US20200048667A1

US20200048667A1 - Biocatalytic processes and materials for enhanced carbon utilization

Info

Publication number: US20200048667A1
Application number: US15/998,622
Authority: US
Inventors: Gary Smith; Alex Van Eck Conradie; Gregory S. Kirby; Paul S. Pearlman
Original assignee: Invista North America LLC
Current assignee: Invista North America LLC; Inv Nylon Chemicals Americas LLC
Priority date: 2016-02-19
Filing date: 2017-02-17
Publication date: 2020-02-13
Also published as: CN108884476A; US11939611B2; CN108884476B; BR112018016927A8; EP3417066A2; WO2017143194A2; BR112018016927A2; WO2017143194A3; US20170240936A1; WO2017143194A8

Abstract

The present disclosure describes biocatalytic processes for producing a product, comprising providing an aqueous stream (AS) comprising at least one fermentable substrate and a gaseous stream (GS) comprising at least one of CO2/H2, H2, methane, and/or CO to a fermentation zone, wherein the GS and AS stream, are optionally contacted and/or mixed; the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of metabolizing an AS substrate and a GS substrate, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to mixotrophically metabolize at least one gaseous substrate in the GS and at least one substrate in the AS, producing the product. The present disclosure also describes compositions comprising an AS, a GS, and an organism, wherein the organism or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof is a methanotroph or a hydrogen-metabolizing or CO-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism, and wherein the organism is capable of mixotrophic metabolism of at least one gaseous substrate in the GS and at least one substrate in the AS. The present disclosure also describes a process wherein said fermentation operates at conditions to mixotrophically metabolize at least H2 in the gaseous stream and glycerol and lactic acid in the aqueous stream. The present disclosure also describes a system for producing a fermentation or bio-derived product.

Description

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/297,626, filed Feb. 19, 2016, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to biocatalytic processes, materials, and systems. In particular, the present disclosure relates to biocatalytic processes for producing a product which comprise providing an aqueous stream comprising more than one metabolizable substrate and/or an aqueous stream and a gaseous stream, or derivatives thereof, to a fermentation zone and simultaneously fermenting at least one substrate in the aqueous stream and at least one substrate in the gaseous stream and/or simultaneously fermenting more than one substrate in the aqueous stream.

BACKGROUND

The production of chemicals (e.g., ethanol) from biomass feedstocks is of commercial interest. For example, ethanol is generally produced using conventional fermentation processes that convert the starch in plant-based feedstocks into ethanol. However, conventional fermentation processes may only be able to convert limited concentrations of starch in these feedstocks or produce by-products of low value, and thus the spent fermentation stream may include fermentable starch and other materials as fermentation by-products. Described herein, are biocatalytic processes and systems to enhance carbon utilization in producing biomass-derived products, for example by use of fermentation by-products as feedstock for further fermentation.
In order to improve the economics of ethanol production, companies are looking at routes to upgrade lower valuable byproduct streams into higher value products. The spent fermentation stream (thin stillage), which is produced after the fermentation broth is treated to remove the undissolved solids and the ethanol, is typically concentrated to form a condensed corn distiller solubles (CDS) stream that is blended with the previously recovered solids to form a distiller dried grains and solubles (DDGS) product and is sold as animal feed. The DDGS product is a relatively low value product and there is interest in separating higher value components to increase the overall value of the system. The thin stillage stream contains potentially fermentable components that could be upgraded to more valuable products. A typical composition of thin stillage stream is shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

A typical composition of thin stillage from cellulosic
biomass compositional analysis (average of two batches).

	Cellulosic biomass compositional
	analysis

	Dry matter (g/L)	7.7
	Glucose (g/L)	0.9
	Glucan (oligosaccharide, g/L)	12.4
	Xylose (g/L)	0.7
	Xylan (oligosaccharide, g/L)	3.7
	Arabinose (g/L)	0.4
	Arabinan (oligosaccharide, g/L)	0.5
	Lactic acid (g/L)	16.8
	Glycerol (g/L)	14.4
	Acetic acid (g/L)	0.3
	Butanediol (g/L)	1.9
	Ethanol (g/L)	0.6

	(Kim, et. al Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 5165-5176)

For a typical 50 million gallons per year (149 metric kilotonnes per year) ethanol plant, over 70 metric kilotonnes on a dry weight basis of thin stillage are produced a year, which includes almost 17 metric kilotonnes per year of glycerol and 19.5 metric kilotonnes per year of lactic acid. In addition to the thin stillage stream, a 50 million gallon per year ethanol plant also produces 150 metric kilotonnes per year of carbon dioxide off-gas, which is typically emitted to the atmosphere.
Glycerol is readily fermentable by a number of organisms, including E. coli (Gonzalez, et al., Biotechnology Letters, 2010, vol. 32, issue 3, pp 405-411) and Clostridium pasteurianum (Ahn, et al., Bioresource Technology, 2011, vol. 102, issue 7, pp 4934-4937]. These organisms may be used in systems that ferment glycerol in the thin stillage stream (or the concentrated distiller solubles produced from the thin stillage) to higher value products. Since fermentation processes co-produce carbon dioxide along with the desired products, the typical maximum yield of a product from glycerol is less than 50% (0.5 metric tonnes of product per metric tonne of available glycerol) with equal amounts of carbon dioxide also formed in the fermentation. For a 50 million gallon per year ethanol plant, this means that the maximum production capacity for a desired product Is less than 8 metric kilotonnes per year.
Fast et al. (Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2015, 33:60-72) utilize acetogenic anaerobic non-photosynthetic organisms that contain a Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, such as Clostridium sp., to increase the yield of products via mixotrophic fermentations by co-fermentation with carbohydrates and gaseous feed (e.g., CO₂/H₂, or CO). Yield increases based on carbohydrate feeds of 2-35% are demonstrated. Clostridium sp. are shown to produce a number of potential products including lactic acid.
In another example, Shi et al. (Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, Vol 84, No. 6, 579-587, 1997) demonstrate that Cupriavidus necator is capable of producing of poly(β-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) and biomass from several acidic feedstocks, including acetic, lactic, and butyrate acids.
In another example (Karst et al., Journal of General Microbiology, 1984, 130, p. 1987-1994) an aerobic chemolithoautotrophic organism, such as Cupriavidus necator, is capable of mixotrophic growth with CO₂/H₂and succinic acid to give production of poly(β-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) and biomass.
Furthermore, filamentous fungi strains, such as N. intermedia, may be used for fermentation with wheat-based thin stillage in the industrial process of ethanol production (Ferreira et al., Energies, 2014, 7, p. 3872). N. intermedia cultivation may also be utilized to obtain food-grade biomass as a secondary product.

