85 days	43	(70.5%)	46	(75.4%)	89	(73.0%)	97	(80.8%)	92	(77.3%)	189	(79.1%)

Duration of exposure = (date of the last double-blind IP injection − date of the first double-blind IP injection) + 1.

TABLE 7

Number (%) of patients by final dose at the end
of the double-blind treatment - Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

	Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step
Final	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined
Dose	(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)

10 μg	0	1 (1.6%)	1 (0.8%)	5 (4.2%)	13 (10.9%)	18 (7.5%)
15 μg	0	0	0	6 (5.0%)	1 (0.8%)	7 (2.9%)
20 μg	61 (100%)	60 (98.4%)	121 (99.2%)	109 (90.8%)	105 (88.2%)	214 (89.5%)

Dose = Dose of active drug or volume-matched placebo.
Note:
Percents are calculated using the number of safety patients as the denominator.

TABLE 8

Number (%) of patients by dose at the end of titration - Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

Dose at	Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step
the end	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined
of titration	(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)

<10 μg	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
10 μg	0	2 (3.3%)	2 (1.6%)	3 (2.5%)	3 (2.5%)	6 (2.5%)
15 μg	0	0	0	3 (2.5%)	0	3 (1.3%)
20 μg	61 (100%)	59 (96.7%)	120 (98.4%)	114 (95.0%)	115 (96.6%)	229 (95.8%)

Dose = Dose of active drug or volume-matched placebo.
The scheduled visit for end of titration per protocol would be Visit 5/Week 2.
Note:
Percents are calculated using the number of safety patients as the denominator.

6.2 Efficacy
6.2.1 Primary Efficacy Parameter

Main Analysis

Table 1 summarizes the results of the primary efficacy parameter, the change from baseline to endpoint in HbA_1cusing LOCF ANCOVA analysis. FIG. 4 illustrates the Mean (±SE) change from baseline in HbA_1cover time during the 12-week double-blind treatment.
Based on the pre-specified primary analysis, both lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated statistically significant reduction of HbA_1cfrom baseline to endpoint, compared to the placebo group (for the lixisenatide two-step titration group, LS mean difference=−0.54%; p-value=<0.0001; for the lixisenatide one-step titration group, LS mean difference=−0.66%; p-value=<0.0001). Moreover HbA_1cseems to reach a plateau after week 8 in the placebo group, while HbA is continuously decreasing in both lixisenatide-treated groups.

TABLE 9

Mean change in HbA_1c(%) from baseline to endpoint -
mITT population

Lixisenatide

	Placebo	Two-step	One-step
	Combined	Titration	Titration
HbA_1c(%)	(N = 121)	(N = 120)	(N = 118)

Baseline
Number	112	113	114

Mean (SD)

8.07

(0.92)

7.97

(0.91)

8.06

(0.85)

Median	7.80	7.70	7.90
Min:Max	6.5:10.7	6.6:9.9	6.7:10.5
Endpoint
Number	112	113	114

Mean (SD)

7.80

(1.35)

7.20

(1.19)

7.11

(0.89)

Median	7.50	6.90	7.00
Min:Max	5.4:13.6	5.2:13.0	5.4:9.8
Change from
baseline to
endpoint
Number	112	113	114

Mean (SD)

−0.27

(1.09)

−0.77

(0.94)

−0.94

(0.72)

Median	−0.30	−0.80	−0.90
Min:Max	−2.7:3.3	−3.0:3.1	−3.0:0.8

LS Mean (SE) ^(a)

−0.19

(0.121)

−0.73

(0.116)

−0.85

(0.119)

LS Mean	−0.54	(0.123)	−0.66	(0.122)
difference
(SE) vs. placebo
combined ^(a)

95% Cl	(−0.785 to	(−0.903 to
	−0.300)	−0.423)
p-value	<0.0001	<0.0001

^(a)Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA_1c(<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30, ≥30 kg/m²), and country as fixed effects and baseline HbA_1cvalue as a covariate.
The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts.
The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.

Secondary analyses

Table 10 summarizes the proportion of patients with treatment response (HbA_1c≤6.5 or <7% at endpoint, respectively). Treatment responses were similar between lixisenatide-treated groups and the treatment difference between each of lixisenatide-treated groups versus placebo was statistically significant.

TABLE 10

Number (%) of patients with HbA_1cvalue ≤6.5% or <7% at
endpoint - mITT population

Lixisenatide

Number

112

113

114

≤6.5%	14	(12.5%)	36	(31.9%)	29	(25.4%)
>6.5%	98	(87.5%)	77	(68.1%)	85	(74.6%)

p-value vs. Placebo	—	0.0005	0.0095
Combined^(a)
Number	112	113	114

<7.0%	30	(26.8%)	59	(52.2%)	53	(46.5%)
≥7.0%	82	(73.2%)	54	(47.8%)	61	(53.5%)

p-value vs. Placebo	—	<0.0001	0.0013
Combined^(a)

^(a)Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method stratified by randomization strata of screening HbA_1c(<8.0 or ≥8.0%) and randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30 or ≥30 kg/m²).
The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 day.

