US20200209337A1 - Super resolution radio frequency location determination - Google Patents
Super resolution radio frequency location determination Download PDFInfo
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- US20200209337A1 US20200209337A1 US16/232,783 US201816232783A US2020209337A1 US 20200209337 A1 US20200209337 A1 US 20200209337A1 US 201816232783 A US201816232783 A US 201816232783A US 2020209337 A1 US2020209337 A1 US 2020209337A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W64/00—Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management
- H04W64/006—Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management with additional information processing, e.g. for direction or speed determination
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S11/00—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation
- G01S11/02—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S11/00—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation
- G01S11/02—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
- G01S11/06—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using intensity measurements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/02—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using radio waves
- G01S3/14—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
- G01S3/16—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using amplitude comparison of signals derived sequentially from receiving antennas or antenna systems having differently-oriented directivity characteristics or from an antenna system having periodically-varied orientation of directivity characteristic
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/02—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using radio waves
- G01S3/14—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
- G01S3/46—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using antennas spaced apart and measuring phase or time difference between signals therefrom, i.e. path-difference systems
- G01S3/48—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using antennas spaced apart and measuring phase or time difference between signals therefrom, i.e. path-difference systems the waves arriving at the antennas being continuous or intermittent and the phase difference of signals derived therefrom being measured
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/02—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using radio waves
- G01S3/14—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
- G01S3/58—Rotating or oscillating beam systems using continuous analysis of received signal for determining direction in the plane of rotation or oscillation or for determining deviation from a predetermined direction in such a plane
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2626—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
- H04L27/2627—Modulators
- H04L27/2634—Inverse fast Fourier transform [IFFT] or inverse discrete Fourier transform [IDFT] modulators in combination with other circuits for modulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W64/00—Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management
- H04W64/003—Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management locating network equipment
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
- G01S5/0273—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves using multipath or indirect path propagation signals in position determination
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J11/00—Orthogonal multiplex systems, e.g. using WALSH codes
- H04J11/0023—Interference mitigation or co-ordination
- H04J11/0063—Interference mitigation or co-ordination of multipath interference, e.g. Rake receivers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
- H04L25/0212—Channel estimation of impulse response
Definitions
- the field relates to location determination using radio frequency signals.
- radiofrequency (RF) signals it is often useful to use radiofrequency (RF) signals to determine the location of items.
- the RF signals of most interest are Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi® (especially with a bandwidth of 80 MHz) and sub-GHz signals (especially with a bandwidth of 20 MHz).
- BLE Bluetooth Low Energy
- Wi-Fi® especially with a bandwidth of 80 MHz
- sub-GHz signals especially with a bandwidth of 20 MHz.
- One problem with the use of the RF signals is the accuracy that can be developed. For example, simply using time-of-flight of the RF signal can yield an accuracy of approximately 3-5 m, which is insufficient in many cases.
- RSSI radio signal strength indication
- time-of-flight approach the clock frequency utilized to perform the measurements is critical. If a typical 40 MHz clock is utilized, the resolution that can be obtained by time-of-flight is only approximately 15 m. Further, time-of-flight is also susceptible to multipath problems.
- a third method is the angle of arrival (AoA). In angle of arrival, a series of antennas are utilized in various locations and then the location of the object can be obtained based on the received angle at each of the antenna groups.
- phase interferometry where the phase at two frequencies or two locations is estimated and from that the distance can be determined. Yet again, multipath is a problem in utilizing phase interferometry.
- the desired location accuracy is small, such as 10 to 15 cm, the conventional approaches for BLE, WiFi, and sub-GHz systems are not directly usable, and multipath issues further render them problematic.
- a phase interferometry method which utilizes both amplitude and phase, instead of just phase, provides additional information that allows the determination and estimation of multipath signals.
- a signal that contains sufficient information to allow determination of both amplitude and phase such as a packet that includes a sinewave portion, is provided from a master device to a slave device.
- the slave device measures the phase and amplitude of the received packet and returns this information to the master device.
- the slave device also returns a packet to the master that contains a similar sinewave portion to allow the master device to determine the phase and amplitude of the received signals.
- the master device Based on the two sets of amplitude and phase of the RF signals, the master device utilizes a fast Fourier transform (FFT) or other techniques like multiple signal classification (MUSIC) to determine the indicated distance for each path and thus more accurately determines a location of the slave device in relation to the master device.
- FFT fast Fourier transform
- MUSIC multiple signal classification
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating multipath.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a Bluetooth device.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the control modules in an automobile.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the Bluetooth control module of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a Bluetooth microcontroller.
- FIG. 5A is a block diagram of the RF section of the microcontroller of FIG. 5 .
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the communications and example packets exchanged in determining location.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the timing of the signals and measurements and calculations performed.
- FIGS. 7A-7D are graphs illustrating calculated multipath.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart of operations to determine location.