SUMMARY

In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a biocatalytic process for producing a product, comprising: providing an aqueous stream (AS), and/or derivative thereof, comprising at least one fermentable substrate to a fermentation zone; providing a gaseous stream (GS) comprising at least one of H₂, CO₂/H₂, methane, and/or CO to the fermentation zone, wherein the GS and AS stream are optionally contacted and/or mixed; the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of metabolizing an AS substrate and a GS substrate, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to mixotrophically metabolize at least one gaseous substrate in the GS and at least one substrate in the AS; and forming at least one product via the fermentation.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a composition comprising an AS, a GS, and an organism, wherein the organism or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof is a methanotroph or a hydrogen-metabolizing or CO-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism, and wherein the organism is capable of mixotrophic metabolism of at least one gaseous substrate in the GS and at least one substrate in the AS.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a system for producing a fermentation or bio-derived product, comprising a member to provide an AS or derivative thereof to a fermentation zone; a member to provide a GS or derivative thereof to a fermentation zone; a fermentation zone, the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of mixotrophic metabolism of an AS substrate and a GS substrate, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to simultaneously ferment at least one gaseous substrate in the GS and at least one substrate present in the AS; one of more fermentation zone control members, to control the conditions for fermenting; and a zone for treating the product.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a biocatalytic process for producing a product, comprising: providing an aqueous stream (AS) and/or derivative thereof having at least one fermentable substrate to a fermentation zone; providing a gaseous stream (GS) comprising at least one of H₂, CO₂/H₂, methane, and CO to the fermentation zone, the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of metabolizing at least one substance in the AS substrate; wherein the AS comprises (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid; and wherein the organism is capable of metabolizing at least one substance in the GS.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a biocatalytic process for producing a product, comprising: providing an aqueous stream (AS) and/or derivative thereof having at least glycerol and lactic acid to a fermentation zone; providing a gaseous stream (GS) comprising H₂or optional CO₂/H₂, to the fermentation zone, the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of metabolizing glycerol and lactic acid and wherein the organism is capable of metabolizing at least one substance in the GS.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a biocatalytic process for producing a product, comprising: providing an aqueous stream (AS) and/or derivative thereof having at least glycerol and lactic acid to a fermentation zone; providing a gaseous stream (GS) comprising H₂or optional CO₂/H₂, to the fermentation zone, the fermentation zone comprising at least one Cupriavidus necator organism capable of metabolizing glycerol and lactic acid and wherein the organism is capable of metabolizing at least one substance in the GS.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a biocatalytic process for producing a product, comprising: providing an aqueous stream (AS) from the spent fermentation broth and/or derivative thereof having at least one fermentable substrate to a fermentation zone; providing a gaseous stream (GS) comprising H₂or optional CO₂/H₂, to the fermentation zone, the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of metabolizing glycerol and lactic acid and wherein the organism is capable of metabolizing at least one substance in the GS.
In one or more embodiments, providing a gaseous stream (GS) is optional. In some embodiments the present disclosure describes a biocatalytic process for producing a product, comprising providing an aqueous stream (AS), and/or derivative thereof, comprising (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid; the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of simultaneously metabolizing at least one of the polyols and at least one of the carboxylic acids, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to metabolize at least one of the polyols and at least one of the carboxylic acids in the AS; and forming at least one product via the fermentation.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a composition comprising an AS and an organism, wherein the organism or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof is a capable of simultaneous metabolism of (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid in the AS.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a system for producing a fermentation or bio-derived product, comprising a member to provide an AS containing (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid or derivative thereof to a fermentation zone; a fermentation zone, the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of mixotrophic metabolism of (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid an AS substrate, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to simultaneously ferment (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid present in the AS; one of more fermentation zone control members, to control the conditions for fermenting; and a zone for treating the product.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a biocatalytic process for producing a product, comprising: providing an aqueous stream (AS) and/or derivative thereof having (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid to a fermentation zone; the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of metabolizing (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid in the AS substrate.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a biocatalytic process for producing a product, comprising: providing an aqueous stream (AS) and/or derivative thereof having (1) glycerol, and (2) a, lactic acid, to a fermentation zone; the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of metabolizing glycerol and lactic acid.
In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure describes a biocatalytic process for producing a product, comprising: providing an aqueous stream (AS) and/or derivative thereof having (1) glycerol, and (2) lactic acid, to a fermentation zone; the fermentation zone comprising at least one Cupriavidus necator organism capable of metabolizing glycerol and lactic acid.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The descriptions below are provided by way of explanation. The disclosures of the figures are not limited to the descriptions below.

FIG. 1 is a schematic of providing corn biomass as feedstock to a fermentation zone and producing a CO₂stream, an aqueous stream, and an ethanol stream.

FIG. 2 is a schematic of providing a gaseous stream and an aqueous stream to a fermentation zone and producing a product and, optionally, CO₂by mixotrophic fermentation.

FIG. 3A is a schematic of providing corn biomass as feedstock to a first fermentation zone, producing a CO₂stream, an aqueous stream, and an ethanol stream, wherein the aqueous stream, is subsequently provided to a second fermentation zone, producing a product and CO₂by fermentation.

FIG. 3B is a schematic of providing corn biomass as feedstock to a first fermentation zone, producing a CO₂stream, an aqueous stream, and an ethanol stream, wherein the aqueous stream, and an H₂stream are subsequently provided to a second fermentation zone, producing a product and, optionally, CO₂by mixotrophic fermentation.

FIG. 3C is a schematic of providing corn biomass as feedstock to a first fermentation zone, producing a CO₂stream, an aqueous stream, and an ethanol stream, wherein the CO₂stream, the aqueous stream, and an H₂stream are subsequently provided to a second fermentation zone, producing a product and, optionally, CO₂by mixotrophic fermentation.

FIG. 4 is a schematic of (1) providing corn biomass as feedstock to a first fermentation zone, producing a CO₂stream, an aqueous stream, and an ethanol stream, (2) providing water and a natural gas stream to a steam methane reformation (SMR) and water gas shift (WGS) zone, producing a stream comprising CO₂and/or H₂, (3) providing the CO₂stream, the aqueous stream, the CO₂/H₂stream, and an H₂stream to a second fermentation zone, producing a product and, optionally, CO₂by mixotrophic fermentation.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a process wherein (1) combustion of natural gas in a combined heat and power (CHP) unit generates power driving an electrolytic cell and generates heat driving a boiler producing high pressure steam which drives a steam turbine producing electric power driving an electrolytic cell, the electrolytic cell producing H₂by water electrolysis for use in a mixotrophic fermentation process similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and described above, (2) CO₂and/or H₂for use in a mixotrophic fermentation process similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and described above are derived from natural gas by a steam methane reformation (SMR) process, optionally comprising a water gas shift (WGS) process; (3) a product and, optionally, CO₂are produced by mixotrophic fermentation in a process similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and described above.

