US20190383563A1 - Integration of Thermochemical Heat Storage System with Waste heat Recovery Systems - Google Patents
Integration of Thermochemical Heat Storage System with Waste heat Recovery Systems Download PDFInfo
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- US20190383563A1 US20190383563A1 US16/008,372 US201816008372A US2019383563A1 US 20190383563 A1 US20190383563 A1 US 20190383563A1 US 201816008372 A US201816008372 A US 201816008372A US 2019383563 A1 US2019383563 A1 US 2019383563A1
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- water
- waste heat
- refrigeration
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D20/003—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using thermochemical reactions
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D11/00—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses
- F24D11/02—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps
- F24D11/0214—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps water heating system
- F24D11/0235—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps water heating system with recuperation of waste energy
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D21/0001—Recuperative heat exchangers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D21/0001—Recuperative heat exchangers
- F28D21/0012—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from waste water or from condensates
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
- F24D2200/16—Waste heat
- F24D2200/31—Air conditioning systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/24—Storage receiver heat
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D2020/0065—Details, e.g. particular heat storage tanks, auxiliary members within tanks
- F28D2020/0078—Heat exchanger arrangements
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
- F28D2021/0035—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for domestic or space heating, e.g. heating radiators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
- F28D2021/0068—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for refrigerant cycles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/70—Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/12—Hot water central heating systems using heat pumps
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/52—Heat recovery pumps, i.e. heat pump based systems or units able to transfer the thermal energy from one area of the premises or part of the facilities to a different one, improving the overall efficiency
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/56—Heat recovery units
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to waste heat recovery system from air conditioning/refrigeration system, in particular relates to such system which recovers the heat wasted during operations of an air conditioning or a refrigeration system, stores the recovered heat in form of chemical energy and releases the stored energy for purpose of water heating and/or space heating as being demand for up to months, event in different seasons.
- waste heat recovery from refrigeration systems or air conditioning systems has been studied for many years.
- the waste heat recovery techniques investigated so far are economically feasible for implementation only in industrial refrigeration systems having a large capacity compressor through which large volumes of refrigerant gas are circulated to a condenser, and practical uses of waste heat from refrigeration systems are typically limited to space heating and water heating used for associated industrial processes due to low quality, low temperature of the recovered waste heat.
- waste heat recovery system and waste heat utilization system can be operated ‘off-line’ on demand when needed, or they do not have to be operated simultaneously, the recovered waste heat can be accumulated and stored efficiently with minimum heat loss or even without loss, and can be used at any time on demand as needed. That would make all available waste heat recovery techniques more implementable, particularly for air conditioning systems, they are being heavily operated in hot (summer) seasons, but not in operation in cold (winter) seasons; having large or small capacity.
- Another objective of the present invention is to provide a method and a system that the recovery waste heat can be accumulated and stored efficiently with minimum heat loss or even without energy loss.
- Additional objective of the present invention is to provide a method and a system that the heat energy stored in the system can be released at any time on demand when needed.
- a further objective of the present invention is to provide a method to integrate the waste heat recover/transfer system, the heat energy storage system and the heat utilization system into an practical usable waste heat recovery system which can be applied to most sizes of refrigeration systems or air conditioning systems in domestic residential homes, commercial establishments and industrial processing applications.
- thermochemical storage (TCS) system to provide a method for integration of a waste heat transfer system from refrigeration system or air conditioning system and a heat utilization system.
- a thermochemical storage (TCS) system is to be used for de-coupling operations of the waste heat transfer system and the utilization system, for accumulating and storing the recovered waste heat for periods of up to several months with minimum heat loss or without heat loss at uncontrolled ambient temperature conditions and for releasing the stored waste heat recovered for space heating and water heating for domestic residential houses, commercial establishments and industrial process applications.
- the TCS system disclosed in the present invention is based on the salt hydrate technology, the system uses the reaction energy created when salts are hydrated or dehydrated (endothermic/exothermic chemical reaction). It works by storing heat in a vessel containing suitable wet salt. Heat (recovered from refrigeration or air conditioning system) is converted and stored in form of chemical energy by evaporating the water in an endothermic reaction. When water is added again, heat is released in an exothermic reaction.