6.2.2 Secondary Efficacy Parameters
Table 11, Table 12, Table 13 and Table 15 summarize the ANCOVA analyses of 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose, glucose excursion, body weight and FPG, respectively.
Table 14 and Table 16 present the proportion of patients with weight loss ≥5% from baseline to endpoint and the percentage of patients requiring rescue therapy, respectively. FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 demonstrate the Mean (±SE) change from baseline in body weight and FPG over time during the 12-week double-blind treatment period.
Both lixisenatide-treated groups showed statistically significant improvement over the placebo group in 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose, supported by the same ANCOVA analysis in glucose excursion.

TABLE 11

Mean change in 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose
(mmol/L) from baseline to endpoint in
selected sites - mITT population

2-hr Post-

Lixisenatide

prandial Plasma	Placebo	Two-step	One-step
Glucose	Combined	Titration	Titration
(mmol/L)	(N = 62)	(N = 60)	(N = 65)

Baseline
Number	54	53	62

Mean (SD)

13.99

(4.78)

14.67

(3.78)

14.55

(3.36)

Median	14.15	14.80	14.15
Min:Max	5.5:30.2	6.1:22.0	6.5:22.6
Endpoint
Number	54	53	62

Mean (SD)

13.42

(4.54)

9.90

(5.05)

8.77

(4.11)

Median	12.80	8.40	8.20
Min:Max	4.7:26.3	3.5:25.1	4.3:26.3
Change from
baseline to
endpoint
Number	54	53	62

Mean (SD)

−0.57

(4.44)

−4.77

(4.53)

−5.77

(3.90)

Median	−0.90	−4.90	−5.80
Min:Max	−14.7:17.8	−16.6:5.3	−12.7:10.4

LS Mean (SE) ^(a)

−0.6

(0.563)

−4.51

(0.572)

−5.47

(0.549)

LS Mean	−3.86	(0.765)	−4.82	(0.741)
difference
(SE) vs.
placebo
combined ^(a)

95% Cl	(−5.375 to	(−6.287 to
	−2.353)	−3.361)
p-value	<0.0001	<0.0001

^(a)Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA_1c(<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30, ≥30 kg/m²), and country as fixed effects and baseline 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose value as a covariate.
The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts.
The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation.

TABLE 12

Mean change in glucose excursion (mmol/L) from baseline
to endpoint in selected sites mITT population

Lixisenatide

	Placebo	Two-step	One-step
Glucose Excursion	Combined	Titration	Titration
(mmol/L)	(N = 62)	(N = 60)	(N = 65)

Baseline
Number	54	53	62

Mean (SD)

4.72

(3.65)

5.45

(3.02)

5.25

(2.89)

Median	5.10	5.40	5.40
Min:Max	−5.9:13.1	−2.9:11.5	−1.9:10.8
Endpoint
Number	54	53	62

Mean (SD)

4.20

(3.42)

1.39

(3.90)

0.60

(3.09)

Median	4.25	0.50	−0.10
Min:Max	−5.9:12.4	−4.4:11.8	−3.2:13.8
Change from baseline
to endpoint
Number	54	53	62

Mean (SD)

−0.52

(3.76)

−4.06

(3.60)

−4.66

(3.27)

Median	−0.82	−4.20	−4.53
Min:Max	−12.8:10.3	−12.0:3.8	−11.2:3.5

LS Mean (SE) ^(a)

−0.67

(0.447)

−3.77

(0.454)

−4.36

(0.436)

LS Mean difference	−3.10	(0.608)	−3.69	(0.589)
(SE) vs. placebo
combined ^(a)

95% Cl	(−4.300 to	(−4.853 to
	−1.898)	−2.527)

^(a)Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA_1c(<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30, ≥30 kg/m²), and country as fixed effects and baseline glucose excursion value as a covariate.
The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts.
The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation.
Glucose excursion = 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose - plasma glucose 30 minutes prior to the meal test before study drug administration.

No difference in the changes in body weight were observed between the lixisenatide groups and placebo (Table 13), likewise a comparable percentage of patients across the treatment groups who had lost weight 5% or more in body weight (Table 14).

TABLE 13

Mean change in body weight (kg) from baseline to endpoint -
mITT population

Lixisenatide

	Placebo	Two-step	One-step
	Combined	Titration	Titration
Body Weight (kg)	(N = 121)	(N = 120)	(N = 118)

Baseline
Number	116	117	115

Mean (SD)

85.75

(22.06)

89.13

(22.21)

87.14

(20.93)

Median	82.00	87.00	84.70
Min:Max	46.2:186.0	47.0:160.0	44.5:159.2
Endpoint
Number	116	117	115

Mean (SD)

83.77

(21.57)

87.12

(21.78)

85.21

(20.94)

Median	80.60	84.00	82.90
Min:Max	44.8:186.0	47.5:156.0	45.1:156.3
Change from baseline
to endpoint
Number	116	117	115

Mean (SD)

−1.98

(2.77)

−2.01

(2.68)

−1.92

(2.78)

Median	−1.35	−1.50	−2.00
Min:Max	−12.9:2.7	−11.9:4.4	−11.8:6.1

LS Mean (SE) ^(a)

−1.98

(0.341)

−1.96

(0.326)

−1.92

(0.338)

LS Mean difference	0.02	(0.344)	0.06	(0.343)
(SE) vs. placebo
combined ^(a)

95% Cl	(−0.654 to	(−0.612 to
	0.701)	0.737)
p-value	0.9462	0.8549

^(a)Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA_1c(<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30, ≥30 kg/m²), and country as fixed effects and baseline body weight value as a covariate.
The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts.
The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.