FIG. 6 is a schematic of a process wherein (1) CO₂and/or H₂for use in a mixotrophic fermentation process similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and described above are derived from natural gas by a steam methane reformation (SMR) process, optionally comprising a water gas shift (WGS) process; (2) natural gas or syngas recovered from the WGS process may be used to power a gas turbine producing electric power, driving an electrolytic cell, the electrolytic cell producing H₂by water electrolysis; (3) heat produced by the gas turbine may be used to drive a boiler producing high pressure steam driving a steam turbine producing electric power driving an electrolytic cell, the electrolytic cell producing H₂by water electrolysis; (4) H₂for use in a mixotrophic fermentation process similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and described above is produced by water electrolysis; (5) a product and, optionally, CO₂are produced in a mixotrophic fermentation process similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and described above.

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a process (1) providing corn biomass as feedstock to a first fermentation zone, producing a CO₂stream, an aqueous stream, and an ethanol stream; (2) wherein at least some of the CO₂stream, the aqueous stream, and an H₂stream are subsequently provided to a second fermentation zone, producing a product and, optionally, CO₂by mixotrophic fermentation; (3) wherein broth bleed from the second fermentation zone is treated by biomass removal and the resulting biomass-free broth is provided to the first fermentation zone.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
The disclosures herein include biocatalytic processes, biocatalysts, fermentation or bio-derived products, compositions comprising products produced by biocatalytic processes, compositions comprising fermentation or bio-derived products, compositions comprising biocatalysts for biocatalytic processes, systems for producing fermentation or bio-derived products, and organisms for use in biocatalytic processes.
In some embodiments, the biocatalytic processes disclosed herein may allow improved carbon utilization by using as feedstock for further fermentation the co-products of a first biomass fermentation process, for example the co-products of a corn fermentation process, such as the co-products of a process producing bio-ethanol from corn feedstock. In some embodiments, the biocatalytic processes disclosed herein consume co-products of a first biomass fermentation process and upgrade those co-products to products of greater value. In some embodiments, the co-products of a first biomass fermentation process that are of interest as feedstocks for biocatalytic processes disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, CO₂off-gas and fermentable constituents of stillage.
The present disclosure relates in part to biocatalytic processes for producing a product which comprise providing an aqueous stream (AS) and a gaseous stream (GS), or derivatives thereof, to a fermentation zone and mixotrophically metabolizing at least one substrate in the aqueous stream and at least one substrate in the gaseous stream. In some embodiments, the AS and GS are mixed prior to being provided to the fermentation zone. In some embodiments, the AS and GS are mixed in the fermentation zone, initially, regularly, or continually.
The present disclosure relates in part to biocatalytic processes for producing a product which comprise providing an aqueous stream (AS) comprising (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic add or butyric acid, to a fermentation zone and simultaneously metabolizing (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid.
In some embodiments, the aqueous stream comprises at least one of a spent fermentation stream, stillage from a bio-ethanol production process, thin stillage stream from a bio-ethanol production process, concentrated corn distiller soluble (CDS), whole stillage stream from a bio-ethanol production process, glycerol, carbohydrates, oligomers of carbohydrate, protein, carboxylic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, or an aqueous stream derived thereof.
As used herein, “spent fermentation stream” means the remainder of a fermentation process after removal of the product, including but not limited to fermentation by-products and unreacted feedstock.
As used herein, “whole stillage” means the liquid and solid remainders of a fermentation process after removal of the product.
As used herein, “thin stillage” means the liquid remainder of a fermentation process after removal of the product.
As used herein, “condensed corn distiller soluble” (CDS) means concentrated thin stillage after removal of at least a portion of the water. Herein, thin stillage shall include CDS.
As used herein, “bio-ethanol” means ethanol derived from biomass feedstock.
In at least one embodiment, the AS is obtained from a milled ethanol production process, for example a corn or wheat milled ethanol production process.
In some embodiments, the AS comprises compounds selected from organic acids, fatty acids, polyols, glycerol, carbohydrates, and oligomers of carbohydrate, peptides, polypeptides, betaines, carbohydrates, vitamins, and enzymes. For example, the AS can comprise organic acids such as succinic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, folic acid, and phytic acid. For example, the AS can comprise fatty acids such as saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. For example, the AS can comprise fatty acids such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid, myristoleic acid, erucic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicopentanoic acid, docosahexanoic acid, as well as fatty acids having a longer or shorter carbon chain, or greater or fewer carbon bonds than those listed here, and/or double bonds arranged in a cis or trans configuration. For example, the AS can comprise carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, each of which can include sugar alcohols as their entire structure or as a portion of their structure.
In at least one embodiment, the AS comprises (1) at least one glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid. For example, the carboxylic acid may be selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid.
In at least one embodiment, the AS comprises (1) at least one glycerol, and (2) lactic acid.
In at least one embodiment the AS is derived from a bioethanol process.
In some embodiments of biocatalytic processes as herein described, a fermentation broth bleed stream means a portion of the fermentation broth that is diverted from the fermentation zone, wherein components of the bleed stream may be optionally added back to the fermentation broth.
In some embodiments of biocatalytic processes as herein described, a fermentation broth bleed stream is removed from the fermentation zone, treated to remove biomass, and the resulting biomass-free broth is provided to the fermentation zone, recycling the broth bleed stream. In at least one embodiment, recycling of broth bleed stream allows improved utilization of the feedstock. Recycling of broth bleed stream as presently described can allow improved carbon utilization in biomass fermentation systems by recovery of fermentable constituents of thin stillage without need for an evaporation step.
In some embodiments, the gaseous stream comprises H₂. In some embodiments, the gaseous stream comprises syngas. In some embodiments, the gaseous stream comprises CO₂/H₂, H₂and/or CO. In some embodiments, the gaseous stream comprises CO₂and/or H₂, either or both of which may be obtained from a steam methane reformation (SMR) process, which may optionally further comprise a water gas shift (WGS) process.
