US20190388431A2 - Two-component pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of pain - Google Patents
Two-component pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of pain Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20190388431A2 US20190388431A2 US16/230,756 US201816230756A US2019388431A2 US 20190388431 A2 US20190388431 A2 US 20190388431A2 US 201816230756 A US201816230756 A US 201816230756A US 2019388431 A2 US2019388431 A2 US 2019388431A2
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- dosage unit
- pharmaceutical dosage
- milligrams
- pharmaceutical
- opioid analgesic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 208000002193 Pain Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 239000000041 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 229940021182 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 229960001736 buprenorphine Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- RMRJXGBAOAMLHD-IHFGGWKQSA-N buprenorphine Chemical compound C([C@]12[C@H]3OC=4C(O)=CC=C(C2=4)C[C@@H]2[C@]11CC[C@]3([C@H](C1)[C@](C)(O)C(C)(C)C)OC)CN2CC1CC1 RMRJXGBAOAMLHD-IHFGGWKQSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000000014 opioid analgesic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- QYSPLQLAKJAUJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N piroxicam Chemical compound OC=1C2=CC=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)N(C)C=1C(=O)NC1=CC=CC=N1 QYSPLQLAKJAUJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229960002702 piroxicam Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 208000000094 Chronic Pain Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000012730 sustained-release form Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000013268 sustained release Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- USSIQXCVUWKGNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(CC(C)N(C)C)(C(=O)CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 USSIQXCVUWKGNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229960001797 methadone Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- 206010028813 Nausea Diseases 0.000 claims description 7
- XYYVYLMBEZUESM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydrocodeine Natural products C1C(N(CCC234)C)C2C=CC(=O)C3OC2=C4C1=CC=C2OC XYYVYLMBEZUESM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 flubufen Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 7
- OROGSEYTTFOCAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrocodone Natural products C1C(N(CCC234)C)C2C=CC(O)C3OC2=C4C1=CC=C2OC OROGSEYTTFOCAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008693 nausea Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 208000004998 Abdominal Pain Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000012671 Gastrointestinal haemorrhages Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- BRUQQQPBMZOVGD-XFKAJCMBSA-N Oxycodone Chemical compound O=C([C@@H]1O2)CC[C@@]3(O)[C@H]4CC5=CC=C(OC)C2=C5[C@@]13CCN4C BRUQQQPBMZOVGD-XFKAJCMBSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000025865 Ulcer Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000030304 gastrointestinal bleeding Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 231100000304 hepatotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 claims description 6
- CGIGDMFJXJATDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indomethacin Chemical compound CC1=C(CC(O)=O)C2=CC(OC)=CC=C2N1C(=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 CGIGDMFJXJATDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000017169 kidney disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007056 liver toxicity Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000036269 ulceration Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000007882 Gastritis Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010033645 Pancreatitis Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- HUPFGZXOMWLGNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diflunisal Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(C(=O)O)=CC(C=2C(=CC(F)=CC=2)F)=C1 HUPFGZXOMWLGNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- LLPOLZWFYMWNKH-CMKMFDCUSA-N hydrocodone Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@H](N(CC[C@@]112)C)C3)CC(=O)[C@@H]1OC1=C2C3=CC=C1OC LLPOLZWFYMWNKH-CMKMFDCUSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960000240 hydrocodone Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- LLPOLZWFYMWNKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-dihydrocodeinone Natural products C1C(N(CCC234)C)C2CCC(=O)C3OC2=C4C1=CC=C2OC LLPOLZWFYMWNKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RDJGLLICXDHJDY-NSHDSACASA-N (2s)-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](C)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 RDJGLLICXDHJDY-NSHDSACASA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ibuprofen Chemical compound CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C(C)C(O)=O)C=C1 HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DEXMFYZAHXMZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Narceine Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=C1C(=O)CC1=C(CCN(C)C)C=C(OCO2)C2=C1OC DEXMFYZAHXMZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MITFXPHMIHQXPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oraflex Chemical compound N=1C2=CC(C(C(O)=O)C)=CC=C2OC=1C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 MITFXPHMIHQXPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- OROGSEYTTFOCAN-DNJOTXNNSA-N codeine Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@H](N(CC[C@@]112)C)C3)=C[C@H](O)[C@@H]1OC1=C2C3=CC=C1OC OROGSEYTTFOCAN-DNJOTXNNSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960000616 diflunisal Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960001419 fenoprofen Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960002390 flurbiprofen Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- SYTBZMRGLBWNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N flurbiprofen Chemical compound FC1=CC(C(C(O)=O)C)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 SYTBZMRGLBWNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HYYBABOKPJLUIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N mefenamic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(NC=2C(=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)=C1C HYYBABOKPJLUIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N morphine Chemical compound O([C@H]1[C@H](C=C[C@H]23)O)C4=C5[C@@]12CCN(C)[C@@H]3CC5=CC=C4O BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CMWTZPSULFXXJA-VIFPVBQESA-N naproxen Chemical compound C1=C([C@H](C)C(O)=O)C=CC2=CC(OC)=CC=C21 CMWTZPSULFXXJA-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CPJSUEIXXCENMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenacetin Chemical compound CCOC1=CC=C(NC(C)=O)C=C1 CPJSUEIXXCENMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MLKXDPUZXIRXEP-MFOYZWKCSA-N sulindac Chemical compound CC1=C(CC(O)=O)C2=CC(F)=CC=C2\C1=C/C1=CC=C(S(C)=O)C=C1 MLKXDPUZXIRXEP-MFOYZWKCSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CMWTZPSULFXXJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naproxen Natural products C1=C(C(C)C(O)=O)C=CC2=CC(OC)=CC=C21 CMWTZPSULFXXJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000181 anti-adherent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003911 antiadherent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007884 disintegrant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960001680 ibuprofen Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960000905 indomethacin Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- DKYWVDODHFEZIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ketoprofen Chemical compound OC(=O)C(C)C1=CC=CC(C(=O)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 DKYWVDODHFEZIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960000991 ketoprofen Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960003464 mefenamic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960002009 naproxen Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960000894 sulindac Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- YQYVFVRQLZMJKJ-JBBXEZCESA-N (+)-cyclazocine Chemical compound C([C@@]1(C)C2=CC(O)=CC=C2C[C@@H]2[C@@H]1C)CN2CC1CC1 YQYVFVRQLZMJKJ-JBBXEZCESA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UVITTYOJFDLOGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,2,5-trimethyl-4-phenylpiperidin-4-yl) propanoate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C1(OC(=O)CC)CC(C)N(C)CC1C UVITTYOJFDLOGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RJMIEHBSYVWVIN-LLVKDONJSA-N (2r)-2-[4-(3-oxo-1h-isoindol-2-yl)phenyl]propanoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC([C@H](C(O)=O)C)=CC=C1N1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C1 RJMIEHBSYVWVIN-LLVKDONJSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GUHPRPJDBZHYCJ-SECBINFHSA-N (2s)-2-(5-benzoylthiophen-2-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound S1C([C@H](C(O)=O)C)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GUHPRPJDBZHYCJ-SECBINFHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MDKGKXOCJGEUJW-VIFPVBQESA-N (2s)-2-[4-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)phenyl]propanoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC([C@@H](C(O)=O)C)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CS1 MDKGKXOCJGEUJW-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LGFMXOTUSSVQJV-NEYUFSEYSA-N (4r,4ar,7s,7ar,12bs)-9-methoxy-3-methyl-2,4,4a,7,7a,13-hexahydro-1h-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7-ol;(4r,4ar,7s,7ar,12bs)-3-methyl-2,4,4a,7,7a,13-hexahydro-1h-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7,9-diol;1-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-6 Chemical compound Cl.Cl.Cl.O([C@H]1[C@H](C=C[C@H]23)O)C4=C5[C@@]12CCN(C)[C@@H]3CC5=CC=C4O.C([C@H]1[C@H](N(CC[C@@]112)C)C3)=C[C@H](O)[C@@H]1OC1=C2C3=CC=C1OC.C1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=C1CC1=NC=CC2=CC(OC)=C(OC)C=C12 LGFMXOTUSSVQJV-NEYUFSEYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N (R,R)-tramadol Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC([C@]2(O)[C@H](CCCC2)CN(C)C)=C1 TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KLIVRBFRQSOGQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(11-oxo-6h-benzo[c][1]benzothiepin-3-yl)acetic acid Chemical compound S1CC2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=CC=C(CC(=O)O)C=C12 KLIVRBFRQSOGQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DCXHLPGLBYHNMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[1-(4-azidobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindol-3-yl]acetic acid Chemical compound CC1=C(CC(O)=O)C2=CC(OC)=CC=C2N1C(=O)C1=CC=C(N=[N+]=[N-])C=C1 DCXHLPGLBYHNMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JIEKMACRVQTPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-5-thiazolyl]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC=1SC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC=1C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 JIEKMACRVQTPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XKSAJZSJKURQRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-acetyloxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)benzoic acid Chemical compound C1=C(C(O)=O)C(OC(=O)C)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 XKSAJZSJKURQRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IYNWSQDZXMGGGI-NUEKZKHPSA-N 3-hydroxymorphinan Chemical compound C1CCC[C@H]2[C@H]3CC4=CC=C(O)C=C4[C@]21CCN3 IYNWSQDZXMGGGI-NUEKZKHPSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SYCHUQUJURZQMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,1-dioxo-n-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-1$l^{6},2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound OC=1C2=CC=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)N(C)C=1C(=O)NC1=NC=CS1 SYCHUQUJURZQMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aspirin Chemical compound CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OIRAEJWYWSAQNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Clidanac Chemical compound ClC=1C=C2C(C(=O)O)CCC2=CC=1C1CCCCC1 OIRAEJWYWSAQNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IJVCSMSMFSCRME-KBQPJGBKSA-N Dihydromorphine Chemical compound O([C@H]1[C@H](CC[C@H]23)O)C4=C5[C@@]12CCN(C)[C@@H]3CC5=CC=C4O IJVCSMSMFSCRME-KBQPJGBKSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OGDVEMNWJVYAJL-LEPYJNQMSA-N Ethyl morphine Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@H](N(CC[C@@]112)C)C3)=C[C@H](O)[C@@H]1OC1=C2C3=CC=C1OCC OGDVEMNWJVYAJL-LEPYJNQMSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OGDVEMNWJVYAJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylmorphine Natural products C1C(N(CCC234)C)C2C=CC(O)C3OC2=C4C1=CC=C2OCC OGDVEMNWJVYAJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GVGLGOZIDCSQPN-PVHGPHFFSA-N Heroin Chemical compound O([C@H]1[C@H](C=C[C@H]23)OC(C)=O)C4=C5[C@@]12CCN(C)[C@@H]3CC5=CC=C4OC(C)=O GVGLGOZIDCSQPN-PVHGPHFFSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ALFGKMXHOUSVAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ketobemidone Chemical compound C=1C=CC(O)=CC=1C1(C(=O)CC)CCN(C)CC1 ALFGKMXHOUSVAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OZYUPQUCAUTOBP-QXAKKESOSA-N Levallorphan Chemical compound C([C@H]12)CCC[C@@]11CCN(CC=C)[C@@H]2CC2=CC=C(O)C=C21 OZYUPQUCAUTOBP-QXAKKESOSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JAQUASYNZVUNQP-USXIJHARSA-N Levorphanol Chemical compound C1C2=CC=C(O)C=C2[C@]23CCN(C)[C@H]1[C@@H]2CCCC3 JAQUASYNZVUNQP-USXIJHARSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SBDNJUWAMKYJOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Meclofenamic Acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(Cl)C(NC=2C(=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)=C1Cl SBDNJUWAMKYJOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZRVUJXDFFKFLMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Meloxicam Chemical compound OC=1C2=CC=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)N(C)C=1C(=O)NC1=NC=C(C)S1 ZRVUJXDFFKFLMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XADCESSVHJOZHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Meperidine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C1(C(=O)OCC)CCN(C)CC1 XADCESSVHJOZHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IDBPHNDTYPBSNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-(1-(2-(4-Ethyl-5-oxo-2-tetrazolin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidyl)propionanilide Chemical compound C1CN(CCN2C(N(CC)N=N2)=O)CCC1(COC)N(C(=O)CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 IDBPHNDTYPBSNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UIQMVEYFGZJHCZ-SSTWWWIQSA-N Nalorphine Chemical compound C([C@@H](N(CC1)CC=C)[C@@H]2C=C[C@@H]3O)C4=CC=C(O)C5=C4[C@@]21[C@H]3O5 UIQMVEYFGZJHCZ-SSTWWWIQSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JZFPYUNJRRFVQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Niflumic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1NC1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 JZFPYUNJRRFVQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ONBWJWYUHXVEJS-ZTYRTETDSA-N Normorphine Chemical compound C([C@@H](NCC1)[C@@H]2C=C[C@@H]3O)C4=CC=C(O)C5=C4[C@@]21[C@H]3O5 ONBWJWYUHXVEJS-ZTYRTETDSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008896 Opium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- UQCNKQCJZOAFTQ-ISWURRPUSA-N Oxymorphone Chemical compound O([C@H]1C(CC[C@]23O)=O)C4=C5[C@@]12CCN(C)[C@@H]3CC5=CC=C4O UQCNKQCJZOAFTQ-ISWURRPUSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960004892 acemetacin Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- FSQKKOOTNAMONP-UHFFFAOYSA-N acemetacin Chemical compound CC1=C(CC(=O)OCC(O)=O)C2=CC(OC)=CC=C2N1C(=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 FSQKKOOTNAMONP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- WDEFBBTXULIOBB-WBVHZDCISA-N dextilidine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[C@@]1(C(=O)OCC)CCC=C[C@H]1N(C)C WDEFBBTXULIOBB-WBVHZDCISA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229960004193 dextropropoxyphene Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- XLMALTXPSGQGBX-GCJKJVERSA-N dextropropoxyphene Chemical compound C([C@](OC(=O)CC)([C@H](C)CN(C)C)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 XLMALTXPSGQGBX-GCJKJVERSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960003461 dezocine Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
- A61K31/5415—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. phenothiazine, chlorpromazine, piroxicam
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
- A61K31/485—Morphinan derivatives, e.g. morphine, codeine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to a pharmaceutical dosage unit having a therapeutically effective amount of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of an opioid analgesic that can be used for the treatment of pain with reduced side effects such as opioid withdrawal and gastrointestinal irritation and damage. More particularly, the pharmaceutical dosage unit includes piroxicam in combination with buprenorphine for sublingual administration.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAIDs are administered for the treatment of mild to severe pain and in some instances are prescribed for continuous use in the treatment of acute or chronic inflammatory states such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
- NSAIDs are well absorbed following oral administration but there is a high potential for adverse side-effects such as ulcerations, abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, gastritis, kidney disease, angiodema, pancreatitis, and even serious gastrointestinal bleeding and liver toxicity at the upper limits of their effective dose ranges.