- a phone 100 is trying to determine the location of a first object 102 (which can be a BLE access point) and a second object 104 (which can be another BLE access point).
- Bluetooth® is used as the exemplary RF signal, though it is understood that other protocols and signals could be utilized.
- the phone 100 is transmitting a Bluetooth signal.
- the Bluetooth signal takes a direct signal path 106 and a reflected signal path 108 .
- the reflected signal path 108 proceeds from the phone 100 to a reflector no and then to the first object 102 .
- the Bluetooth signal has a direct path 112 and a reflected path 114 , which is reflected from a reflector 116 .
- the presence of the reflectors no and 116 results in the first object 102 and second object 104 receiving the transmitted Bluetooth signal at two different times and with two different amplitudes.
- the reflected signals thus create interference to the direct signals and hinder the development of accurate location values because of the induced interference to the direct signals.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a simple Bluetooth device, in the illustrated case a Bluetooth key fob 200 .
- a Bluetooth microcontroller 202 such as a Texas Instruments® CC2640 SimpleLinkTM Bluetooth wireless MCU (microcontroller), is the primary component in the key fob 200 .
- An antenna 204 is connected through an inductor 206 to the Bluetooth MCU 202 to allow transmission and reception of the Bluetooth signals.
- First and second buttons 208 and 210 provide user input, such as lock and unlock.
- First and second light emitting diodes (LEDs) 212 and 214 provide visual feedback to the user of operations of the key fob 200 .
- a speaker 216 is connected to the Bluetooth MCU 202 to provide audible feedback to the user.
- a battery 218 provides power to the key fob 200 , particularly the Bluetooth MCU 202 . This is a very simple block diagram for purposes of this explanation and actual units would use more and different components and be more elaborate.
- a CAN bus 302 in mode C has connected to it an engine control module 304 , an antilock braking system module 306 , a power steering control module 308 , a headlamps control module 310 , an OBD-II port 312 and a body computer module 314 .
- a CAN bus 316 in mode B is connected to the OBD-II port 312 and the body computer module 314 and has connected to it a parking sensors module 318 , an airbag control module 320 , an instrument contact panel cluster module 322 , an audio control module 324 , a convergence module 326 , an HVAC module 328 and a Bluetooth module 330 .
- FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of the Bluetooth module 330 of FIG. 3 .
- a Bluetooth MCU 402 such as the CC2640 described above, forms the primary component of the Bluetooth module 330 .
- An antenna 404 is connected through an inductor 406 to the Bluetooth MCU 402 .
- a CAN bus interface 408 is connected to the CAN bus 316 and to the Bluetooth MCU 402 to allow the Bluetooth module 330 to communicate with the remainder of the automobile.
- this is a simplified block diagram for the purpose of this explanation and actual modules would include more and different components and be more elaborate.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a Bluetooth MCU 500 , such as the Bluetooth MCU 402 or the Bluetooth MCU 202 .
- the primary components of a Bluetooth MCU 500 include a main processor 502 to perform the primary processing and control functions of the Bluetooth MCU 500 .
- RAM 504 is coupled to the main processor 502 to provide operating memory, while flash memory and/or a read-only memory (ROM) 506 (flash memories and ROMs both being non-transitory computer readable storage media encoded with computer-executable instructions) are connected to the main processor 502 to store the programs used and executed by the main processor 502 to perform the functions of the key fob 200 or the Bluetooth module 330 .
- ROM read-only memory
- An RF section 508 which is preferably programmable for multiple frequencies and protocols, is connected to the inductor 406 and the antenna 404 in the illustrated example. As shown in more detail in FIG. 5A , the RF section 508 is a programmable radio system and has sufficient capabilities to allow the main processor 502 to set the desired frequencies and to indicate the desired protocol, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi® or the like.
- the RF section 508 contains a processor 550 for interfacing with the main processor 502 and controlling the RF section 508 .
- SRAM 552 and ROM 554 are connected to the processor 550 to provide the working memory and store the programs.
- a digital signal processor (DSP) modem 556 is connected to the processor 550 , SRAM 552 and ROM 544 and handles the task of converting the digital packets into signals to be transmitted in analog form and converting the received analog signals into digital packets.
- a digital phase locked loop (PLL) 558 is connected to the DSP modem 556 to generate the frequencies needed for the RF signals being used.
- An output buffer 560 is connected to the inductor 406 to provide the analog RF output signal.
- An input buffer 562 is also connected to the inductor 406 to receive the incoming RF signals and provide them to a mixer 564 , which mixes the received RF signals with digital PLL 558 outputs.
- the mixer 564 provides outputs to analog to digital converters (ADC) 566 and 568 , whose outputs are provided to the DSP modem 556 for the receive decoding.
- ADC analog to digital converters
- the DSP modem 556 determines the phase and amplitude of the received Bluetooth signals as discussed below.
- Programs for the processor 550 and DSP modem 556 are also stored in the flash memory and/or ROM 506 if necessary.