In some embodiments, the gaseous stream comprises CO₂and/or H₂and in the fermentation zone the GS has a CO₂:H₂molar ratio ranging from 0 to 0.35 mol CO₂/mol H₂. In another embodiment the GS has a CO₂:H₂molar ratio ranging from 0.15 to 0.25 mol CO₂/mol H₂. In one embodiment pure H₂may be fed and the only source of CO₂may be from the AS, e.g. from metabolism of thin stillage. In another embodiment the GS may be low in H₂.
In some embodiments, the gaseous stream comprises natural gas. In some embodiments, the GS is derived from natural gas, for example natural gas which may be combusted in at least one combined heat and power (CHP) unit to generate power. In at least one embodiment, the power generated in the CHP unit is used for H₂production via water electrolysis. In at least one embodiment, the H₂produced by water electrolysis is used in fermentation processes described herein. In at least one embodiment, the CHP unit generates steam, which may be used to drive a turbo generator for generating electric power. The electric power generated may be exported, exported for use in biocatalytic processes described herein, exported for use in bio-ethanol production, and/or provide for H₂and O₂production, thereby producing H₂for use in fermentation processes described herein. In at least one embodiment the generated power provides for H₂production via water electrolysis, thereby producing H₂and O₂. In at least one embodiment H₂thus produced is used in biocatalytic processes as described herein. In at least one embodiment O₂thus produced is used in biocatalytic processes as described herein.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the gaseous stream is provided to a gas combustion turbo-generator to generate power. In one embodiment, the power thus produced provides for H₂production via water electrolysis, thereby producing H₂and O₂. In at least one embodiment H₂thus produced is used in biocatalytic processes as described herein. In at least one embodiment O₂thus produced is used in biocatalytic processes as described herein.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the gaseous stream drives a non-combusting turbo generator to generate power. In one embodiment the power thus produced provides for H₂production via water electrolysis, thereby producing H₂and O₂. In at least one embodiment H₂thus produced is used in biocatalytic processes as described herein. In at least one embodiment O₂thus produced is used in biocatalytic processes as described herein.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the gaseous stream is provided to a steam methane reformation (SMR) process for producing syngas. In at least one embodiment, at least a portion of the syngas thus produced is provided to a gas turbo-generator to generate power. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the gaseous stream is provided to a steam methane reformation (SMR) process for producing CO₂, H₂and/or CO. In at least one embodiment, at least a portion of the CO₂, H₂and/or CO thus produced is provided to a gas turbogenerator to generate power. In one embodiment the power thus produced provides for H₂production via water electrolysis, thereby producing H₂and O₂. In at least one embodiment H₂thus produced is used in biocatalytic processes as described herein. In at least one embodiment O₂thus produced is used in biocatalytic processes as described herein.
In the biocatalytic processes described herein, the fermentation zone comprises at least one organism capable of metabolizing an AS substrate and a GS substrate and the fermentation operates at conditions to mixotrophically metabolize at least one gaseous substrate in the GS and at least one gaseous substrate in the AS. As used herein, “mixotrophically metabolize” means metabolize different sources of energy and carbon. Thus, the at least one organism is an organism that can utilize substrates from diverse sources, for example an organism capable of metabolizing at least one substrate from the AS and at least one substrate from the GS at the fermentation zone conditions.
In some embodiments, the conditions to mixotrophically metabolize at least one gaseous substrate in the GS and at least one substrate present in the AS are a pH from about 6 to about 8, a temperature from about 30° C. to about 40° C., and a pressure of above 1 atm absolute. In some embodiments, the fermentation zone pressure is above 1 atm absolute, for example above 2 atm absolute, such as above 2.5 atm absolute. In some embodiments, the fermentation zone pressure is from about 1.5 to about 10 atm absolute, such as from about 1.5 to about 8 atm absolute, such as from about 1.5 to about 5 atm absolute, such as from about 2.5 to about 4 atm absolute.
In some embodiments, the conditions to metabolize at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) at least one carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid present in the AS are a pH from about 6 to about 8 and a temperature from about 30° C. to about 40° C.
In some embodiments, the fermentation process is aerobic or microaerobic.
In some embodiments, the biocatalytic processes described herein comprise the use of biocatalysts. The term “biocatalyst,” as used herein, refers to an isolated or purified enzyme that is in solution or immobilized on a solid substrate, an extracellular enzyme, an enzyme present in a cell lysate, an enzyme produced in situ by a host cell that performs a single chemical transformation of an organic molecule, or a whole cell that catalyzes a series of sequential transformations of one or more organic molecules. In some embodiments, isolated or extracellular enzymes are used as biocatalysts. In some embodiments, whole cells are used as the biocatalyst. In some embodiments, both isolated or extracellular and whole cells are used as biocatalysts. The isolated or purified enzyme may be purchased from commercial sources, or purified from a host cell that expresses the enzyme either naturally, or non-naturally. The host cell may be naturally occurring or recombinant, e.g., an engineered cell. The host cell may be a prokaryote, such as a bacterium or archaeon, or a eukaryote, such as a fungus (e.g., yeast) or an animal cell (e.g., a mammalian cell). The host cell may express and secrete the enzyme, which is capable of catalyzing a particular reaction, e.g., hydrolysis.
In some embodiments, the biocatalytic processes described herein comprise the use of microorganisms, for example naturally occurring microorganisms and recombinant microorganisms, e.g., engineered microorganisms. In some embodiments, the organism comprises at least one of (1) a genetic alteration, (2) a chemical alteration, and (3) a non-naturally occurring alteration.
In some embodiments, the organism or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof is a methanotroph, a hydrogen-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism, or a CO-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism.
In some embodiments, the organism or an equivalent or engineered equivalent is capable of metabolizing glycerol.
In some embodiments, the organism or an equivalent or engineered equivalent is capable of metabolizing one or more carboxylic acids such as acetic, lactic, or butyric acids.
In some embodiments, the organism is able to metabolize both glycerol and one or more carboxylic acids such as acetic, lactic, or butyric acid.
In some embodiments, the organism is able to metabolize both glycerol and lactic acid.
In some embodiments, the organism is a methanotroph, a hydrogen-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism, or a CO-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism that is able to metabolize both glycerol and lactic acid.
The host cell may be a prokaryote, such as a bacterium or archaeon, or a eukaryote, such as a fungus (e.g., yeast) or an animal cell (e.g., a mammalian cell). The host cell may express and secrete the enzyme, which is capable of catalyzing a particular reaction, e.g., hydrolysis. The host cell can contain additional enzymatic pathways that catalyze different reactions. The host cell can contain multiple enzymatic pathways active in the biocatalytic processes described herein.