TABLE 14

Number (%) of patients with >=5% weight loss from
baseline to endpoint - mITT population

Lixisenatide

	Placebo	Two-step	One-step
	Combined	Titration	Titration
Weight loss	(N = 121)	(N = 120)	(N = 118)

Number	116	117	115
≥5%	20 (17.2%)	19 (16.2%)	21 (18.3%)
<5%	96 (82.8%)	98 (83.8%)	94 (81.7%)

The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.

Per the testing strategy adjusting for multiplicity (step-down procedure), inferential testing for FPG was made in an exploratory manner because the preceding test (body weight) failed to show statistically significant between-group difference. Both lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated meaningful improvement over the placebo group in FPG using ANCOVA analysis without multiplicity adjustment.

TABLE 15

Mean change in fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) from
baseline to endpoint - mITT population

Lixisenatide

Fasting Plasma	Placebo	Two-step	One-step
Glucose	Combined	Titration	Titration
(mmol/L)	(N = 121)	(N = 120)	(N = 118)

Baseline
Number	121	119	118

Mean (SD)

8.91

(2.17)

9.17

(1.98)

9.02

(1.97)

Median	8.50	8.80	8.65
Min:Max	4.7:17.5	4.8:16.7	5.6:16.3
Endpoint
Number	121	119	118

Mean (SD)

9.16

(2.96)

8.51

(2.38)

8.16

(1.73)

Median	8.40	8.20	7.88
Min:Max	4.7:22.9	4.6:19.7	5.0:14.5
Change from
baseline to
endpoint
Number	121	119	118

Mean (SD)

0.25

(2.52)

−0.66

(1.95)

−0.87

(1.62)

Median	−0.05	−0.50	−0.70
Min:Max	−5.1:17.6	−7.5:6.3	−6.4:4.6

LS Mean (SE) ^(a)

0.19

(0.255)

−0.68

(0.247)

−0.89

(0.254)

LS Mean	−0.87	(0.257)	−1.08	(0.257)
difference (SE) vs.
placebo combined ^(a)

95% Cl	(−1.374 to	(−1.586 to
	−0.361)	−0.577)
p-value	0.0008	<0.0001

^(a)Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA_1c(<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30, ≥30 kg/m²), and country as fixed effects and baseline fasting plasma glucose value as a covariate.
The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts.
The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 1 day.

There was no evidence for difference difference between the lixisenatide-treated groups and the placebo group in percentage of patients who required rescue therapy due to the low incidence of rescued patients during the double-blind treatment period.

TABLE 16

Number (%) of patients requiring rescue therapy during
the double-blind treatment period - mITT population

Lixisenatide

	Placebo	Two-step	One-step
Requiring	Combined	Titration	Titration
rescue therapy	(N = 121)	(N = 120)	(N = 118)

Number

121

120

118

Yes	3	(2.5%)	2	(1.7%)	1	(0.8%)
No	118	(97.5%)	118	(98.3%)	117	(99.2%)

p-value vs. Placebo	—	0.6518	0.3260
Combined ^(a)

^(a)Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method stratified by randomization strata of screening HbA_1c(<8.0 or ≥8.0%) and randomization strata of screening BMI (<30 or ≥30 kg/m²).

6.3 Safety
Table 17 below presents the overall summary of patients who had adverse events during the double-blind treatment and
Table 18, and Table 19 show serious TEAEs, and TEAEs leading to treatment discontinuation, respectively. The proportion of patients who had TEAEs was generally comparable between the placebo group and the lixisenatide-treated groups. The incidence of serious TEAE was low, with 5 occurrences (4.1%) in the placebo group, 1 (0.8%) in the lixisenatide two-step titration group and 0 in the lixisenatide one-step titration group. No death was reported in this study. More patients in lixisenatide-treated group (5 [4.2%] for two-step titration; 3 [2.5%] for one-step titration) discontinued treatment than in the placebo group (1 [0.8%]), mainly due to gastrointestinal disorders.
Table 25 presents the incidences of TEAEs during the double-blind treatment occurring in at least 1% of patients in any treatment group. Nausea was the most frequently reported TEAE in the lixisenatide-treated group: 29 patients (24.2%) for two-step titration and 24 patients (20.2%) for one-step titration. Five placebo-treated patients (4.1%) reported nausea. The second most frequently reported TEAE in the lixisenatide-treated patients was headache (10 patients (8.3%) for two-step titration and 9 patients (7.6%) for one-step titration) followed by vomiting (9 patients [7.5%] for two-step titration and 8 patients [6.7%] for one-step titration). The corresponding number of patients (%) in the placebo group was 14 (11.5%) for headache and none for vomiting.