- a sensor section 510 is included in the Bluetooth MCU 500 to allow the Bluetooth MCU 500 to perform functions beyond just the Bluetooth communications.
- a general-purpose I/O section 512 is provided, such as to drive a speaker or LEDs or receive button inputs.
- a serial I/O section 514 is provided to allow communication with a controlling processor, such as through the CAN bus interface 408 .
- a master 600 is determining the location of a slave 602 with respect to the master 600 .
- the master 600 can be the Bluetooth module 330 and the slave 602 is the Bluetooth key fob 200 .
- the determination of master 600 and slave 602 is performed in a first step Boo as is conventional in Bluetooth operations.
- the master 600 in step 802 provides a signal to the slave 602 that indicates that distance measurement is commencing.
- the slave 602 in step 804 enters a receive mode.
- the master 600 sends a measurement packet to the slave 602 . Exemplary measurement packet formats are illustrated in FIG. 6 .
- a conventional Bluetooth data packet is modified to include an extension portion 614 to allow a pure sine wave to be transmitted.
- the first example packet 604 has a preamble 606 , followed by an access address 608 , a data PDU 610 and a CRC 612 as in conventional Bluetooth.
- An extension or tone portion 614 is provided after the CRC portion 612 and is an all zero or all one transmission, which thus produces a pure sine wave on the actual RF transmitter.
- a second example measurement packet 616 includes the preamble 606 , access address 608 , and data PDU 610 , which is followed by the extension portion 614 and concludes with the CRC portion 612 .
- the slave 602 is prepared to receive the packet 604 or 616 and determine the phase and amplitude of the received signals by analyzing the extension portion 614 .
- step 810 the slave 602 determines the phase and amplitude of the sine wave portion and provides the phase and amplitude information to the master 600 .
- step 812 the slave 602 sends a similar measurement packet 604 or 616 to the master 600 .
- steps 810 and 812 are merged so that the packet providing the determined phase and amplitude is also the slave to master measurement packet.
- This measurement packet 604 or 616 from the slave 602 to the master 600 is provided at a different frequency than the measurement packet 604 or 616 provided from the master 600 to the slave 602 . This change in frequency occurs naturally in Bluetooth due to the frequency hopping characteristics of Bluetooth but must be performed differently in other protocols.
- step 814 the master determines the phase and amplitude of the sine wave portion of the received packet 604 or 616 . While this explanation has used only a single measurement transmission from the master 600 to the slave 602 and a single measurement transmission from the slave 602 to the master 600 , in other examples this pair of measurement transmissions is performed many times, such as 20 to 40 times, to obtain measurements at more than just the two different frequencies. These multiple measurements allow improved results by averaging results and thus reducing the effects of aberrant measurements. By having the phase and amplitude of both signals, in step 816 , the master 600 calculates the distance of the slave 602 .
- FIG. 7 illustrates the timing of these events and particular parameters which are measured.
- the master referred to as A in FIG. 7
- the slave transmits a measurement packet to the slave, referred to as B in FIG. 7 .
- the transmitted signal reaches B at time t d .
- the slave B processes the received signal, which takes a processing time t proc .
- the measured phase of the signal assuming a single path channel is ⁇ A (f 1 ) ⁇ B (f 1 ) ⁇ 2* ⁇ *f 1 *t d .
- the slave B then transmits a measurement packet to the master A. Note that it is important that both the master A and slave B each maintain their respective phase in their respective phase locked loops for that particular frequency f 1 while the measurements are taking place. This way the initial phase ⁇ A (f 1 ) and ⁇ B (f 1 ) is maintained while receiving and transmitting the packets at both the Master A and the Slave B.
- the phase of the transmitted signal at B during transmission now is ⁇ B (f 1 )+2* ⁇ *f 1 *(t d +t proc ). Note the ⁇ B (f 1 ) in this term because of the phase maintenance of the PLL at slave B.
- the transmitted signal reaches A at time 2t d +t proc .
- the master A processes the received signal, which takes a processing time t proc .
- the phase the ⁇ A (f 1 ) in the above term because of the phase maintenance of the PLL at the master A.
- the signal measured at the slave B for frequency f is:
- the signal measured at the master A is:
- a p are the attenuation coefficients for the different multi-path reflections with the total number of multi-paths given by P. Since the channel between the master A and the slave B is reciprocal, these attenuation coefficients and the total number of multi-paths are the same in the two directions.
- the distance d p is the distance traveled by the multi-path p between the Slave and Master and vice versa.
- Each of these measurements includes both the phase and the amplitude of the received signal.
- the master After the master completes its measurement of the signal, the master then computes the multipath content as given below. There are two alternatives, depending on whether the signals are phase coherent at the measured frequencies.
- FIG. 7A is a graph showing the detected multipath when the reflectors, a target or slave and a reflector to cause multipath, are 20 m and 25 m away from the master. Two distinct peaks are visible, one for each path.