In some embodiments, the host microorganism is a prokaryote. For example, the prokaryote can be a bacterium from the genus Clostridia, such as Clostridium ljungdahlii, Clostridium autoethanogenum, or Clostridium kluyveri; from the genus Cupriavidus, such as Cupriavidus necator (also known as Ralstonia eutropha) or Cupriavidus metallidurans; or a bacterium able to metabolize the same substrates as Cupriavidus necator. In some embodiments, the host microorganism is a methanotroph. Such prokaryotes also can be a source of genes to construct recombinant host cells that can be used in biocatalytic processes described herein.
In at least one embodiment, the organism is Cupriavidus necator or clostridium, or an equivalent, or engineered equivalent thereof. In some embodiments, the host microorganism is a eukaryote.
In some embodiments, the host microorganism is a chemolithotrophic host. In at least one embodiment, the host organism can be a hydrogen-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism. For example, the host organism can be from the genus Hydrogenobacter, such as Hydrogenobacter thermophiles or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof; or from the genus Hydrogenophaga, such as Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof. For example, the organism can be Aquaspirillum autotrophicum or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof. In at least one embodiment, the organism can be a CO-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism.
In some embodiments, the hydrogen-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism is capable of metabolizing carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
In some embodiments, the hydrogen-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism is capable of metabolizing carbon dioxide and hydrogen via the Calvin-Benson cycle.
In some embodiments, the fermentation or bio-derived product of the biocatalytic processes described herein comprises a volatile product. By “volatile product,” what is meant is a product having a boiling point lower than that of water. In some embodiments, the volatile product is a gas at the conditions of the fermentation zone. In some embodiments, the volatile product comprises an alkene, for example butadiene, isoprene, or isobutene.
In some embodiments, the fermentation or bio-derived product of the biocatalytic processes described herein comprises a single-cell organism or biomass.
In some embodiments, the fermentation or bio-derived product of the biocatalytic processes described herein comprises a single-cell organism or biomass comprising a poly-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB).
In some embodiments, the fermentation or bio-derived product of the biocatalytic processes described herein comprises an alkene, for example butadiene, isoprene, or isobutene, or an alkene precursor, for example a 3-hydroxy-enoic acid, an enol, or a 3-hydroxyacid.
In some embodiments, the fermentation or bio-derived product of the biocatalytic processes described herein comprises a compound, or a salt thereof, selected from one or more of an amino acid, a hydroxycarboxylic acid, a hydroxylamine, a diamine, a lactam, a carboxylic alcohol, a carboxylic diol, a carboxylic polyol, a carboxylic diamine, or a carboxylic diacid. For example, in some embodiments, the fermentation or bio-derived product comprises a compound, or a salt thereof, selected from one or more of 6-aminohexanoic acid, 7-aminoheptanoic acid, hexamethylenediamine, adipic acid, caprolactam, 1,6-hexanediol, or 1,5-pentamethylene diamine.
The present disclosure includes compositions comprising a fermentation or bio-derived product produced by a biocatalytic process as described herein, as claimed herein, or as shown in any of the Figures. The present disclosure includes compositions comprising an AS, a GS, and an organism, wherein the organism or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof is a methanotroph or a hydrogen-metabolizing or CO-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism, and wherein the organism is capable of mixotrophic metabolism of at least one gaseous substrate in the GS and at least one substrate in the AS.
Also described herein are compositions comprising an AS and a GS, wherein the compositions are suitable to biocatalytic processes as described herein. Also described herein are compositions comprising an AS, a GS, and an organism, wherein the compositions are suitable to biocatalytic processes as described herein. Also described herein are compositions comprising an AS, a GS, an organism, and at least one product of biocatalytic processes as described herein.
The present disclosure includes systems for producing a fermentation or bio-derived product, comprising: a member suitable for providing an AS or derivative thereof to a fermentation zone; a member suitable for providing a GS or derivative thereof to a fermentation zone; a fermentation zone, the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of mixotrophic metabolism of an AS substrate and a GS substrate, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to simultaneously ferment at least one gaseous substrate in the GS and at least one substrate present in the AS; one of more fermentation zone control members, suitable for controlling the conditions for fermenting; and a zone for treating the product. In some embodiments, the zone for treating the product is optional. In some embodiments the zone for treating the product facilitates a separation step. The AS and GS provided to such systems may be as described previously herein. The at least one organism capable of mixotrophic metabolism may be as described previously herein. The fermentation conditions may be as described previously herein.
The present disclosure includes compositions comprising a fermentation or bio-derived product produced by a biocatalytic process as described herein, as claimed herein, or as shown in any of the Figures. The present disclosure includes compositions comprising an AS comprising (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid or derivative, and an organism, wherein the organism or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof is capable of metabolizing (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid or derivative in the AS.
Also described herein are compositions comprising an AS wherein the compositions are suitable to biocatalytic processes as described herein. Also described herein are compositions comprising an AS, and an organism, wherein the compositions are suitable to biocatalytic processes as described herein. Also described herein are compositions comprising an AS, an organism, and at least one product of biocatalytic processes as described herein.
The present disclosure includes systems for producing a fermentation or bio-derived product, comprising: a member suitable for providing an AS or derivative comprising (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid or derivative thereof to a fermentation zone; a fermentation zone, the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of metabolism of at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to simultaneously ferment at least one polyol such as glycerol, a carbohydrate, or an oligomer of a carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid; one of more fermentation zone control members, suitable for controlling the conditions for fermenting; and a zone for treating the product. The AS provided to such systems may be as described previously herein. At least one organism capable of simultaneous metabolism may be as described previously herein. The fermentation conditions may be as described previously herein.
Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated material does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