TABLE 17

Overview of adverse event profile: treatment emergent adverse events - Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

Patients with any TEAE	25 (41.0%)	30 (49.2%)	55 (45.1%)	63 (52.5%)	65 (54.6%)	128 (53.6%)
Patients with any	3 (4.9%)	2 (3.3%)	5 (4.1%)	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
serious TEAE
Patients with any TEAE	0	0	0	0	0	0
leading to death
Patients with any TEAE	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	5 (4.2%)	3 (2.5%)	8 (3.3%)
leading to permanent
treatment
discontinuation

TEAE: Treatment Emergent Adverse Event
n (%) = number and percentage of patients with at least one adverse event

TABLE 18

Number (%) of patients experiencing serious TEAE(s) presented by primary
SOC, HLGT, HLT, and PT during on-treatment period - Safety population

PRIMARY SYSTEM
ORGAN CLASS
HLGT: High Level

Group Term

Placebo

Lixisenatide

HLT: High Level Term	Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step
Preferred Term	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined
n (%)	(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)

Any class	3 (4.9%)	2 (3.3%)	5 (4.1%)	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
NEOPLASMS BENIGN,	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
MALIGNANT AND
UNSPECIFIED (INCL
CYSTS AND POLYPS)
HLGT Gastrointestinal	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
neoplasms malignant
and unspecified
HLT: Colonic	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
neoplasms
malignant
Colon cancer	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
stage III
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
HLGT: Thyroid gland	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
disorders
HLT: Thyroid	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
disorders NEC
Goitre	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
CARDIAC DISORDERS	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
HLGT: Coronary artery	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
disorders
HLT: Ischaemic	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
coronary artery
disorders
Acute myocardial	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
infarction
GASTROINTESTINAL	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
DISORDERS
HLGT: Gastrointestinal	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
stenosis and obstruction
HLT: Gastrointestinal	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
stenosis and
obstruction NEC
Ileus	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
INVESTIGATIONS	0	1 (1.6%)	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
HLGT: Metabolic,	0	1 (1.6%)	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
nutritional and blood gas
investigations
HLT: Carbohydrate	0	1 (1.6%)	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
tolerance analyses
(incl diabetes)
Blood glucose	0	1 (1.6%)	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
increased
INJURY, POISONING AND	0	1 (1.6%)	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
PROCEDURAL	0	1 (1.6%)	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
COMPLICATIONS
HLGT: Bone and joint
injuries	0	1 (1.6%)	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
HLT: Upper limb
fractures and	0	1 (1.6%)	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
dislocations
Ulna fracture

TEAE: Treatment Emergent Adverse Event, SOC: System Organ Class, HLGT: High Level Group Term, HLT: High Level term, PT: Preferred Term.
On-treatment period = the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration.
MedDRA version: 12.1
n (%) = number and percentage of patients with at least one serious TEAE.
Note:
Table sorted by SOC internationally agreed order and HLGT, HLT, PT alphabetic order.

TABLE 19

Number (%) of patients experiencing TEAE(s) leading to permanent treatment discontinuation
by primary SOC, HLGT, HLT, and PT during on-treatment period - Safety population

PRIMARY SYSTEM
ORGAN CLASS
HLGT: High Level

Group Term

Placebo

Lixisenatide

Any class	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	5 (4.2%)	3 (2.5%)	8 (3.3%)
NEOPLASMS BENIGN,	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
MALIGNANT AND
UNSPECIFIED (INCL
CYSTS AND POLYPS)
HLGT: Gastrointestinal	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
neoplasms malignant and
unspecified
HLT: Colonic neoplasms	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
malignant
Colon cancer stage	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (0.8%)	0	0	0
III
METABOLISM AND	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
NUTRITION DISORDERS
HLGT: Appetite and general	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
nutritional disorders
HLT: Appetite disorders	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
Decreased appetite	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
VASCULAR DISORDERS	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
HLGT: Vascular	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
hypertensive disorders
HLT: Vascular	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
hypertensive disorders
NEC
Hypertension	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
GASTROINTESTINAL	0	0	0	5 (4.2%)	3 (2.5%)	8 (3.3%)
DISORDERS
HLGT: Gastrointestinal	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
haemorrhages NEC
HLT: Non-site specific	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
gastrointestinal
haemorrhages
Haematochezia	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
HLGT: Gastrointestinal	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
inflammatory conditions
HLT: Colitis (excl	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
infective)
Colitis	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
HLGT: Gastrointestinal signs	0	0	0	3 (2.5%)	3 (2.5%)	6 (2.5%)
and symptoms
HLT: Gastrointestinal	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
and abdominal pains
(excl oral and throat)
Abdominal pain	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
upper
HLT: Nausea and	0	0	0	3 (2.5%)	3 (2.5%)	6 (2.5%)
vomiting symptoms
Nausea	0	0	0	3 (2.5%)	3 (2.5%)	6 (2.5%)
Vomiting	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.8%)	2 (0.8%)

TEAE: Treatment Emergent Adverse Event, SOC: System Organ Class, HLGT: High Level Group Term, HLT: High Level term, PT: Preferred Term.
On-treatment period = the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration.
MedDRA version: 12.1
n (%) = number and percentage of patients with at least one TEAE leading to permanent treatment discontinuation.
Note:
Table sorted by SOC internationally agreed order and HLGT, HLT, PT alphabetic order.