- the ability to use higher dosages of NSAIDs is generally limited.
- administration of additional NSAID or use of combinations of NSAIDs does not usually increase the analgesic or anti-inflammatory effect.
- Opioid analgesics also referred to as narcotic analgesics
- narcotic analgesics such as buprenorphine are often used when pain control with NSAIDs is ineffective. While narcotic analgesics vary considerably in their chemical structures and pharmacological properties, almost all suffer the disadvantages of tolerance and possible addiction with continued usage.
- Narcotic analgesics are classified generally as narcotic agonists or narcotic antagonists.
- Drugs that activate receptors in the brain are termed agonists.
- opioid agonist a drug that activates an opioid receptor
- the repeated administration of opioid agonists results in dose-dependent physical dependence and tolerance. Physical dependence manifests as a characteristic set of withdrawal signs and symptoms upon reduction, cessation, or loss of an active compound at an opioid receptor. These withdrawal signs and symptoms can include sweating, cramps, aches, lacrimation, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, piloerection, and pupillary dilation.
- a drug that binds to a receptor in the brain to block the receptor rather than activate it is termed an antagonist.
- opioid antagonists examples include naltrexone and naloxone.
- Partial agonists are drugs that activate receptors in the brain but not to the extent as full agonists.
- Buprenorphine is an example of a partial agonist (also referred to as a partial opioid agonist or opioid analgesic). It is the partial agonist properties of buprenorphine that contribute to its effectiveness in pain management and provide the added benefit of reduced dependence on and/or addiction to opioids. Consistent with its agonist action at opioid receptors, however, partial agonists such as buprenorphine are still abusable, particularly by individuals who are not already physically dependent on opioids.
- NSAIDs and opioid analgesics are individually limited in their ability to effectively manage pain without inducing adverse side effects such as gastrointestinal disorders, dependence and/or addiction to, and withdrawal upon cessation or reduction
- a pharmaceutical composition for sublingual administration having relatively low effective amounts of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with relatively high effective amounts of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine improves upon existing pain medications and provides the additional benefit of reduced side effects.
- the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition that includes a combination of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as piroxicam and an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine in a pharmaceutical dosage unit that provides safe and effective pain management with the added benefit that side effects such as gastrointestinal tract damage and withdrawal as a result of physical dependence and/or addiction are reduced.
- the invention is a pharmaceutical combination of a low effective amount of piroxicam and a high effective amount of buprenorphine.
- the pharmaceutical composition is a combination of about 2-5 milligrams of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as piroxicam and about 2-30 milligrams of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine for sublingual administration.
- the present invention also provides for a method of managing pain with reduced side effects in a patient that includes administering to the patient, in a single or multiple dosage regime, the pharmaceutical composition previously described.
- the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for managing pain that includes a combination of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (“NSAID”) and an opioid analgesic in a single pharmaceutical dosage unit.
- pain management includes the pain treatment and pain control.
- the present invention offers advantages over existing pain management compositions that include opioid analgesics and NSAIDs by providing safe and effective pain management with a reduction in side effects such as gastrointestinal tract damage and withdrawal as a result of physical dependence on and/or addiction to the opioid analgesic.
- the pharmaceutical composition is a combination of a NSAID such as piroxicam and an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine in a single pharmaceutical dosage unit.
- the pharmaceutical dosage unit may be administered sublingually.
- NSAIDs vary widely in their chemical structure and in their biological profiles as analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents and anti-pyretic agents. Aspirin, acetaminophen and phenacetin have long been among the most commonly used NSAIDs.
- Other examples of NSAIDs for use in the present invention include ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flubufen, ketoprofen, indoprofen, piroprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pramoprofen, muroprofen, trioxaprofen, suprofen, aminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen, bucloxic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acemetacin, fentiazac
- NSAID diflunisal
- BRUFEN ibuprofen
- NAPROSYN naproxen
- FENOPRON fenoprofen
- FELDENE flurbiprofen
- PONSTAN mefenamic acid
- sulindac sulindac
- the NSAID is indomethacin, meloxican, ketoprofen, piroxicam, or combinations thereof.
- the NSAID is piroxicam.
- Piroxicam is 4-hydroxyl-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinal-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboximide 1,1-dioxide. Piroxicam occurs as a white crystalline solid that is soluble in alcohol and aqueous solutions and sparingly soluble in water, dilute acid and most organic solvents. Piroxicam exhibits a weakly acidic 4-hydroxy proton (pKa 5.1) and weakly basic pyridyl nitrogen (pKa 1.8). Piroxicam is available commercially as FELDENE in 10 mg and 20 mg capsules from Pfizer Inc., distributed by Pfizer Labs, New York, N.Y. Piroxicam has the molecular formula C 15 H 13 N 3 O 4 S and the following structural formula:
- NSAIDs such as piroxicam generally possess anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities.
- the exact mechanism of action of NSAIDs and the relationship between chemical structure and analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effect are not yet fully understood, but these properties may be mediated through the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
- NSAID compounds have been shown to be inhibitors of either or both of cyclooxygenase I (COX I) or cyclooxygenase II (COX II), which are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins.
- Induction of the synthesis of COX II is associated with inflammatory processes and inhibition of COX II may result in the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of NSAID compounds.
- Inhibition of constitutively-synthesized COX I may be associated with undesirable side effects such as gastric ulcers. Accordingly, selective inhibition of COX II rather than COX I may offer a therapeutic advantage.
- relatively low amount includes dosage amounts at about or below 5 mg.
- the NSAID is present in an amount of about 2-5 mg.
- the NSAID is present in an amount of about 2-3 mg.
- the NSAID is present in an amount of about 2.5 mg.
- the NSAID is present in an amount of about 2 mg.
- the NSAID of the present invention may be administered sublingually for absorption through mucous membranes in mouth.
- the low effective amount and sublingual administration of the NSAID may decrease the risk of side effects such as gastrointestinal disorders.
- the side effects are gastrointestinal ulceration, abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, gastritis, kidney disease, angiodema, pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, liver toxicity, or combinations thereof.
- Opioid analgesics also vary widely in their chemical structure and in their biological profiles.