EXAMPLES

Comparative Example 1A. Isoprene from Aerobic Fermentation of Glycerol in Thin Stillage

The aqueous thin stillage stream containing lactic acid (16.8 g/L) and glycerol (14.4 g/L) from a corn dry mill bioethanol plant producing 50 million gallons of ethanol/year is recovered and fed to an aerobic fermentation utilizing E. coli bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. Only the glycerol, not the lactic acid, is converted to product. The aerobic fermentation produces 3,500 metric tons/year of isoprene (70% of theoretical yield), and co-produces 5,600 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Example 1B. Isoprene from Aerobic Fermentation of Thin Stillage

The aqueous thin stillage stream of Example 1A is recovered and fed to an aerobic fermentation utilizing C. necator bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. The aerobic fermentation ferments at least the glycerol and lactic acid from the thin stillage stream to produce 7,200 metric tons/year of isoprene (70% of theoretical yield), a 110% increase (2.1×) in isoprene production relative to Comparative Example 1A, and co-produces 13,500 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Example 1C. Isoprene from Mixotrophic Aerobic Fermentation of Thin Stillage with Hydrogen

The aqueous thin stillage stream of Example 1A is recovered and fed to an aerobic fermentation utilizing C. necator bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. The aerobic fermentation ferments at least the glycerol and lactic acid from the thin stillage stream. Purchased hydrogen is fed to the aerobic fermentation in sufficient quantity to convert approximately 60% of the by-product carbon dioxide from fermentation of the thin stillage. The aerobic fermentation produces 8,900 metric tons/year of isoprene (70% of theoretical yield), a 160% increase (2.6×) in isoprene production relative to Comparative Example 1A, and co-produces 8,700 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide from the thin stillage fermentation that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Example 1D. Isoprene from Mixotrophic Aerobic Fermentation of Thin Stillage and Bioethanol Fermenter Off-Gas Carbon Dioxide with Hydrogen

The aqueous thin stillage stream of Example 1A is recovered and fed to a mixotrophic aerobic fermentation utilizing C. necator bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. The aerobic fermentation ferments at least the glycerol and lactic acid from the thin stillage stream. Approximately a 20% portion of the fermenter off-gas containing carbon dioxide from the corn dry mill bioethanol plant of Example 1A is also recovered and fed to the mixotrophic aerobic fermentation. Purchased hydrogen is also fed to the mixotrophic aerobic fermentation in sufficient quantity to convert approximately 60% of the by-product carbon dioxide from fermentation of the thin stillage and the carbon dioxide in the 20% portion of bioethanol plant fermenter off-gas. The mixotrophic aerobic fermentation produces 12,800 metric tons/year of isoprene (70% of theoretical yield), a 270% increase (3.7×) in isoprene production relative to Comparative Example 1A, and co-produces 8,700 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide from the thin stillage fermentation that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Comparative Example 2A: 7-Aminoheptanoic Acid from Aerobic Fermentation of Glycerol in Thin Stillage

The aqueous thin stillage stream containing lactic acid (16.8 g/L) and glycerol (14.4 g/L) from a corn dry mill bioethanol plant producing 50 million gallons of ethanol/year is recovered and fed along with an excess stoichiometric amount of aqueous ammonia to an aerobic fermentation utilizing E. coli bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. Only the glycerol, not the lactic acid, is converted to product. The aerobic fermentation produces 5,500 metric tons/year of 7-aminoheptanoic acid (70% of theoretical yield), and co-produces 5,000 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Example 2B: 7-Aminoheptanoic Acid from Aerobic Fermentation of Thin Stillage

The aqueous thin stillage stream of Example 2A is recovered and fed along with an excess stoichiometric amount of aqueous ammonia to an aerobic fermentation utilizing C. necator bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. The aerobic fermentation ferments at least the glycerol and lactic acid from the thin stillage stream to produce 11,600 metric tons/year of 7-aminoheptanoic acid (70% of theoretical yield), a 110% increase (2.1×) in 7-aminoheptanoic acid production relative to Comparative Example 2A, and co-produces 12,000 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Example 2C. 7-Aminoheptanoic Acid from Mixotrophic Aerobic Fermentation of Thin Stillage with Hydrogen

The aqueous thin stillage stream of Example 2A is recovered and fed along with an excess stoichiometric amount of aqueous ammonia to an aerobic fermentation utilizing C. necator bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. The aerobic fermentation ferments at least the glycerol and lactic acid from the thin stillage stream. Purchased hydrogen is fed to the aerobic fermentation in sufficient quantity to convert approximately 60% of the by-product carbon dioxide from fermentation of the thin stillage. The aerobic fermentation produces 14,000 metric tons/year of 7-aminoheptanoic acid (70% of theoretical yield), a 150% increase (2.5×) in 7-aminoheptanoic acid production relative to Comparative Example 2A, and co-produces 7,800 metric tons/year of byproduct carbon dioxide from the thin stillage fermentation that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Example 2D. 7-Aminoheptanoic Acid from Mixotrophic Aerobic Fermentation of Thin Stillage and Bioethanol Fermenter Off-Gas Carbon Dioxide with Hydrogen

The aqueous thin stillage stream of Example 2A is recovered and fed along with an excess stoichiometric amount of aqueous ammonia to a mixotrophic aerobic fermentation utilizing C. necator bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. The aerobic fermentation ferments at least the glycerol and lactic acid from the thin stillage stream. Approximately a 20% portion of the fermenter off-gas containing carbon dioxide from the corn dry mill bioethanol plant of Example 2A is also recovered and fed to the mixotrophic aerobic fermentation. Purchased hydrogen is also fed to the mixotrophic aerobic fermentation in sufficient quantity to convert approximately 60% of the byproduct carbon dioxide from fermentation of the thin stillage and the carbon dioxide in the 20% portion of bioethanol plant fermenter off-gas. The mixotrophic aerobic fermentation produces 19,900 metric tons/year of 7-aminoheptanoic acid (70% of theoretical yield), a 260% increase (3.6×) in 7-aminoheptanoic acid production relative to Comparative Example 2A, and co-produces 7,800 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide from the thin stillage fermentation that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Comparative Example 3A. Biomass from Aerobic Fermentation of Glycerol in Thin Stillage

The aqueous thin stillage stream containing lactic acid (16.8 g/L) and glycerol (14.4 g/L) from a corn dry mill bioethanol plant producing 50 million gallons of ethanol/year is recovered and fed along with an excess stoichiometric amount of aqueous ammonia to an aerobic fermentation utilizing E. coli bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. Only the glycerol, not the lactic acid, is converted to product. The aerobic fermentation produces 5,200 metric tons/year of biomass (25% by wt PHB, 70% of theoretical yield), and co-produces 7,000 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Example 3B. Biomass from Aerobic Fermentation of Thin Stillage

The aqueous thin stillage stream of Example 3A is recovered and fed along with an excess stoichiometric amount of aqueous ammonia to an aerobic fermentation utilizing C. necator bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. The aerobic fermentation ferments at least the glycerol and lactic acid from the thin stillage stream to produce 11,900 metric tons/year of biomass (25% by wt PHB, 70% of theoretical yield), a 130% increase (2.3×) in biomass (25% by wt PHB) production relative to Comparative Example 3A, and co-produces 14,600 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Example 3C. Biomass from Mixotrophic Aerobic Fermentation of Thin Stillage with Hydrogen

The aqueous thin stillage stream of Example 3A is recovered and fed along with an excess stoichiometric amount of aqueous ammonia to an aerobic fermentation utilizing C. necator bacteria and is maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. The aerobic fermentation ferments at least the glycerol and lactic acid from the thin stillage stream. Purchased hydrogen is fed to the aerobic fermentation in sufficient quantity to convert approximately 60% of the by-product carbon dioxide from fermentation of the thin stillage. The aerobic fermentation produces 15,200 metric tons/year of biomass (25% by wt PHB, 70% of theoretical yield), a 190% increase (2.9×) in biomass (25% by wt PHB) production relative to Comparative Example 3A, and co-produces 9,400 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide from the thin stillage fermentation that is not utilized (see Table 2).