- the TCS is a compact way to store heat for a longer time without typical heat losses. This makes it an appropriate solution to overcome the mismatch between seasonal heat supply and demand in temperate climate zones.
- FIG. 1 is an exemplary schematic diagram of an integrated waste heat recovery system constructed according to the teaching of the present invention which includes subsystems of refrigeration or air conditioning system, the waste heat transfer system, the thermochemical storage (TCS) system and the waste heat utilization system, and,
- FIG. 2 illustrates a configuration of a module containing thermochemical material (TCM) used for either substituting the condenser in a conventional refrigeration or air conditioning system (as shown in FIG. 3 ) or being added between the compressor and condenser in a conventional refrigeration or air conditioning system (as shown in FIG. 1 ).
- TCM thermochemical material
- FIG. 3 is an alternation of the integrated waste heat recovery system as shown in FIG. 1 , in which the chermochemical material (TCM) is used to replace the condenser completely in a conventional refrigeration or air conditioning system, instead of being added between the compressor and the condenser.
- TCM chermochemical material
- the waste heat recovery system of the present invention includes an integration of four subsystems: a conventional air conditioning or refrigeration system, a waste heat transfer system, a thermochemical storage system and a waste heat utilization system.
- the conventional air conditioning or refrigeration system consists of an evaporator 1 , a compressor 2 , a condenser 3 , and a throttle 4 , they are suitably sized and interconnected to provide air conditioning for a residential house or refrigeration for a commercial establishment such as a show case in a supermarket or refrigeration for an industrial process such as food processing.
- Air to be conditioned is brought into heat exchanger relation with the evaporator 1 by means of suitable circulation equipment (not shown) into the area being conditioned.
- An outside fan brings outside air into heat exchanger relation with the condenser 3 ( 3 ′ TCM module is not in normal air conditioning system).
- liquid refrigerant flows from the condenser 3 through the capillary tube (not shown) into the evaporator 1 .
- the pressure of the liquid refrigerant as it enters the capillary tube is at a high pressure, while the pressure in the evaporator 1 is at a low pressure, suitable designed capillary tube maintains a pressure difference while the compressor 2 is operating.
- the compressor 2 maintains a low pressure in the evaporator coil and the refrigerant boils rapidly thereby absorbing heat from the evaporator coils as air passes through.
- the vaporized refrigerant is drawn through the suction line back to of the compressor 2 where it is compressed to a high pressure and subsequently discharged into the condenser coils where it is cooled by the flow of outside air and returns to a liquid.
- the liquid refrigerant absorbs heat while changing from its liquid state to a vapor state in the evaporator 1 and gives up heat while changing from its vapor state to a liquid state in the condenser 3 .
- the heat given up by the refrigerant in the condenser 3 is taken away by outside air passing through the condenser 3 and dissipated into environment.
- the air conditioning or refrigeration system is modified according to the present invention by incorporating a waste heat transfer system into the air conditioning or refrigeration system in three ways:
- the waste heat transfer system is used to recover the waste heat that is normally dissipated to the environment in the condenser 3 of a conventional air conditioning or refrigeration system.
- the waste heat recovery is achieved through wet salt dehydration process according to the present invention.
- a suitably selected salt thermochemical material—TCM
- TCM module 3 ′ in the later description of this application
- wet salt in TCM module 3 ′ located either at the position of the condenser 3 (replacing the condenser as shown in FIG. 3 ) or inserted between the compressor 2 and the condenser 3 (as shown in FIG. 1 ) is working in a closed system under sub atmospheric pressure (vacuum) conditions.
- the recoverable heat associated with hot refrigerant gases produced by refrigeration compressor 2 is taken as input for desorption—the high temperature heat source.
- the water contained in the wet salt in TCM is being heated and dehydrated, and the produced vapor is led to a water condenser/evaporator 5 and condensed into water by cooling to maintain the vacuum condition in the water condenser/evaporator 5 , the cooling water is being taken by the pump 8 from the reservoir 7 as the low temperature heat source in the closed system through valve 12 and valve 13 (opened).
- the amount or the level condensed water in the water condenser/evaporator 5 is controlled by the valve 10 , when the condensed water exceeds the predetermined amount or level, water is led into a water tank 6 through the valve 10 .