- FIG. 7B is for a case where the reflectors are 22.5 m and 25 m from the transmitter.
- the first term tends to zero since the bandwidth is much smaller than the center frequency and the bound converges to
- An example super resolution algorithm is MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification). By knowing the multipath, applying the MUSIC algorithm allows a resolution of 10 to 20 cm to be obtained.
- Super resolution algorithms work on the net channel estimate between the Master and Slave across different frequencies. Before we describe this algorithm, we explain how the channel estimate is obtained.
- the phase change across consecutive frequencies is checked to determine if the phase change is less than a certain threshold, such as pi/2. If the phase change is greater than the threshold, an additional pi phase is added or subtracted. When this has been completed for all frequencies being analyzed, then the FFT is applied and results as shown above for the coherent instance are produced.
- a certain threshold such as pi/2.
- the resulting h(t) is the solution and the FFT is performed on the phase corrected net channel estimate as given in the above equation.
- the root determination is illustrated in FIG. 7C for a case having two reflectors, one at 7 m and one at 9 m, with the actual object or target being at 3 m.
- the result of the FFT on the 7 m case is shown in FIG. 7D , with peaks at 2.8 m and 7.4 m representing the target object and the reflector.
- the error of 20 cm for the object is within the desired accuracy.
- the principal multi-path components (the first 1-2 multi-path components) can be sorted while the rest of the FFT in time domain can be set to zero.
- An inverse FFT (IFFT) can now be performed to go back to frequency domain. This time the channel is windowed in the time domain to keep the principal multi-path components.
- a super resolution algorithm can now be applied on this frequency domain channel (or the super resolution algorithm can also be applied on the whole channel as given in the channel estimate equation above).
- the basic MUSIC algorithm that can be used for super-resolution is given in GIRD Systems, Inc., “An Introduction to MUSIC and ESPRIT,” www.girdsystems.com/pdf/GIRD_Systems_Intro_to_MUSIC_ESPRIT.pdf, esp.
- MUSIC algorithms are typically applied for multiple antenna systems to resolve multiple targets impinging on the array manifold.
- One of the problems in the application of the MUSIC algorithm as given in “An Introduction to MUSIC and ESPRIT” is the correlation between the sources which will occur in the case of a multi-path channel (since the source is the same for the different multi-paths).
- the error is generally in the range of 10 cm-20 cm. This allows much more accurate determination of the object as compared to other techniques. In the automobile example, this allows a determination of when the key fob is inside the automobile, as needed for not locking and for starting, or outside of the automobile, as needed for locking and unlocking.
- Bluetooth As the exemplary RF protocol, other protocols can be used as well, such as Wi-Fi. Further, frequencies other than the 2.4 GHz of Bluetooth can be used, such as the 900 MHz spectrum.
- the target objects are the boxes and packages.
- the power tools are the target objects.
- the various items are the target objects.
- the livestock are the target objects.
- the particular protocol used depends on the desired distance, but in all instances the protocols allow the transfer of specific information about the object to aid in identifying the object.
- the security code of the key fob is exchanged with the automobile to identify the key fob association with the specific automobile.
Abstract
Description
- The field relates to location determination using radio frequency signals.
- It is often useful to use radiofrequency (RF) signals to determine the location of items. The RF signals of most interest are Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi® (especially with a bandwidth of 80 MHz) and sub-GHz signals (especially with a bandwidth of 20 MHz). One problem with the use of the RF signals is the accuracy that can be developed. For example, simply using time-of-flight of the RF signal can yield an accuracy of approximately 3-5 m, which is insufficient in many cases.
- For the above mentioned RF signals there are several different methods of determining location from RF signals. A first is radio signal strength indication (RSSI). RSSI is highly susceptible to multipath issues so that it has an error of +/−10 dB. The second method is the previously mentioned time-of-flight approach. In this time-of-flight approach the clock frequency utilized to perform the measurements is critical. If a typical 40 MHz clock is utilized, the resolution that can be obtained by time-of-flight is only approximately 15 m. Further, time-of-flight is also susceptible to multipath problems. A third method is the angle of arrival (AoA). In angle of arrival, a series of antennas are utilized in various locations and then the location of the object can be obtained based on the received angle at each of the antenna groups. A typical accuracy is 5° but again, multipath is a problem. A fourth method that has been utilized is phase interferometry, where the phase at two frequencies or two locations is estimated and from that the distance can be determined. Yet again, multipath is a problem in utilizing phase interferometry.
- If the desired location accuracy is small, such as 10 to 15 cm, the conventional approaches for BLE, WiFi, and sub-GHz systems are not directly usable, and multipath issues further render them problematic.