- Presently known opioid analgesics include alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, cyclazocine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone,
- Buprenorphine a thebaine derivative that is legally classified as a narcotic, is 17-(cyclopropylmethyl)- ⁇ -(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4, 5-epoxy-18, 19-dihydro-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy- ⁇ -methyl-6, 14-ethenomorphian-7-methanol.
- Buprenorphine generally occurs as a white powder that is weakly acidic with limited solubility in water.
- Buprenorphine HCl has the molecular formula C 29 H 41 NO 4 HCl and the following structural formula:
- Buprenorphine is available commercially for parenteral administration under the name BUPRENEX (buprenorphine hydrochloride) from Reckitt Benckiser, Richmond, Va., and generically as buprenorphine from Abbott Laboratories. Buprenorphine is also available in sublingual tablets SUBUTEX (buprenorphine HCl) and SUBOXONE (buprenorphine HCl/naloxone HCl dihydrate) both available from Reckitt Benckiser.
- buprenorphine has poor oral and/or gastrointestinal bioavailability thus buprenorphine is usually given by injection, via a sublingual tablet, or as a transdermal patch. Abuse of buprenorphine has been reported to occur via the sublingual and intranasal routes but primarily via diversion of sublingual tablets to the injection route. Therefore, formulations of buprenorphine for opioid addiction and dependency treatment are generally in the form of sublingual tablets such as SUBUTEX and SUBOXONE.
- the typical analgesic dose of buprenorphine is relatively low at amounts of 0.3-0.6 mg when injected (intramuscular or intravenous). Because the bioavailability of buprenorphine is less when administered orally or sublingually as compared to injections of buprenorphine, sublingual tablets are available in increased dosages of 2 mg or 8 mg.
- the present invention may include a relatively high amount (high effective amount) of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine in a pharmaceutical dosage compared to dosages typically administered for pain management.
- relatively high amount includes dosage amounts greater 0.6 mg of buprenorphine when injected or 8 mg of buprenorphine when administered as a sublingual tablet.
- an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine is present in an amount of about 2-30 mg. In another embodiment, the opioid analgesic is present in an amount of about 10-30 mg. In still another embodiment, the opioid analgesic is present in an amount of about 10-15 mg.
- opioid analgesics such as buprenorphine are also effective in the present invention, however, particularly when administered in combination with a NSAID such as piroxicam.
- NSAIDs such as piroxicam have a prolonged half-life (approximately 50 hours), which results in the maintenance of relatively stable plasma concentrations throughout the day on once daily doses and to significant accumulation upon multiple dosing.
- Opioid analgesics such as buprenorphine also have an unusually long half-life (approximately 36 hours).
- these NSAIDs and opioid analgesics may be combined in a single pharmaceutical dosage unit as a pharmaceutical combination dosage unit to provide safe and effective pain management with a reduction in side effects such as gastrointestinal tract damage and withdrawal as a result of physical dependence on and/or addiction to the opioid analgesic.
- This pharmaceutical combination dosage unit may include a low effective amount of a NSAID such as piroxicam and a high effective amount of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine where low effective amount of an NSAID is less than about 5 mg and high effective amount of an opioid analgesic is about 2-30 mg.
- a NSAID such as piroxicam is present in an amount of about 2-5 mg and an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine is present in an amount of about 2-30 mg.
- the NSAID is present in an amount of about 2-3 mg and the opioid analgesic is present in an amount of about 2-15 mg.
- the pharmaceutical dosage combination includes about 2.5 mg of an NSAID and about 2 mg of an opioid analgesic.
- the pharmaceutical dosage units of the present invention may be formulated for various forms of administration, including, for example, sublingual, mucosal, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, and/or transdermal administration and combinations thereof. Consistent with the various forms of administration, the pharmaceutical dosage unit can generally be formulated, for example, as a tablet, capsule, injection, and/or patch.
- the NSAID and opioid analgesic are combined in the same formulation of the pharmaceutical dosage unit.
- the NSAID and opioid analgesic are provided as individual formulations of the pharmaceutical dosage unit but administered such that the active ingredients are delivered to the patient simultaneously.
- the NSAID and opioid analgesic are combined in a sublingual tablet to be placed within the mouth and/or under the tongue.
- Sublingual tablets are designed to dissolve very rapidly.
- examples of such formulations include ergotamine tartrate, isosorbide dinitrate, isoproterenol HCl.
- the necessary ingredients for the pharmaceutical dosage unit may be processed in accordance with known methods, using or incorporating familiar coatings and additives as required.
- a dosage unit may contain effective amounts of binders, fillers, disintegrants, sustained-release agents, diluents, anti-adherents, glidants, flow aids, plasticizers and lubricants, which are well known in the field of pharmaceutical processing.
- the formulation of these tablets may contain, in addition to the active agents, a limited number of soluble excipients, including a binder such as povidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), diluents such as lactose, mannitol, starch or cellulose, a disintegrant such as pregelatinized or modified starch, lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or hydrogenated vegetable oil, a sweetener such as saccharin or sucrose and suitable flavoring and coloring agents.
- a binder such as povidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)
- diluents such as lactose, mannitol, starch or cellulose
- a disintegrant such as pregelatinized or modified starch
- lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or hydrogenated vegetable oil
- a sweetener such as saccharin or sucrose and suitable flavoring and coloring agents.
- Naloxone is added to the formulation.
- Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that binds to a receptor in the brain to block the receptor rather than activate it.
- the inclusion of Naloxone may reduce opiate tolerance or even partially reverse tolerance if it occurs.
- Naloxone may be included to further reduce the abuse potential of the pharmaceutical dosage unit and withdrawal as a result of physical dependence and/or addiction.
- the following components are included:
- Buprenorphine 2 mg/tablet
- Piroxicam 5 mg/tablet
- Sugar Base A includes the following components given by approximate wt.-% of Sugar Base A: DiPac (tableting sugar) 77 wt.-%, lactose 7 wt.-%, microcrystalline cellulose 5 wt.-%, flavoring 5 wt.-%, CrosPovidone 5 wt.-%, and magnesium stearate 1 wt.-%.
- the pharmaceutical dosage unit may be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
- the pharmaceutical dosage unit may be formulated such that a single sublingual tablet is administered twice daily.
- pharmaceutical dosage unit of the present invention once in the morning, such as at 8:00 am, and then again six hours later in the early afternoon or at approximately 2:00 pm.
- the pharmaceutical dosage unit may formulated so that the active ingredients (i.e. the NSAID and the opioid analgesic) exhibit sustained-release characteristics upon administration to the patient.
- the active ingredients may be delivered with an oral mucosal patch. Methods of making such patches are well known to one of skill in the art.
- the oral mucosal patch is prepared by homogeneously mixing buprenorphine and piroxicam with appropriate amounts of Carbopol 934, polyisobutylene, and polyisoprene using a two-roll mill and then compressing the mixture to the appropriate thickness.
- a membrane backing such as ethylcellulose is then applied to one side of the compressed material and circular disks, having an area of about 0.5 cm 2 and thickness of about 0.6 mm for example, may be punched from the material.