As shown in Table 20 below, a total of 6 cases of symptomatic hypoglycemia per protocol definition were observed (3 [2.5%] in the lixisenatide two-step titration group, 1 [0.8%] in the lixisenatide one-step titration group, and 2 [1.6%] in the placebo group), and none of them was severe.

TABLE 20

Summary of symptomatic hypoglycemia - Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

	Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step
	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined
Type	(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)

Exposure in patient years	13.80	13.37	27.17	26.66	26.64	53.30
Any symptomatic
hypoglycemia
Number of patients with	1 (1.6%)	1 (1.6%)	2 (1.6%)	3 (2.5%)	1 (0.8%)	4 (1.7%)
events, n (%)¹
Number of patients with	7.2	7.5	7.4	11.3	3.8	7.5
events per 100 patient
years of exposure²
<60 mg/dL
Number of patients with	1 (1.6%)	1 (1.6%)	2 (1.6%)	2 (1.7%)	0	2 (0.8%)
events, n (%)¹
Number of patients with	7.2	7.5	7.4	7.5	0	3.8
events per 100 patient
years of exposure²
No blood glucose reported	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.8%)	2 (0.8%)
Number of patients with
events, n (%)¹
Number of patients with	0	0	0	3.8	3.8	3.8
events per 100 patient
years of exposure²

Symptomatic hypoglycemia—symptomatic hypoglycemia as defined per protocol.
¹Percents are calculated using the number of safety patients as the denominator.
²Number of patients with events per 100 patient years of exposure − 100*(number of patients with events/exposure in patient years).

A total of 11 patients, all lixisenatide-treated patients (4 [3.3%] in two-step titration group and 7 [5.9%] in one-step titration group), reported injection site reactions. None of the reactions was serious or severe.

TABLE 21

Number (%) of patients experiencing injection site reactions
during on-treatment period - Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

	Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step
Preferred	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined
Term n (%)	(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)

Any injection site	0	0	0	4 (3.3%)	7 (5.9%)	11 (4.6%)
reactions
Injection site
	0	0	0	2 (1.7%)	4 (3.4%)	6 (2.5%)
pruritus
Injection site pain	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	2 (1.7%)	3 (1.3%)
Injection site	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.8%)	2 (0.8%)
haematoma
Injection site
	0	0	0	0	2 (1.7%)	2 (0.8%)
erythema
Injection site
	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)
haemorrhage
Injection site rash	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	0	1 (0.4%)

On-treatment period = the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration.

A total of 3 cases of allergic reactions were reported by investigators in the lixisenatide one-step titration group during double-blind treatment period and 2 of them were confirmed by the allergic reaction assessment committee (ARAC).

TABLE 22

Number (%) of patients with allergic reaction as adjudicated and confirmed by ARAC - Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

Relationship to	MedDRA coded		Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step	Combine
study treatment	term (PT) for	ARAC	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	d
(by ARAC)	ARAC diagnosis	diagnosis	(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)

All	Allergic reaction as		0	0	0	0	2 (1.7%)	2 (0.8%)
	adjudicated and
	confirmed by ARAC
	Angioedema	ANGIOEDEMA
	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
	Urticaria	URTICARIA	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
		(HIVES)
Related	Allergic reaction as		0	0	0	0	2 (1.7%)	2 (0.8%)
	adjudicated and
	confirmed by ARAC
	Angioedema	ANGIOEDEMA
	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
	Urticaria	URTICARIA	0	0	0	0	1 (0.8%)	1 (0.4%)
		(HIVES)

ARAC = Allergic Reaction Assessment Committee.

The adverse event “lipase increased” reported in one patient in the placebo group Table 23 occurred on study Day 1 and presumably prior to the first injection of double-blind treatment according to the study protocol. No incidence of elevated lipase or amylase (≥3 ULN) was observed in any treatment group (Table 24) during the double-double treatment period.