- Using a phase interferometry method which utilizes both amplitude and phase, instead of just phase, provides additional information that allows the determination and estimation of multipath signals. To determine the location of an object, a signal that contains sufficient information to allow determination of both amplitude and phase, such as a packet that includes a sinewave portion, is provided from a master device to a slave device. The slave device measures the phase and amplitude of the received packet and returns this information to the master device. The slave device also returns a packet to the master that contains a similar sinewave portion to allow the master device to determine the phase and amplitude of the received signals. Based on the two sets of amplitude and phase of the RF signals, the master device utilizes a fast Fourier transform (FFT) or other techniques like multiple signal classification (MUSIC) to determine the indicated distance for each path and thus more accurately determines a location of the slave device in relation to the master device.
- For a detailed description of various examples, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating multipath. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a Bluetooth device. -
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the control modules in an automobile. -
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the Bluetooth control module ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a Bluetooth microcontroller. -
FIG. 5A is a block diagram of the RF section of the microcontroller ofFIG. 5 . -
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the communications and example packets exchanged in determining location. -
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the timing of the signals and measurements and calculations performed. -
FIGS. 7A-7D are graphs illustrating calculated multipath. -
FIG. 8 is a flowchart of operations to determine location. - Referring now to
FIG. 1 , aphone 100 is trying to determine the location of a first object 102 (which can be a BLE access point) and a second object 104 (which can be another BLE access point). In this example, and the examples described in this description, Bluetooth® is used as the exemplary RF signal, though it is understood that other protocols and signals could be utilized. Thephone 100 is transmitting a Bluetooth signal. With regard to thefirst object 102, the target Bluetooth device, the Bluetooth signal takes adirect signal path 106 and areflected signal path 108. Thereflected signal path 108 proceeds from thephone 100 to a reflector no and then to thefirst object 102. Similarly, with regard to thesecond object 104, another target Bluetooth device, the Bluetooth signal has adirect path 112 and areflected path 114, which is reflected from areflector 116. The presence of the reflectors no and 116 results in thefirst object 102 andsecond object 104 receiving the transmitted Bluetooth signal at two different times and with two different amplitudes. The reflected signals thus create interference to the direct signals and hinder the development of accurate location values because of the induced interference to the direct signals. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a simple Bluetooth device, in the illustrated case a Bluetoothkey fob 200. A Bluetoothmicrocontroller 202, such as a Texas Instruments® CC2640 SimpleLink™ Bluetooth wireless MCU (microcontroller), is the primary component in thekey fob 200. Anantenna 204 is connected through aninductor 206 to the BluetoothMCU 202 to allow transmission and reception of the Bluetooth signals. First andsecond buttons key fob 200. Aspeaker 216 is connected to the Bluetooth MCU 202 to provide audible feedback to the user. Abattery 218 provides power to thekey fob 200, particularly the BluetoothMCU 202. This is a very simple block diagram for purposes of this explanation and actual units would use more and different components and be more elaborate. - Referring now to
FIG. 3 , a block diagram of thecontrol system 300 of an automobile is illustrated. ACAN bus 302 in mode C has connected to it anengine control module 304, an antilockbraking system module 306, a powersteering control module 308, aheadlamps control module 310, an OBD-IIport 312 and abody computer module 314. ACAN bus 316 in mode B is connected to the OBD-IIport 312 and thebody computer module 314 and has connected to it aparking sensors module 318, anairbag control module 320, an instrument contactpanel cluster module 322, anaudio control module 324, aconvergence module 326, anHVAC module 328 and a Bluetoothmodule 330. These are just exemplary modules and additional modules or fewer modules could be present in a particular car, as could more or less CAN buses or alternative or additional buses. -
FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of the Bluetoothmodule 330 ofFIG. 3 . A Bluetooth MCU 402, such as the CC2640 described above, forms the primary component of the Bluetoothmodule 330. Anantenna 404 is connected through aninductor 406 to the Bluetooth MCU 402. ACAN bus interface 408 is connected to theCAN bus 316 and to the Bluetooth MCU 402 to allow theBluetooth module 330 to communicate with the remainder of the automobile. Again, this is a simplified block diagram for the purpose of this explanation and actual modules would include more and different components and be more elaborate. -
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of aBluetooth MCU 500, such as the Bluetooth MCU 402 or theBluetooth MCU 202. The primary components of aBluetooth MCU 500, such as the CC2640 SimpleLink™ Bluetooth wireless MCU, include amain processor 502 to perform the primary processing and control functions of theBluetooth MCU 500.RAM 504 is coupled to themain processor 502 to provide operating memory, while flash memory and/or a read-only memory (ROM) 506 (flash memories and ROMs both being non-transitory computer readable storage media encoded with computer-executable instructions) are connected to themain processor 502 to store the programs used and executed by themain processor 502 to perform the functions of thekey fob 200 or theBluetooth module 330. AnRF section 508, which is preferably programmable for multiple frequencies and protocols, is connected to theinductor 406 and theantenna 404 in the illustrated example. As shown in more detail inFIG. 