- the backing inhibits drug release from one side of the disk and reduces adhesion to opposing side tissues.
- the oral mucosal patches may be secured to mucosal buccal surfaces such as the gums, lips, and cheeks, and worn for extended periods. In one instance, the oral mucosal patches may be work for about 12 hours.
- the active ingredients may be delivered using a tablet-form dosage unit having a partially hydrophilic matrix which exhibits sustained release of at least one of the active components.
- the tablet is comprised of, for example, ethylcellulose as a sustained-release agent and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a film former.
- bulking agents such as microcrystalline cellulose and starch, a polyvinylpyrrolidone binder, silicon dioxide as an anti-adherent, dibutyl sebacate as a plasticizer, and magnesium stearate as a lubricant may be included.
- the listed ingredients are combined and pressed into a tablet.
- the tablet is then coated with the ethylcellulose, HPMC and dibutyl sebacate prior to administration of the tablet.
- this tablet encounters an aqueous environment, such as the mucosal buccal surfaces, portions of the tablet coating dissolve, leaving a non-continuous film of water-insoluble ethylcellulose surrounding the remaining tablet core.
- the rate of diffusion of the active ingredients from the tablet core into the aqueous environment is determined by the concentration of ethylcellulose, HPMC and dibutyl sebacate in the coating.
- sustained release indicates that an active component is released from the dosage unit over a period of time which is longer than its ordinary in vivo half-life, thus extending the presence of the component in a patient's system considerably beyond its ordinary half-life. Under such circumstances, the active component is said to “exhibit sustained-release characteristics.”
- immediate release indicates that an active component is released from the dosage unit within a short period of time (i.e., much shorter than its ordinary in vivo half-life); and decrease in concentration of the active component over time will be approximately described by its ordinary half-life.
- the active component is said to “exhibit immediate-release characteristics.”
- compositions of the present invention having more than one active component that is intended to exhibit sustained-release characteristics, an important consideration is that the release rate of each active component will need to be separately customized to produce the desired release profile, since the components will have different in vivo half-lives.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a method of managing pain, the method including administering a pharmaceutical dosage unit having about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 mg of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine.
- a pharmaceutical dosage unit having about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 mg of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine.
- the NSAID and opioid analgesic may be administered sublingually as a single pharmaceutical dosage unit or simultaneously in separate, sublingual pharmaceutical dosage units.
- the pharmaceutical dosage unit is a sublingual tablet to be placed under the tongue.
- the present invention also provides for a method of treating pain with reduced side effects, the method including administering a pharmaceutical dosage unit having about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 mg of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine.
- a pharmaceutical dosage unit having about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 mg of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine.
- the NSAID and opioid analgesic may be administered sublingually as a single pharmaceutical dosage unit or simultaneously in separate, sublingual pharmaceutical dosage units.
- the side effects may include opioid withdrawal.
- the side effects may include, for example, ulcerations, abdominal pain, nausea, liver toxicity, gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney disease, or combinations thereof.
- the present invention further provides a method of treating withdrawal, the method including administering a pharmaceutical dosage unit having about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 mg of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine.
- a pharmaceutical dosage unit having about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 mg of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine.
- the NSAID and opioid analgesic may be administered sublingually as a single pharmaceutical dosage unit or simultaneously in separate, sublingual pharmaceutical dosage units.
- the pharmaceutical dosage unit is a sublingual tablet to be placed under the tongue.
- compositions or methods of the present invention should be determined in accordance with accepted guidelines, such as those given by the Physician's Desk Reference.
- patient's response to the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be monitored and the dosage adjusted as necessary.
- the present invention is also directed to a method of treating pain in a human patient that includes administering to the human patient, in a single or multiple dosage regimen, a pharmaceutical dosage unit, where the dosage unit includes about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 milligrams of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine.
- a NSAID such as piroxicam
- an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine.
- the NSAID and opioid analgesic may be administered sublingually as a single pharmaceutical dosage unit or simultaneously in separate, sublingual pharmaceutical dosage units.
- the pharmaceutical dosage unit is a sublingual tablet to be placed under the tongue.
- the method may additionally include monitoring the human patient to determine if the dosage regime is appropriate and either increasing or decreasing the dosage regimen as necessary.
- the present invention offers significant advantages to patients already using high dosages of opioids, to patients seeking pain management methods to treat chronic pain without side effects or long term effects, and to patients seeking opioid addiction treatment.
- the present invention also provides physicians and patients an ability to switch from the present invention to a different pain management prescription without withdrawal issues.
- VAS visual analog scale
- the patients also generally reported feelings of being more in control of their lives, thinking clearer, sleeping better and being less lethargic than when they were taking hydrocodone or oxycontin.
- Patients that had been taking piroxicam were also switched to a pharmaceutical dosage unit including 2.5 mg piroxicam and 2 mg buprenorphine in a sublingual tablet.
- the patients reported a 50% reduction in GI upset compared to when they were taking piroxicam orally.
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Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/855,592, now allowed, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/571,990, filed Oct. 1, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,410,092, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/152,642, filed Jun. 14, 2005. These applications and patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
- The invention relates generally to a pharmaceutical dosage unit having a therapeutically effective amount of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of an opioid analgesic that can be used for the treatment of pain with reduced side effects such as opioid withdrawal and gastrointestinal irritation and damage. More particularly, the pharmaceutical dosage unit includes piroxicam in combination with buprenorphine for sublingual administration.
- Pain is prevalent. It is estimated that more than 50 million Americans live with chronic pain caused by various diseases or disorders, and each year nearly 25 million people suffer with acute pain as a result of injury or surgery. Furthermore, chronic pain has been said to be the most costly health problem in America. Estimated annual costs, including direct medical expenses, lost income, lost productivity, compensation payments, and legal charges are currently about $90 billion. And the numbers are rising. Estimates indicate that by 2030, 148 million people will have chronic conditions, and associated annual direct costs will rise to $798 billion. Thus, pain management has been identified as one of the most difficult challenges for the health care industry.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAIDs (also referred to as non-narcotic analgesics) are administered for the treatment of mild to severe pain and in some instances are prescribed for continuous use in the treatment of acute or chronic inflammatory states such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. NSAIDs are well absorbed following oral administration but there is a high potential for adverse side-effects such as ulcerations, abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, gastritis, kidney disease, angiodema, pancreatitis, and even serious gastrointestinal bleeding and liver toxicity at the upper limits of their effective dose ranges. Thus, the ability to use higher dosages of NSAIDs is generally limited. Moreover, above each NSAIDs' upper limit or ceiling, administration of additional NSAID or use of combinations of NSAIDs does not usually increase the analgesic or anti-inflammatory effect.
- Opioid analgesics (also referred to as narcotic analgesics) such as buprenorphine are often used when pain control with NSAIDs is ineffective. While narcotic analgesics vary considerably in their chemical structures and pharmacological properties, almost all suffer the disadvantages of tolerance and possible addiction with continued usage.