- valve 14 and valve 15 can be closed so that hot water tank 9 and other heating appliances (not shown) can be isolated from the waste heat transfer system or the waste heat recovery process.
- the configuration of the TCM module 3 ′, the refrigerant passage in relation to the salt within the module and the waste heat transfer process are illustrated in more detail in FIG. 2 of the drawing.
- thermochemical storage system is used to accumulate and to store the recovered heat energy. Heat energy is stored inside the TCM module 3 ′.
- the recovered heat from hot refrigerant gas is converted as chemical energy through the salt dehydration process and stored in the form of drier salt contained in the TCM module 3 ′, and kept for use on demand when needed.
- salt properties should be considered: safety (if the salt is toxic), energy density, hydration temperature and dehydration temperature, melting point, deliquescence vapor pressure, chemical instability, hydration and dehydration kinetics, etc.
- safety if the salt is toxic
- energy density if the salt is toxic
- hydration temperature and dehydration temperature melting point
- deliquescence vapor pressure if the salt is toxic
- chemical instability if the salt is toxic
- hydration and dehydration kinetics etc.
- a guideline for selection of suitable salt is provided in the cited reference,—Donkers et al. “A review of salt hydrates for seasonal heat storage in domestic applications” Applied Energy.
- the type of modifications for the waste transfer system and the TCM module design as described in FIG. 2 should be also taken into account.
- sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3
- Modularity should be also considered as incorporated in the exemplary embodiment design. Since the salt is contained in a TCM module, when the wet salt in the TCM module is fully or near fully dehydrated, the module can be dismounted from the system and a new module containing fresh wet salt to be dehydrated can be installed into the system so that the waste heat recovery process can be maintained continuously with the operations of the air conditioning or refrigeration operation of the system.
- the waste heat utilization system is used to release the energy stored in the thermochemical storage (TCS) system on demand, that is achieved through dry salt hydration process.
- TCS thermochemical storage
- Water in tank 6 is fed through the valve 11 into the TCM module 3 ′, the dry salt within the module reacts with water and generates heat and water vapor, which is led into the water condenser/evaporator 5 , heat is transferred to water driven by pump 8 through the opened valve 14 and 15 , circulating between the water condenser/evaporator 5 , hot water tank 9 and other heating appliances (consumers) down the lines in the system.
- valve 12 and valve 13 are closed, and functioning as isolation valves unless the system needs refills with feeding water.
- modularity incorporated into the exemplary embodiment design makes the system hydration operation more flexible.
- the module can be dismounted from the system and a new module containing fresh dry salt to be hydrated can be installed into the system so that the waste heat recovered previously can be released continuously through salt hydration process in the waste heat utilization system.
- the TCM module 3 ′ is constructed with a heat exchanger design that is constructed in cylindrical container 16 with a flat bottom and dismountable cover 17 for easy maintenance in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- refrigerant tubes 18 are finned (fin 20 as shown in FIG. 2 ) as heat exchanger blocks to increase heat transferring area and to provide support structure for holding packed TCM spheres 19 in which the spheres are fixed by using a composite material which is porous and permeable to water vapor.
- TCM modules in turn the volume of TCM, the number and the arrangement of the heat exchanger blocks (in series or parallel) will be optimized based on the salt selected, the design temperature at refrigerant inlet and outlet, pressure drops and heat exchange calculations of the refrigerant circuits in the TCM module 3 ′, the characteristics of the air conditioning or refrigeration system, the number and capacities and types of the heating appliances (consumers) in the waste heat utilization system associated as well as modularity considerations should be taken into account.
- CDH Energy Corporation Final Report—Demonstrating a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) System: An Integrated Microturbine/Desiccant System for Supermarket Applications. Cazenovia, N.Y.: CDH Energy Corporation, 2004.
- CHP Combined Heat and Power
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates generally to waste heat recovery system from air conditioning/refrigeration system, in particular relates to such system which recovers the heat wasted during operations of an air conditioning or a refrigeration system, stores the recovered heat in form of chemical energy and releases the stored energy for purpose of water heating and/or space heating as being demand for up to months, event in different seasons.