5A , theRF section 508 is a programmable radio system and has sufficient capabilities to allow themain processor 502 to set the desired frequencies and to indicate the desired protocol, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi® or the like. TheRF section 508 contains aprocessor 550 for interfacing with themain processor 502 and controlling theRF section 508.SRAM 552 andROM 554 are connected to theprocessor 550 to provide the working memory and store the programs. A digital signal processor (DSP)modem 556 is connected to theprocessor 550,SRAM 552 and ROM 544 and handles the task of converting the digital packets into signals to be transmitted in analog form and converting the received analog signals into digital packets. A digital phase locked loop (PLL) 558 is connected to theDSP modem 556 to generate the frequencies needed for the RF signals being used. Anoutput buffer 560 is connected to theinductor 406 to provide the analog RF output signal. Aninput buffer 562 is also connected to theinductor 406 to receive the incoming RF signals and provide them to amixer 564, which mixes the received RF signals withdigital PLL 558 outputs. Themixer 564 provides outputs to analog to digital converters (ADC) 566 and 568, whose outputs are provided to theDSP modem 556 for the receive decoding. TheDSP modem 556 determines the phase and amplitude of the received Bluetooth signals as discussed below. Programs for theprocessor 550 andDSP modem 556 are also stored in the flash memory and/orROM 506 if necessary. - A
sensor section 510 is included in theBluetooth MCU 500 to allow theBluetooth MCU 500 to perform functions beyond just the Bluetooth communications. A general-purpose I/O section 512 is provided, such as to drive a speaker or LEDs or receive button inputs. A serial I/O section 514 is provided to allow communication with a controlling processor, such as through theCAN bus interface 408. - Referring now to
FIGS. 6, 7, 7A-7D and 8 , operation of a first example is provided. In this first example, amaster 600 is determining the location of aslave 602 with respect to themaster 600. Referencing the automobile example, themaster 600 can be theBluetooth module 330 and theslave 602 is the Bluetoothkey fob 200. The determination ofmaster 600 andslave 602 is performed in a first step Boo as is conventional in Bluetooth operations. Themaster 600 instep 802 provides a signal to theslave 602 that indicates that distance measurement is commencing. Theslave 602 instep 804 enters a receive mode. Instep 806 themaster 600 sends a measurement packet to theslave 602. Exemplary measurement packet formats are illustrated inFIG. 6 . A conventional Bluetooth data packet is modified to include anextension portion 614 to allow a pure sine wave to be transmitted. Thefirst example packet 604 has apreamble 606, followed by anaccess address 608, adata PDU 610 and aCRC 612 as in conventional Bluetooth. An extension ortone portion 614 is provided after theCRC portion 612 and is an all zero or all one transmission, which thus produces a pure sine wave on the actual RF transmitter. A secondexample measurement packet 616 includes thepreamble 606,access address 608, anddata PDU 610, which is followed by theextension portion 614 and concludes with theCRC portion 612. As themaster 600 has indicated that distance measurement is occurring, theslave 602 is prepared to receive thepacket extension portion 614. - In
step 810, theslave 602 determines the phase and amplitude of the sine wave portion and provides the phase and amplitude information to themaster 600. Instep 812, theslave 602 sends asimilar measurement packet master 600. In some examples,steps measurement packet slave 602 to themaster 600 is provided at a different frequency than themeasurement packet master 600 to theslave 602. This change in frequency occurs naturally in Bluetooth due to the frequency hopping characteristics of Bluetooth but must be performed differently in other protocols. Instep 814, the master determines the phase and amplitude of the sine wave portion of the receivedpacket master 600 to theslave 602 and a single measurement transmission from theslave 602 to themaster 600, in other examples this pair of measurement transmissions is performed many times, such as 20 to 40 times, to obtain measurements at more than just the two different frequencies. These multiple measurements allow improved results by averaging results and thus reducing the effects of aberrant measurements. By having the phase and amplitude of both signals, instep 816, themaster 600 calculates the distance of theslave 602. -
FIG. 7 illustrates the timing of these events and particular parameters which are measured. At time t=0, the master, referred to as A inFIG. 7 , transmits a measurement packet to the slave, referred to as B inFIG. 7 . The phase of the transmitted signal at A for the frequency f at t=0 is ϕA(f) and that of B at the same time is ϕB(f). The transmitted signal reaches B at time td. The slave B processes the received signal, which takes a processing time tproc. At the slave B the measured phase of the signal assuming a single path channel is ϕA(f1)−ϕB (f1)−2*π*f1*td. The slave B then transmits a measurement packet to the master A. Note that it is important that both the master A and slave B each maintain their respective phase in their respective phase locked loops for that particular frequency f1 while the measurements are taking place. This way the initial phase ϕA(f1) and ϕB (f1) is maintained while receiving and transmitting the packets at both the Master A and the Slave B. The phase of the transmitted signal at B during transmission now is ϕB(f1)+2*π*f1*(td+tproc). Note the ϕB (f1) in this term because of the phase maintenance of the PLL at slave B. The transmitted signal reaches A at time 2td+tproc. The master A processes the received signal, which takes a processing time tproc. At the master A the measured phase of the signal assuming a single path channel is ϕB(f1)+2*π*f1*(td+tproc)−ϕA(f1)−2*π*f1*(2*td+tproc)=ϕB(f1)−ϕA(f1)−2*π*f1*(td). Again notice the phase the ϕA(f1) in the above term because of the phase maintenance of the PLL at the master A. - For a multi-path channel the signal measured at the slave B for frequency f is:
-
- The signal measured at the master A is:
-
- Where ap are the attenuation coefficients for the different multi-path reflections with the total number of multi-paths given by P. Since the channel between the master A and the slave B is reciprocal, these attenuation coefficients and the total number of multi-paths are the same in the two directions. The distance dp is the distance traveled by the multi-path p between the Slave and Master and vice versa. Just as the above equations are for frequency similar equations can be written for other Bluetooth frequencies. Note that Bluetooth uses a 1 MHz bandwidth per channel from the 2400-2480 MHz band, implying there can be up to 80 such measurements for Bluetooth.