- Narcotic analgesics are classified generally as narcotic agonists or narcotic antagonists. Drugs that activate receptors in the brain are termed agonists. Hence, a drug that activates an opioid receptor is termed an opioid agonist. The repeated administration of opioid agonists results in dose-dependent physical dependence and tolerance. Physical dependence manifests as a characteristic set of withdrawal signs and symptoms upon reduction, cessation, or loss of an active compound at an opioid receptor. These withdrawal signs and symptoms can include sweating, cramps, aches, lacrimation, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, piloerection, and pupillary dilation. A drug that binds to a receptor in the brain to block the receptor rather than activate it is termed an antagonist. Examples of opioid antagonists are naltrexone and naloxone. Partial agonists are drugs that activate receptors in the brain but not to the extent as full agonists. Buprenorphine is an example of a partial agonist (also referred to as a partial opioid agonist or opioid analgesic). It is the partial agonist properties of buprenorphine that contribute to its effectiveness in pain management and provide the added benefit of reduced dependence on and/or addiction to opioids. Consistent with its agonist action at opioid receptors, however, partial agonists such as buprenorphine are still abusable, particularly by individuals who are not already physically dependent on opioids.
- Although NSAIDs and opioid analgesics are individually limited in their ability to effectively manage pain without inducing adverse side effects such as gastrointestinal disorders, dependence and/or addiction to, and withdrawal upon cessation or reduction, it has now been found that a pharmaceutical composition for sublingual administration having relatively low effective amounts of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with relatively high effective amounts of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine improves upon existing pain medications and provides the additional benefit of reduced side effects.
- The present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition that includes a combination of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as piroxicam and an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine in a pharmaceutical dosage unit that provides safe and effective pain management with the added benefit that side effects such as gastrointestinal tract damage and withdrawal as a result of physical dependence and/or addiction are reduced. In one embodiment, the invention is a pharmaceutical combination of a low effective amount of piroxicam and a high effective amount of buprenorphine. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is a combination of about 2-5 milligrams of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as piroxicam and about 2-30 milligrams of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine for sublingual administration.
- The present invention also provides for a method of managing pain with reduced side effects in a patient that includes administering to the patient, in a single or multiple dosage regime, the pharmaceutical composition previously described.
- The present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for managing pain that includes a combination of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (“NSAID”) and an opioid analgesic in a single pharmaceutical dosage unit. As used herein, pain management includes the pain treatment and pain control. The present invention offers advantages over existing pain management compositions that include opioid analgesics and NSAIDs by providing safe and effective pain management with a reduction in side effects such as gastrointestinal tract damage and withdrawal as a result of physical dependence on and/or addiction to the opioid analgesic. In one embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition is a combination of a NSAID such as piroxicam and an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine in a single pharmaceutical dosage unit. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage unit may be administered sublingually.
- NSAIDs vary widely in their chemical structure and in their biological profiles as analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents and anti-pyretic agents. Aspirin, acetaminophen and phenacetin have long been among the most commonly used NSAIDs. Other examples of NSAIDs for use in the present invention include ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flubufen, ketoprofen, indoprofen, piroprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pramoprofen, muroprofen, trioxaprofen, suprofen, aminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen, bucloxic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acemetacin, fentiazac, clidanac, oxpinac, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid tolfenamic acid, diflunisal, flufenisal, piroxicam, meloxicam, sudoxicam or isoxicam, and mixtures thereof. Among the newer NSAID compounds are diflunisal (DOLOBID), ibuprofen (BRUFEN), naproxen (NAPROSYN), fenoprofen (FENOPRON), piroxicam (FELDENE), flurbiprofen, mefenamic acid (PONSTAN) and sulindac (CLINORIL). In one embodiment of the present invention, the NSAID is indomethacin, meloxican, ketoprofen, piroxicam, or combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment of the present invention the NSAID is piroxicam.
- Piroxicam is 4-hydroxyl-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinal-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboximide 1,1-dioxide. Piroxicam occurs as a white crystalline solid that is soluble in alcohol and aqueous solutions and sparingly soluble in water, dilute acid and most organic solvents. Piroxicam exhibits a weakly acidic 4-hydroxy proton (pKa 5.1) and weakly basic pyridyl nitrogen (pKa 1.8). Piroxicam is available commercially as FELDENE in 10 mg and 20 mg capsules from Pfizer Inc., distributed by Pfizer Labs, New York, N.Y. Piroxicam has the molecular formula C15H13N3O4S and the following structural formula:
- NSAIDs such as piroxicam generally possess anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities. The exact mechanism of action of NSAIDs and the relationship between chemical structure and analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effect are not yet fully understood, but these properties may be mediated through the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. More specifically, NSAID compounds have been shown to be inhibitors of either or both of cyclooxygenase I (COX I) or cyclooxygenase II (COX II), which are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Induction of the synthesis of COX II is associated with inflammatory processes and inhibition of COX II may result in the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of NSAID compounds. Inhibition of constitutively-synthesized COX I may be associated with undesirable side effects such as gastric ulcers. Accordingly, selective inhibition of COX II rather than COX I may offer a therapeutic advantage.
- While piroxicam is available for oral administration as FELDENE in 10 mg or 20 mg dosage units and is typically administered in amounts of 20 mg daily, the present invention is directed to relatively lower amounts (low effective amount) of NSAIDs such as piroxicam compared to the dosage amounts typically administered for pain management. Thus, as used herein, relatively low amount includes dosage amounts at about or below 5 mg. In one embodiment of the present invention, the NSAID is present in an amount of about 2-5 mg. In another embodiment, the NSAID is present in an amount of about 2-3 mg. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the NSAID is present in an amount of about 2.5 mg. In still another embodiment, the NSAID is present in an amount of about 2 mg. Additionally, the NSAID of the present invention may be administered sublingually for absorption through mucous membranes in mouth. The low effective amount and sublingual administration of the NSAID may decrease the risk of side effects such as gastrointestinal disorders. In one embodiment, the side effects are gastrointestinal ulceration, abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, gastritis, kidney disease, angiodema, pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, liver toxicity, or combinations thereof.
- Opioid analgesics also vary widely in their chemical structure and in their biological profiles. Presently known opioid analgesics include alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, cyclazocine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levallorphan, levorphanol, levophenacyl morphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, papaveretum, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, propheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tramadol, tilidine, salts thereof and mixtures thereof. In a particular embodiment of the present invention the opioid analgesic is buprenorphine.
- Buprenorphine, a thebaine derivative that is legally classified as a narcotic, is 17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4, 5-epoxy-18, 19-dihydro-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-α-methyl-6, 14-ethenomorphian-7-methanol. Buprenorphine generally occurs as a white powder that is weakly acidic with limited solubility in water. Buprenorphine HCl has the molecular formula C29H41NO4 HCl and the following structural formula:
- Buprenorphine is available commercially for parenteral administration under the name BUPRENEX (buprenorphine hydrochloride) from Reckitt Benckiser, Richmond, Va., and generically as buprenorphine from Abbott Laboratories. Buprenorphine is also available in sublingual tablets SUBUTEX (buprenorphine HCl) and SUBOXONE (buprenorphine HCl/naloxone HCl dihydrate) both available from Reckitt Benckiser.