- The waste heat recovery from refrigeration systems or air conditioning systems has been studied for many years. However, the waste heat recovery techniques investigated so far are economically feasible for implementation only in industrial refrigeration systems having a large capacity compressor through which large volumes of refrigerant gas are circulated to a condenser, and practical uses of waste heat from refrigeration systems are typically limited to space heating and water heating used for associated industrial processes due to low quality, low temperature of the recovered waste heat. Attempts have been made to more effectively utilize the waste heat from industrial refrigeration systems using various other techniques, such as use of waste heat to drive heat pumps for space heating and/or cooling, to preheat the regeneration air flow used in solid desiccant adsorption dehumidification systems or to preheat the liquid desiccant in absorption dehumidification system, to produce power, cooling and heating by use of tri-generation or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP), or to generate electrical power by applying fuel cell technology in order to effectively utilize the resulting waste heat.
- It has been noted that all these techniques have a common feature that they have to be operated simultaneously in a real time on-line process, meaning that the waste heat recovered has to be consumed simultaneously or immediately after being recovered or consumed in the associated ongoing processes since no efficient and cost-effective heat preserve means are available and implemented. That means that operations of the waste heat utilization systems have to match with the operations of the waste heat recovery systems. The mismatching between the available heat supply and demand will limit the operation capabilities of those systems. That is one of the key factors limiting the implementation of those techniques for waste heat recovery from refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Another limiting factor is the system capacity requirements since only in industrial refrigeration systems or air conditioning systems having a large compressor capacity, sufficient amount of waste heat can be recovered for practical applications so to make those waste heat recovery techniques viable for practical implementation.
- To expand the applications of those waste heat recovery techniques, it is desirable to find an effective means to accumulate the recovered heat for storage and to de-couple the operations of waste heat recovery system and waste heat utilization system, meaning that a waste heat recovery system and the associated waste heat utilization system can be operated ‘off-line’ on demand when needed, or they do not have to be operated simultaneously, the recovered waste heat can be accumulated and stored efficiently with minimum heat loss or even without loss, and can be used at any time on demand as needed. That would make all available waste heat recovery techniques more implementable, particularly for air conditioning systems, they are being heavily operated in hot (summer) seasons, but not in operation in cold (winter) seasons; having large or small capacity.
- It is a principal objective of the present invention to provide a method and a systems for de-coupling the operations of waste heat recovery and the waste heat utilization system which can be applied to the currently existing and widely used conventional refrigeration systems or air conditioning systems in order to make the implementation of waste heat recovery techniques more viable for the applications in residential houses, commercial establishments and industrial processes.
- Another objective of the present invention is to provide a method and a system that the recovery waste heat can be accumulated and stored efficiently with minimum heat loss or even without energy loss.
- Additional objective of the present invention is to provide a method and a system that the heat energy stored in the system can be released at any time on demand when needed.
- A further objective of the present invention is to provide a method to integrate the waste heat recover/transfer system, the heat energy storage system and the heat utilization system into an practical usable waste heat recovery system which can be applied to most sizes of refrigeration systems or air conditioning systems in domestic residential homes, commercial establishments and industrial processing applications.
- The essence of the present invention is to utilize a thermochemical storage (TCS) system to provide a method for integration of a waste heat transfer system from refrigeration system or air conditioning system and a heat utilization system. A thermochemical storage (TCS) system is to be used for de-coupling operations of the waste heat transfer system and the utilization system, for accumulating and storing the recovered waste heat for periods of up to several months with minimum heat loss or without heat loss at uncontrolled ambient temperature conditions and for releasing the stored waste heat recovered for space heating and water heating for domestic residential houses, commercial establishments and industrial process applications.
- The TCS system disclosed in the present invention is based on the salt hydrate technology, the system uses the reaction energy created when salts are hydrated or dehydrated (endothermic/exothermic chemical reaction). It works by storing heat in a vessel containing suitable wet salt. Heat (recovered from refrigeration or air conditioning system) is converted and stored in form of chemical energy by evaporating the water in an endothermic reaction. When water is added again, heat is released in an exothermic reaction. The TCS is a compact way to store heat for a longer time without typical heat losses. This makes it an appropriate solution to overcome the mismatch between seasonal heat supply and demand in temperate climate zones.
- These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the attached drawings and from the detailed description of the preferred embodiments, which follow.