TABLE 23

Number (%) of patients with suspected pancreatitis - Safety population

Placebo

Lixisenatide

	Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step
	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined
Preferred Term	(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)

TABLE 24

Pancreatic enzymes: Number of patients with abnormalities (PCSA) in the
on-treatment period according to baseline status - Safety population

Laboratory
criteria
Baseline	Placebo	Lixisenatide

by PCSA	Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step
criteria	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined
n/N1 (%)	(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)

Amylase Total*
≥3 ULN	0/61	0/59	0/120	0/119	0/118	0/237
Normal/Missing
≥3 ULN	0/61	0/59	0/120	0/119	0/118	0/237
>=3 ULN
≥3 ULN	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0
Lipase Total*
≥3 ULN	0/61	0/59	0/120	0/119	0/118	0/237
Normal/Missing
≥3 ULN	0/61	0/59	0/120	0/119	0/118	0/237
>=3 ULN
≥3 ULN	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0

PCSA: Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormalities.
On-treatment period = the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration.
*Regardless of baseline.
Note:
The number (n) represents the subset of the total number who met the criterion in question at least once during treatment.
The denominator (/N1) for each parameter within a treatment group is the number of patients for the treatment group who had that parameter assessed post-baseline by baseline PCSA status.
For PCSA including condition based only on change from baseline, the denominator is restricted on patients having a baseline and a post-baseline values.

TABLE 25

Number (%) of patients experiencing common TEAE(s) (PT ≥ 1% in the placebo combined group
or any individual lixisenatide group) by primary SOC and HLGT, HLT and PT - Safety population

Primary System

Organ Class
HLGT: High Level
Group Term

HLT: High

Placebo

Lixisenatide

Level Term	Two-step	One-step		Two-step	One-step
Preferred Term	Titration	Titration	Combined	Titration	Titration	Combined
n (%)	(N = 61)	(N = 61)	(N = 122)	(N = 120)	(N = 119)	(N = 239)

Any class	25	(41.0%)	30	(49.2%)	55	(45.1%)	63	(52.5%)	65	(54.6%)	128	(53.6%)
INFECTIONS AND	7	(11.5%)	10	(16.4%)	17	(13.9%)	17	(14.2%)	15	(12.6%)	32	(13.4%)
INFESTATIONS
HLGT: Infections -	7	(11.5%)	8	(13.1%)	15	(12.3%)	16	(13.3%)	14	(11.8%)	30	(12.6%)
pathogen unspecified

HLT: Abdominal and	1	(1.6%)	2	(3.3%)	3	(2.5%)	1	(0.8%)	0	1	(0.4%)
gastrointestinal
infections
Gastroenteritis	1	(1.6%)	2	(3.3%)	3	(2.5%)	1	(0.8%)	0	1	(0.4%)

HLT: Upper	5	(8.2%)	3	(4.9%)	8	(6.6%)	12	(10.0%)	12	(10.1%)	24	(10.0%)
respiratory tract
infections
Nasopharyngitis	3	(4.9%)	1	(1.6%)	4	(3.3%)	6	(5.0%)	5	(4.2%)	11	(4.6%)

Pharyngitis

2

(3.3%)

1

(1.6%)

3

(2.5%)

2

(1.7%)

0

2

(0.8%)

Upper	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	4	(3.4%)	6	(2.5%)
respiratory
tract infection

HLT: Urinary tract	0	2	(3.3%)	2	(1.6%)	2	(1.7%)	0	2	(0.8%)
infections
Urinary tract	0	2	(3.3%)	2	(1.6%)	2	(1.7%)	0	2	(0.8%)
infection

METABOLISM AND	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	6	(5.0%)	6	(5.0%)	12	(5.0%)
NUTRITION
DISORDERS

HLGT: Appetite and	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	3	(2.5%)	5	(4.2%)	8	(3.3%)
general nutritional
disorders
HLT: Appetite	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	3	(2.5%)	5	(4.2%)	8	(3.3%)
disorders
Decreased	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	3	(2.5%)	5	(4.2%)	8	(3.3%)
appetite

HLGT: Glucose	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	4	(3.3%)	1	(0.8%)	5	(2.1%)
metabolism disorders
(incl diabetes mellitus)
HLT: Hypoglycaemic	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	4	(3.3%)	1	(0.8%)	5	(2.1%)
conditions NEC
Hypoglycaemia	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	4	(3.3%)	1	(0.8%)	5	(2.1%)
NERVOUS SYSTEM	9	(14.8%)	8	(13.1%)	17	(13.9%)	22	(18.3%)	15	(12.6%)	37	(15.5%)
DISORDERS
HLGT: Headaches	9	(14.8%)	5	(8.2%)	14	(11.5%)	10	(8.3%)	9	(7.6%)	19	(7.9%)
HLT: Headaches	9	(14.8%)	5	(8.2%)	14	(11.5%)	10	(8.3%)	9	(7.6%)	19	(7.9%)
NEC
Headache	9	(14.8%)	5	(8.2%)	14	(11.5%)	10	(8.3%)	9	(7.6%)	19	(7.9%)
HLGT: Neurological	1	(1.6%)	3	(4.9%)	4	(3.3%)	12	(10.0%)	6	(5.0%)	18	(7.5%)
disorders NEC

HLT: Disturbances	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	1	(0.8%)	3	(1.3%)
in consciousness
NEC
Somnolence	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	1	(0.8%)	3	(1.3%)

HLT: Neurological

1

(1.6%)

2

(3.3%)

3

(2.5%)

9

(7.5%)

4

(3.4%)