- Buprenorphine has poor oral and/or gastrointestinal bioavailability thus buprenorphine is usually given by injection, via a sublingual tablet, or as a transdermal patch. Abuse of buprenorphine has been reported to occur via the sublingual and intranasal routes but primarily via diversion of sublingual tablets to the injection route. Therefore, formulations of buprenorphine for opioid addiction and dependency treatment are generally in the form of sublingual tablets such as SUBUTEX and SUBOXONE.
- The typical analgesic dose of buprenorphine is relatively low at amounts of 0.3-0.6 mg when injected (intramuscular or intravenous). Because the bioavailability of buprenorphine is less when administered orally or sublingually as compared to injections of buprenorphine, sublingual tablets are available in increased dosages of 2 mg or 8 mg. The present invention, however, may include a relatively high amount (high effective amount) of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine in a pharmaceutical dosage compared to dosages typically administered for pain management. In one embodiment, relatively high amount includes dosage amounts greater 0.6 mg of buprenorphine when injected or 8 mg of buprenorphine when administered as a sublingual tablet. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine is present in an amount of about 2-30 mg. In another embodiment, the opioid analgesic is present in an amount of about 10-30 mg. In still another embodiment, the opioid analgesic is present in an amount of about 10-15 mg.
- Lower dosages of opioid analgesics such as buprenorphine are also effective in the present invention, however, particularly when administered in combination with a NSAID such as piroxicam. NSAIDs such as piroxicam have a prolonged half-life (approximately 50 hours), which results in the maintenance of relatively stable plasma concentrations throughout the day on once daily doses and to significant accumulation upon multiple dosing. Opioid analgesics such as buprenorphine also have an unusually long half-life (approximately 36 hours). As such, these NSAIDs and opioid analgesics may be combined in a single pharmaceutical dosage unit as a pharmaceutical combination dosage unit to provide safe and effective pain management with a reduction in side effects such as gastrointestinal tract damage and withdrawal as a result of physical dependence on and/or addiction to the opioid analgesic. This pharmaceutical combination dosage unit may include a low effective amount of a NSAID such as piroxicam and a high effective amount of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine where low effective amount of an NSAID is less than about 5 mg and high effective amount of an opioid analgesic is about 2-30 mg. Thus, in one embodiment, a NSAID such as piroxicam is present in an amount of about 2-5 mg and an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine is present in an amount of about 2-30 mg. In another embodiment, the NSAID is present in an amount of about 2-3 mg and the opioid analgesic is present in an amount of about 2-15 mg. In still another embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage combination includes about 2.5 mg of an NSAID and about 2 mg of an opioid analgesic.
- The pharmaceutical dosage units of the present invention may be formulated for various forms of administration, including, for example, sublingual, mucosal, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, and/or transdermal administration and combinations thereof. Consistent with the various forms of administration, the pharmaceutical dosage unit can generally be formulated, for example, as a tablet, capsule, injection, and/or patch. In one embodiment of the present invention, the NSAID and opioid analgesic are combined in the same formulation of the pharmaceutical dosage unit. In another embodiment of the present invention, the NSAID and opioid analgesic are provided as individual formulations of the pharmaceutical dosage unit but administered such that the active ingredients are delivered to the patient simultaneously. In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the NSAID and opioid analgesic are combined in a sublingual tablet to be placed within the mouth and/or under the tongue.
- Sublingual tablets are designed to dissolve very rapidly. Examples of such formulations include ergotamine tartrate, isosorbide dinitrate, isoproterenol HCl. The necessary ingredients for the pharmaceutical dosage unit may be processed in accordance with known methods, using or incorporating familiar coatings and additives as required. By way of example only, in addition to the pharmaceutically active components, a dosage unit may contain effective amounts of binders, fillers, disintegrants, sustained-release agents, diluents, anti-adherents, glidants, flow aids, plasticizers and lubricants, which are well known in the field of pharmaceutical processing. For instance, the formulation of these tablets may contain, in addition to the active agents, a limited number of soluble excipients, including a binder such as povidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), diluents such as lactose, mannitol, starch or cellulose, a disintegrant such as pregelatinized or modified starch, lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or hydrogenated vegetable oil, a sweetener such as saccharin or sucrose and suitable flavoring and coloring agents. The process of making sublingual tablets generally involves moistening the blended powder components with an alcohol-water solvent system containing approximately 60% alcohol and 40% water and pressing this mixture into tablets.
- A particular tablet-form formulation in accordance with the above-described embodiment of the present invention includes the following components:
-
- Buprenorphine: 2 mg/tablet;
- Piroxicam: 5 mg/tablet;
- Sugar Base A: qs to desired tablet weight of approximately 215 mg; and
- Coloring: 20 mg per 150 tablets,
- where Sugar Base A includes the following components given by approximate wt.-% of Sugar Base A: DiPac (tableting sugar) 77 wt.-%, lactose 7 wt.-%, microcrystalline cellulose 5 wt.-%, flavoring 5 wt.-%, CrosPovidone 5 wt.-%, and magnesium stearate 1 wt.-%.
- In an alternative tablet-form formulation, Naloxone is added to the formulation. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that binds to a receptor in the brain to block the receptor rather than activate it. Thus, in some instances the inclusion of Naloxone may reduce opiate tolerance or even partially reverse tolerance if it occurs. Accordingly, Naloxone may be included to further reduce the abuse potential of the pharmaceutical dosage unit and withdrawal as a result of physical dependence and/or addiction. In this embodiment, the following components are included:
- Buprenorphine: 2 mg/tablet;
- Piroxicam: 5 mg/tablet;
- Naloxone: 0.2 mg/tablet
- Sugar Base A: qs to desired tablet weight of approximately 215 mg; and
- Coloring: 20 mg per 150 tablets,
- where Sugar Base A includes the following components given by approximate wt.-% of Sugar Base A: DiPac (tableting sugar) 77 wt.-%, lactose 7 wt.-%, microcrystalline cellulose 5 wt.-%, flavoring 5 wt.-%, CrosPovidone 5 wt.-%, and magnesium stearate 1 wt.-%.
- The pharmaceutical dosage unit may be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage unit may be formulated such that a single sublingual tablet is administered twice daily. In one embodiment, pharmaceutical dosage unit of the present invention once in the morning, such as at 8:00 am, and then again six hours later in the early afternoon or at approximately 2:00 pm.
- Alternatively, the pharmaceutical dosage unit may formulated so that the active ingredients (i.e. the NSAID and the opioid analgesic) exhibit sustained-release characteristics upon administration to the patient. For example, the active ingredients may be delivered with an oral mucosal patch. Methods of making such patches are well known to one of skill in the art. In one embodiment the oral mucosal patch is prepared by homogeneously mixing buprenorphine and piroxicam with appropriate amounts of Carbopol 934, polyisobutylene, and polyisoprene using a two-roll mill and then compressing the mixture to the appropriate thickness. A membrane backing such as ethylcellulose is then applied to one side of the compressed material and circular disks, having an area of about 0.5 cm2 and thickness of about 0.6 mm for example, may be punched from the material. The backing inhibits drug release from one side of the disk and reduces adhesion to opposing side tissues. The oral mucosal patches may be secured to mucosal buccal surfaces such as the gums, lips, and cheeks, and worn for extended periods. In one instance, the oral mucosal patches may be work for about 12 hours.