-
FIG. 1 is an exemplary schematic diagram of an integrated waste heat recovery system constructed according to the teaching of the present invention which includes subsystems of refrigeration or air conditioning system, the waste heat transfer system, the thermochemical storage (TCS) system and the waste heat utilization system, and, -
FIG. 2 illustrates a configuration of a module containing thermochemical material (TCM) used for either substituting the condenser in a conventional refrigeration or air conditioning system (as shown inFIG. 3 ) or being added between the compressor and condenser in a conventional refrigeration or air conditioning system (as shown inFIG. 1 ). The drawing is for illustration purpose, does not reflect an actual arrangement and a number of piping runs inside a module. -
FIG. 3 is an alternation of the integrated waste heat recovery system as shown inFIG. 1 , in which the chermochemical material (TCM) is used to replace the condenser completely in a conventional refrigeration or air conditioning system, instead of being added between the compressor and the condenser. - In the description which follows, like parts are marked throughout the drawing with the same reference numerals respectively.
- Referring now to
FIG. 1 of the drawing, the waste heat recovery system of the present invention includes an integration of four subsystems: a conventional air conditioning or refrigeration system, a waste heat transfer system, a thermochemical storage system and a waste heat utilization system. - The conventional air conditioning or refrigeration system consists of an
evaporator 1, acompressor 2, acondenser 3, and athrottle 4, they are suitably sized and interconnected to provide air conditioning for a residential house or refrigeration for a commercial establishment such as a show case in a supermarket or refrigeration for an industrial process such as food processing. Air to be conditioned is brought into heat exchanger relation with theevaporator 1 by means of suitable circulation equipment (not shown) into the area being conditioned. An outside fan (not shown) brings outside air into heat exchanger relation with the condenser 3 (3′ TCM module is not in normal air conditioning system). In operation, liquid refrigerant flows from thecondenser 3 through the capillary tube (not shown) into theevaporator 1. The pressure of the liquid refrigerant as it enters the capillary tube is at a high pressure, while the pressure in theevaporator 1 is at a low pressure, suitable designed capillary tube maintains a pressure difference while thecompressor 2 is operating. Thecompressor 2 maintains a low pressure in the evaporator coil and the refrigerant boils rapidly thereby absorbing heat from the evaporator coils as air passes through. The vaporized refrigerant is drawn through the suction line back to of thecompressor 2 where it is compressed to a high pressure and subsequently discharged into the condenser coils where it is cooled by the flow of outside air and returns to a liquid. Thus the liquid refrigerant absorbs heat while changing from its liquid state to a vapor state in theevaporator 1 and gives up heat while changing from its vapor state to a liquid state in thecondenser 3. The heat given up by the refrigerant in thecondenser 3 is taken away by outside air passing through thecondenser 3 and dissipated into environment. - In order to recover the waste heat energy dissipated in the
condenser 3, the air conditioning or refrigeration system is modified according to the present invention by incorporating a waste heat transfer system into the air conditioning or refrigeration system in three ways: -
- 1) Inserting a waste heat transfer system between the
compressor 2 and the condenser 3 (as shown inFIG. 1 ); - 2) Installing a waste heat transfer system between the
compressor 2 and thecondenser 3, which is suitably downsized in its capacity (refer toFIG. 1 ); - 3) Replacing the
condenser 3 completely with a waste heat transfer system—aTCM module 3′ (as shown inFIG. 3 );
- 1) Inserting a waste heat transfer system between the
- The waste heat transfer system is used to recover the waste heat that is normally dissipated to the environment in the
condenser 3 of a conventional air conditioning or refrigeration system. The waste heat recovery is achieved through wet salt dehydration process according to the present invention. A suitably selected salt (thermochemical material—TCM) is packed in a container (named asTCM module 3′ in the later description of this application), wet salt inTCM module 3′ located either at the position of the condenser 3 (replacing the condenser as shown inFIG. 3 ) or inserted between thecompressor 2 and the condenser 3 (as shown inFIG. 