13

(5.4%)

signs and
symptoms NEC

Dizziness	1	(1.6%)	2	(3.3%)	3	(2.5%)	9	(7.5%)	4	(3.4%)	13	(5.4%)
CARDIAC DISORDERS	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	2	(1.7%)	5	(4.2%)	7	(2.9%)

HLGT: Cardiac disorder	0	0	0	1	(0.8%)	3	(2.5%)	4	(1.7%)
signs and symptoms
HLT: Cardiac signs	0	0	0	1	(0.8%)	3	(2.5%)	4	(1.7%)
and symptoms
NEC
Palpitations	0	0	0	1	(0.8%)	3	(2.5%)	4	(1.7%)

RESPIRATORY,	1	(1.6%)	4	(6.6%)	5	(4.1%)	3	(2.5%)	5	(4.2%)	8	(3.3%)
THORACIC AND
MEDIASTINAL
DISORDERS
HLGT: Respiratory	1	(1.6%)	3	(4.9%)	4	(3.3%)	3	(2.5%)	5	(4.2%)	8	(3.3%)
disorders NEC
HLT: Coughing and	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	1	(0.8%)	2	(1.7%)	3	(1.3%)
associated
symptoms
Cough	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	1	(0.8%)	2	(1.7%)	3	(1.3%)

HLT: Upper	0	3	(4.9%)	3	(2.5%)	2	(1.7%)	3	(2.5%)	5	(2.1%)
respiratory tract
signs and
symptoms
Oropharyngeal	0	3	(4.9%)	3	(2.5%)	1	(0.8%)	2	(1.7%)	3	(1.3%)
pain

GASTROINTESTINAL	7	(11.5%)	10	(16.4%)	17	(13.9%)	39	(32.5%)	37	(31.1%)	76	(31.8%)
DISORDERS
HLGT: Dental and	1	(1.6%)	2	(3.3%)	3	(2.5%)	1	(0.8%)	1	(0.8%)	2	(0.8%)
gingival conditions
HLT: Dental pain	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	1	(0.8%)	1	(0.8%)	2	(0.8%)
and sensation
disorders
Toothache	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	1	(0.8%)	1	(0.8%)	2	(0.8%)
HLGT: Gastrointestinal	2	(3.3%)	2	(3.3%)	4	(3.3%)	7	(5.8%)	6	(5.0%)	13	(5.4%)

motility and
defaecation conditions

HLT: Diarrhoea (excl	1	(1.6%)	2	(3.3%)	3	(2.5%)	3	(2.5%)	4	(3.4%)	7	(2.9%)
infective)
Diarrhoea	1	(1.6%)	2	(3.3%)	3	(2.5%)	3	(2.5%)	4	(3.4%)	7	(2.9%)

HLT:	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	4	(3.3%)	2	(1.7%)	6	(2.5%)
Gastrointestinal
atonic and
hypomotility
disorders NEC
Constipation	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	4	(3.3%)	2	(1.7%)	6	(2.5%)

HLGT: Gastrointestinal	4	(6.6%)	4	(6.6%)	8	(6.6%)	33	(27.5%)	29	(24.4%)	62	(25.9%)
signs and symptoms

HLT: Dyspeptic	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	2	(1.7%)	2	(1.7%)	4	(1.7%)
signs and
symptoms
Dyspepsia	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	2	(1.7%)	2	(1.7%)	4	(1.7%)

Eructation

0

2

(1.7%)

2

(0.8%)

HLT: Flatulence,	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	3	(2.5%)	5	(2.1%)
bloating and
distension
Abdominal	0	0	0	1	(0.8%)	3	(2.5%)	4	(1.7%)
distension

HLT:	0	2	(3.3%)	2	(1.6%)	5	(4.2%)	2	(1.7%)	7	(2.9%)
Gastrointestinal
and abdominal
pains (excl oral
and throat)

Abdominal pain

0

2

(3.3%)

2

(1.6%)

2

(1.7%)

0

2

(0.8%)

Abdominal pain	0	0	0	4	(3.3%)	2	(1.7%)	6	(2.5%)
upper

HLT:	0	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	2	(0.8%)
Gastrointestinal
signs and
symptoms NEC
Abdominal	0	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	2	(0.8%)
discomfort

HLT: Nausea and	3	(4.9%)	2	(3.3%)	5	(4.1%)	29	(24.2%)	25	(21.0%)	54	(22.6%)
vomiting symptoms
Nausea	3	(4.9%)	2	(3.3%)	5	(4.1%)	29	(24.2%)	24	(20.2%)	53	(22.2%)

Vomiting

0

9

(7.5%)

8

(6.7%)

17

(7.1%)

SKIN AND	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	3	(2.5%)	5	(4.2%)	8	(3.3%)
SUBCUTANEOUS
TISSUE DISORDERS

HLGT: Epidermal and	0	0	0	1	(0.8%)	4	(3.4%)	5	(2.1%)
dermal conditions

HLT: Rashes,	0	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	2	(0.8%)
eruptions and
exanthems NEC
Rash	0	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	2	(0.8%)