Example 3D. Biomass from Mixotrophic Aerobic Fermentation of Thin Stillage and Bioethanol Fermenter Off-Gas Carbon Dioxide with Hydrogen

The aqueous thin stillage stream of Example 3A is recovered and fed along with an excess stoichiometric amount of aqueous ammonia to a mixotrophic aerobic fermentation utilizing C. necator bacteria and maintained at a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 and a temperature of 30° C. The aerobic fermentation ferments at least the glycerol and lactic acid from the thin stillage stream. Approximately a 20% portion of the fermenter off-gas containing carbon dioxide from the corn dry mill bioethanol plant of Example 3A is also recovered and fed to the mixotrophic aerobic fermentation. Purchased hydrogen is also fed to the mixotrophic aerobic fermentation in sufficient quantity to convert approximately 60% of the by-product carbon dioxide from fermentation of the thin stillage and the carbon dioxide in the 20% portion of bioethanol plant fermenter off-gas. The mixotrophic aerobic fermentation produces 21,900 metric tons/year of biomass (25% by wt PHB, 70% of theoretical yield), a 320% increase (4.2×) in biomass (25% by wt PHB) production relative to Comparative Example 3A, and co-produces 9,400 metric tons/year of by-product carbon dioxide from the thin stillage fermentation that is not utilized (see Table 2).

TABLE 2

Exemplary aerobic fermentation products and production rates
versus comparative production rates for Examples 1A to 3D in a 50 million gal/yr corn
dry mill bioethanol plant.

					Annual
					Production
					Rate,	Annual
			Other	Aerobic	(metric	Production
Example	Relevant	Feed	feed	fermentation	tons	Rate vs.
No.	FIG. No.	streams	streams	product	product/yr)	Comparative

Comparative	3A	thin	—	isoprene	3,500	1×
1A		stillage
		(only
		glycerol
		converts)
1B	3A	thin	—	isoprene	7,200	2.1×
		stillage				(110%
		(glycerol				increase)
		and lactic
		acid
		converts)
1C	3B	thin	H₂	isoprene	8,900	2.6×
		stillage				(160%
		(glycerol				increase)
		and lactic
		acid
		converts)
1D	3C	thin	H₂	isoprene	12,800	3.7×
		stillage				(270%
		(glycerol				increase)
		and lactic
		acid
		converts) +
		20% of
		fermenter
		off-gas
Comparative	3A	thin	NH₃(aq)	7-aminoheptanoic	5,500	1×
2A		stillage		acid
		(only
		glycerol
		converts)
2B	3A	thin	NH₃(aq)	7-aminoheptanoic	11,600	2.1×
		stillage		acid		(110%
						increase)
2C	3B	thin	NH₃(aq),	7-aminoheptanoic	14,000	2.5×
		stillage	H₂	acid		(150%
						increase)
2D	3C	thin	NH₃(aq),	7-aminoheptanoic	19,900	3.6×
		stillage +	H₂	acid		(260%
		20% of				increase)
		fermenter
		off-gas
Comparative	3A	thin	NH₃(aq)	biomass	5,200	1×
3A		stillage		(25 wt % PHB)
		(only
		glycerol
		converts)
3B	3A	thin	NH₃(aq)	biomass	11,900	2.3×
		stillage		(25 wt % PHB)		(130%
						increase)
3C	3B	thin	NH₃(aq),	biomass	15,200	2.9×
		stillage	H₂	(25 wt % PHB)		(190%
						increase)
3D	3C	thin	NH₃(aq),	biomass	21,900	4.2×
		stillage +	H₂	(25 wt % PHB)		(320%
		20% of				increase)
		fermenter
		off-gas

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A biocatalytic process comprising:

providing an aqueous stream, and/or derivative thereof, comprising at least one fermentable substrate to a fermentation zone; and

providing a gaseous stream to the fermentation zone, wherein the gaseous stream comprises at least one substrate selected from CO₂, H₂, CO₂/H₂, methane, and CO, wherein the aqueous stream and gaseous stream are optionally contacted and/or mixed in the fermentation zone;

the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of metabolizing the aqueous stream and the gaseous stream, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to mixotrophically metabolize at least one gaseous substrate in the gaseous stream and at least one substrate in the aqueous stream; and

forming at least one product via the fermentation.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one organism is a naturally occurring organism, or a derivative thereof.

3. The process of claim 2, wherein the organism or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof is a methanotroph, a hydrogen-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism, or a CO-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism.

4. The process of claim 3, wherein the organism is Cupriavidus necator or Clostridium sp., or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof.

5. The process of claim 4, wherein the organism is Cupriavidus necator, or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof.

6. The process of claim 1, wherein the gaseous stream is or is derived from natural gas, which is combusted in at least one combined heat and power (CHP) unit to generate power.

7. The process of claim 6, wherein heat from the combined heat and power unit generates steam that is used to drive a turbo generator for generating electric power.

8. The process of claim 1, wherein the gaseous stream is or is derived from natural gas, and at least a portion of the gaseous stream is provided to a gas combustion turbo-generator to generate power.

9. The process of claim 1, wherein the gaseous stream is or is derived from syngas, and at least a portion of the gaseous stream drives a non-combusting turbo-generator to generate power.

10. The process of claim 1, wherein the gaseous stream is or is derived from natural gas, such that at least a portion of the gaseous stream is provided to a steam methane reformation for producing syngas, and at least a portion of the produced syngas is provided to a gas generator to generate power.

11. The process of any one of claims 6-10, wherein the power generation provides for H₂production via water electrolysis, thereby producing H₂and O₂, wherein said H₂is used in the fermentation.

12. The process of claim 11, wherein the O₂is used in the fermentation.

13. The process of claim 12, wherein the generated electric power is: integrated or exported; used in a bio-ethanol production process; provides for H₂production via water electrolysis, thereby producing H₂for use in the fermentation; or a combination thereof.

14. The process of claim 1, wherein the gaseous stream comprises H₂and optionally comprises CO₂, wherein the H₂and optionally CO₂is obtained from a steam methane reformation, optionally further comprising a water gas shift process.