- Each of these measurements includes both the phase and the amplitude of the received signal. After the master completes its measurement of the signal, the master then computes the multipath content as given below. There are two alternatives, depending on whether the signals are phase coherent at the measured frequencies.
- If coherent, the master then performs a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the measured signals to get the channel impulse response in time domain. This result is then used to estimate the distance from the transmitter, the master, by using the occurrence of the first multipath in the FFT with the assumption that the first multi-path is the shortest distance between the master and the slave.
FIG. 7A is a graph showing the detected multipath when the reflectors, a target or slave and a reflector to cause multipath, are 20 m and 25 m away from the master. Two distinct peaks are visible, one for each path.FIG. 7B is for a case where the reflectors are 22.5 m and 25 m from the transmitter. In this case there is only a single apparent peak as the reflectors are too close in relation to the bandwidth of Bluetooth, which 80 MHz. Since the bandwidth of the signal is 80 MHz, implying a wavelength of about 3.75 meters, it implies that the accuracy of the FFT would be limited to within this range. Hence the two paths at 22.5 m and 25 m do not give distinct peaks for the FFT algorithm. - For a system employing bandwidth B Hz and with signal to noise ratio (SNR) snr the limits of how accurately time of flight can be determined is given by the Cramer Rao and the Barankin bounds as given in equation 7 in A. Zeira, P. M. Schultheiss, “Realizable Lower Bounds for Time Delay Estimation: Part 2-Threshold Phenomena,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Volume: 42, Issue: 5, May 1994, pp 1001-1007, which is hereby incorporated by reference [Zeira-paper], provided here.
-
- Where β=2*π*BW δ=2π/ω0 and
-
- For Bluetooth case, BW is about 80 MHz and the center frequency ω0=2440 MHz. For high SNR conditions, the first term tends to zero since the bandwidth is much smaller than the center frequency and the bound converges to
-
- which we call as the carrier frequency limited accuracy. On the other hand for small SNR's the first term dominates the bound by
-
- which we call the limit of the inverse of the bandwidth of the signal.
- What the above bounds say is that with high enough SNR conditions the performance of locationing algorithm is limited by the inverse of carrier frequency, which in case of Bluetooth would be about 12.5 cm. Thus, with high enough SNR it is possible to beat the apparent limit of FFT (which is the inverse of the bandwidth of the signal—in case of Bluetooth about 3.75 m) to get to the carrier wavelength which 12.5 cm. Super-resolution algorithms try to achieve this carrier frequency limited higher accuracy to resolve the multi-path as compared to the bandwidth limited accuracy.
- An example super resolution algorithm is MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification). By knowing the multipath, applying the MUSIC algorithm allows a resolution of 10 to 20 cm to be obtained. Super resolution algorithms work on the net channel estimate between the Master and Slave across different frequencies. Before we describe this algorithm, we explain how the channel estimate is obtained.
- Further processing is needed before the FFT and subsequent super resolution algorithm can be applied to obtain the master to slave channel response across frequency. As a first step, sA(f1) and sB(f1) are multiplied. This produces the net channel estimate equation:
-
- This is an equation in the form (H(w))2, which is h(t)*h(t), and then h(t) needs to be found. A direct square root cannot be taken because of the possibility of a phase ambiguity of +/−pi across the frequency range.
- In a first option, the phase change across consecutive frequencies is checked to determine if the phase change is less than a certain threshold, such as pi/2. If the phase change is greater than the threshold, an additional pi phase is added or subtracted. When this has been completed for all frequencies being analyzed, then the FFT is applied and results as shown above for the coherent instance are produced.