HLGT: Skin appendage	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	2	(1.7%)	0	2	(0.8%)
conditions
HLT: Apocrine and	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	2	(1.7%)	0	2	(0.8%)
eccrine gland
disorders
Hyperhidrosis	1	(1.6%)	0	1	(0.8%)	2	(1.7%)	0	2	(0.8%)

MUSCULOSKELETAL	1	(1.6%)	5	(8.2%)	6	(4.9%)	8	(6.7%)	4	(3.4%)	12	(5.0%)
AND CONNECTIVE
TISSUE DISORDERS

HLGT: Muscle disorders

0

3

(2.5%)

1

(0.8%)

4

(1.7%)

HLT: Muscle related	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	0	2	(0.8%)
signs and
symptoms NEC
Muscle spasms	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	0	2	(0.8%)

HLGT: Musculoskeletal	1	(1.6%)	5	(8.2%)	6	(4.9%)	4	(3.3%)	2	(1.7%)	6	(2.5%)
and connective tissue
disorders NEC
HLT:	1	(1.6%)	5	(8.2%)	6	(4.9%)	4	(3.3%)	2	(1.7%)	6	(2.5%)
Musculoskeletal
and connective
tissue pain and
discomfort

Back pain

0

2

(3.3%)

2

(1.6%)

4

(3.3%)

1

(0.8%)

5

(2.1%)

Musculoskeletal	0	2	(3.3%)	2	(1.6%)	0	0	0
chest pain

GENERAL DISORDERS	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	9	(7.5%)	11	(9.2%)	20	(8.4%)
AND ADMINISTRATION
SITE CONDITIONS

HLGT: Administration	0	0	0	4	(3.3%)	7	(5.9%)	11	(4.6%)
site reactions
HLT: Injection site	0	0	0	4	(3.3%)	7	(5.9%)	11	(4.6%)
reactions

Injection site	0	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	2	(0.8%)
erythema

Injection site	0	0	0	1	(0.8%)	2	(1.7%)	3	(1.3%)
pain
Injection site	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	4	(3.4%)	6	(2.5%)
pruritus

HLGT: General system	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	5	(4.2%)	6	(5.0%)	11	(4.6%)
disorders NEC
HLT: Asthenic	1	(1.6%)	1	(1.6%)	2	(1.6%)	5	(4.2%)	5	(4.2%)	10	(4.2%)
conditions

Asthenia

0

1

(1.6%)

1

(0.8%)

1

(0.8%)

3

(2.5%)

4

(1.7%)

Fatigue

1

(1.6%)

0

1

(0.8%)

4

(3.3%)

1

(0.8%)

5

(2.1%)

HLT: Feelings and	0	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	2	(0.8%)
sensations NEC
Chills	0	0	0	0	2	(1.7%)	2	(0.8%)

INJURY, POISONING AND

2

(3.3%)

2

(3.3%)

4

(3.3%)

3

(2.5%)

2

(1.7%)

5

(2.1%)

PROCEDURAL
COMPLICATIONS

HLGT: Injuries NEC

2

(3.3%)

2

(3.3%)

4

(3.3%)

1

(0.8%)

1

(0.8%)

2

(0.8%)

HLT: Non-site	1	(1.6%)	2	(3.3%)	3	(2.5%)	0	1	(0.8%)	1	(0.4%)
specific injuries
NEC

Fall	1	(1.6%)	2	(3.3%)	3	(2.5%)	0	0	0

TEAE: Treatment emergent adverse event, SOC: System organ class, HLGT: High level group term, HLT: High level term, PT: Preferred term
On-treatment period = the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration.
MedDRA version: 12.1
n (%) = number and percentage of patients with at least one TEAE.
Note:
Table sorted by SOC internationally agreed order and HLGT, HLT, PT by alphabetic order.
Only SOC with at least one PT ≥ 1% in the placebo combined group or any lixisenatide one- or two-step titration group are presented.

Lost to follow- up

Percentages are calculated using the number of randomized patients as denominator.

1: A method of improving glycemic control in a patient with untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus comprising:

administering once daily to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of desPro³⁶Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys₆-NH₂(“lixisenatide”) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

wherein the improvement of glycemic control in the patient leads to a significant reduction of HbA1c.

2: The method of claim 1, wherein the HbA1c is reduced by about 0.73%.

3: The method of claim 1, wherein the HbA1c is reduced by about 0.61% to about 0.84%.

4: The method of claim 1, wherein the HbA1c is reduced by about 0.85%.

5: The method of claim 1, wherein the HbA1c is reduced by about 0.73% to about 0.969%.

6: The method of claim 1, wherein the HbA1c is reduced by at least about 0.6%.

7: A method of improving glycemic control in a patient with untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus comprising:

wherein the improvement of glycemic control in the patient leads to a significant reduction of glucose excursion (mmol/L).

8: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by about 3.77 mmol/L.

9: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by about 3.316 mmol/L to about 4.224 mmol/L.

10: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by about 4.36 mmol/L.

11: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by about 3.924 mmol/L to about 4.796 mmol/L.

12: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by at least about 3.3 mmol/L.

13: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by about 75%.