15. A biocatalytic process comprising:

providing a gaseous stream to the fermentation zone, wherein the gaseous stream comprises at least H₂, wherein the aqueous stream and gaseous stream are optionally contacted and/or mixed in the fermentation zone;

the fermentation zone comprising at least one hydrogen-metabolizing chemolithotropic organism capable of metabolizing the aqueous stream and the gaseous stream, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to mixotrophically metabolize at least H₂in the gaseous stream and/or at least one substrate in the aqueous stream; and

forming at least one product via the fermentation.

16. The process of claim 15, wherein said hydrogen chemolithotrophic organism is Cupriavidus necator or a derivative thereof.

17. The process of claim 15, wherein the aqueous stream comprises glycerol and lactic acid.

18. The process of claim 17, wherein said fermentation operates at conditions to mixotrophically metabolize at least H₂in the gaseous stream and glycerol and lactic acid in the aqueous stream.

19. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous stream comprises at least one of a spent fermentation stream, stillage from a bio-ethanol production process, thin stillage stream from a bio-ethanol production process, whole stillage stream from a bio-ethanol production process, and an aqueous stream comprising one or more of glycerol, carbohydrate, oligomers of carbohydrates, protein, carboxylic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid.

20. The process of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising:

removing a fermentation broth bleed stream from the fermentation zone;

treating the fermentation broth bleed stream to remove biomass and produce a biomass-free broth;

and

recycling the biomass-free broth to a fermentation step of the biocatalytic process.

21. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein in the fermentation zone the gaseous stream substrate has a CO₂:H₂molar ratio ranging from 0 to 0.35 mol CO₂/mol H₂.

22. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the conditions to mixotrophically metabolize at least one gaseous substrate in the gaseous stream and at least one substrate present in the aqueous stream are a pH ranging from 6 to 8, a temperature ranging from 30° C. to 40° C., and a pressure of above 1 atm absolute.

23. The process of claim 22, wherein the pressure ranges from 1.5 to 5 atm absolute.

24. The process of claim 22, wherein the pressure is above 2.5 atm absolute.

25. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one organism comprises at least one of (1) a genetic alteration, (2) a chemical alteration, and (3) a non-naturally occurring alteration.

26. A biocatalytic process comprising:

providing an aqueous stream to a fermentation zone, wherein said aqueous stream comprises (1) at least one polyol such glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid or butyric acid;

the fermentation zone comprising at least one bacterium or genetically-modified bacterium capable of metabolizing at least one of the polyols and at least one of the carboxylic acids in the aqueous stream, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to metabolize at least one of the polyols and at least one of the carboxylic acids in the aqueous stream; and forming at least one bio-derived product.

27. The biocatalytic process according to claim 26, wherein said aqueous stream comprises glycerol and lactic acid and said fermentation zone comprises at least one bacteria or genetically-modified bacteria capable of metabolizing said glycerol and said lactic acid, and wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to metabolize said glycerol and lactic acid in the aqueous stream.

28. The biocatalytic process according to claim 26 or 27, wherein said at least one bacterium or genetically-modified bacterium is Cupriavidus necator.

29. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fermentation or bio-derived product comprises a volatile product.

30. The process of claim 29, wherein the volatile product is a gas at the conditions of the fermentation zone.

31. The process of claim 30, wherein the volatile product comprises at least one alkene chosen from butadiene, isoprene, and isobutene or derivative thereof.

32. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fermentation or bio-derived product comprises at least one alkene precursor chosen from 3-hydroxy-enoic acid, an enol, and a 3-hydroxyacid or derivative thereof.

33. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fermentation or bio-derived product comprises one or more compounds, or salts thereof, selected from an amino acid, a hydroxycarboxylic acid, a hydroxylamine, a diamine, a lactam, a carboxylic alcohol, a carboxylic diol, a carboxylic polyol, a carboxylic diamine, or a carboxylic diacid.

34. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fermentation or bio-derived product comprises one or more compounds, or salts thereof, selected from 6-aminohexanoic acid, 7-aminoheptanoic acid, hexamethylenediamine, adipic acid, caprolactam, 1,6-hexanediol, or 1,5-pentamethylene diamine.

35. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fermentation or bio-derived product comprises biomass.

36. The process of claim 35, wherein the biomass comprises a poly-hydroxybutyric acid, or a salt thereof.

37. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous stream is obtained from a milled ethanol production process.

38. A composition comprising a fermentation or bio-derived product produced by at least one process according to any one of the preceding claims, or as described in any of the Figures.

39. A composition comprising an aqueous stream, a gaseous stream, and an organism, wherein the organism or an equivalent or engineered equivalent thereof is a methanotroph or a hydrogen-metabolizing or CO-metabolizing chemolithotrophic organism, and wherein the organism is capable of mixotrophic metabolism of at least one gaseous substrate in the gaseous stream and at least one substrate in the aqueous stream.

40. A composition comprising an aqueous stream and a gaseous stream, wherein said composition can be used as a feedstock for a biocatalytic process according to claim 1.

41. A composition comprising an aqueous stream, a gaseous stream, and an organism, wherein said composition can be used as a feedstock for a biocatalytic process according to claim 1.

42. A composition comprising an aqueous stream, a gaseous stream, an organism, and at least one product of a biocatalytic process according to claim 1.

43. A system for producing a fermentation or bio-derived product, comprising:

a member to provide an aqueous stream or derivative thereof to a fermentation zone;

a member to provide a gaseous stream or derivative thereof to a fermentation zone;

a fermentation zone, the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of mixotrophic metabolism of an aqueous stream substrate and a gaseous stream substrate, wherein the fermentation operates at conditions to simultaneously ferment at least one gaseous substrate in the gaseous stream and at least one substrate present in the aqueous stream;

one of more fermentation zone control members, to control the conditions for fermenting; and

a zone for treating the product.

44. A biocatalytic process for producing a product, comprising:

providing an aqueous stream, and/or derivative thereof, having at least one fermentable substrate to a fermentation zone;

providing a gaseous stream comprising at least one of CO₂, H₂, CO₂/H₂, methane, and CO to the fermentation zone, the fermentation zone comprising at least one organism capable of metabolizing at least one substance in the aqueous stream;

wherein the aqueous stream comprises (1) at least one glycerol, carbohydrates, or oligomers of carbohydrate, and (2) a carboxylic acid;

and wherein the organism is capable of metabolizing at least one substance in the gaseous stream.

45. The biocatalytic process of claim 44, wherein the carboxylic acid is chosen from a fatty acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid or derivatives thereof.

46. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous stream is from a bioethanol process.