- In a second option, it is noted that |(H(w))2|=|H(w)|2. Solving for the minimum phase roots of |H(w)|2 is equivalent to determining h(t)*h(−t). This is because for minimum phase systems the frequency response can be uniquely recovered from the magnitude alone as discussed in “Discrete-Time Signal Processing, OpenCourseWare 2006,
Lecture 3, Minimum-Phase and All-Pass Systems,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ocw.mitedu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-341-discrete-time-signal-processing-fall-2005/lecture-notes/leco3.pdf, especially p. 2 on spectral factorization, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The resulting h(t) is the solution and the FFT is performed on the phase corrected net channel estimate as given in the above equation. The root determination is illustrated inFIG. 7C for a case having two reflectors, one at 7 m and one at 9 m, with the actual object or target being at 3 m. The result of the FFT on the 7 m case is shown inFIG. 7D , with peaks at 2.8 m and 7.4 m representing the target object and the reflector. The error of 20 cm for the object is within the desired accuracy. - Following the FFT, the principal multi-path components (the first 1-2 multi-path components) can be sorted while the rest of the FFT in time domain can be set to zero. An inverse FFT (IFFT) can now be performed to go back to frequency domain. This time the channel is windowed in the time domain to keep the principal multi-path components. A super resolution algorithm can now be applied on this frequency domain channel (or the super resolution algorithm can also be applied on the whole channel as given in the channel estimate equation above). The basic MUSIC algorithm that can be used for super-resolution is given in GIRD Systems, Inc., “An Introduction to MUSIC and ESPRIT,” www.girdsystems.com/pdf/GIRD_Systems_Intro_to_MUSIC_ESPRIT.pdf, esp. slides 9-12, which is hereby incorporated by reference. MUSIC algorithms are typically applied for multiple antenna systems to resolve multiple targets impinging on the array manifold. However in the problem at hand, we can treat the different frequency measurements in Bluetooth like a multiple antenna system. One of the problems in the application of the MUSIC algorithm as given in “An Introduction to MUSIC and ESPRIT” is the correlation between the sources which will occur in the case of a multi-path channel (since the source is the same for the different multi-paths). To solve this problem of correlated sources a modification to the basic MUSIC algorithm is proposed as given in Chongying Qi, Yongliang Wang, Yongshun Zhang, and Ying Han, “Spatial Difference Smoothing for DOA Estimation of Coherent Signals,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Volume: 12, Issue: 11, Nov. 2005, pp. 800-802, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Again, the received signal X(t) in “Spatial Difference Smoothing for DOA Estimation of Coherent Signals” is equivalent to the net channel estimate equation given above.
- A series of experiments were conducted using the above approaches for varying reflector distances. In the experiments, the main path or target was at 0.5 m and the reflector location was varied from 1 m to 4.5 m in 0.5 m steps. Table i presents the estimates and errors for phase interferometry only, the addition of amplitude measurements and FFT processing, and for the final MUSIC processing.
-
TABLE 1 Signal paths (m) [0.5, 1] [0.5, 1.5] [0.5, 2] [0.5, 2.5] [0.5, 3] [0.5, 3.5] [0.5, 4.0] [0.5, 4.5] Estimate (m) 0.64 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.2 phase interferometry Error (m) 0.14 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.7 Phase only Estimate (m) 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.3 [1.1] [−0.2, 4.4] [0.22, 4.4] [0.1, 5.1] (FFT) Error (m) (FFT) 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 −0.7 −0.28 −0.4 Estimate (m) 0.69 0.9 [0.74, 1.9] [0.65, 2.2] [0.65, 3] [0.49, 3.51] [0.49, 3.98] [0.43, 4.7] (MUSIC) Error (m) 0.19 0.4 0.24 0.15 0.15 −0.01 −0.01 −0.07 (MUSIC) - As can be seen, after MUSIC processing, the error is generally in the range of 10 cm-20 cm. This allows much more accurate determination of the object as compared to other techniques. In the automobile example, this allows a determination of when the key fob is inside the automobile, as needed for not locking and for starting, or outside of the automobile, as needed for locking and unlocking.
- While the above description has used Bluetooth as the exemplary RF protocol, other protocols can be used as well, such as Wi-Fi. Further, frequencies other than the 2.4 GHz of Bluetooth can be used, such as the 900 MHz spectrum.
- While an automobile and a key fob were used as the example need for precise distance measurements, many other environments are appropriate. For example, in a warehouse, the target objects are the boxes and packages. In a construction environment, the power tools are the target objects. In a retail environment, the various items are the target objects. In a farm environment, the livestock are the target objects. The particular protocol used depends on the desired distance, but in all instances the protocols allow the transfer of specific information about the object to aid in identifying the object. In the automobile example, the security code of the key fob is exchanged with the automobile to identify the key fob association with the specific automobile.
- The above-described examples may be used in combination with each other. Modifications are possible in the described embodiments, and other embodiments are possible, within the scope of the claims.
Claims (20)
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