- In another sustained release embodiment, the active ingredients may be delivered using a tablet-form dosage unit having a partially hydrophilic matrix which exhibits sustained release of at least one of the active components. In addition to the active ingredients, the tablet is comprised of, for example, ethylcellulose as a sustained-release agent and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a film former. Further, bulking agents such as microcrystalline cellulose and starch, a polyvinylpyrrolidone binder, silicon dioxide as an anti-adherent, dibutyl sebacate as a plasticizer, and magnesium stearate as a lubricant may be included. Using conventional processes, the listed ingredients, other than ethylcellulose, HPMC and dibutyl sebacate, are combined and pressed into a tablet. The tablet is then coated with the ethylcellulose, HPMC and dibutyl sebacate prior to administration of the tablet. When this tablet encounters an aqueous environment, such as the mucosal buccal surfaces, portions of the tablet coating dissolve, leaving a non-continuous film of water-insoluble ethylcellulose surrounding the remaining tablet core. The rate of diffusion of the active ingredients from the tablet core into the aqueous environment is determined by the concentration of ethylcellulose, HPMC and dibutyl sebacate in the coating.
- As used in this specification and in the claims, the phrase “sustained release” indicates that an active component is released from the dosage unit over a period of time which is longer than its ordinary in vivo half-life, thus extending the presence of the component in a patient's system considerably beyond its ordinary half-life. Under such circumstances, the active component is said to “exhibit sustained-release characteristics.” In contrast, the phrase “immediate release” indicates that an active component is released from the dosage unit within a short period of time (i.e., much shorter than its ordinary in vivo half-life); and decrease in concentration of the active component over time will be approximately described by its ordinary half-life. Under such circumstances, the active component is said to “exhibit immediate-release characteristics.” In compositions of the present invention having more than one active component that is intended to exhibit sustained-release characteristics, an important consideration is that the release rate of each active component will need to be separately customized to produce the desired release profile, since the components will have different in vivo half-lives.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a method of managing pain, the method including administering a pharmaceutical dosage unit having about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 mg of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine. The NSAID and opioid analgesic may be administered sublingually as a single pharmaceutical dosage unit or simultaneously in separate, sublingual pharmaceutical dosage units. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage unit is a sublingual tablet to be placed under the tongue.
- The present invention also provides for a method of treating pain with reduced side effects, the method including administering a pharmaceutical dosage unit having about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 mg of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine. The NSAID and opioid analgesic may be administered sublingually as a single pharmaceutical dosage unit or simultaneously in separate, sublingual pharmaceutical dosage units. In one embodiment the side effects may include opioid withdrawal. Alternatively, the side effects may include, for example, ulcerations, abdominal pain, nausea, liver toxicity, gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney disease, or combinations thereof.
- The present invention further provides a method of treating withdrawal, the method including administering a pharmaceutical dosage unit having about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 mg of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine. The NSAID and opioid analgesic may be administered sublingually as a single pharmaceutical dosage unit or simultaneously in separate, sublingual pharmaceutical dosage units. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage unit is a sublingual tablet to be placed under the tongue.
- The appropriate dosages for administration to a patient for any of the compositions or methods of the present invention should be determined in accordance with accepted guidelines, such as those given by the Physician's Desk Reference. The patient's response to the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be monitored and the dosage adjusted as necessary.
- The present invention is also directed to a method of treating pain in a human patient that includes administering to the human patient, in a single or multiple dosage regimen, a pharmaceutical dosage unit, where the dosage unit includes about 2-5 mg of a NSAID such as piroxicam in combination with about 2-30 milligrams of an opioid analgesic such as buprenorphine. The NSAID and opioid analgesic may be administered sublingually as a single pharmaceutical dosage unit or simultaneously in separate, sublingual pharmaceutical dosage units. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage unit is a sublingual tablet to be placed under the tongue. The method may additionally include monitoring the human patient to determine if the dosage regime is appropriate and either increasing or decreasing the dosage regimen as necessary.
- The present invention offers significant advantages to patients already using high dosages of opioids, to patients seeking pain management methods to treat chronic pain without side effects or long term effects, and to patients seeking opioid addiction treatment. The present invention also provides physicians and patients an ability to switch from the present invention to a different pain management prescription without withdrawal issues.
- Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the examples and ensuing description which illustrate embodiments of the invention, it being understood that the foregoing statements of the objects of the invention are intended to generally explain the same without limiting it in any manner.
- Patients taking 15-80 mg/day of hydrocodone or 40-320 mg/day of oxycontin were switched to a pharmaceutical dosage unit including 2.5 mg piroxicam and 2 mg buprenorphine in a sublingual tablet. The sublingual tablets were administered to each patient twice daily. The patient's perceived pain was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS).
- Patients formerly taking 15-80 mg/day of hydrocodone experienced a 21% decrease in perceived pain scores after conversion. The perceived pain scores also remained stable when ½ dose reduction was attempted after a 22 day stabilization phase.
- Patients that had been taking 40-320 mg/day of oxycontin experienced a 27% reduction in perceived pain 72 hours after conversion. No withdrawal or parasympathetic symptoms were noted in the oxycontin patients. The perceived pain scores remained stable when dose reduction was attempted after a 40-day stabilization phase.
- The patients also generally reported feelings of being more in control of their lives, thinking clearer, sleeping better and being less lethargic than when they were taking hydrocodone or oxycontin.
- Patients taking 20-140 mg/day of methadone were also switched to a pharmaceutical dosage unit including 2.5 mg piroxicam and 2 mg buprenorphine in a sublingual tablet. These patients took an average of 6 days to convert before withdrawal was completely eliminated.
- Patients taking 20-50 mg/day of methadone converted without ill effects, but did not take methadone the first day.
- Patients taking 50-140 mg/day of methadone were first titrated down with Ultram (2-3 tablets every 4 hrs) for four days. Following this period, patients were given injections containing 0.03 mg buprenorphine and 60 mg torodol to see if further time was needed before the sublingual tablets containing buprenorphine and piroxicam could be started without risk of precipitating withdrawal. Significant withdrawal was observed in 18% of the patients on the first day the sublingual tablets were administered. Stomach tightness, nausea, and restless legs were the most common complaints from these patients. None of the patients experienced withdrawal on the second day the sublingual tablet was administered.
- Pain scores using a VAS did not improve until week 2 with the methadone patients. By week 4, the methadone patients were willing to titrate down and by week 6 there was significant improvement in the VAS and no difference was noted with methadone and other opiate tolerant groups after the 6th week.
- Patients that had been taking piroxicam were also switched to a pharmaceutical dosage unit including 2.5 mg piroxicam and 2 mg buprenorphine in a sublingual tablet. The patients reported a 50% reduction in GI upset compared to when they were taking piroxicam orally.
- The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.
Claims (31)
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