1 ) is working in a closed system under sub atmospheric pressure (vacuum) conditions. The recoverable heat associated with hot refrigerant gases produced byrefrigeration compressor 2 is taken as input for desorption—the high temperature heat source. The water contained in the wet salt in TCM is being heated and dehydrated, and the produced vapor is led to a water condenser/evaporator 5 and condensed into water by cooling to maintain the vacuum condition in the water condenser/evaporator 5, the cooling water is being taken by thepump 8 from thereservoir 7 as the low temperature heat source in the closed system throughvalve 12 and valve 13 (opened). The amount or the level condensed water in the water condenser/evaporator 5 is controlled by thevalve 10, when the condensed water exceeds the predetermined amount or level, water is led into awater tank 6 through thevalve 10. During this process,valve 14 andvalve 15 can be closed so thathot water tank 9 and other heating appliances (not shown) can be isolated from the waste heat transfer system or the waste heat recovery process. The configuration of theTCM module 3′, the refrigerant passage in relation to the salt within the module and the waste heat transfer process are illustrated in more detail inFIG. 2 of the drawing. - The thermochemical storage system is used to accumulate and to store the recovered heat energy. Heat energy is stored inside the
TCM module 3′. The recovered heat from hot refrigerant gas is converted as chemical energy through the salt dehydration process and stored in the form of drier salt contained in theTCM module 3′, and kept for use on demand when needed. - For selection of the appropriate salt, the following salt properties should be considered: safety (if the salt is toxic), energy density, hydration temperature and dehydration temperature, melting point, deliquescence vapor pressure, chemical instability, hydration and dehydration kinetics, etc. A guideline for selection of suitable salt is provided in the cited reference,—Donkers et al. “A review of salt hydrates for seasonal heat storage in domestic applications” Applied Energy. The type of modifications for the waste transfer system and the TCM module design as described in
FIG. 2 should be also taken into account. In the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) was chosen. - Modularity should be also considered as incorporated in the exemplary embodiment design. Since the salt is contained in a TCM module, when the wet salt in the TCM module is fully or near fully dehydrated, the module can be dismounted from the system and a new module containing fresh wet salt to be dehydrated can be installed into the system so that the waste heat recovery process can be maintained continuously with the operations of the air conditioning or refrigeration operation of the system.
- The waste heat utilization system is used to release the energy stored in the thermochemical storage (TCS) system on demand, that is achieved through dry salt hydration process. Water in
tank 6 is fed through thevalve 11 into theTCM module 3′, the dry salt within the module reacts with water and generates heat and water vapor, which is led into the water condenser/evaporator 5, heat is transferred to water driven bypump 8 through the openedvalve evaporator 5,hot water tank 9 and other heating appliances (consumers) down the lines in the system. During this process,valve 12 andvalve 13 are closed, and functioning as isolation valves unless the system needs refills with feeding water. - With this arrangement, it will be seen that the operations of the waste heat transfer system and the waste heat utilization system can be isolated or de-coupled through the controlling the
pump 8, thevalve - Similar to the dehydration process, modularity incorporated into the exemplary embodiment design makes the system hydration operation more flexible. When the dry salt in the TCM module is fully or near fully hydrated, the module can be dismounted from the system and a new module containing fresh dry salt to be hydrated can be installed into the system so that the waste heat recovered previously can be released continuously through salt hydration process in the waste heat utilization system.
- As illustrated in
FIG. 2 of the drawing, theTCM module 3′ is constructed with a heat exchanger design that is constructed in cylindrical container 16 with a flat bottom anddismountable cover 17 for easy maintenance in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Inside the container 16,refrigerant tubes 18 are finned (fin 20 as shown inFIG. 2 ) as heat exchanger blocks to increase heat transferring area and to provide support structure for holding packedTCM spheres 19 in which the spheres are fixed by using a composite material which is porous and permeable to water vapor. - The dimensions of the TCM modules, in turn the volume of TCM, the number and the arrangement of the heat exchanger blocks (in series or parallel) will be optimized based on the salt selected, the design temperature at refrigerant inlet and outlet, pressure drops and heat exchange calculations of the refrigerant circuits in the
TCM module 3′, the characteristics of the air conditioning or refrigeration system, the number and capacities and types of the heating appliances (consumers) in the waste heat utilization system associated as well as modularity considerations should be taken into account. - Although the preferred embodiments have been elaborated above, it should be understood that the various changes, substitutions, alternations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
-
-
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